Harvard

Referencing
2nd Edition
(v.2.02)
©
Dr Ian Nicholson

Moreton Institute of TAFE has the author's permission

to freely copy this document without alteration

This publication may be cited as:

Nicholson I Dr, 2000, Harvard Referencing 2nd edn., Moreton Institute of

TAFE, Brisbane, Qld.
 Harvard Referencing - 2nd Edition

Table of Contents
Acknowledgements 1
Introduction 2
Why use a referencing system? 2
What is plagiarism? 3
What must be referenced? 3
The Harvard Referencing System 3
Referencing:
… a book 4
The In-text reference 4
The Bibliographic entry 5
… a conference paper 5
The In-text reference 6
The Bibliographic entry 6
… a corporate publication 6
The In-text reference 6
The Bibliographic entry 6
… an e- mail 6
The In-text reference 6
The Bibliographic entry 7
… an edited publication 7
The In-text reference 7
The Bibliographic entry 8
… a Government document 8
The In-text reference 8
The Bibliographic entry 8
… an Internet document 8
The URL 8
The In-text reference 10
The Bibliographic entry 10
… a journal or magazine 11
The In-text reference 11
The Bibliographic entry 11
… a journal from an electronic database 11
The In-text reference 11
The Bibliographic entry 11
… a newspaper 12
When you know who the author is 12
The In-text reference 12
The Bibliographic entry 12
When you don’t know who the author is 12
The In-text reference 12
The Bibliographic entry 13
… a personal communication 13
The In-text reference 13
The Bibliographic entry 13
… a secondary source 13
The In-text reference 14
The Bibliographic entry 14
… a thesis 14
The In-text reference 14

Dr Ian Nicholson
 Harvard Referencing - 2nd Edition

The Bibliographic entry 14

… unpublished material 14
The In-text reference 15
The Bibliographic entry 15
Non-standard referencing issues 15
A reference with two authors 15
The In-text reference 15
The Bibliographic entry 16
A reference with more than 2 authors 16
The first In-text reference 16
The second and subsequent In-text reference 16
The Bibliographic entry 16
An author with muliple references 16
The In-text reference 16
The Bibliographic entry 16
An author with muliple publications in one year 16
The In-text reference 17
The Bibliographic entry 17
Authors with double-barelled surnames 17
with no hyphen 17
with hyphen 17
Muliple references 18
The In-text reference 18
The Bibliographic entry 18
Two authors with the same surname 18
The In-text reference 18
The Bibliographic entry 18
Quotations 19
Short quotations 19
The In-text reference 19
Long quotations 19
The In-text reference 19
Other referencing issues 20
Abbreviations 20
Altering direct quotations 20
Noting of errors 21
Page numbering 21
The In-text reference 21
Quotation marks 21
Repeatedly using the same reference 22
When you are not sure of the details 22
Author not known 22
Date not known 22
When you do NOT know the publication date 22
When the publication date is only approximate 22
Page numbers not known 23
Publisher not known 23
City of publication not known 23
The Bibliographic entry 23
An example Bibliography 23

Dr Ian Nicholson
 Harvard Referencing - 2nd Edition

Acknowledgments
To avoid confusing you, this booklet does not use referencing. However, the following
sources were consulted during its development.

Anderson J, Durston BH, & Poole M, 1985, Thesis and Assignment Writing, Jacaranda
Wiley, Brisbane.

Australian Government Publishing Service, 1995, Style Manual for Authors, Editors and
Printers, 5th edn., AGPS, Canberra.

Bournemouth University, 1999a, "Guide to Citing Internet Sources" [online],

Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, England. Available from:
www.bournemouth.ac.uk/using_the_library/
html/guide_to_citing_internet_sourc.html [6 April 2000].

Bournemouth University, 1999b, "Harvard System" [online], Bournemouth University,

Bournemouth, England. Available from:
www.bournemouth.ac.uk/using_the_library/ html/harvard_system.html [6 April
2000].

Deakin University, 1997, "Harvard" [online], Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria.

Available from: www2.deakin.edu.au/pub_manual/harvard/Harvard.htm [3 May
2000].

Division of Library Services, 1999, References, footnotes and compiling a bibliography:

A guide to referencing essays, theses & dissertartions, 5th edn. Charles Sturt
University, Bathurst, NSW.

