R5 - Design of R C Slabs - 2015!01!28

CON4332 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
CHAPTER 5
Design of R C Slabs
Learning Objectives
Differentiate one-way and two-way slabs
Design simply-supported and continuous one-way slabs by
integrating the processes of
o determining design loads
o determining design forces by force coefficients
o determining of reinforcement for bending and shear
o checking of deflection by span-to-depth ratio
Extend the design method to design simple R C stairs
CONTENTS
5.1 Types of Slabs

5.2 Design Loads and Forces
5.2.1 Example Design Loads and Forces for Simply-supported One-way Slab
5.2.2 Force Coefficients for Continuous One-way Slab
5.3 Design of Slabs

5.3.1 Design for Moment and Shear
5.3.2 Deflection Check by Span-to-depth Ratio
5.3.3 Distribution Bars
5.3.4 Examples Simply-supported One-way Slab
5.3.5 Examples Continuous One-way Slab
5.3.6 Example Simply-supported Two-way Slab
5.4 Stairs
5.4.1 Types of Stairs
5.4.2 Design for Stair Slabs
5.4.3 Example Self-weight of Stair Flight
5.4.4 Examples Longitudinally-spanned Stairs
Chapter 5 1
HD in Civil Engineering (Aug 2014)
5.1 Types of Slabs
When a slab is supported on two opposite edges as shown in the

left-hand-side of the following figure, it bends in one direction only. It is
called a one-way slab. The arrows marked on the slab indicate the
direction of span and are pointing to the supporting edges. The main
reinforcement bars for resisting bending are provided in the direction of
span.
Support
Support Support
Support Support
Support
One-way Slab Two-way Slab
On the other hand, if the slab is supported on four edges as shown in the
right-hand-side of the figure, it bends in two directions as indicated by the
arrows marked on the slab. It is called a two-way slab. Reinforcements in
two directions have to be designed to resist the bending in their respective
direction.
In reality, most of the slabs are surrounded by beams on four edges. If the
length-to-width ratio, i.e. aspect ratio, of the slab is more than 2 as shown in
Figure 5.1 below, the supporting beams on shorter edges can be ignored,
and the slab is therefore treated as a one-way slab being supported on the
two opposite longer edges only.
Chapter 5 2
L > 2L
Effective Support
Effective Support
Figure 5.1 Aspect Ratio of One-way Slab
In addition to the slab supported on two or four edges as mentioned above,

slab can also be supported on a single edge, i.e. cantilever slab, or directly
on columns, i.e. flat slab. If the span of the slab is very large, it will become
so thick that it would be more economical to change the solid slab into ribbed,
waffle or hollow slab.
In this chapter, we will focus on the design of one-way simply-supported and

continuous slabs to illustrate the essences of R.C. slab design. The
relevant design formulae, rules and tables you have learnt in Chapters 1 to 3
are applicable. You can also refer to the Annex R C Design Formulae
and Data.
5.2 Design Loads and Forces
When a slab is subjected to uniformly distributed load (udl), we can take a

unit width, say 1 m, of the slab to design as a beam. In other words, the
slab can be visualized as a series of beams of 1 m width placed side-by-side
as shown below. The design loads and forces are then presented in per
meter width.1
1
Slab subjected to uniformly distributed load (udl) is adopted in this chapter to illustrate the fundamental
procedures in slab design. Slabs may be subjected to concentrated load in the forms of point load or line load.
An effective width of the slab has to be determined to design for the extra moment and shear induced by the
concentrated load. Details can be found in the design code.
Chapter 5 3
1m
1m
Figure 5.2 Unit Width of Slab for Design
5.2.1 Example Design Loads and Forces for a Simply-supported

One-way slab
For simply-supported one-way slab under uniformly distributed load (udl),

the force coefficients, similar to those for beam design, are:
Mid-span Moment, M = 0.125 F L or 0.125 w L2
Shear at Support, V = 0.5 F or 0.5 w L
Question
Determine the design forces for the following simply-supported one-way slab.
Design parameters
Slab thickness, h : 150 mm
c/c distance btw supports : 3 000 mm
Width of the supporting beam, Sw : 350 mm (same for both ends)
Allowance for finishes : 1.5 kPa
Usage of the floor : Department Store
Solution
Dead Load
Finishes : 1.50 kN/m2
Self-weight : 24.5 x 0.15 = 3.68 kN/m2
gk = 5.18 kN/m2
Chapter 5 4
Imposed Load
Department Store: qk= 5.00 kN/m2
Design Load, w = 1.4 x 5.18 + 1.6 x 5.00

= 15.25 kN/m2
As h < Sw Effective Span, L = 3000 350 + 150

= 2 800 mm
Design Moment, M = 0.125 x 15.25 x 2.82

= 14.95 kN-m
Design Shear, V = 0.5 x 15.25 x 2.8
= 21.35 kN
?
The design moment
! and shear are in per

meter width of the
slab.
Q.1
5.2.2 Force Coefficients for Continuous One-way Slab
For continuous slabs with approximately equal spans under udl, the
following force coefficients (extracted from Table 6.4 of HKCP-2013) can be
adopted:
Chapter 5 5
At outer Near middle At first At middle of At interior

support of end span interior interior span supports
(simply support
supported)
Moment 0 0.086FL -0.086FL 0.063FL -0.063FL
Shear 0.4F - 0.6F - 0.5F
Notes:
1. Area of each bay exceeds 30 m2.
2. Characteristic imposed load does not exceed 5kPa.
3. The ratio of characteristic imposed load to the characteristic dead load does not
exceed 1.25.
4. An allowance of 20% redistribution of the moments at the supports has been made.
5. Load should be substantially uniformly distributed over three or more spans.
Table 5.1 Force Coefficients for Continuous One-way Slabs

with Approximately Equal Span under udl
(Extracted from Table 6.4 of HKCP-2013)2
A bay mentioned in "Note 1" of the above table is defined as a strip across
the full width of a structure bounded on the other two sides by lines of
supports as illustrated below:
Figure 5.3 Definitions of Panel and Bay

