Ultrasound Basics Webinar Slides

Ultrasound Basics
Presented by: Matt Tomory

mtomory@conquestimaging.com
Conquest Imaging
www.conquestimaging.com
2016 Conquest Imaging

Agenda
Introduction and Welcome
Ultrasound Basics
Ultrasound Types
Building Blocks of a Diagnostic Ultrasound System

Introduction and Welcome
Welcome to Ultrasound Basics training presented by
Conquest Imaging. After completing this training you will:
Understand the basic principles of diagnostic ultrasound.
Be able to identify transducer types and their use.
Understand the trade-offs with regard to image quality and
resolution.
Understand the different imaging modes.
Be familiar with the basic building blocks of any ultrasound
system.
Be familiar with different systems and their intended use.

Introduction to Ultrasound
This module provides a basic review of ultrasound theory topics. After completing this module you will be
familiar with the basic concepts needed to understand how ultrasound works.
What is Ultrasound?
Sound Types by Frequency Range
What is the Piezoelectric Effect?
Ultrasound Transducers
Tissue Interactions
Image Quality

What is Ultrasound?
Its a sound wave with frequency higher
than 20,000 Hz.

What is Ultrasound?
Humans can hear sound in the frequency range between 20 to 20,000 Hz or 20 KHz.
Sound is a mechanical, longitudinal pressure wave that travels through a medium such as air, water or metal.
What is the average speed of ultrasound waves in human tissue?

1540 m/s
What is the average speed of ultrasound waves

in outer space?
Outer space has no medium for sound to travel

through; it is a vacuum therefore: 0 m/s

Sound Types by Frequency Range
Frequency Range 20000 Hz
Designation Examples
(Hertz)
0-16 Hz Infrasound Seismic waves
16Hz-20KHz Audible Sound Speech, music
20KHz-10GHz Ultrasound Dolphins, medicine
1MHz-20MHz Medical Ultrasound Ultrasound Imaging
!0GHz-10TH Hyper sound Acoustic Microscopy

22000 Hz
500 Hz 1000 Hz

Ultrasound Applications
Clinical Application Imaging Modes Used For:
Radiology 2D Gall bladder, kidney, liver, spleen

breast and thyroid
Cardiology 2D, CW, AUX CW, PW Doppler and Noninvasive evaluation of heart function
Color Doppler
Vascular 2D, Color Doppler and PW Doppler Detection of blood flow and evaluation of any
abnormalities
OB/GYN 2D, M, PW Doppler, and Color Viewing fetal structures such as heart,
Doppler kidneys and maternal structures such as
ovaries, fallopian tubes and uterus

How Do We Generate an Ultrasound Wave?
By using piezoelectric elements that generate an ultrasound wave in response to

an electrical pulse.
The ultrasound wave then travels through a medium such as the human body.
Some of its energy gets reflected back toward the source.

Piezoelectricity is the ability of certain materials to generate an electric potential in

response to applied mechanical stress.
The word is derived from the Greek piezo or piezein, which means to squeeze or press.
The Curie brothers discovered piezoelectricity on quartz crystals. This material is still in
use today for precise timing and resonator applications. Quartz is a naturally occurring
single-crystal material.
In 1954 the discovery of Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT) ceramics led to a family of
synthetic materials suitable for many applications. These materials are the most popular
choice for ultrasound imaging transducers and arrays.

The most important property of a piezoelectric material is how it can convert electric energy to acoustic
energy and vice versa.

Ultrasound transducers used in diagnostic imaging employ an array of piezoelectric elements.
Each element is wired to allow the application of short high voltage pulses during the transmission of ultrasound
waves and the reception of the electronic signal generated during the receive phase.
The average 2D transducer utilizes 128 piezoelectric elements.
Diagnostic ultrasound imaging range of frequencies is between 1 to 20 MHz.

The higher the frequency of the ultrasound wave, the less it can Probe
penetrate, and the lower the frequency, the deeper it can penetrate.
The higher the frequency, the higher the axial resolution resulting in
better image quality.
The lower the frequency, the lower the axial resolution resulting in lower
image quality.
Axial
Lateral

Standard Array Formats
Linear Curved
Phased
Array Linear
Array
Array

Linear Ultrasound Transducer
Linear Probe Piezoelectric Linear

Array

Phased Array Ultrasound Transducer
Phased Array Probe
Piezoelectric Phased Array

Ultrasound Beam Focusing
An ultrasound beam requires

focusing during transmit to
improve the resolution of the
acquired image.
Transmit focus is done

electronically in all modern
ultrasound systems.

Ultrasound Beam Focusing
The timing of the transmit pulses to each element is aligned so that the wave fronts from all the piezoelectric
elements arrive at a selected spatial point at the same time.
This is accomplished by introducing a curve into the timing delays, whose center is the desired focal point.
Electronic focus is the same as

using an acoustic lens; however,
using electronic instead of physical
focus allows the transmit focal
point to be changed simply by
changing the delay pattern.