National Distance Education Centre, 1990, “Study Skills for Distance Education: A Guide
Prepared Especially for You”, University College of Central Queensland,
Rockhampton.

Nicholson I Dr, 1998, “Harvard Referencing”, Business Directorate, Mt Gravatt Campus,

Moreton Institute of TAFE, Brisbane.

Peters P, (Ed.), 1990, The Macquarie File Writers Guide, Jacaranda Wiley, Brisbane.

South Bank University, 1999, "Referencing Electronic Sources" [online], SBU, London,
England. Available from: www.sbu.ac.uk/lis/helpsheets/lrc2.html [3 May 2000].

University of New England, 1992, Style Booklet for Footnotes and Documentation -
incorporating a guide to language usage, Distance Education Centre of UNE,
Armidale, NSW.

University of Southern Queensland, 1999, "Guide to Referencing the Harvard Style"

[online], USQ, Toowoomba. Available from:
www.usq.edu.au/library/resources/genref/harvardprint.htm [3 May 2000].

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Introduction

Examples used in this guide may not always refer to actual publications.

In any written material you submit for assessment at this institute, we expect you to
maintain academic conventions and to write using language and grammar acceptable
within the business world.

As part of this, you must use an acceptable referencing system to acknowledge

concepts, ideas, quotations, facts and other materials belonging to someone else.

We expect you to use the Harvard referencing system in all written material.

These notes provide basic instructions on how to use the Harvard system of
referencing to show that you have used someone else’s ideas and words in your
written material.

Why use a referencing system?

If you are starting your first academic course, you may not be familiar with, or even be
aware of, referencing systems. Nevertheless, lecturers will expect you to correctly use
referencing from the start of your course. They will generally reject written material
where the referencing is incomplete or wrong.

You must master a referencing system for several reasons. These reasons include:

♦ To acknowledge other people's ideas.

♦ To demonstrate that you are not just airing your own opinions but are also
including other people's ideas to illustrate your point, or offer support for your
argument.

♦ The reader may want to obtain more information on the topic, and will want to
know the source to follow it up and do further reading.

♦ The reader may question your use of a particular quotation believing you have
misrepresented the views of the quoted author. To verify that you have not
done so, the reader will need to find and consider the original source.

♦ Apart from lecturers assessing your written material as “Not Yet Competent”,
you could be liable to prosecution for breaching copyright.

♦ Copying the ideas, opinions, comments and findings of other people is

plagiarism (intellectual theft) and is not acceptable, neither morally nor
legally.

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What is plagarism?
♦ You are plagiarising if you use someone else’s ideas or words and don’t
reference them. This means that you have let the reader make a wrong
assumption that they are yours. The most common forms of plagiarism are:

♦ Copying word-for-word another person’s opinions or comments

without acknowledging them.

♦ Using another person’s ideas and not acknowledging them. Even if you
do not use the person’s exact words, you are still plagiarising.

What must be referenced?

You must reference anything where no reference could be viewed as plagiarism.

Plagiarism is the representation of another person's work as your own or using another
person's work without acknowledgment. This includes such actions as:

♦ directly importing into your work more than a single phrase from another
person's work without using quotation marks and identifying the source

♦ making a copy of all or part of another person's work and presenting it as your
own by failing to disclose the source

♦ making extensive use of another person's work, either by summarising or

paraphrasing it merely by changing a few words or altering the order of
presentation, without acknowledgment

♦ using the ideas of another person without acknowledging the source, or the
submission or presentation of work as your own that is substantially the ideas
or intellectual material of another.

The Harvard Referencing System

Referencing should show enough information to find the source you used. If your
referencing does not do that, you have not referenced properly.

The Harvard (or Author-Date) referencing system was first devised for use in
scientific and technical texts which need to refer frequently to other texts. However its
advantages over other systems have led to its use in scholarly texts on a wide range of
subject matter.

The Harvard referencing system consists of two parts. These two parts are the in-text
reference, and the bibliography.

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♦ The In-text reference

The In-text reference is the part you must include in your text. It must contain
enough information for the reader to look it up in your Bibliography.

You must include an in-text reference when using direct quotations, concepts,
ideas, paraphrased comments or any information belonging to someone else.

In the case of a personal communication however, such as an interview, the in-

text reference must contain ALL the information, as it is NOT included in the
Bibliography.

