SHARJAH UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
Department of Sustainable and Renewable Energy Engineering (SREE)

Energy, Energy Transfer and Energy

Analysis Part 2

Dr. Muhammad Tawalbeh

 Outline
Introduce the First Law of Thermodynamics, energy
balances, and mechanisms of energy transfer to or from a
system.

Study of fluid flowing across a control surface of a control

volume.

Discuss the implications of energy conversion on the

environment.

Introduce the heat transfer mechanisms.

Dr. Muhammad Tawalbeh 2

 The First Law of Thermodynamics
The first law of thermodynamics (the conservation of energy
principle).

The first law states that energy can be neither created nor
destroyed during a process; it can only change forms.

Dr. Muhammad Tawalbeh 3

 Energy Balance

Internal:
Kinetic:
Potential:

Dr. Muhammad Tawalbeh 4

 Mechanisms of Energy Transfer , ein & eout
Heat transfer.
Work transfer.
Mass flow (open system).

(kJ)

Rate Form

A closed mass involves only heat transfer and work

Dr. Muhammad Tawalbeh 5
 Example I
Consider the heating of water in a pan on top of a range. If 15 kJ of
heat is transferred to the water from the heating element and 3 kJ of
it is lost from the water to the surrounding air. What would be the
increase in energy of the water?

Dr. Muhammad Tawalbeh 6

 Solution
Solution: A water in a pan heated on top of a range using heating element. The
increase in energy of the water is to be determined.

Assumptions: The pan is stationary and thus the kinetic and potential energy changes
are zero, KE = PE = 0. Therefore, E = U and internal energy is the only form of
the systems energy that may change during this process.
Analysis: Take the water in the pan as the system. This is a closed system since no
mass crosses the boundary during the process. We observe that the volume of a rigid
tank is constant, and thus there is no moving boundary work. Also, heat is added and
lost from the system and there is no shaft work done on the system or by the system.
Applying the energy balance on the system gives:

The increase in the energy of the water will equal the net heat transfer to the water.

E Ein Eout Qin Qout 15 kJ 3 kJ 12 kJ

Dr. Muhammad Tawalbeh 7

 Example II
A rigid tank contains a hot fluid that is cooled while being stirred by
a paddle wheel. Initially, the internal energy of the fluid is 800 kJ.
During the cooling process, the fluid loses 500 kJ of heat, and the
paddle wheel does 100 kJ of work on the fluid. Determine the final
internal energy of the fluid. Neglect the energy stored in the paddle
wheel.

Dr. Muhammad Tawalbeh 8

 Solution
Solution: A fluid in a rigid tank looses heat while being stirred. The final
internal energy of the fluid is to be determined.
Assumptions:
1- The tank is stationary and thus the kinetic and potential energy changes
are zero, KE = PE = 0. Therefore, E = U and internal energy is the
only form of the systems energy that may change during this process.

2- Energy stored in the paddle wheel is negligible.

Analysis: Take the contents of the tank as the system. This is a closed
system since no mass crosses the boundary during the process. We observe
that the volume of a rigid tank is constant, and thus there is no moving
boundary work. Also, heat is lost from the system and shaft work is done
on the system. Applying the energy balance on the system gives:

E Ein Eout
Dr. Muhammad Tawalbeh 9
 Solution
E U
E Ein Eout Ein Wsh
Eout Q
So,
U U 2 U1 Wsh,in Qout U 2 U1 Wsh,in Qout

U 2 800 kJ 100 kJ 500 kJ 400 kJ

Therefore, the final internal energy

of the system (U2) is 400 kJ.
400 kJ

Dr. Muhammad Tawalbeh 10

 Energy Conversion Efficiencies
Desired output
In General: Efficiency ,
Required input

Efficiency: performance of energy conversion or transfer process:

0% 100% ALWAYS! Input

= 100% for perfect processes. Output

Losses due to friction or heat losses. Losses

Increased energy efficiency:

Reduced energy use.
Reduced economic cost.
Reduced environmental impact.
Dr. Muhammad Tawalbeh 11
 Combining Multiple Processes
Example: Fossil fuel power plant

Energy conversion steps:

Chemical Thermal Mechanical Electrical
combustion thermal generator
Ethermal Emechanical Eelectrical

Echemical Ethermal Emechanical
Eelectrical
overall combustionthermal generator
Echemical

Dr. Muhammad Tawalbeh

Eg. 75% 55% 97% 40% 12
 Energy Conversion Efficiencies
Example III
=?