(Figure 6.5 of HKCP-2013)
The values in the above table can be presented in the form of moment and
2
The force coefficients for continuous end support is omitted from this table. If necessary, refer to the original
table in the design code for details.
Chapter 5 6
shear force diagrams as shown below.
0.086FL
0.063FL
Bending
Moment
Diagram
0.063FL
0.086FL
0.5F 0.5F
0.4F
Shear Force
Diagram
0.5F
0.6F
Figure 5.4 - Moment and Shear Force Diagrams

for Continuous One-way Slabs
with Approximately Equal Span under udl
In the above table, the design moment at the outer support is zero, i.e.
simply supported. However, reinforced concrete slabs are usually
constructed monolithically with the supporting beam. In order to avoid
unsightly cracks due to the bending arising from partial fixity at the support, a
minimum design moment of at least 50% of the mid-span moment is
recommended by Cl.9.3.1.3 of HKCP-2013.
Take note of the following differences when compared with that for beam in
Chapter 4 (i.e. Table 4.1 and Figure 4.1):
(a) The force coefficients for slab are in general smaller than those for
beam. The support moments are about 22% lesser, and the
mid-span moments are 5% to 10% lesser.
(b) A redistribution of 20% is allowed for the support moments of slab,

i.e. b = 0.8, and therefore K' is reduced to 0.132 for designing the
section at supports. (There is no redistribution for mid-span
moments, and the value of K for mid-span moment remains
0.156.)
Chapter 5 7
(c) The nominal design moment at the outer (or end) support for slab
(simply-supported) is 50% instead of 15% (for beam) of the
mid-span moment.
If a slab does not fulfill the conditions to use the force coefficients in the
above table, structural analysis has to be performed to determine the design
forces. The most unfavorable arrangement of design loads as described in
Section 1.5 of Chapter 1 has to be designed for. However, if the slab fulfills
conditions 1 to 3 stated in the notes of Table 5.1 above, a single-load case of
maximum design load on all spans can be adopted for design.
Q.2
?
5.3 Design of Slab
The design method for slabs is quite similar to that for beam with the
following differences:
(a) The breadth of the section, b = 1 000 mm, i.e. taking one meter
width for design.
(d) No compression bar is usually designed for unless the slab is very
thick, i.e. h > 200mm, and heavily loaded. Simply check if K < K';
otherwise, increase the slab thickness and re-design the slab.
(e) For slab supported on beams, the design shear stress is usually
very small and not critical.3 Simply check if v < vc; otherwise,
increase the slab thickness and re-design the slab.
(f) The steel area, As, obtained is per meter width of the slab, i.e. in
mm2 per m. The reinforcement is provided in the terms of bar
spacing instead of number of bars.
?
Example
If As,req = 723 mm2, we can provide: Q.3
T12-150 (As,pro = 113 / 0.150 = 754 mm2 /m); or
3
Design for shear is critical for slabs supported directly on columns, i.e. flat slab, or slabs subjected to high
magnitude concentrated load. The thickness of this types of slab is always controlled by punching shear stress
at the perimeter of the column or concentrated load.
Chapter 5 8
T10-100 (As,pro = 78.5 / 0.100 = 785 mm2 /m)

The steel area can be read from the following table.
Bar Bar Spacing in mm
Size 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 350
8 503 402 335 287 251 223 201 183 168 144
10 785 628 524 449 393 349 314 286 262 224
12 1131 905 754 646 565 503 452 411 377 323
16 2011 1608 1340 1149 1005 894 804 731 670 574
Table 5.2 Steel Area in mm2 per m Width
5.3.1 Design for Moment and Shear
In general, the procedures to design for moment, M, are:
1. Identify the effective sectional dimensions and design parameters.
2. Calculate the K value and check if K < K'.
3. Calculate the lever arm z and check its limits.
4. Calculate the amount of steel required, As.
5. Determine the bar size and spacing.
6. Check if the limits to steel area are complied with.
In general, the procedures to design for shear, V, are:
1. Identify the effective sectional dimensions and design parameters.
2. Calculate vc.
3. Check if the shear stress v exceeds vc.
If v < vc, no shear reinforcement is required.
If v > vc, increase the thickness of the slab and re-design it.
Chapter 5 9
5.3.2 Deflection Check by Span-to-depth Ratio
In general, the procedures to check deflection by span-to-depth ratio are:
1. Determine the basic L/d ratio.
2. Determine the modification factors mt.
3. Determine the allowable L/d ratio.
4. Check if the actual L/d ratio exceeds the allowable or not.
5.3.3 Distribution Bars
For one-way slab, the reinforcement bars designed to resist the bending
moment are placed in one direction only, i.e. in the direction of span. In
addition to these main reinforcement bars, secondary reinforcement bars
have to be provided in the direction at right angle, i.e. transverse, to the main
bars to tie the slab together and to distribute uneven loading or any
accidental concentrated load that may arise during its life of usage. These
secondary reinforcement bars are called distribution bars, Asd, which has to
fulfill the following requirements:
(a) The steel area shall not be less than:

0.13%bh, &
20% of the main steel
Refer to Chapter
2 for bar spacing
(b) The spacing shall not be more than 3h & 400mm.
requirement for
main bars.
5.3.4 Examples Simply-supported One-way Slab
Question A
Design the reinforcement and check if the deflection is acceptable for the following
simply-supported one-way slab.
Design parameters
Slab thickness, h = 175 mm
Chapter 5 10
c/c distance btw supports = 4000 mm

Width of supporting beams, Sw = 250 mm
fcu = 30 MPa
fy = 500 MPa
Cover = 25 mm
Preferred bar size = 10
Characteristic imposed load = 3.0 kPa (Offices)
Allowance for finishes = 1.0 kPa
Partition load = 1.0 kPa (Lightweight undefined)
Solution
Dead Load
Finishes : 1.00 kN/m2
Self-weight : 24.5 x 0.175 = 4.29 kN/m2
gk = 5.29 kN/m2
Imposed Load
Partition load : 1.00
Offices : 3.00 kN/m2
qk= 4.00 kN/m2
Design Load, w = 1.4 x 5.29 + 1.6 x 4.00