With in-text referencing, your text must include, in some specified form, the
author’s surname, the year of publication, and the page number.

♦ The Bibliography

The Bibliography is a list of the references you have used in the text, and in
developing your text outline. It appears at the end of your written material.

Every in-text reference, except personal communications , MUST be included

in the Bibliography at the end of your material.

Referencing a book
When using in-text referencing for published texts, you must include enough
information so that the reader knows the author’s surname, the year of publication, and
the specific page numbers where the material can be found.

The In-text reference

Two common methods of writing are shown here without referencing. You
might say:

Dwyer suggested that we should aim to create associations that

are favourable rather than unfavourable.

Alternatively, you might present the same material like this:

In 1999, Dwyer suggested that we should aim to create

associations that are favourable rather than unfavourable.

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On the other hand, you could even present it like this:

We should aim to create associations that are favourable rather

than unfavourable.

However, as these concepts are not your original material, you must reference
them. There are a number of referencing methods shown below. It does not
matter which of them you use, however as the most important consideration is
that you be consistent throughout your material.

Any of the following in-text referencing methods are acceptable.

♦ Dwyer (1999, p.195) suggests that ...

♦ Dwyer (1999:195) suggests that ...

♦ Dwyer (1999, 195) suggests that ...

♦ In 1999, Dwyer (p.195) suggests that ...

♦ We should aim to create associations that are favourable

rather than unfavourable (Dwyer, 1999, p.195).

The Bibliographic entry

In all the above cases, there would be only one bibliographic entry. This must
be written as:

Dwyer J, 1999, Communication in Business – Strategies and

Techniques, Prentice Hall, Sydney.

You will see that this is written in the form of:

Author or Editor, year (no brackets), title, (edition number and

"edn."), publisher, city of publication.

Referencing a conference paper

If you refer to a paper presented at a conference, then the following examples illustrate
how this should be treated.

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The In-text reference

(Boudreau, 1990, p.9)

The Bibliographic entry

Boudreau J, 1990, ‘Cost-benefit analysis applied to human resource

management decisions’, Paper presented to IPM NZ
Conference, Auckland, NZ, 12-14 September, pp.1-11.

Referencing a corporate publication

If you refer to material from a business or non-government organisation, and you
know who the author is, then treat it like a book.

If you do NOT know who the author is, then the business or organisation is assumed
to be the author. This is illustrated below.

The In-text reference

(Aurion Corporation, 1999, [p.3])

The Bibliographic entry

Aurion Corporation, 1999, “Taking the Journey with you”, Aurion

Corporation, Brisbane.

Referencing an e-mail
If you wish to refer to an e-mail message, the following format is should be used.

The In-text reference

The in-text reference should show the author, the year of transmission, the day
of transmission, the month of transmission, and then the word "e-mail".

If the person’s name is unclear, you should use their e-mail "name". This is the
section of the e-mail address in front of the “@” symbol.

Note: If the e-mail address is a person's private e-mail address and not a
business e-mail address, you should obtain that person's permission.

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Some people believe that including their full private e-mail address is
similar to including their private street address.

In 1999, the Manager of Foley Industries, Ms Bernice Foley (10 July,

e-mail), cited the current economic conditions as still being a major
factor in...

or

The current economic conditions are still seen as a major factor in

business today (Foley B, 1999, 10 July, e-mail).

The Bibliographic entry

As shown below the bibliographic entry should include the "subject line" of
the message as a title and the full date instead of just the year. It should include
the "e-mail to" and both e-mail addresses.

Sender (sender's e-mail address), day month year, subject of message,

e-mail to receiver (receiver's e-mail address).

an example is as follows:

Berwick J, (jb45@norfolk.nf), 15 January 2000, Management

on Norfolk, e-mail to I Nicholson
(dr_nich@moreton.qld.edu.au)

Referencing an edited publication

When you refer to the work of an author from a chapter or a paper that has been
contributed by that author to a collection of material by different authors and edited by
one of the authors or another person, then the material is from an edited publication.

So if you refer to material written by W Weaver, taken from a publication edited by

AG Smith, then it should be presented as shown here.

The In-text reference

This refers to Weaver's work even though the material appears in an edited
publication.

(Weaver W, 1996, p.17)

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The Bibliographic entry

You must include both of these entries so that, together, they show that
Weaver has contributed material to a publication edited by Smith.

