CHAPTER 1: REAL NUMBER

1.1 System of real number

1.2 Notation and inequality
1.3 Exponent
1.4 Modular Arithmetic
1.5 Surd
1.6 Logarithm
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BIC 10303
 Example
2

(3 4 5 )3 =
3
=
3
2log 3 + log 2 = log 18
log5 (4x + 11) = 2

1 x 4
-1 4
3

Afa
dsD
= 9

= 0.48

asa
4

da
 Real Number
- non-terminating
and
Rational - any number which Irrational non-repeating
2 can be written as a
.
, 7, -0 4 ratio (fraction,decimal) decimals
3
3141592
. ...

Fractions/Decimal Integer 2
1
. .
6 , -0 32, - 2 1
4
-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3...

Negative Integer Whole

-3, -2, -1 0, 1, 2, 3...

Zero Naturals
0 1, 2, 3...
Make a Venn Diagram that displays the following sets of numbers:
Real Number, Rational, Irrational, Integer, Whole, Natural.

Rational
Real Number
2
3 Integer -2.65
-3 -19
Whole
0 6
1
Irrational
Natural
4

1, 2, 3...
2
 Imaginary Numbers

Rational
Real Number
2
3 Integer -2.65
-3 -19
Whole
0 6
1
Irrational
Natural
4

1, 2, 3...
2
 Properties of Real Numbers

The real number system is an example of a mathematical structure called a field.

Some of the properties of a field are summarized in the table below:

Real Number Properties

For any real numbers or expression , a, b, and c.

Property Addition Multiplication

Commutative ab ba a b b a

Associative a b c a b c a b c a b c
Identity a0 a 0a a 1 a 1 a
If a 0, then
Inverse a a 0 a a 1 1
a 1 a
a a
Distributive a (b c) ab ac and (b c)a ba ca
 Properties of Real Numbers
Commutative Properties
Commutative Property of Addition
a+b=b+a
Example:
3+5=5+3

Commutative Property of Multiplication

a b b a
Example:
4 7 7 4
Associative Properties

Associative Property of Addition

(a+b)+c = a+(b+c)
Example:
( 4 + 11 ) + 6 = 4 + ( 11 + 6 )

Associative Property of Multiplication

(a b ) c =a (b c )
Example:
( 2 5) 4 2 (5 4)
Identities
Identity Property of Addition
x+0=x
Identity Property of Multiplication
x 1 = x
Properties of Zero
Multiplication Property of Zero
x0 = 0
Division Property of Zero
x 0 = undefined
 Distributive Property
a(b + c) = ab + ac
or
a(b - c) = ab - ac

Inverses

Additive Inverse or Opposite

x (x) 0
Multiplicative Inverse or Reciprocal
1
x 1, x 0
x
 Exercise: Using properties of Negatives
13

Let x, y, z be a real numbers

3 2 3 2 5

x z x z

x y z x y z
 INEQUALITIES AND NOTATIONS

Let a and b denote two real numbers such that the graph of a on the
number line is in the negative direction from the graph of b. Then we
say that a is less than b and b is greater than a, or, in symbols:
a b or b a

A statement that one quantity is greater than or less than another

quantity is called an INEQUALITY.

Note : or are called strict inequaliti es

or are inequaliti es with endpoints
INTERVAL NOTATION
and
GRAPHING INEQUALITIES
Interval Notation
The double inequality a < x b means x is less than a ( x < a ) and x is less than or
equal to b ( x b ). This can be represented by the interval ( a , b ] = { x | a < x b
}.
FOUR WAYS OF EXPRESSING SOLUTIONS TO INEQUALITIES:

inequality notation

set notation

interval notation

graphical representation
 INEQUALITY SET NOTATION INTERVAL GRAPH/NUMBER LINE
NOTATION NOTATION

[ )
a x b x |a x b a,b
a 0 b
or

a 0 b

a is the left endpoint

b is the right endpoint
If an inequality is a strict inequality ( or ) parenthesis is used.
If an inequality includes an endpoint [ or ] bracket is used.
Notes : ( ) - open bracket
[ ] - close bracket.
 Let x be a real number , x is .
INEQUALITY SET NOTATION INTERVAL GRAPH/NUMBER LINE
NOTATION NOTATION

( )
a 0 b
a xb x | a x b a, b or

a 0 b

[ )
a xb x | a x b a, b or a 0 b

a 0 b

( ]
a xb x | a x b a, b or a 0 b

a 0 b
 Let x be a real number , x is .
INEQUALITY SET NOTATION INTERVAL GRAPH/NUMBER LINE
NOTATION NOTATION