= 60%

Example IV

overall = ? = 73%
Dr. Muhammad Tawalbeh 13
 Mechanical & Electrical Devices
Purpose and efficiency of common devices:
Pump: supply mechanical energy to a fluid.
E mech , fluid
pump
W Shaft,in

Turbine: extract mechanical energy from a fluid.

W Shaft,out
turbine
E Mech , fluid

Efficiency of combustion:
Combustion converts chemical energy to thermal energy.
Heating value, HV: heat transferred when fuel is burned completely and products
are returned to the initial temperature.
Lower heating value, LHV: H2O leaves as vapor.
Higher heating value, HHV: H2O leaves as liquid.
Dr. Muhammad Tawalbeh 14
 Example V
Water is pumped from a lake to a storage tank 20 m above at a rate of
70 L/s while consuming 20.4 kW of electric power. Disregarding any
frictional losses in the pipes and any changes in kinetic energy,
determine:
(a) The overall efficiency of the pumpmotor unit.
(b) The pressure difference between the inlet and the exit of the pump.

Dr. Muhammad Tawalbeh 15

 Solution
Solution:
Water is pumped from a lake to a storage tank at a specified rate.
The overall efficiency of the pump motor unit and the pressure
difference between the inlet and the exit of the pump are to be
determined.

Assumptions:
1.The elevations of the tank and the lake remain constant.
2.Frictional losses in the pipes are negligible.
3.The changes in kinetic energy are negligible.
4.The elevation difference across the pump is negligible.

Properties: We take the density of water to be = 1000 kg/m3.

Dr. Muhammad Tawalbeh 16

 Solution
Analysis:
(a) We take the free surface of the lake to be point 1 and the free
surfaces of the storage tank to be point 2. We also take the lake
surface as the reference level (z1 = 0), and thus the potential energy
at points 1 and 2 are pe = pe2 =mgz2. The flow energy at both
points is zero since both 1 and 2 are open to the atmosphere (P1 =
P2 = Patm). Further, the kinetic energy at both points is zero (ke1 =
ke2 = 0) since the water at both locations is essentially stationary.
The mass flow rate () of water and its potential energy (pe2 ) at
point 2 are:
2

m V 1000 kg / m 70 3 70 kg / s
3
3 L 1 m
s 10 L 1

Dr. Muhammad Tawalbeh 17

 Solution
Then the rate of increase of the mechanical energy of water
becomes: 0 0
P V 2
E mech , fluid m gz m z m gz2
2
E mech , fluid m
gz2

70 kg 9.81 m 1 kJ / kg
2

20 m 3 2 2 13.73 kJ / s 13.7 kW
s s 10 m / s

The overall efficiency of the combined pump-motor unit is

determined from its definition:
E mech , fluid 13.7 kW
pumpmotor 0.672 or 67.2%
Welec ,in 20.4 kW
Dr. Muhammad Tawalbeh 18
 Solution
(b) Now we consider the pump. The change in the mechanical energy
of water as it flows through the pump consists of the change in the flow
energy only since the elevation difference across the pump (z 0) and
the change in the kinetic energy (V 0) are negligible. Also, this
change must be equal to the useful mechanical energy supplied by the
pump, which is 13.7 kW:
0 0
P V 2
P Remember this
Emech , fluid m gz m
2 conversion factor
Solving for P and substituting:
E mech , fluid 13.7 kJ / s 1000 kg / m3 1 kPa.m3
P 196 kPa
m 70 kg / s 1 kJ
Therefore, the pump must boost the pressure of water by 196 kPa
in order to raise its elevation by 20 m.
20 mH 2O
101.325 kPa
196.12 kPa
10.333 mH 2O
Dr. Muhammad Tawalbeh 19
 Energy & Environment