Smith, AG (Ed), 1996, Communication and Culture, Holt, Rinehart &

Wilston, New York.

Weaver W, 1996, “The Mathematics of Communication”, in Smith

1996, pp.15-24

Referencing a Government document

If you refer to material from a Government department and you know who the author
is, then treat it like a book.

If you do NOT know who the author is, then the Department is assumed to be the
author. This is illustrated below.

The In-text reference

(Attorney-General's Department, 1998, p.16)

The Bibliographic entry

Attorney-General's Department, 1998, Privacy Act 1988, Ausinfo,

Canberra.

Referencing an internet document

No standard Harvard referencing method for citing electronic sources of information
has yet been agreed upon. The recommendations in this document follow the practices
most likely to be adopted and are intended as guidance for those needing to cite
electronic sources of information now.

The URL
World Wide Web addresses are based on the Uniform Resource Locator (URL). The
generic format of a URL is:

file_format:// internet_area . domain name . country_code / directory or

folder / file_name . document_format

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Therefore the URL:

http://www.moreton.qld.edu.au/library/home.htm

refers to:

♦ an hypertext file format (http://)

♦ on the World Wide Web (www)
♦ at Moreton Institute of TAFE in Queensland (moreton.qld)
♦ which is an educational organisation (edu)
♦ and has a domain name registered in Australia (au)
♦ where the file itself is nested within a directory or folder (/library/)
♦ and is a specifically identified file (home.htm)
♦ and is written in the hypertext mark up language (htm or html).

You can reference Web pages in a similar way to that of non-Internet sourced
material. You can extract and use the author, date, and title as you normally do. The
publisher and city of publication is usually replaced by the URL.

Punctuation must be exact for electronic addresses. Since punctuation is such an

important part of a URL, certain conventions of citation punctuation have necessarily
been changed or adapted to suit. Be particularly careful in recording the position of
full stops and slashes.

♦ The URL must always be written EXACTLY as is shown on the site - all
lower case must be shown as lower case, and all upper case must be shown as
upper case.

♦ You should use minimal punctuation with URLs, as exact details are necessary
to allow others to visit them.

♦ All slashes and full stops MUST be shown exactly as they appear.

♦ The normal full stop at the end of the reference is left out to avoid URL
confusion.

Thus if you use material or ideas from:

"Making A Business Case for a New HRIS" written by Al Doran and

Glenn Rampton; published to the Web in 1999, in document
"phbus.html" at "http://www.hronline.com/lib/hris/"

which you accessed on 12 March 2001

then you should follow the examples shown below.

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The In-text reference

Doran and Rampton (1999) claim that the cost justification of an HRIS
has always been a challenge

Much information is put up on the Internet by organisations without citing a

specific author. In such cases, attribute authorship to the smallest identifiable
organisational unit (this is similar to the standard method for citing material
produced by a corporate body).

The Bibliographic entry

The form is:

Author or Editor, year, "title" the word "[online]", (edition number and
the word "edn."), publisher (if known), city of publication (if
known). The words "Available from:" the URL and the date you
accessed it, surrounded by square brackets.

♦ The word "online", in square brackets, describes the "method of

communication" and is used for all Internet sources.
♦ The "date you accessed it", in square brackets, is the date on which you
viewed or downloaded the document. This allows for any subsequent
modifications to the document. As online material may be continually
updated and revised (or even deleted), you cannot be sure that the material
has not changed since you referenced it.
♦ The term publisher is used here to cover both the traditional idea of a
publisher of printed sources, as well as organisations responsible for
maintaining sites on the Internet.
♦ Note: it is now acceptable to leave out the "http://" as most Web documents
use that format. This is shown below. If the format is different
however (as in ftp:// or gopher://) then put it in.

Doran A & Rampton G, 1999, "Making A Business Case for a New

HRIS" [online]. Available from:
www.hronline.com/lib/hris/phbus.html [12 March 2000].

Note: The URL should not be broken across two lines. However, if it must
happen, the internal breaks of the URL should occur directly before or
after a slash to reduce possible reading errors. This is shown below.

Doran A & Rampton G, 1999, "Making A Business Case for a New

HRIS" [online]. Available from: www.hronline.com/lib/
hris/phbus.html [12 March 2000].