= 13.81 kN/m2
As h < Sw Effective Span, L = 4000 250 + 175
= 3925 mm
= 26.6 kN-m
Design Shear, V = 0.5 x 13.81 x 3.925
= 27.1 kN
Design for Bending Moment

Effective depth, d = 175 25 10/2
= 145 mm
! b = 1000
K=
=
=
M / (bd2fcu)
26.6 x 106 / (1000 x 1452 x 30)
0.042
b = 1.0 < 0.156 (Singly reinforced)
Chapter 5 11
K < 0.0428 z= 0.95d = 0.95 x 145

= 137.8 mm
Tension steel req'd, As,req = M / (0.87 fy z)

= 26.6 x 106 / (0.87 x 500 x 137.8)
= 444 mm2
(Provide T10-175 Bottom)
Alternatively, As,pro As,pro = 78.5 / 0.175
can be read from
= 449 mm2
table.
100As / bh = 100 x 449 / (1000 x 175) = 0.256
> 0.13 and < 4.0 (Steel ratio ok)
Distribution Bar Asd = Max(0.13x1000x175/100 or 444x20%)

= 227 mm2
(Provide T10-300 DB)
Check Shear at Support

v= 27.1 x 103 / (1000 x 145)
= 0.187 MPa
Calculate the design concrete shear stress, vc : (Table 6.3)

100As/(bvd) = 100 x 449 / (1000 x 145) = 0.31 < 3
In this case, v < 0.34, the
! smallest value in Table 6.3 of

HKCP-2013. The calculation of
vc can be omitted.
(400/d)1/4 =
vc =
=
(400 / 145)1/4 = 1.289 (> 0.67)
0.79 x (0.31)1/3 x 1.289 / 1.25 x (30/25)1/3
0.551 x 1.06
= 0.584 MPa
> 0.187 MPa (No shear reinforcement is req'd)
Check Deflection by Span-to-depth Ratio

Basic L /d = 20 (Simply Supported Slab) (Table 7.3)
M/(bd2) = 26.6 x 106 / (1000 x 1452)

= 1.264 N/mm2
As,req / As,pro = 444 / 449 = 0.99
fs = 2/3 x 500 x 0.99 = 330 MPa
mt = 0.55 + (477-330)/[120(0.9+1.26)] (Table 7.4)
= 0.55 + 0.567
= 1.12
Chapter 5 12
Allowable L / d = 1.12 x 20 = 22.3

Actual L / d = 3925 / 145
= 27.1 > 22.3 (Deflection not ok)
(Increase the tension steel to T10-125 Bottom)

As,pro = 78.5 / 0.125 = 628 mm2
As,req / As,pro = 444 / 628 = 0.707
fs = 2/3 x 500 x 0.707 = 236 MPa
mt = 0.55 + (477-236)/[120(0.9+1.26)]
= 0.55 + 0.93
= 1.48
Allowable L / d = 1.48 x 20 = 29.6 > 27.1 (Deflection ok)
Comment: For this slab, deflection controls the amount the steel required. Q.4
?
Question B
Present the reinforcement detail of the slab in Question A in proper engineering drawing.
Solution
Notes on the detailing:4
(a) Top bars are provided at the supports for anti-cracking purposes. The nominal
4
The rules of reinforcement detailing is beyond the scope of this chapter. Refer to the design code for details.
Chapter 5 13
requirement is 50% of the steel required at mid-span. They are provided with full
anchorage length into the supports and extend 0.15L or 45 into the span.
(b) The bar spacing of 125mm for main bars and 250mm for top bars deem appropriate.
Refer to chapter 2 for details.
(c) Pay attention that the slab may be designed to act as the top flange of the
supporting beams to take up flexural compressive stress. If it is the case, the
amount of top bars has to be increased to 015% and extends into the slab over the
whole effective flange width of the flanged section.
(d) Theoretically, 50% of the bottom bars can be curtailed at about 0.1L from the
support. However, for simplicity, all the bottom bars are extended into the support
in this case.
(e) The bottom bars have to extend 12 beyond the centerline of the support.
5.3.5 Example Continuous One-way Slab
Question A
Design the end span of the continuous slab. 5S1, shown on the framing plan in DWG-01 of
Chapter 1. The following are the design parameters for the slab.
Design parameters
c/c distance btw supports = 3 300 mm
Width of support, Sw = 300 mm (similar at both ends)
fcu = 35 MPa
fy = 500 MPa
Cover = 25 mm
Density of concrete = 24.5 kN/m3
Characteristic imposed load = 5.0 kPa
Chapter 5 14
Solution
Effective Span
As h < Sw L= 3300 300 + 160
= 3 160 mm
Loading
Dead Load
Finishes: 2.00 kN/m
Slab S/W: 24.5 x 0.16 = 3.92 kN/m
gk = 5.92 kN/m
Imposed Load qk = 5.00 kN/m
Design load, F = (1.4 x 5.92 + 1.6 x 5.00) x 3.16

= 51.5 kN per m width
Design Forces
Bay size 9 x 9.9
= 98.1 m2 > 30 m2
Imposed load is not greater than 1.25 dead load.
Imposed load is not greater than 5kPa.
The force coefficients in Table 6.4 of HKCP-2013 can be used.