Ultrasound Receive Focusing
The wave fronts propagate once they leave the transducer, and there is no way to alter the transmit energy
pattern.
During the receive mode, dramatic enhancement of the focal capabilities of the system can be achieved.
As the ultrasound wave strikes various interfaces/tissues in the body, some of its energy is transmitted and
some is reflected toward the transducer.
Transducer
Reflected Energy

Receive Dynamic Focus
During the receive phase, an electronic lens is continuously reshaped as the focal point moves away from the
array at half the velocity of ultrasound to maintain precise focus along each scan line.
Receive Dynamic Focus maintains superior resolution throughout the ultrasound image, and the resolution
is not limited by a small transducer aperture (number of active elements used to generate one scan line) or by
a fixed focal zone.
Dynamic focus is achieved by controlling the delay of each signal arriving at each element through each
channel, such that only signals from the computed sliding focal point arrive at a final summation point at the
same time.

Receive Dynamic Focus
Dynamic focus is achieved by controlling the delay of each signal arriving at each element through each channel,
such that only signals from the computed sliding focal point arrive at a final summation point at the same time.

Gray-scale Imaging / 2D Imaging Dynamic Focus
The ultrasound system applies high voltage pulses to the

transducer elements. This produces ultrasound waves that
travel through the human body and interact with various
organs.
The reflected energy travels back to the transducer where

each of its elements acts as a receiver. The reflected
ultrasound energy is converted into tiny electrical signals.
The ultrasound system processes these signals to produce

an image that represents these reflections on the monitor.

Tissue Interactions
When an ultrasound wave travels through a medium, it causes expansion and compression of the medium.
Ultrasound waves interact with tissue in these five basic manners:
Transmission
Reflection
Scattering
Attenuation
Refraction

Tissue Interactions
Transmission: Sound energy transmitted from the transducer enters the body.
Some of the ultrasound energy continues deeper into the body.
These waves will reflect from deeper tissue structures.
Transducer

Tissue Interactions
Reflection: This is the source for the ultrasound image.
Some waves reflect off different tissues and return back to the ultrasound transducer.
Transducer

Tissue Interactions
Scattering:
The signal that reaches the transducer is a much weaker than the transmitted one and is typically 100-1000
(40 - 60 dB) less than the transmitted signal.
Most scattering occurs with red blood cells, which have a width of 7-10 m, which is 20 times smaller than
the ultrasound wavelength (0.2 to 1 mm).

Tissue Interactions
Attenuation: is the decreasing intensity of a sound wave as it passes through a medium. It is the result of energy
absorption of tissue, as well as reflection and scattering that occurs between the boundaries of tissue with different
densities.
Tissue absorption of sound energy contributes most to the attenuation of an ultrasound wave in tissues.
The deeper the ultrasound wave travels in the body, the weaker it becomes.
Deep reflections require extra amplification when used to build an ultrasound image.

Ultrasound Attenuation Effects
Ultrasound attenuation by tissue produces heat energy and this property is used for some non-diagnostic
treatments.
Extreme prolonged exposure without movement of the transducer could cause harm to tissues.
The American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine (AIUM) guidelines for limits below which ultrasound clearly has
been demonstrated to be safe:
A diagnostic exposure that produces a 1C or less temperature elevation above normal.

An exposure intensity less than 1 W/cm2 for focused ultrasound beams.
Diagnostic ultrasound systems generally have outputs ranging from 10 mW/cm2 for imaging to as high as 430
mW/cm2 for pulsed Doppler ultrasound. There has been no evidence to date to suggest adverse effects at these
ultrasonic outputs.

Refraction
Refraction: takes place at an interface due to the different velocities of the acoustic waves within the two
materials. Occurs when the ultrasound signal is deflected from its straight path and the angle of deflection is
away from the transducer.

Refraction
Refraction: Ultrasound waves are only refracted at a different medium interface of different acoustic
impedance.
Refraction allows enhanced

image quality by using
acoustic lenses.
Refraction can result in

ultrasound double-image
artifacts.

Image Quality
The following parameters influence ultrasound image quality:
Detail/Spatial Resolution: The ability to distinguish small structures (axial and lateral resolution).
Image Uniformity: Comparable detail and contrast throughout the image.
Contrast resolution: The ability to differentiate different tissue types without introducing noise.
Temporal Resolution/Frame rate: The rate to acquire frames and display them.
Dynamic range: Largest and smallest signals acquired and displayed.
Spatial Discrimination: The ability to limit artifacts and reflections from other locations.
Bandwidth: The system ability to reproduce signals appropriately.