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Referencing a journal or magazine

If you refer to an article in a journal or magazine, you need to follow the same rules as
for published texts.

Where journal and magazine referencing differs from that for published texts however,
is in the Bibliographic entry as shown below.

The In-text reference

"It is time for three spirits to work together" (Dattner, 1999, p.12).

The Bibliographic entry

You will see that the article's name is in quotes, the Journal’s name is in Italics,
and the Journal's issue identification is also included.

Dattner F, 1999, “Formidable, Reflective Capacity”, Management

Today, September, p.12.

Referencing a journal from an electronic database

If you refer to an article in a journal from an electronic database, you need to follow
the same rules as for articles from the internet.

The In-text reference

"retention of personnel depends on the companies' ability to formulate

[a] preventive defection program." (Gordon, 1999).

The Bibliographic entry

You will see that the article's name is in quotes, the Journal’s name is in Italics,
the Journal's issue identification is included, as is where the article was found.

Gordon C, 1999, “Forced outside. (external hiring)”, Human Resource

Planning, March, v22 i1 p18(2) [electronic]. Available from:
Moreton TAFE Libraries, Moreton E-Files, Article A54657577
[9 August 2000].

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Referencing a newspaper
Referencing articles from a newspaper varies depending on whether you know the
name of the author.

When you know who the author is

If you refer to an article from a newspaper and you know who the author is,
you need to follow the same rules as for published texts.

When you know who the author is, newspaper referencing differs however, in
the Bibliographic entry as shown below.

The In-text reference

E-mail is society's new "time-waster" (Cameron, 2000, p.17),

and it seems that ....

The Bibliographic entry

You will see that the article's name is in quotes, the name of the
newspaper is in Italics, and the newspaper's issue identification is also
included.

Cameron M, 2000, "Firms pay high price for e-mail overload",

The Courier Mail, 15 January, p.17.

When you don’t know who the author is

If you refer to an article from a newspaper and you do NOT know who the
author is, you need to follow a different set of rules. Some leading sources say
that you should NEVER use "Anon." or "Anonymous", others say you should.
Yet others say you should use the name of the newspaper. For your purpose,
we will use the name of the newspaper.

The In-text reference

E-mail is society's new "time-waster" (The Courier Mail, 2000,

p.19), and it seems that ....

The Bibliographic entry

You will see that where the name of the newspaper is used in the place
of an author, it is not in italics.

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The Courier Mail, 2000, "Firms pay high price for e-mail
overload", The Courier Mail, 15 January, p.19.

Referencing a personal communication

Where you obtain information from an individual by interview, or by written
communication, and you refer to that information, it is a good idea if you name the
person and state their authority or expertise to confirm their credibility as a source.

This is shown below.

The In-text reference

During an interview in 1998, the Manager of Foley Industries, Ms

Bernice Foley, cited the current economic conditions as a major factor
in ...

If this is not possible then you should follow the in-text reference example
shown below.

The current economic conditions is seen as a major factor in business

today (Foley, B, 1998, Personal Interview).

The Bibliographic entry

In neither case should you include a Bibliographic entry.

Referencing a secondary source

In some cases, you may wish to quote something that was quoted in something you
have read. As you have not read the original work, you rely on the author of the
secondary work to be accurate regarding the contents of the original material. This is
called secondary referencing.

Wherever possible you should read the original work but this may prove difficult. In
this case, your text must make it clear that you have not read the original but are
referring to it from a secondary source. You must refer to both sources in the text. An
example is shown below.

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The In-text reference

“When communication is thought of as the sharing of meanings, what

is meant is that each participant ... becomes aware of the meanings
about a matter ... held by the other participants.” (Irwin, 1996, p.22,
quoted in Dwyer, 1999, p.23)

This means that the quotation is by Irwin (1996, p.22) and that you read it in
material by Dwyer (1999, p.23).

The Bibliographic entry

Only include Dwyer in your bibliography. This shows that you have come
across the quotation when you were reading material written by Dwyer.

Dwyer J, 1999, Communication in Business – Strategies and

Techniques, Prentice Hall, Sydney.

As you have not read the material written by Irwin, including an entry for
Irwin in your bibliography would be wrong.

Referencing a thesis
If you reference a thesis, then the example below should be followed.