The moment
= 14.0 kN-m coefficients for both
Design Shear, V = 0.6 x 51.5 span and support
are the same.
= 30.9 kN
Effective Depth d= 160 25 10/2
= 130 mm

K= M / (bd2fcu)
Support moment is
= 14.0 x 106 / (1000 x 1302 x 35)
adopted for rebar
design, which has a = 0.024
redistribution of 20%.
K < 0.0428 z= 0.95d = 0.95 x 130

= 123.5 mm

= 14.0 x 106 / (0.87 x 500 x 123.5)
Chapter 5 15
= 260 mm2
(Provide T10-250 Top at supports
and T10-250 Bottom at mid-span)
2
As,pro = 314 mm per meter
100As / bh = 100 x 314 / (1000 x 160) = 0.196
Distribution Bar Ads = Max(0.13x1000x160/100 or 260x20%)

= 208 mm2
v= 30.9 x 103 / (1000 x 130)
= 0.23 MPa
< 0.34, the smallest value of vc in Table 6.3 of HKCP-2013
(No shear reinforcement required)
Basic L /d = 23 (End span of continuous slab) (Table 7.3)
M/(bd2) = 14.0 x 106 / (1000 x 1302)

= 0.828 N/mm2
As,req / As,pro = 260 / 314 = 0.828
fs = 2/3 x 500 x 0.828 = 276 MPa
b = 0.8 is for support
! moment. For L/d checking,

mid-span moment is used.
mt =
=
=
0.55 + (477-276)/[120(0.9+0.828)]
0.55 + 0.969
1.52
(Table 7.4)
Allowable L / d = 1.52 x 23 = 34.9

Actual L / d = 3160 / 130
= 24.3 34.9 (Deflection ok)
Question B
Design the interior span of the continuous slab. 5S1, shown on the framing plan in DWG-01
of Chapter 1. The design parameters in Question A are still applicable.
Solution
The effective span, effective depth and the design loads of the interior span of this beam are
the same as that for the end-span in Question A. The only differences are the design
moment, design shear and span-to-depth ratio. Although they are not critical for this case,
Chapter 5 16
the calculation is presented below as an illustration of the complete process of design.

Design Forces
= 10.3 kN-m
Design Shear, V = 0.5 x 51.5
= 25.8 kN

K= M / (bd2fcu)
= 10.3 x 106 / (1000 x 1302 x 35)
= 0.017
K < 0.0428 z= 0.95d = 0.95 x 130

= 123.5 mm

= 10.3 x 106 / (0.87 x 500 x 123.5)
= 192 mm2
(Provide T10-300 Top at the supports
and T10-300 Bottom at mid-span)
2
As,pro = 262 mm per meter
100As / bh = 100 x 262 / (1000 x 160) = 0.164

= 208 mm2

Basic L /d = 26 (Interior span of continuous slab ) (Table 7.3)
M/(bd2) = 10.3 x 106 / (1000 x 1302)

= 0.609 N/mm2
As,req / As,pro = 192 / 262 = 0.733
fs = 2/3 x 500 x 0.733 = 244 MPa
mt = 0.55 + (477-244)/[120(0.9+0.609)] (Table 7.4)
= 0.55 + 1.287
Chapter 5 17
= 1.84
Allowable L / d = 1.84 x 26 = 47.8

Actual L / d = 3160 / 130
5.3.6 Example Simply-supported Two-way Slab
When a slab is supported on four edges and the aspect ratio of the slab is
smaller than 2, the four edges are considered effective in supporting the slab,
which is then considered to be spanned in two directions. Reinforcement
bars have to be provided in two directions to resist the bending moment in
their respectively direction as shown below.
msx msy
Ly Lx
Long span
Short Span
If the four edges are simply supported and the four corners are not
prevented from uplifting and there is no provision for torsion, the maximum
moments per unit width are given by the following equations of HKCP-2013.5
Moment in the shorter span msx = sxnLx2
Moment in the longer span msy = synLx2
5
Refer to the design code for the moment coefficients for slab with continuous edges and the requirements on the
details to restrain corners from uplifting and torsion.
Chapter 5 18
The bending moment coefficients sx & sy are given in the following table.
Ly / L x 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.75 2.0
sx 0.062 0.074 0.084 0.093 0.099 0.104 0.113 0.118
sy 0.062 0.061 0.059 0.055 0.051 0.046 0.037 0.029
Table 5.3 Bending Moment Coefficients

for Simply-Supported Two-way slabs without Restrain at the Corners
(Table 6.5 of HKCP-2013)
where
n= Design ultimate load per unit area
Lx = Effective span of shorter span
Ly = Effective span of longer span
When Ly/Lx > 2.0, the slab can be treated as one-way slab and the force
coefficients described in the previous paragraphs can then be adopted. For
simply supported one-way slab the moment coefficient is 0.125.
Question
Design the reinforcement and check the deflection of the following simply-supported
two-way slab.
Design parameters
Effective spans, Lx = 4 200 mm
Ly = 5 460 mm
fcu = 35 MPa
fy = 500 MPa
Cover = 25 mm
Chapter 5 19
Solution
Loading
Dead Load
Finishes: 2.00 kN/m2
Slab S/W: 24.5 x 0.20 = 4.90 kN/m2
gk = 6.90 kN/m2
Imposed Load qk = 10.00 kN/m2
Design load, n = (1.4 x 6.90 + 1.6 x 10.00)

= 25.7 kN/m (per meter width)
Design for Bending Moment (Short Span)

Effective depth, d = 200 25 12/2 = 169mm
Ly/Lx = 5460 / 4200 = 1.3
sx = 0.093 Table 6.5
2
msx = 0.093 x 25.7 x 4.2
= 42.2 kN-m (per meter width)
K= M / (bd2fcu)
= 42.2 x 106 / (1000 x 1692 x 35)
= 0.0422
K < 0.0428 z= 0.95d = 0.95 x 169
= 161 mm

= 42.2 x 106 / (0.87 x 500 x 161)
= 603 mm2
As,pro = 753 mm2
100As / bh = 100 x 753 / (1000 x 200) = 0.377
Design for Bending Moment (Long Span)

d= 200 25 12 12/2 = 157mm
! Lx instead of Ly
is used to
calculate msy
Ly/Lx =
sy =
msy =
5460 / 4200 = 1.3
0.055
0.055 x 25.7 x 4.22
Table 6.5
Chapter 5 20
K= M / (bd2fcu)
= 24.9 x 106 / (1000 x 1572 x 35)
= 0.029
K < 0.0428 z= 0.95d = 0.95 x 157
= 149 mm