[ ]
a b
a xb x | a x b a, b or

a b

)
xa x | x a , a or a

a

]
xa x | x a , a or b

a
 Let x be a real number , x is .
INEQUALITY SET NOTATION INTERVAL GRAPH/NUMBER LINE
NOTATION NOTATION

(
b
xb x | x b b, or

b

[
xb x | x b b, or b

b

R R ,
 Example 1

INEQUALITY
INTERVAL
NOTATION SET NOTATION GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION
NOTATION

x<4 x | x 4 ) (-,4)
-4 0 4

-4 0
4
 Example 2

SET INTERVAL
INEQUALITY GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION
NOTATION NOTATION
NOTATION

x4 x | x 4 -4 0
]
4
(-,4]

-4 0 4
Discussion
1. Write in each of the following the interval notation
and graph on a number line.
a. 5( x 1) 10

SET INTERVAL
INEQUALITY GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION
NOTATION NOTATION
NOTATION

x1 x | x 1 -1 0
]
1
(-,1]

-1 0 1
Discussion (Do it yourself)
1. Write in each of the following the interval notation
and graph on a number line.
6 x 6 > 2x + 2

2. Solve 3 4( x 2) 3 9 . Give the set

notation and interval notation for the solution.
 Exponential and Logarithm

Objective
End of the topic, students are expected to :
-Identify Properties of Exponential and
Logarithm.
-Have a skill to use the properties in writing
solution.
-change Exponential form to Logarithm form and
vice versa.
-Know the types of logarithm Common, Natural
-Solve the equation.
Properties of Exponent
Properties of Exponent
 Example:
(a) () (b) (-5)

= (1/32) =625

(c) -5 (d) 8

=-625 =2
Example
 Discussion (Do it yourself)

(iv) (v) (vi)

(vii)
Solving Exponential Equation
Try solve !

Properties 4
Solving Exponential Equation

More examples on tutorial session

 Logarithm
Definition
Properties of Logarithm
Common Logarithm
Natural Logarithm
Changing the base
Example
Discussion (Try it yourself!)

Simplify
Example
Solving Logarithm Equation
Exponential Function
Exponential Functions
The exponential function with base a is defined
for all real numbers x by

where and
Example:
 Example:
Let , and evaluate the following:
(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)
Graphs of exponential function
The exponential function

a>1 0<a<1
exponential increase exponential decrease

As x becomes very As x becomes very

negative, f(x) gets positive, f(x) gets
close to zero close to zero
 Example:
Draw the graph of each function,
(a)
x 3^x
-2 0.111111
-1 0.333333
0 1
1 3
2 9

(b)

x (1/3)^x
-2 9
-1 3
0 1
1 0.333333
2 0.111111
1.5.4 Logarithm Function
From exponential function,
f(x) = ax is one-to-one.
For every x value there is a unique value of f(x).
This implies that f(x) = ax has an inverse.
f-1(x) = logax, logarithm base a of x.
 Graphs of logarithm function
The graph of f-1(x) = logax is obtained by
x a>1
reflecting the graph of f(x) = a in the line y=x.
Figure below shows the case
f(x) = ax
8

4
f-1 (x) = logax
2

y=x 0
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8

-2

-4
Modular Arithmetic
Several important cryptosystems make use of
modular arithmetic. This is when the answer to a
calculation is always in the range 0 m where m is
the modulus.
To calculate the value of n mod m, you take away
as many multiples of m as possible until you are left
with an answer between 0 and m.
If n is a negative number then you add as many
multiples of m as necessary to get an answer in
the range 0 m.

Examples
17 mod 5 = 2 7 mod 11 = 7
20 mod 3 = 2 11 mod 11 = 0
-3 mod 11 = 8 -1 mod 11 = 10
25 mod 5 = 0 -11 mod 11 = 0
 Example:

(a) 20^100 mod 3

(b) 7^100 mod 11

(c) 7^200 mod 11

(d) 17^150 mod 5

 SURDS
Objective
In this lesson , we will learn :
-Simplifying expression with surds

-Operations( multiply, divide, add and substract)

-Rationalize a fraction whose denominator with

surds
-Solving equation
Definition of Surds
Operations of Surds
Operations of Surds
Operations of Surds
Rationalize the denominator
Rationalize the denominator
Rationalize the denominator
Rationalize the denominator
Solving equation involve surds
 Next Chapter : 2
63

EQUATION AND INEQUALITY

2.1 Linear equation
2.2 Formulae and application
2.3 Quadratic equation and application
2.4 Other equations
2.5 Inequality & absolute inequality