The In-text reference

(Nicholson, 1996, pp.120-123)

The Bibliographic entry

Nicholson IJ, 1996, “The First 100 Years - The development of

technical education in Queensland to 1977”, PhD Thesis,
University of New England, Armidale, NSW.

Referencing unpublished material

If you refer to material that has not been published, follow the examples below.

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The In-text reference

(Nicholson, 1999, p.14)

The Bibliographic entry

Nicholson IJ Dr, 1999, “Risk Management”, unpublished notes.

Non-standard referencing Issues

There are many variations to the "standard" sources discussed previously. Instead of
tediously repeating the process for all the possible variations, this section will discuss
typical variations in minimum detail.

A reference with two authors

If a reference has two authors, always refer to both names every time the
reference occurs in the text. Use an "&" between the names.

The In-text reference

(Compton & Nankervis, 1991, p.45)

The Bibliographic entry

Compton RL & Nankervis AR, 1991, Effective Recruitment and

Selection Practices, CCH Australia Limited, Sydney.

A reference with more than two authors

If a reference has more than two authors, use all the names ONLY in the
first in-text reference. Always use an "&" before the last name.

The first In-text reference

(Dessler, Griffiths, Lloyd-Walker, & Williams, 1999, p.26)

In the subsequent in-text references, use the first author's name

followed by “et al” in italics.

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The second and subsequent In-text references

(Dessler et al, 1999, p.29)

The Bibliographic entry

In both the above cases, there would be only one bibliographic entry. This
must be:

Dessler G, Griffiths J, Lloyd-Walker B, & Williams A, 1999,

Human Resource Management, Prentice Hall,
Melbourne.

An Author with multiple references

When you reference different material from the same author, arrange them in
the In-text reference in chronological (or time) order.

The In-text reference

Dwyer (1997, pp.19-20; 199, p.43) claimed that ....

The Bibliographic entry

When you reference different material from the same author, arrange them in
the Bibliography in chronological (or time) order.

Dwyer J, 1997, The Business Communication Handbook, 4th

edn., Prentice Hall, Sydney.

Dwyer J, 1999, Communication in Business – Strategies and

Techniques, Prentice Hall, Sydney.

An author with multiple publications in one year

When an author has published more than one article or text within the same
year then you should label the years for each bibliographic entry as 1999a,
1999b, 1999c, and so forth.

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The In-text reference

(Stone, 1998b, pp.19-20)

The Bibliographic entry

Stone RJ, 1998a, Human Resource Management, 3rd edn.,

Wiley, Brisbane.

Stone RJ, 1998b, Readings in Human Resource Management,

Vol.3, Wiley, Brisbane.

Authors with double-barrelled surnames

with no hyphen
If the author’s surname is double-barrelled with no hyphen, use the
final surname followed by the first initial and other surname in both
your in-text reference and in your bibliographic entry. Thus if the
author’s name is “R Willson Murray”, follow the examples below.

The In-text reference

(Murray R Willson, 1997, p.86)

The Bibliographic entry

Murray R Willson, 1997, Managing Projects - a new

approach, John Wiley & Sons, Brisbane.

with hyphen
If the author’s surname is hyphenated, use both surnames names in
both your in-text reference and in your bibliographic entry. Thus if the
author’s name is “R Willson-Murray”, follow the examples below.

The In-text reference

(Willson-Murray, 1997, p.96)

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The Bibliographic entry

Willson-Murray R, 1997, Managing Projects - a new

approach, John Wiley & Sons, Brisbane.

Multiple references
Sometimes you might have more than one reference for a part of your material.
You should arrange these in chronological (or time) order, and in alphabetical
order within each year. Use a semicolon to separate the references. This is
shown in the example below.

When you reference different material from the same author, arrange them in
the Bibliography in chronological (or time) order, and separate the in-text
reference with a semi-colon.

The In-text reference

(Boudreau, 1990b, p.11; Kavanagh, Gueutal, & Tannenbaum,

1990, p.435; Taylor, 1990, p.26; Castio, c.1997, pp.42, 45,51-
56; Compton & Nankervis, 1991, pp.45-46; Nankervis,
Compton & McCarthy, 1996, pp.56-58; Castio, 1998, p.56.)

The Bibliographic entry

Each of the in-text references must have its own Bibliographic entry.