Image Resolution
Axial Resolution:
Axial resolution is the minimum separation between two structures the ultrasound beam can distinguish
parallel to the beam path.
The ability to separate

Axial structures parallel to the
Resolution ultrasound beam

Image Resolution
Lateral Resolution: Lateral Resolution is the minimum separation from other tissue the ultrasound
beam can distinguish in a plane perpendicular to the ultrasound beam.
Linear Would be seen as

Array one structure
Lateral Would be seen as

two structures
Resolution
Would be seen as
one structure

Image Resolution
Transverse Resolution: Transverse Resolution is the ability to differentiate structures side by side
within the ultrasound beam across the image plane.
Would be seen as Linear

two structures Array
Would be seen as
one structure
Transverse Resolution

Image Resolution
Contrast Resolution: The ability to differentiate different tissue types without introducing
noise. The use of a tissue mimicking phantom allows the user to qualify the contrast
resolution of the ultrasound system. The system should be able to resolve structures
with contrast level differences as low as 3 dB.
Linear
Array

Image Resolution
Contrast Resolution:

Ultrasound Modes
This module provides an overview of ultrasound modes. After completing this module you will be familiar
with the different modes of ultrasound and their appropriate uses.
Doppler Ultrasound
Pulsed Wave Doppler (PW)
AUX Continuous Wave Doppler (CW)

Doppler Ultrasound
What is the Doppler Effect?
A change in the observed frequency of a

wave, as of sound or light, occurring when
the source and observer are in motion
relative to each other, with the frequency
increasing when the source and observer
approach each other and decreasing
when they move apart. Also called
Doppler Shift.

Doppler Ultrasound
If the source is moving toward the receiver, the frequency goes up.
If the source is moving away from the receiver, the frequency goes down.

Doppler Use in Ultrasound
Doppler is used to evaluate blood

flow where the ultrasound transducer
is both the source and receiver of
ultrasound waves.
The blood flow is in motion relative to

the imaging transducer.

The system produces short bursts of ultrasound waves (TX) and listens to the reflected waves (RX) in between.
TX RX TX RX TX RX TX
The same crystals are being used for transmit and receive of the ultrasound waves.
It uses the same pulse-echo technique in 2D imaging mode.

PW allows us to sample at a specific depth along the Doppler line. This is represented by the sample volume ( Gate )
The velocity that PW can represent is limited.
Spectral Data is a
representation of
the blood flow

The maximum depth for the sample volume

in PW is limited by the transducer frequency.
The signal always alias at a certain point

depending on the frequency of the
transducer. Setting image parameters
correctly is crucial for getting a clean image.
A good PW Doppler image has no noise in

the background and a clean window in
normal flow states.
Also, it should display accurate velocity and

have clear audible signal. Spectral Data is a representation of the blood flow

Spectral data in a PW image mode provides information about
the direction, velocity and quality of the flow.
Blood flow is towards the transducer
Velocity
Time

Direction of Flow in PW

Aliasing
Aliasing happens when Doppler sample rate is not adequate enough for high frequency shift.
When the velocity of the flow is too high to be displayed in the spectral window, the peaks are cut off and
displayed below the baseline.

Aliasing
Aliasing:
Mirroring:

AUX Continuous Wave Doppler (AUX CW)
Uses different piezoelectric elements to send and receive ultrasound waves.
One element constantly sends ultrasound waves of a single frequency while another constantly receives the
reflected waves.
No B-mode image is acquired or displayed.

AUX Continuous Wave Doppler (AUX CW)
AUX CW Doppler can display flow at any velocity

without aliasing.
AUX CW Doppler cannot position the sample to

listen at a specific depth.
Samples everything along the Doppler line.

Steered CW Doppler (CW)
This imaging mode is available on cardiac

systems.
It utilizes an imaging transducer (phased array)

to generate a CW Doppler image.

Color Doppler Ultrasound
Color Doppler provides a method to

visualize blood flow and differentiate it
from surrounding tissue.
It provides information about the

presence of blood flow, its direction and
speed.
Color Doppler utilizes pulse-echo Doppler

flow principles to generate a color image.

This color image is superimposed on the 2D

grayscale image.
The red and blue colors provide an indication

of the flow velocity and direction.

The upper part of the color bar represents flow toward the transducer.
The bottom part of the color bar represents flow away from the transducer.

The color box in Color Doppler imaging

mode must approach the vessel or heart
chambers at an angle other than 90
degrees.
Otherwise, based on Doppler principles

there will be little or no color at
perpendicular incidence.
54
Velocity of Flow in Color Doppler Ultrasound
Color Doppler is different from PW or CW because it provides an estimation of the average velocity using a
technique called Autocorrelation.
Every reflected echo is correlated with the

corresponding echo from the previous pulse to
determine the motion that took place during
that pulse.

Velocity of Flow in Color Doppler Ultrasound
The shade of the color determines the velocity

of the flow.
For both red and blue colors, the darker the

shade, the slower the flow. And, the lighter the
shade, the faster the flow.