= 24.9 x 106 / (0.87 x 500 x 149)
= 384 mm2
2
As,pro = 411 mm
100As / bh = 100 x 411 / (1000 x 200) = 0.21

= 54.0 kN
v= 54.0 x 103 / (1000 x 169)
= 0.32 MPa
< the smallest value of vc in Table 6.3 of HKCP-2013

Basic L / d = 20 (Simply-supported Slab) (Table 7.3)
M/(bd2) = 42.2 x 106 / (1000 x 1692)

= 1.478 N/mm2
As,req / As,pro = 603 / 753 = 0.801
fs = 2/3 x 500 x 0.801 = 267MPa
mt = 0.55 + (477-267)/[120(0.9+1.478)] (Table 7.4)
= 0.55 + 0.736 = 1.286
Allowable L / d = 1.286 x 20 = 25.7

Actual L / d = 4200 / 169
Chapter 5 21
5.4 Stairs
A stair is composed of the following elements:
Flight The inclined slab supporting steps
Waist The thickness of flight slab measured perpendicular to the

soffit
Steps Divisions of the total vertical rise of a flight, composed of

treads and risers
Tread The horizontal length or depth of a step
Riser The vertical dimension of a step
Landing The horizontal slab connecting flights
Handrails On both sides of the flight to facilitate climbing of the stairs

and in some cases in the form of parapet to prevent falling
out of the stairs
Cross Section of a Stair
Steps and handrail/parapet are usually not regarded as parts of the structure
of a stair unless they are specifically designed as structural elements.
Chapter 5 22
5.4.1 Structural Forms of Stairs
A stair can be transversely-spanned

and supported on both sides of the
stairs as illustrated in Figure 5.5.
The direction of span is perpendicular
to, or transverse to, the direction of the
flight. In the design of this type of
stairs, the main bars are placed in the
direction of the steps.
Figure 5.5
Transversely-spanned Stair Slab
A stair can be longitudinally-spanned

in the direction of the flight and is
supported at the ends of the flight and
landing as illustrated in Figure 5.6.
The main bars of this type of stair are
placed along the flight direction and
extend to the end supports.
Figure 5.6
Longitudinally-spanned flight can be Longitudinally-spanned Stair Slab
supported by the landing slabs, which, Supported by End Walls
in turn, are transversely-spanned and

supported on the walls at both sides of
the landing as illustrated in Figure 5.7.
There are other possible structural

schemes for stair design, e.g.
cantilever steps, flight supported by
stringer beams, cantilever stairs, etc.
In this Chapter, longitudinally-spanned
Figure 5.7
stairs are used to highlight the salient
Longitudinally-spanned Stair Slab
points in stair design.
Supported by Landing Slabs
Chapter 5 23
5.4.2 Design of Stair Slabs
The design of stair slabs is quite similar to that for solid slab with the
following points highlighted:
(a) The following dead load have to be taken into account:
i. The weight of the steps (see 5.4.3)
ii. Adjustment to the self-weight of the stair slab for the increased
length of the inclined flight slabs (see 5.4.3)
iii. The weight of handrail/parapet, if any
(b) Although the slab is inclined, as

the loads are acting vertically
downward under gravitational
action, the projected horizontal
distance is used in determining
the effective span as illustrated in
the following examples.
(c) The depth of the section, h, used

for design is the minimum
thickness perpendicular to the
soffit of the inclined stair slab, i.e. the waist. The effective depth, d,
is then determined by using this value of h. The steps are usually
ignored in the calculation of the structural capacity of stair slab.
(d) The allowable span-to-depth ratio can be increased by 15% if the

stair flight occupies at least 60% of the span (Cl.6.6.2.1 of
HKCP-2013).
As a consequence of (a) mentioned above, the dead weight of flight slab is

usually larger than that of landing slab. For simply-supported
longitudinally-spanned stairs, the following formulae are useful in
determining the mid-span moment and support shear.
For a simply-supported beam subjected to partial udl loads, w1 and w2,

symmetrically loaded as shown in the figure below,
Chapter 5 24
W2
W1 W1
L1 L2 L1
the reactions or shears at the supports are:
V = w1L1 + 0.5 w2L2 [5.1]
The mid-span moment is:
M = w1L1(L1 + 0.5L2) w1L1(0.5L1 + 0.5L2)

+ 0.5w2L2(L1 + 0.5L2) 0.5w2L2(0.25L2)
= 0.5w1L12 + 0.5w2L2(L1 + 0.25L2) [5.2]
5.4.3 Example Self-weight of Stair Flight
Question
Determine the self-weight of the following stair flight:
Tread = 250 mm
Riser = 150 mm
Waist thickness, h = 175 mm
Solution
For a meter width of the stair flight
For a single step horizontal length = 250 mm
Inclined length = (2502 + 1502)1/2
= 292 mm
Weight of a step 24.5 x 0.150 x 0.250 /2 = 0.459 kN
Weight of the waist 24.5 x 0.292 x 0.175 = 1.252 kN
Total = 1.711 kN
Chapter 5 25
Therefore, udl per meter horizontal length of the flight = 1.711 / 0.250
= 6.84 kN/m
Alternatively,
For a meter width of the stair flight
Ratio of inclined length to horizontal length = (2502 + 1502)1/2 / 250
= 1.166
Weight of a step 24.5 x 0.150 /2 = 1.84 kN/m
Weight of the waist 24.5 x 0.175 x 1.166 = 5.00 kN/m
Total udl per meter horizontal length of the flight = 6.84 kN/m Q.5
?
5.4.4 Examples Longitudinally-spanned Stairs
Question A Longitudinally-spanned Stair Supported by End Walls