Two authors with the same surname

If you refer to the work of two authors with the same surname, the in-text
reference should include their initials even if the year of publication differs. In
these cases, initials appear in front of the surname. However, this is being very
technical, and the alternate shown is usually acceptable.

The In-text reference

(R Bee & F Bee, 1990, pp.45-47)

or

(Bee & Bee, 1990, pp.45-47)

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The Bibliographic entry

Bee R & Bee F, 1990, Management Information Systems and

Statistics, Institute of Personnel Management, London.

Quotations
You have quoted when you use someone else’s written or spoken words. A quotation
can be as short as one word or phrase, or as long as one or more paragraphs.
Quotations are either Short or Long quotations.

Short quotations
If the quoted material is brief (fewer than 30 words) include it in the text or
sentence. The full in-text reference should immediately follow the quotation or
you can include part of the reference in the text as shown below.

If you are using a direct quotation, make this clear, put it in inverted commas,
and give the page reference. For example:

The In-text reference

As Dwyer (1999, p.195) says "We should aim to create

associations that are favourable rather than
unfavourable." Further to this ...

Long quotations
If the quotation is longer than 30 words, start a new paragraph and indent the
quotation about 1.25cm from both the defined left and right text margins. This
is commonly called “double indenting” or “indenting left and right”.

As you have indented the quotation, do not use quotation marks.

You can include the reference within the sentence immediately before the
quoted material or immediately following the quoted material. For example:

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The In-text reference

Doran & Rampton (1999, p.1) acknowledge this when they say

One of the most significant challenges facing

human resource managers today is the
justification of the costs associated with the
purchase and implementation of a [HRIS]. Most
organizations already have a policy of cost
justifying any new technology, and today's tight
economy dictates that this be done for every
new investment of this nature.

or

One of the most significant challenges facing

human resource managers today is the
justification of the costs associated with the
purchase and implementation of a [HRIS]. Most
organizations already have a policy of cost
justifying any new technology, and today's tight
economy dictates that this be done for every new
investment of this nature. (Doran & Rampton,
1999, p.1)

Other referencing issues

This area addresses those issues that students may be unsure of as each issue is not
common. Issues included here are:

♦ Abbreviations
♦ Altering direct quotations
♦ Noting of Errors
♦ Page Numbering
♦ Quotation Marks
♦ Repeatedly using the same reference
♦ When you are not sure of the details.

Abbreviations
In the Harvard system, you should avoid abbreviations wherever possible.
Don’t use ibid., loc. cit., or op. cit., as these can be confusing. If you have used
material from many places scattered throughout one source, use passim
(scattered throughout).

Note: This method can be risky as you will be in danger of plagiarising if you
take too much from a single source.

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Altering direct quotations

When using direct quotations, you may wish to alter it in some
way. Every single addition must be surrounded by square brackets,
while every deletion must be highlighted by using " ... " (an ellipse)

One of the most significant challenges ... today is the

justification of the costs associated with the purchase and
implementation of a [HRIS]. Most organizations already have a
policy ... and today's tight economy dictates that this be done
for every new investment of this nature. (Doran & Rampton
1999, p.1)

Noting of errors
When using direct quotations, you must produce every detail of the original -
even to the extent of reproducing errors. Write [sic] ("sic" surrounded by
square brackets) immediately after each error if you wish to draw attention.

The child’s story began, “My father lived in Darwin now [sic], but he
once lived in Adalaide [sic] where we live”.

Page numbering
Unless the in-text reference is to a complete publication, you must always
include page numbers.

There are alternate methods for presenting page numbers as shown below.
However, if you use “p”, then follow these rules.

Use “p.” if the reference is to a single page and “pp.” if the reference is
to more than one page.

Do NOT leave a space between the full-stop and the page number.

Do NOT use “pg.”

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The In-text reference

♦ Dwyer (1999, p.195) suggests that ...

♦ Dwyer (1999:195) suggests that ...

♦ Dwyer (1999, 195) suggests that ...

♦ In 1999, Dwyer (p.195) suggests that ...

♦ We should aim to create associations that are favourable

rather than unfavourable (Dwyer, 1999, p.195).

Quotation marks
Use double quotation marks around your in-text quotation, but use single
quotation marks if you are quoting within double quotation marks. Thus:

"It was Richard Branson, entrepreneurial owner of the Virgin

Group, that is creditied with the saying 'agents are more
important than customers'. My own maxim has always been
'happy staff make happy customers'.". (Menday J, 1996, p.21).