Aliasing in Color Doppler Ultrasound
When the velocity is faster than
the lightest possible shade that
can be displayed, aliasing occurs.
This forces these peaks to wrap to
the opposite color.
Adjusting the range of velocities

that can be represented on the
system eliminates this problem.
The frequency of the transducer
is a limiting factor.

What Defines a Good Color Doppler Image?
The color fills the entire

blood vessel/chamber to its
walls.
The walls are clear of any

color.
The frame rate is adequate

to display the blood flow.
Spatial resolution is good

(the size of the color dot)

Power Doppler Ultrasound
Power Doppler Imaging (PDI) visualizes the

integrated power of the Doppler signal
instead of its frequency shift used in Color
Doppler Imaging.
PDI does not carry directional or velocity

information.
Power Doppler Imaging is also called

Color Power Angio (CPA).

Ultrasound Block Diagram
Tx Buffer
FET
Amp
Transducer Driver
TX Beamformer
Passive LPF DAC Beamformer Central
(FPGA) Control Unit
HV MUX/
DEMUX Rx Buffer
LNA TGC
Amp
RX
Passive LPF ADC Beamformer
T/R (FPGA)
Swithces
Spectral Image & Color Doppler

CW (analog) Doppler Motion (PW) Data
ADC
Beamformer Processing (D- Processing (B- Processing (F- Transmission
Mode) Mode) Mode)
Audio
Amp
* Texas Instruments
Audio
Output

SonoCT Imaging
SonoCT Real-time Compound
Imaging technology is a unique
approach to overcome the inherent
artifacts of conventional ultrasound
that compromise image quality.
SonoCT imaging technology uses

transmit beam-steering techniques
to obtain co-planar, tomographic
images from different viewing
angles, then combines these micro-
angulated images into a single
compounded image at real-time
frame rates.

SonoCT Imaging
Real-time spatial compound imaging (SonoCT) uses electronic beam steering of a transducer
array to acquire multiple (3 to 9) overlapping scans of an object from different viewing angles.
The single-angle scans are averaged to form a multi-angle compound image that is updated in
real time with each subsequent scan.
Compound imaging shows improved image quality compared with conventional ultrasound,
primarily because of reduction of speckle, clutter and other acoustic artifacts.
Early clinical experience suggests that real-time spatial compound imaging can provide
improved contrast resolution and tissue differentiation that is beneficial for imaging the breast,
peripheral blood vessels and musculoskeletal injuries.

SonoCT Imaging
SonoCT imaging enables clinicians to acquire up to nine times more tissue information than the orthogonal
beams used in conventional ultrasound, without any unusual manipulation of the transducer and without
sacrificing frame rates.
SonoCT reduces angle-generated and speckle noise artifacts.
Structures with curved and irregular borders are more readily visualized.
Contrast resolution is improved and tissue margins are more discernable.
This powerful imaging technology is available on linear, curved and volumetric array transducers.
SonoCT produces images superior to conventional imaging in up to 94% of patients.

Harmonic Imaging
Its an ultrasound imaging method in which the higher harmonic echoes (usually the second
harmonic) of the fundamental (first harmonic) transmitted frequency are selectively detected and
used for imaging.
Simulated beam profiles from

the fundamental up to the
fifth harmonic for a focused
single element transducer.

Harmonic Imaging
Ignoring original The higher harmonics may have been created by non-
transmitted signal linear scattering, e.g. from gas micro-bubbles or by non-
and receiving 4 MHz linear propagation of the ultrasound pulse.
signal
A large transducer bandwidth is needed for harmonic

imaging since the receiver center frequency must be set
to twice the center frequency of the transmitted pulse.

Harmonic Imaging
When harmonic B-mode imaging is used to

improve image quality and contrast resolution of
tissues, the technique is called Tissue Harmonic
Imaging (THI).
When harmonic Doppler ultrasound is used with

micro-bubble contrast media (ultrasound
contrast medium), the purpose is to improve
detection of flow in small vessels by selectively
enhancing the Doppler signal from blood and at
the same time suppressing the echoes from
surrounding tissue.

Panoramic Imaging
Panoramic Imaging is a feature of most
contemporary ultrasound systems.
It is an imaging process that produces a

panoramic image using conventional
transducers and provides both qualitative and
quantitative information.
Panoramic imaging broadens the scope of

spatial relationships, thereby sequentially
aligning individual images in their anatomical
context.
Panoramic imaging has the ability to display an

entire abnormality and show its relationship to
adjacent structures on a single static image.

Panoramic Imaging
When producing a panoramic image, the
transducer needs to be moved smoothly
and in a precise direction.
If the object scanned is off plane or off the

desired path, forward motion is
discontinued and orientation can be
corrected.
Image registration stops if the transducer is

stationary.
Once the region of interest has been

scanned, the panoramic image is saved and
can be viewed on the monitor.

