DR.

RAM MANOHAR LOHIYA NATIONAL LAW

UNIVERSITY, LUCKNOW (U.P.)

Session- 2017- 2018

Subject:

Final Draft

On

Component of research design

SUBMITTED TO SUBMITTED BY

Mrs. Shakuntla Sangam Gaurav krishna

Assistant Professor (Law) Sec-A

Dr. RMLNLU Lucknow Enroll No-140101060

 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

First and foremost, we would like to thank to our teacher of this project, for the valuable guidance
and advice. He inspired us greatly to work in this project. His willingness to motivate us contributed
tremendously to our project. Also I would like to thank the authority of Dr. Ram Manohar Lohiya
National Law University for providing us with a good environment and facilities to complete this
project. Also, we would like to take this opportunity to thank to our university for offering this
subject, drafting, pleading and conveyance. Finally, an honorable mention goes to our families and
friends for their understandings and supports on us in completing this project. Without helps of the
particular that mentioned above, I would face many difficulties while doing this.
 Table of Content

Introduction

Important concepts relating to research design

Dependent and independent variables

Extraneous variables
Control
Conformed relationship
Research hypothesis
Experimental and non-experimental hypothesis testing
Experimental and control groups
Treatments

Research design in case of exploratory research design

The survey of concerning literature

The experience survey
The analysis of inside-stimulating

Major Components of Research Design

The Essential Elements of Research Design

Features of a good research design

Purpose of the Study

Researcher Interference
Introduction

A research design includes the process and methods used to carry out scientific research. The
design defines the type of study (descriptive, correlational, experimental, etc) and sub-type (e.g.,
descriptive, longitudinal, case study), research question, hypotheses, independent and dependent
variables, experimental design, and, if relevant, data collection methods and a statistical analysis
plan. According to Kerlinger, Research in the plan, structure and strategy of study conceived in
order to get answers to research questions and also to control variance. It is a thorough outline
of how a study is going to take place. It will generally consist of how data is to be collected, what
tools will be used, how the tools will be used and the intended means for analyzing collected
data. It is the determination and statement of the general research approach or approach followed
for the specific task. It is the heart of planning. According to David J Luck and Ronald S Rubin
If the design sticks to the research objective, it will guarantee that the clients needs will be
served. Research design deals with a logical problem and not a logistical problem It is a group
of advance decisions which comprise the master plan revealing the methods and procedures for
accumulating and analyzing the necessary data. The research design is defined as, it is the plan
for collecting and utilizing data so that desired information can be obtained. The word research
design describes the way an investigator puts a research study together to solve a question or a
list of questions. It works as an organized plan detailing the study, the researchers ways of
collection, information on how the study will get to its conclusions and the limitations of the
research. Design is not restricted to a specific type of research and may include both quantitative
and qualitative analysis. The fundamental parameters of a research project, such as factors like
its primary approach (qualitative, quantitative or some combination); the sample or target to be
questioned or observed; numbers of interviews or observations; research locations; questionnaire
or discussion outline; tasks and materials to be presented; and so on.1

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 Important concepts relating to research design

(1)Dependent and independent variables:

A concept which can take on different quantitative

Value is called a variable.
A phenomena which can take on different qualitatively
Value even in decimal value are called continues.

(2)Extraneous variables

That are not related to the purpose of the study but may effect on the dependent variables
are termed as the extraneous variables.

(3) Control

One important characteristic of a good research is to minimize the influence or effect.

The terminal term used when we design the study minimizing the effect of extraneous
independent variable.

(4) Conformed relationship

When the dependent variable is not free from the influence of extraneous variable .the
relationship between the depended and independent v variable is said to be confused by
an extraneous variable

(5)Research hypothesis

The researcher hypothesis is a predicative statement that relates an independent variable

to dependent variable.
(6)Experimental and non-experimental hypothesis testing

When the purpose of research is to test a research hypothesis, it us termed as hypothesis

testing research .It can be experimental or non-experimental.

(7)Experimental and control groups

When a group is exposed to usual conditions, it is termed as a control group.

But when the group is exposed to be some special condition, it is termed as Experimental
group.

(8)Treatments

The different conditions under which Experiment and control groups are put up usually
referred to as treatment.

Research design in case of exploratory research design

Exploratory research method are also termed as formulative research studied.

The main purpose is that of formulate the research problem .three methods are

1. The survey of concerning literature

This is most simple and fruitful method of formulating the research problem .Hypothesis
is taken earlier workers and their usefulness be evaluating as a basis for further Research.

2. The experience survey

The experience survey means the survey of people who had practical experience .The
object is to obtain new ideas relating to the research problem.
 3. The analysis of inside-stimulating

It is also a fruitful method of suggesting the hypothesis. It is particularly suitable in the

areas where there is little experience to serve as a guide.In this method the existing
records may be examined.