This generate HC, CO2, CO, VOCs, NOx , SOx , etc. This Leads to:

Ozone & Smog

Acid Rain

The Greenhouse Effect: Global Warming

Dr. Muhammad Tawalbeh 20
 Ozone & Smog
It is made up mostly of ground level ozone (O3).

It is also contains other chemicals: CO, VOCs, Particulate

matters (soot & dust), etc.

Dr. Muhammad Tawalbeh 21

 Acid Rain

Dr. Muhammad Tawalbeh 22

 The Greenhouse Effect

23
Dr. Muhammad Tawalbeh
 Mechanisms of Heat Transfer

Conduction.
Convection.
Radiation.

Dr. Muhammad Tawalbeh 24

 Conduction
Conduction: transfer of energy from more energetic particles
of a substance to adjacent less energetic ones.
Conduction can take place in solids, liquids, & gases.
In gases & liquids, conduction is due to collisions and diffusion
of molecules during their random motion.
In solids, it is due to combination of vibrations of molecules in a
lattice and energy transport by free electrons.

Fouriers law of heat conduction

Dr. Muhammad Tawalbeh 25

 Convection
Convection is the mode of energy transfer between a solid
surface and adjacent liquid or gas that is in motion.
It involves combined effects of conduction and fluid motion:
The faster fluid motion, the greater the convection heat
transfer.
In absence of any bulk fluid motion, heat transfer between a
solid surface and adjacent fluid is by pure conduction.

Newtons law of cooling

Dr. Muhammad Tawalbeh 26

 Radiation
Radiation: energy emitted by matter in form of electromagnetic
waves (or photons) as a result of changes in electronic
configurations of atoms or molecules.
Unlike conduction and convection, transfer of energy by radiation
does not require presence of an intervening medium.
HT interested in thermal radiation: form of radiation emitted by
bodies because of their temperature.
All bodies at temperature above absolute zero emit thermal
radiation.
Radiation is a volumetric phenomenon, and all solids, liquids, and
gases emit, absorb, or transmit radiation to varying degrees.

Dr. Muhammad Tawalbeh

QRad As Ts Tsurr
4 4
T in K or oR
27
 Summary
Forms of energy:
Macroscopic = kinetic + potential
Microscopic = Internal energy (sensible + latent + chemical + nuclear).
Energy transfer by heat.
Energy transfer by work.
Mechanical forms of work.
The first law of thermodynamics.
Energy balance.
Energy change of a system.
Mechanisms of energy transfer (heat, work, mass flow).
Energy conversion efficiencies.
Efficiencies of mechanical and electrical devices (turbines, pumps).
Energy & Environment.
Mechanisms of Heat Transfer.
Dr. Muhammad Tawalbeh 28
 Test Yourself
Consider a flat plate solar collector placed horizontally on the flat roof of a
house. The collector is 5 ft wide and 15 ft long, and the average temperature of
the exposed surface of the collector is maintained at constant temperature (Tsurf)
of 100oF. The emissivity () of the exposed surface of the collector is 0.9 and the
solar collector thermal conductivity is k = 30 Btu/hr.ft.oF. The thickness of the
solar plate is 2 in, the ambient air temperature is 70oF and the effective sky
temperature for radiation exchange is 50oF. If the convection heat transfer
coefficient (h) on the exposed surface is 2.5 Btu/hr.ft2.oF, determine:
a) The rate of heat loss from the plate by convection.
b) The rate of heat loss from the plate by radiation.
c) The inside plate temperature (Tins).

Tsurf = 100oF

Solar collector

Dr. Muhammad Tawalbeh

Send me the answer via email 29