3D Ultrasound Imaging
In 3D mode the ultrasound waves are sent at different angles. The returning echoes are processed by the
ultrasound system to reconstruct a three dimensional volume image of the internal organs. 3D ultrasound
images allow us to see width, height and depth but no real time movement.

3D Ultrasound Imaging
3D ultrasound is a series of 2D images,

rendered by the ultrasound system. The
transducer sweeps left and right, collecting
a series of 2D images.
Surface rendering allows for this series of

images to be digitally interpreted by the
system and displayed on the monitor.

Real Time 3D or 4D Ultrasound Imaging
Real-Time 3D or 4D imaging provides instant three dimensional images live. These images allow us to see width, height,
depth and real-time movement.
This image can be captured using 3D matrix array transducers. Also, they can be generated using 3D mechanical array
transducers.
Images shown are generated using 3D mechanical array transducers

Real Time 3D Ultrasound Imaging
Real-time 3D imaging is sometime called 4D imaging.
Recent advancements in computer technology and software engineering make 4D ultrasound

imaging possible. Images shown below were generated using 3D matrix array transducers

Ultrasound System Blocks
This module covers the basic building blocks of any ultrasound system followed by some examples of various
systems.

Front End, Scanner, Coherent Image Former, or Acquisition Subsystem
Back End, Scan Converter, DIMAQ Workstation, or Platform Subsystem
Power Supply Subsystems Low voltage and High Voltage Power Supplies
Operating System (OS) and Ultrasound Application Software
User Interface or Control Panel
Display Monitor LCD or CRT based

Generic Ultrasound System
Harmonics 3D Real Time 3D
2D / M Color Doppler Power Doppler PW Doppler CW Doppler AUX CW
Ultrasound Application Software
Operating System Software (OS)
Probe 1 Display
Front End, Back End,
Probe 2 Scanner, Scan Converter,
Front End Processor, Back End Processor, User Interface
: Image Former, DIMAQ Workstation,
or Acquisition Subsystem or Platform Subsystem
Probe n DICOM
High Voltage Power Supply Low Voltage Power Supply
AC Input Box and Isolation Transformer

Front End subsystem
A generic front end contains the following components:
Probe Interface
Transmitter Front End
Controller
Receiver
Beam former
Front End Controller
Receiver
Beam
Former
Probe
Transmitter
Interface

Back End Subsystem
A generic back end contains the following components:
System Master Controller

2D/M Signal Processor System Master
Controller
PW/CW/Color Doppler Signal Processor
Image Memory & Video Layout
Video Processor 2D/M Video
Processor Processor
Peripheral Interface
Image
Memory
PW/CW/Color
Peripheral
Doppler
Interface
Processor

Modular Block Diagram
Harmonics 3D Real Time 3D
2D/M Color Doppler Power Doppler PW Doppler CW Doppler AUX CW
Ultrasound Application Software
Operating System Software (OS)
Probe 1 System
Beam 2D/M Video Display
Receiver Master
Former Processor Processor
Probe 2 Controller
Probe
User Interface
Interface
: PW/CW/
Front End Image Peripheral
Transmitter Color Doppler
Controller Memory Interface DICOM Touch Panel
Probe n Processor
High Voltage Power Supply Low Voltage Power Supply
AC Input Box and Isolation Transformer

Front End Interconnections
Line
Multi Channels Ultrasound
Signal (2D/M/Color/PW Image
Modes) Ultrasound
Ultrasound
Beam Signal
Signal
Receiver Former
TX/RX Control Signals

Probe Front End
Signals Interface with the Back End
Interface Controller
Front End
Power from
HV Power Supply Main Power
HV TX Pulses Transmitter Control Signals Supply
(-100/+100 V)
High Voltage
Power Supply HV Power Supply Input
Programmable Voltages
HV Output

Back End Interconnections
Ultrasound
Ultrasound Signal
Signal (2D/M/Color/PW/CW Modes)
Color/PW/
PW/CW/ Image
CW Mode Memory Video
Color
Doppler Processor
Processor
Control System
Interface with Front End Master Video Signal
Signals
Controller
Video
2D/M
Signal
Mode
2D/M Mode Peripheral
Processor
Interface
Power to all Front End modules

Low Voltage
Power Supply Power to all
Power to HV Power Supply
Back End modules

Four Channel Front End
4 Channel Ultrasound Front End
Interfaced with a Linear Array Probe
Linear HV
Array Switchers
Active RX Channels Frame 1
Probe RX Focus Pattern Data for 1st
RX Amp
TX Amp Ch1 to 4 Vertical Line Line
RX Amp 1
TX Amp Receiver A/D Converter
RX Amp
TX Amp
RX Amp
TX Amp Front End Control
Control Signals from Back End