Major Components of Research Design

The primary intent behind the research design is to help avoid the situation in which the evidence
doesnt address the primary research questions. A research design is concerned with a logical
problem and not a logistical problem. Five major components of research design are:
1. Research studys questions
2. Study propositions
3. Unit(s) of analysis
4. Linking data to propositions
5. Interpreting a studys findings
Major Components of Research Design in Research Methodology

The research design components apply to all types of qualitative, deductive research, whether in
the physical or social sciences.

(1)Research studys questions

This first component suggests the type of the question-in terms of who, what, where,
how, and why-provides an crucial clue concerning the most relevant research method to be
used. Use three stages: In the first, make use of the literature to narrow your interest to a key
topic or two. In the 2nd, take a look at closely-even dissect-a few key studies on your topic of
interest. Identify the questions in those few studies and whether they conclude with new
questions for future research. In the last phase, examine another group of scientific studies on the
same topic. They might provide support for your potential questions or even suggest means of
sharpening them.
(2)Study propositions
Each proposition directs focus on something which needs to be examined within the scope of
study. Only if you are forced to state some propositions will you move in the right direction. For
example, you may think that businesses collaborate as they gain mutual benefits. This
proposition, apart from highlighting a crucial theoretical issue (that other incentives for
collaboration dont exist or are unimportant), also starts to tell you where you can search for
related proof (to define and determine the extent of certain advantages to each business).

(3)Unit of analysis
It is associated with the fundamental problem of defining what the case is-a problem which
has affected many researchers at the beginning of case studies. Take example of clinical patients.
In this situation, an individual is being studied, and the individual is the key unit of analysis.
Information regarding the appropriate individual will be collected, and several such individuals
could be part of a multiple-case study. You would need study questions and propositions to help
find out the appropriate information to be collected relating to this individual or individuals.
Without such questions and propositions, you could be lured to cover everything with regards
to the individual(s), which is not possible.

(4)Linking data to propositions

Methods of linking data to propositions are pattern matching, explanation building, time-series
analysis, logic models, and cross-case synthesis. The actual analyses will demand that you merge
or compute your study data as a direct reflection of your initial study propositions.

(5)Interpreting a studys findings

A statistical analysis determines if the results of the study support the hypothesis. A number of
statistical tests, for example T-tests (that determine if two groups are statistically distinct from
one another), Chi-square tests (where data are compared to an anticipated outcome) and one-way
analysis of variance (provides for the comparison of multiple groups), are carried out according
to the type of data, number and types of variables and data categories. Statistical analysis offers
some explicit criteria for interpretations. For example, by convention, social science views a p
level of less than .05 to indicate that observed differences were statistically important. On the
other hand, much case study analysis is not going to depend on the use of statistics and so
focuses on other methods of thinking about such criteria.

The Essential Elements of Research Design

The key elements of a good research design are as under;
a. Research Design is a plan which identifies the sources and kinds of information strongly
related to the research problem.
b. It is a strategy indicating which method is going to be employed for collecting and analyzing
the data.
c. Additionally, it consists of the time and cost budgets because most research is done under
these two constraints. In a nutshell a research design must contain
A clear statement of the research problem.
Methods and techniques to be utilized for gathering information from the population to be
researched.
Approach to be utilized in processing and analyzing data.

Features of a good research design

A research design appropriate for a particular research problem, usually involves the following
features.
The mean of obtaining information.
The availability and skills of the researcher and his staff, if any.
The objective of the problem to be studied.
The nature of the problem to be studied.
The availability of time and money for the research work.
Purpose of the Study

Exploratory study: Carried out when not much is known about the problem at hand, or no
details are available on how similar problems or research issues have been solved in the
past.
Descriptive study: Carried out as a way to determine and be able to describe the
characteristics of the variables of interest in a situation characteristic of the variables of
interest in a situation.
Studies which engage in hypotheses testing generally explain the nature of certain
relationships, or establish the differences among groups or the independence of two or more
factors in a situation

Researcher Interference

The extent of interference by the researcher with the normal flow of work at the workplace has a
direct effect on whether the study performed is causal or correlational. A correlational study is
carried out in the natural environment of the corporation with minimal interference by the
researcher with the normal flow of work. In studies carried out to determine cause-and-effect
relationships, the investigator attempts to adjust specific variables in order to study the outcomes
of such manipulation on the dependent variable of interest. Put simply, the researcher
intentionally changes certain variables in the setting and disrupts the events as they normally
happen in the business.2

Conclusion

Your conclusion section should be concise and to the point. Conclusions that are too lengthy
often have unnecessary information in them. The conclusion is not the place for details about
your methodology or results. Although you should give a summary of what was learned from
your research, this summary should be relatively brief, since the emphasis in the conclusion is on
the implications, evaluations, insights, and other forms of analysis that you make.

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