Design the reinforcement and check the deflection of the stair slab as shown in DWG-04
with the following design parameters.
Design parameters
Waist, h = 275 mm
Tread = 250 mm
Riser = 150 mm
Number of risers, N = 14
Flight horizontal length, L2 = 250 x 14 = 3500 mm
Flight width, W = 1200 mm
Landing slab thickness = 275 mm (same as waist)
Landing clear width, Ln = 1200 mm (same at both ends)
Width of support, Sw = 200 mm (same at both ends)
fcu = 35 MPa
fy = 500 MPa
Cover = 25 mm
Allowance for handrail/parapet = (assume negligible)
Chapter 5 26
Solution
Effective Span
As h > Sw, Effective L1 = 1200 + 100 = 1300mm
Overall L = 3500 + 2 x 1300
= 6100 mm
Loading (landing, w1)

Dead Load
Self-weight 24.5 x 0.275 = 6.74 kN/m2
Finishes 1.50 kN/m2
gk = 8.24 kN/m2
The design load, w1 = 1.4 x 8.24 + 1.6 x 5.00

Loading (flight, w2)

Inclined length ratio = (2502 + 1502)0.5 / 250 = 1.166
Dead Load
Steps 24.5 x 0.150 / 2 = 1.84 kN/m2
Self-weight 24.5 x 0.275 x 1.166 = 7.86 kN/m2
Finishes 1.50 kN/m2
gk = 11.19 kN/m2
Chapter 5 27
The design load, w2 = 1.4 x 11.19 + 1.6 x 5.00

Design Forces
Design Mid-span Mt, M = 0.5 x 19.53 x 1.32
+ 0.5 x 23.67 x 3.5 x (1.3 + 0.25 x 3.5)
= 16.5 + 90.1
= 107 kN-m (per meter width)
Design Shear, V = 19.53 x 1.3 + 0.5 x 23.67 x 3.5

= 67 kN (per meter width)
Design for Mid-span Bending Moment

Effective Depth, d = 275 25 16/2
= 242 mm
K= M / (bd2fcu)
= 107 x 106 / (1000 x 2422 x 35)
= 0.052
Lever arm, z = [0.5 + (0.25 K/0.9)0.5] d

= [0.5 + (0.25 0.052/0.9)0.5] x 242
= 0.938 x 242
= 227 mm

= 107 x 106 / (0.87 x 500 x 227)
= 1084 mm2
(Provide T16-125 bottom)
As,pro = 201 / 0.125
= 1608 mm2
100As / bh = 100 x 1608 / (1000 x 275) = 0.585

= 358 mm2
Chapter 5 28

v= 67 x 103 / (1000 x 242)
= 0.28 MPa
< 0.8 35 = 4.73 MPa (Concrete does not crush)
and < the smallest value of vc in Table 6.3 of HKCP-2013

Basic L /d = 20 (simply-supported slab) (Table 7.3)
M/(bd2) = 107 x 106 / (1000 x 2422)

= 1.83 N/mm2
As,req / As,pro = 1084 / 1608 = 0.67
fs = 2/3 x 500 x 0.67 = 224 MPa
mt = 0.55 + (477-224)/[120(0.9+1.83)] (Table 7.4)
= 0.55 + 0.772
= 1.32
L2 / L = 3500 / 6100 = 0.57 < 60% (no increase in L/d Ratio)
Allowable L / d = 1.32 x 20 = 26.4

Actual L / d = 6100 / 242
Comments:
Q.6
?
In this example, it is the deflection that controls the amount of steel required. The
amount of steel provided is about 48% more than that required for resisting the
design moment so as to reduce the service stress in the bars and therefore
increase the modification factor to the L/d ratio.
The width of the flight is not large in this example; it may be more convenient to use
the actual width of 1200mm instead of a unit width of 1000mm for design. If the
actual width is used in the design calculations, i.e. b = 1200mm, the As obtained is
then the total area for the whole section instead of per meter width and therefore
rebars to be provided will then be in terms of number of bars instead of spacing.
Chapter 5 29
Question B Longitudinally-spanned Stair Supported by Landing

Slabs
Design the reinforcement and check the deflection of the stair slab as shown in DWG05 with
the following design parameters.
Design parameters
Waist, h = 200 mm
Tread = 250 mm
Riser = 150 mm
No. of Risers = 14
Horizontal length of the flight, L2 = 250 x 14 = 3500 mm
Width of the flight = 1200 mm
Thickness of the landing slab = 200 mm (same as the waist)
Width of landing, Lb = 1200 mm (same at both ends)
Clear span of the landing, Ln = 2600 mm
fcu = 35 MPa
fy = 500 MPa
Cover = 25 mm
Chapter 5 30
Solution
In this example, the flight slab is supported by landing slabs. Hence, two slabs have to be
designed: (I) flight slab and then (II) landing slab. The widths of the landing slabs, Lb, will
be regarded as the widths of the supports to the flight slab and will be used for determining
the effective span, L2 + 2L1, of the flight slab, where L1 is the lesser of Lb/2 or 1800mm, (Cl.
6.6.1.2 of HKCP-2013). As the width of support is comparatively large, and there is no
loading at the support width, partial udl is adopted in the design. The support reaction, R,
from the flight slab will be transmitted to the landing slab for design.
(I) Design of Flight Slab

Effective Span
As h > Sw, Effective L1 = min(1200 / 2 or 1800) = 600
Overall L = 3500 + 2 x 600
= 4700 mm
Loading (flight, w)
Inclined length ratio = (2502 + 1502)0.5 / 250 = 1.166
Dead Load
Steps 24.5 x 0.150 / 2 = 1.84 kN/m2
Self-weight 24.5 x 0.200 x 1.166 = 5.71 kN/m2
Finishes 1.50 kN/m2
gk = 9.05 kN/m2
The design load, w = 1.4 x 9.05 + 1.6 x 5.00

Design Forces
Design Mid-span Mt, M = 0.5 x 20.7 x 3.5 x (0.6 + 0.25 x 3.5)

= 36.2 kN (per meter width)

= 169 mm
Chapter 5 31
K= M / (bd2fcu)
= 53.4 x 106 / (1000 x 1692 x 35)
= 0.053
Lever arm, z = [0.5 + (0.25 K/0.9)0.5] d