Active TX
Transmitter HV Pulses
Channels
Line
TX Focus Pattern
13
Ch1 to 4

Eight Channel Front End
Phased Array HV Switchers
Active RX
Probe
Channels
RX Amp
TX Amp RX Focus
RX Amp Pattern Frame 1
TX Amp Data for 1st
Ch1 to 8 Image Line
RX Amp
TX Amp
RX Amp Receiver A/D Converter
TX Amp
Line
RX Amp
TX Amp 1
RX Amp
RX Amp Control Signals from
TX Amp
Back End
RX Amp
TX Amp
Active TX
Channels TX Focus Pattern Ch1 to 8
TX Time Delay 8 Channel Ultrasound Front End Interfaced with a

Line
Phased Array Probe
N

RX Dynamic Focus
Phased Array HV Switchers
Probe Active RX Channels
RX Amp
RX Focus
TX Amp
Pattern Frame 1
RX Amp
TX Amp Data for 1st
Ch1 to 4
Image Line
RX Amp
TX Amp
RX Amp Receiver A/D Converter
TX Amp Line
RX Amp 1
TX Amp
RX Amp
RX Amp
TX Amp Control Signals from Back
End
RX Amp
TX Amp
Active TX Line
Amplitude Channels TX Focus Pattern Ch1 to 8 Line 1 N
Line 2
Rx Time Delay Line 3
RX Dynamic Focus for a Front End interfaced
Line N
with a Phased Array Probe

Frame 1
Image System
RX Dynamic Focus Memory
Frame N
Display
Image Line 1
Image Line 2
Image Line (X)
Image Line N
Frame N-1
Frame 3
Frame 2
Frame N
Image Line 1
Image Line 2
Digital
Video
Scan
Processor
Converter
Frame 1
Frame 1
Image Line (X)
System Master
Controller
Image Line N
Basic Back End Processor

Power Subsystems
High Voltage Power Supply:

Provides voltages to drive the probes elements (array) in
the range of +150V/-150V.
Low Voltage Power Supply:

Provides +3.3/+5/-5/+12/-12/+15/-15 VDC to the Back End
& Front End subsystems.

Ultrasound System Block Diagrams
Acuson Sequoia
GE Voluson 730
GE VIVID7
Philips iU22

Acuson Sequoia 512 Ultrasound System

Acuson Sequoia 512 Ultrasound System

Acuson Sequoia 512 CW/PW
BF
Ultrasound System RX MAIN
CLOCK
SPECTRAL
DOPPLER
PROCESSOR
ANALOG TO
DIGITAL
CONVERTER
BFP SUMMING
RI LOW NOISE
B/M/COLOR
VARIABLE GAIN
AMP
GAIN RX
XDCR AUX RECEIVE CONTROL ANALOG TO
DIGITAL BFP SUMMING
AMP MULTIPLEXER CONVERTER
BF
APODZ./ DELAY/ GAIN
TX / RX
M SWITCHING
TX APODZ. / DELAY
CONTROL
P IMAGE FORMER
Subsystem
TRANSMIT
MULTIPLEXER TX-A
DIGITAL TO PROGRAMABLE
H.V. Output ANALOG WAVE
MX Amp CONVERTER GENERATOR
ACQUISITION
BUS
DIGITAL TO PROGRAMABLE
H.V. Output ANALOG WAVE
CONVERTER GENERATOR
Amp
SEQUOIA 512 89
TX-B

SPECTRAL
Acuson Sequoia 512 AUDIO

SYSTEM
CSD
Ultrasound System COLOR
DATA
MEMORY
F DATA
FILTERING B/M
COLOR
SUMMING
DOPPLER
B / M DATA
DATA
B/M ACQ. &
PRE-
FOCUS PROCESSING
DIMAQ
CONTROL Integrated
Workstation
DMA
SYSTEM
ACQUISITION CONTROL BUS DATA
MANAGER
ACQUISITION
CONTROL BDM
CN
SYSTEM CENTRAL BUS
SEQUOIA 512

SYSTEM
Acuson Sequoia 512
AUDIO
I/O
AUDIO
Ultrasound System
AUDIO/ VCR PLAYBACK / PHYSIO
PROCESSOR PHYSIO
SPEAKERS
DISPLAY
VCR PLAYBACK
VIDEO
B/M/D/F/VCR DATA
DISPLAY VIDEO
SWITCH ASSY
STANDARDS
BUFFER FIZ Module Color Printer
CONVERTER PROGRESSIVE
VIDEO
FPP
IMAGE IOV
VCR
RECONSTRUCTION
SCSI USER INTERFACE
PIC HD
ETHERNET
INTERNET
SYSTEM CONNECTION
SUPERVISORY MO
PROCESSOR JPEG PPS MDI Fan Tray
COPMRESSION/ H.V.
RDP
IOE DECOMPRESS
POWER
AEGIS
SUBSYSTEM
SEQUOIA
512

GE Voluson 730 Expert/Pro Ultrasound System

GEM
GE Voluson 730 Expert/Pro Monitor
User
Block Diagram v Interface
Front End Back End

CPM:
H.D .
CPZ: Cover Board
PC Motherboard
CPV/CPU: CRS: CPP: SBC: Single Board

CRW: Computer
Probe Board CW (BT03+) Power Supply
Provides Doppler This board Provides DVI:
CPR: Beamformer replaces:
three probe Board +3.3/+5/+12/ Card (Expert only)
CPG, CPF,
connectors (Optional) +15/-15
CPC & CCM CKV: Video Card-
and an 32 CPD sub board +Fan(17-24) DMA Controller
Boards in
optional TX Power
BT02 Expert
CW (-90/+90) CPE: Backplane
/Pro
connector DC voltages
59 VDC
CPK: Motherboard of GEF Module
CPN:
59 VDC CPE CPP
Main Power Supply Module CPH
CCF CPY
110 V AC
Standby Switch

GE Vivid 7 Ultrasound System

GE Vivid 7 Ultrasound System AC Input
Operator External AC Transformer

Panel I/O Controller Box
Internal I/O Display

Probe
Front DC Back
End Power Supply End Patient I/O
Processor Processor
TX
Power Supply UPS

GE Vivid 7 Ultrasound System
Backplane Pipe Link
XD Bus Board
Relay TX RX BF BF
FEC RFT SDP IMP
128 128 64 64
Board
XD Bus Board
Digital Signal Processors

Subsystem

Philips iU22 Ultrasound System

Philips iU22 Ultrasound System Touch Control
DVI-D Video, 20
Panel Panel DVD Drive
Transducer Inch Wide Screen
CPC CPM
Signal and Power USB Speakers

Scanhead Select Distribution (SPD)
HD0
N PCI-E
C C C C F HD1
A
B B B B E Host HD2
I
3 2 1 0 C UMB
M
RFA & RFB
DSC PCI-E
Debug
Port
Acq Frontplane Bypass
Port UAVIO
Control
USBx6 to OEMs
AC Try Acquisition Power
Platform Power Supply OEMs
Supply
(PPS)
(APS)
Power System & Battery Controller

(PSBC) PSA
Includes HV Switcher Function

Philips iU22 Ultrasound System

Glossary of Acronyms
AC Alternating Current FPGA Field Programmable Gate Array
ASIC Application Specific Integrated Circuit HV High Voltage
ADC Analog to Digital Converter LNA Low Noise Amplifier
ATX Advanced Technology eXtended MRI Magnetic Resonance Imaging
BF Body Floating PDI Power Doppler Imaging
CF Cardiac Floating PWT Pulsed Wave Transducer
CLA Curved Linear Array (transducer) PZT Lead Zirconate Titanate (P=Pb)
CPA Color Power Angio RIS Radiology Information System
CW Continuous Wave (transducer) RF Radio Frequency
CMOS Complementary Metal Oxide RLE Run Length Encoding
DAC Digital to Analog Converter ROI Region of Interest
DGC Depth Gain Control (same as TGC) TGC Time Gain Control or Time Gain Compensation
DICOM Digital Imaging and Communications in
Medicine
DNS Domain Name Server
ECG Electrocardiogram
ESU Electo Surgical Unit
FOV Field of View

Glossary
Acoustic energy The amount of heat generated by the transmission of ultrasound. It is measured in joules.
Acoustic power The amount of acoustic energy generated per unit time. It is measured in watts. The biological
effects of ultrasound in terms of power are in the milliwatt range.
Acoustic output power The rate at which acoustic energy leaves the transducer.
Acoustic intensity The acoustic power per unit cross-sectional area of the pulse. It is measured in watts per
meter squared (W/m2) or in milliwatts per centimeter squared (mW/cm2).
Apodization A weighting function used as means of reducing side lobes in the beam.
Application Entity A node in a DICOM network.
Axial resolution Is also known as longitudinal resolution or azimuthal resolution is resolution in the direction
parallel to the ultrasound beam. The resolution at any point along the beam is the same; therefore axial
resolution is not affected by depth of imaging.
Back End System block on the user interface side that contains master controller, signal processing, image
memory and video layout, peripheral and user interface.
Beamforming A common signal processing technique used to enable directionally or spatially selected signals
to be sent or received from sensor arrays.
B Mode Brightness Mode Brightness Mode is the default mode that comes on when any ultrasound / echo
machine is turned on. It is a 2 dimensional cross sectional view of the underlying structures made up of
numerous B-mode scan lines.