= [0.5 + (0.25 0.053/0.9)0.5] x 169
= 0.937 x 169
= 158 mm

= 53.4 x 106 / (0.87 x 500 x 158)
= 775 mm2
As,pro = 113 / 0.100
= 1130 mm2
100As / bh = 100 x 1130 / (1000 x 200) = 0.565
Distribution Bar, Asd = Max (0.13bh or 0.2As,req)

= Max (260 or 155) = 260 mm2
(Provide T10 -250 DB)
Asd,pro = 78.5 / 0.25 = 314 mm2
Check Shear
Max shear at the face of support
v= 36.2 x 103 / (1000 x 169)
= 0.21 MPa

M/(bd2) = 53.4 x 106 / (1000 x 1692)

= 1.87 N/mm2
As,req / As,pro = 775 / 1130 = 0.686
Chapter 5 32
fs = 2/3 x 500 x 0.686 = 228 MPa

mt = 0.55 + (477-228)/[120(0.9+1.87)] (Table 7.4)
= 0.55 + 0.75
= 1.30
L2 / L = 3500 / 4700 = 0.74 > 60%
Allowable L / d = 1.30 x 1.15 x 20 = 29.9

Actual L / d = 4700 / 169
(II) Design of Landing Slab
The landing slab supports two types of loads:
i. Reactions from the flight slabs, R, which

are two partial udl separated by the gap of
the flights; and,
ii. Self-weight, finishes, imposed load, etc.

that are acting directly on the landing slab,
w, which, are, to be precise, also a partial
udl over the clear span of the landing only.
Although the above two loads, to be precise, are

partial udl, as the width of support and the gap
between flights are usually comparatively very
small and can be ignored for simplicity, the loads
can therefore be assumed to be distributed
uniformly over the whole effective span as
illustrated in the following calculations.
Effective Span
As h = Sw, Effective L= 2600 + 200
= 2800 mm
Loading (landing)
Width of the landing = 1200 mm
Dead Load
Chapter 5 33
From flight slab 9.05 x 3.5 / 2 = 15.84 kN/m

Self-weight 24.5 x 0.20 x 1.2 = 5.88 kN/m
Finishes 1.5 x 1.2 = 1.80 kN/m
gk = 23.52 kN/m
Imposed Load
From flight slab 5.00 x 3.5 / 2 = 8.75 kN/m
Landing slab 5.00 x 1.2 = 6.00 kN/m
qk = 14.75 kN/m
Design load, w = (1.4 x 23.52 + 1.6 x 14.75) / 1.2

Design Forces
Design Mid-span Mt, M = 0.125 x 47.11 x 2.82
= 46.2 kN-m

= 66 kN

= 169 mm
K= M / (bd2fcu)
= 46.2 x 106 / (1000 x 1692 x 35)
= 0.046
Lever arm, z = [0.5 + (0.25 K/0.9)0.5] d

= [0.5 + (0.25 0.046/0.9)0.5] x 169
= 0.946 x 169
= 160 mm

= 46.2 x 106 / (0.87 x 500 x 160)
= 664 mm2
As,pro = 113 / 0.150
Chapter 5 34
= 754 mm2
100As / bh = 100 x 754 / (1000 x 200) = 0.377
Check Shear
Max shear at the face of support
v= 66 x 103 / (1000 x 169)
= 0.39 MPa

M/(bd2) = 46.2 x 106 / (1000 x 1692)

= 1.62 N/mm2
As,req / As,pro = 664 / 754 = 0.881
fs = 2/3 x 500 x 0.881 = 294 MPa
mt = 0.55 + (477-294)/[120(0.9+1.62)] (Table 7.4)
= 0.55 + 0.605
= 1.16
Allowable L / d = 1.16 x 20 = 23.2

Actual L / d = 2800 / 169
Comment:
Although the configuration of the stairs in Questions A and B are the same, different
structural arrangements can lead to substantial saving in materials. The thickness of the
stair slabs and the amount of steel required for the stair in Question B are reduced by about
27% and 30% respectively.
Chapter 5 35
Chapter 5 36
Chapter 5 37
Self-Assessment Questions
Q.1 Given the following design parameters of a one-way simply-supported slab:

Slab thickness, h : 175 mm
c/c distance btw supports : 3 300 mm
Width of the supporting beam, Sw : 400 mm (same for both ends)
Allowance for finishes : 1.5 kPa
Partition: 1.5 kPa (light weigh, undefined)
Usage of the floor : Offices
(a) Determine the characteristic loads in kPa.

(b) Determine the design load in kN per meter width of the slab.
(c) Determine the design forces.
Q.2 (a) Identify the conditions under which a single-load case of maximum design load on all
spans can be used for slab design.
(b) Identify the additional conditions to those you have identified in (a) for the usage of the
force coefficients in Table 5.1 (i.e. Table 6.4 of HKCP-2013).
Q.3 Determine the rebars for the following slabs:
(a) (b) (c)

Slab thickness 150mm 175mm 200mm
2
Steel area required (mm /m) 338 634 1265
Bar size
Spacing (mm)
As,pro
100As/bh
Chapter 5 38
Q.4 Determine the self-weight of the following stair flight:

Tread = 225 mm
Riser = 175 mm
Q.5 For the stair in Question A of 5.4.4, if the clear width of the landing of the staircase, Ln is
proposed to be increased to 1300mm.
(a) Determine the new design bending moment.
(b) Check if the original bar provided is adequate or not.
(c) Determine the allowable L/d ratio and check if deflection is acceptable or not and give
advice.
Q.6 Determine the reinforcement for the flight slab of a stair with the following given:
Cover = 35 mm
fcu = 35 MPa
fy = 500 MPa
Design Moment, M = 122 kN-m per m width
Answers:
Q1a: gk=5.79kPa, qk = 4.50kPa; Q1b: 47.1kN; Q1c:M=18.1kN-m, V=23.6kN
2
Q2a: (i) one-way slab with bay size > 30m , (ii) Qk/Gk 1.25, (iii) qk 5kPa;
Q2b: (i) the load is substantially uniformly distributed, (ii) 3 or more spans, (iii) approximately equal span.
Q3a: T10-225, 0.23; Q2b: T12-175, 0.37; Q2c: T16-175, 0.57
Q4: 6.81kN/m per m width
Q5a: M=113.4kN-m; Q5b: As,req=1153, ok; Q5c: Allowable L/d = 25.0, unacceptable, increase h or As
2 2
Q6: As,req = 1279mm /m, provide T16-150, Asd = 364mm /m, provide T10-200, comment: pay attention to L/d ratio.
Chapter 5 39
Tutorial Questions
(Present your calculations with detailed working steps in a logical, neat and tidy
manner.)
AQ1 Re-design the reinforcement and check the deflection of the end span of the
the continuous one-way slab, 5S1 as shown in DWG-01 of Chapter 1 with
the following changes (make reference to Question A of 5.3.5 for the original
design):
i. The center-to-center distance between beams is changed from 3300
mm to 3500 mm, i.e. the distance between gridlines 6 and 7 is changed
to 10 500 mm.
ii. An additional allowance for 300 mm thick soil is required.
iii. The width of the beam is increased to 400mm.
AQ2 If a very heavy equipment is to be placed on the slab, 5S1 of AQ1, at the
area marked "Area A" on the DWG-01 of Chapter 1. Give advice on the
possible implications to the design of the slab, without doing any detail
calculations. (Adapted from 2012/13 Sem 3 examination paper.)
AQ3 For the slab RB1 shown in DWG-03 in Chapter 3,

(a) Identify the essential design parameters from the drawing and
determine the design load for one span in kN per m width.
(b) Given the following force coefficients, check the adequacy of
providing T10-125 as top and bottom bars for the slab.
At outer support Mid-span Support (b = 0.8)
Moment 0 0.080FL -0.100FL
Shear 0.4F - 0.6F
(c) Check if shear reinforcement is required.

(d) Check if the deflection of the slab is acceptable by span-to-depth
ratio.
Chapter 5 40
AQ4 Design the reinforcement and check the deflection by span-to-depth ratio of
the stairs as shown in DWG-04 with the following design information:
Design parameters
Waist, h = 275 mm
Tread = 260 mm
Riser = 160 mm
Number of Risers, N = 14
Flight horizontal length, L2 = 260 x 14 = 3640 mm
Flight width, W = 1250 mm
Landing slab thickness = 275 mm (same as waist)
Landing clear width, Ln = 1250 mm (same at both ends)
fcu = 40 MPa
fy = 500 MPa
Cover = 25 mm
Chapter 5 41

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CON4332 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

5.1 Types of Slabs

5.3 Design of Slabs

5.1 Types of Slabs

When a slab is supported on two opposite edges as shown in the

One-way Slab Two-way Slab

Figure 5.1 Aspect Ratio of One-way Slab

In addition to the slab supported on two or four edges as mentioned above,

In this chapter, we will focus on the design of one-way simply-supported and

5.2 Design Loads and Forces

When a slab is subjected to uniformly distributed load (udl), we can take a

Figure 5.2 Unit Width of Slab for Design

5.2.1 Example Design Loads and Forces for a Simply-supported

For simply-supported one-way slab under uniformly distributed load (udl),

Mid-span Moment, M = 0.125 F L or 0.125 w L2

Shear at Support, V = 0.5 F or 0.5 w L

Design Load, w = 1.4 x 5.18 + 1.6 x 5.00

As h < Sw Effective Span, L = 3000 350 + 150

Design Moment, M = 0.125 x 15.25 x 2.82

! and shear are in per

5.2.2 Force Coefficients for Continuous One-way Slab

At outer Near middle At first At middle of At interior

Moment 0 0.086FL -0.086FL 0.063FL -0.063FL

Shear 0.4F - 0.6F - 0.5F

Table 5.1 Force Coefficients for Continuous One-way Slabs

Figure 5.3 Definitions of Panel and Bay

shear force diagrams as shown below.

Figure 5.4 - Moment and Shear Force Diagrams

(b) A redistribution of 20% is allowed for the support moments of slab,

T12-150 (As,pro = 113 / 0.150 = 754 mm2 /m); or

T10-100 (As,pro = 78.5 / 0.100 = 785 mm2 /m)

Bar Bar Spacing in mm

Table 5.2 Steel Area in mm2 per m Width

5.3.1 Design for Moment and Shear

In general, the procedures to design for moment, M, are:

1. Identify the effective sectional dimensions and design parameters.

2. Calculate the K value and check if K < K'.

3. Calculate the lever arm z and check its limits.

4. Calculate the amount of steel required, As.

5. Determine the bar size and spacing.

6. Check if the limits to steel area are complied with.

In general, the procedures to design for shear, V, are:

1. Identify the effective sectional dimensions and design parameters.

3. Check if the shear stress v exceeds vc.

If v < vc, no shear reinforcement is required.

5.3.2 Deflection Check by Span-to-depth Ratio

In general, the procedures to check deflection by span-to-depth ratio are:

1. Determine the basic L/d ratio.

2. Determine the modification factors mt.

3. Determine the allowable L/d ratio.

4. Check if the actual L/d ratio exceeds the allowable or not.

5.3.3 Distribution Bars

(a) The steel area shall not be less than:

5.3.4 Examples Simply-supported One-way Slab

c/c distance btw supports = 4000 mm

Design Load, w = 1.4 x 5.29 + 1.6 x 4.00

Design for Bending Moment

K < 0.0428 z= 0.95d = 0.95 x 145

Tension steel req'd, As,req = M / (0.87 fy z)

Distribution Bar Asd = Max(0.13x1000x175/100 or 444x20%)

Check Shear at Support

Calculate the design concrete shear stress, vc : (Table 6.3)

! smallest value in Table 6.3 of