Glossary
Cine The cine mode is a series of rapidly recorded images taken sequentially and displayed in a dynamic movie
display format.
Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine A medical imaging standard for file format and network
communications protocol for file sharing between entities capable of sending and receiving patient data and images
in DICOM format.
DisplayPort A digital display interface standard administered by the Video Electronics Standards Association (VESA).
Doppler effect Change in the frequency of a periodic event (such as sound waves) due to a change in distance
between the source and the observer.
Doppler Range Gating Range gate circuit only allows Doppler shift data from a user specified area to be displayed as
output.
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol A standardized network protocol used on IP networks for dynamically
distributing network configuration parameters. IP addresses and networking parameters are requested automatically
from a DHCP server, reducing the need to configure these settings manually.
Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) is when a radio frequency (RF) transmitting device interferes with the operation
of another electronic device. In a healthcare environment wireless EMI can cause medical equipment to malfunction.
Front End System block that collects data; probe interface, transmitter/receiver, beamformer, front end controller.
Harmonics Ultrasound method that generates images using twice the frequency of the transmitted sound.

Glossary
I2C Inter-IC bus, a two wire serial bus for communication between integrated circuits. Developed by Philips in the
1980s it is now an industry standard.
In Plane Switching A type of thin film transistor LCD screen that has particularly good wide viewing angle and
accurate color reproduction.
Loops Multiframe objects (e.g. video)
M Mode Motion Mode
Modality Performed Procedure Step The modality provides information about a performed study, the number of
images that were scanned and the status of the exam. The information is shared between a digital modality and the
PACS and RIS.
Multiplexing Multiple signals transmitted over a single medium.
Picture Archive and Communications Systems DICOM Medical imaging storage server that stores images from
diagnostic devices such as MRI, ultrasound and X-rays.
Phased Array Ultrasound (3D imaging) Sound waves are transmitted at different angles to obtain image.
Physio Refers to ECG inputs.
Protocol Data Units Message formats exchanged between peer entities within a layer. A PDU consists of protocol
control information and user data.
PS_ON Refers to an active low signal used with all ATX and newer power supplies that use 20-24 pin motherboard
connector. When high all voltages except 5V stand-by are disabled.
Run-Length Encoding A lossless compression method implemented by specifying the number of times a particular
intensity value is repeated.
Glossary
Synthetic Aperture An imaging method that improves resolution and depth of ultrasound images.
Time Gain Compensation Uses an array of sliding tabs which control the gain, which compensates for the
difference of the strength of the ultrasound returning from varied distances to make the ultrasound image appear
uniformly lit from top to bottom.
Thin Film Transistor A type of LCD display that uses active matrix technology.

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Question and Answer

Ultrasound Basics Webinar Slides

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Ultrasound Basics

Presented by: Matt Tomory

2016 Conquest Imaging

2016 Conquest Imaging

2016 Conquest Imaging

Sound Types by Frequency Range

What is the Piezoelectric Effect?

2016 Conquest Imaging

2016 Conquest Imaging

What is the average speed of ultrasound waves in human tissue?

What is the average speed of ultrasound waves

Outer space has no medium for sound to travel

2016 Conquest Imaging

16Hz-20KHz Audible Sound Speech, music

20KHz-10GHz Ultrasound Dolphins, medicine

1MHz-20MHz Medical Ultrasound Ultrasound Imaging

!0GHz-10TH Hyper sound Acoustic Microscopy

2016 Conquest Imaging

Clinical Application Imaging Modes Used For:

Radiology 2D Gall bladder, kidney, liver, spleen

2016 Conquest Imaging

By using piezoelectric elements that generate an ultrasound wave in response to

Some of its energy gets reflected back toward the source.

2016 Conquest Imaging

Piezoelectricity is the ability of certain materials to generate an electric potential in

2016 Conquest Imaging

2016 Conquest Imaging

The average 2D transducer utilizes 128 piezoelectric elements.

Diagnostic ultrasound imaging range of frequencies is between 1 to 20 MHz.

2016 Conquest Imaging

2016 Conquest Imaging

2016 Conquest Imaging

Linear Probe Piezoelectric Linear

2016 Conquest Imaging

Phased Array Probe

Piezoelectric Phased Array

2016 Conquest Imaging

An ultrasound beam requires

Transmit focus is done

2016 Conquest Imaging

Electronic focus is the same as

2016 Conquest Imaging

2016 Conquest Imaging

2016 Conquest Imaging

2016 Conquest Imaging

The ultrasound system applies high voltage pulses to the

The reflected energy travels back to the transducer where

The ultrasound system processes these signals to produce

2016 Conquest Imaging

Ultrasound waves interact with tissue in these five basic manners:

2016 Conquest Imaging

Some of the ultrasound energy continues deeper into the body.

These waves will reflect from deeper tissue structures.

2016 Conquest Imaging

Reflection: This is the source for the ultrasound image.

2016 Conquest Imaging

2016 Conquest Imaging

2016 Conquest Imaging

A diagnostic exposure that produces a 1C or less temperature elevation above normal.

2016 Conquest Imaging

2016 Conquest Imaging

Refraction allows enhanced

Refraction can result in

2016 Conquest Imaging