Repeatedly using the same reference

When you are making many references to the same material, then you can
leave out the year of publication.

If, in a section of your work, you use only one reference and you use it often,
then you may preface your summary by a comment, such as: ‘In the following
paragraphs all page numbers refer to Boudreau (1990)’, and continue by
referring to pages without giving author or year.

Note: You should be very careful when using this method as you will be in
danger of plagiarising if you take too much of your work from a single
source.

When you are not sure of the details

This section looks at how to reference when you do not know such details as:
♦ Author
♦ Date of publication
♦ page Numbers
♦ Publisher
♦ City of Publication.

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Author not known

If you don’t know who is the author of an article in a journal or newspaper, use
the word "Anon." in place of the author.

Date not known

When you do NOT know the publication date

If you don’t know the date of publication, use "n.d." or "not dated" in
place of the year.

When the publication date is only approximate

If you are sure the date of publication was "about" a particular year but
cannot confirm this, then place "c." in front of the year "C." means
"about" or "approximately". An example is shown below.

The Bibliographic entry

Castio WX, c.1997, Costing Human Resources, Kent,

Boston.

Page numbers not known

If the original material does not have page numbers, you should still tell the
reader what page it was by following the example shown below.

Count the pages from the front and then include that number in your in-text
reference, but show that it was not in the original.

(Aurion Corporation, 1999, [p.3])

Publisher not known

If you don’t know who the publisher is, use the phrase "not known" in place of
the publisher.

City of publication not known

If you don’t know where the material was published, use the phrase "not
known", instead of the city of publication.

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The Bibliographic entry

The Bibliography is a complete list of books, journals, magazines, newspapers,
documents, e-mail, videos, online material and any other references you have
consulted in preparing your assignment. It is placed on a separate page at the back of
your written work.

♦ Do not list books, journal and newspaper articles separately.

♦ Sort the bibliography in alphabetical order of author, then year.
♦ For textual clarity and readability, leave a blank line after each reference.

An example Bibliography
This example bibliography is included to show HOW you should do it.

Aurion Corporation , 1999, “Taking the Journey with you”, Aurion Corporation,
Brisbane.

Attorney-General's Department, 1998, Privacy Act 1988, Ausinfo, Canberra.

Bee R & Bee F, 1990, Management Information Systems and Statistics, Institute of
Personnel Management, London.

Berwick J, (jb45@norfolk.nf), 15 January 2000, Management on Norfolk, e-mail to I

Nicholson (dr_nich@moreton.qld.edu.au)

Boudreau J, 1990, ‘Cost-benefit analysis applied to personnel/human resource

management decisions’, Paper presented to IPM NZ Conference, Auckland,
New Zealand, 12-14 September, pp.1-11.

Cameron M, 2000, "Firms pay high price for e-mail overload", The Courier Mail, 15
January, p.17

Castio WX, c.1997, Costing Human Resources, Kent, Boston.

Castio WX, 1998, Reducing Human Resource Costs, Kent, Boston.

Compton RL & Nankervis AR, 1991, Effective Recruitment and Selection Practices,
CCH Australia Limited, Sydney.

Dattner F, 1999, “Formidable, Reflective Capacity”, Management Today, September,

p.12.

Dessler G, Griffiths J, Lloyd-Walker B, & Williams A, 1999, Human Resource

Management, Prentice Hall, Melbourne.
Doran A & Rampton G, 1999, "Making A Business Case for a New HRIS" [online].
Available from: www.hronline.com/lib/hris/phbus.html [12 March 2000].

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Dwyer J, 1997, The Business Communication Handbook, 4th edn., Prentice Hall,
Sydney.

Gordon C, 1999, “Forced outside. (external hiring)”, Human Resource Planning,

March, v22 i1 p18(2) [electronic]. Available from: Moreton TAFE Libraries,
Moreton E-Files, Article A54657577 [9 August 2000].

Dwyer J, 1999, Communication in Business – Strategies and Techniques, Prentice

Hall, Sydney.

Menday J, 1996, Call Centre Management - A Practical Guide, CallCraft, Newdigate,

UK.

Murray R Willson, 1997, Managing Projects - a new approach, John Wiley & Sons,
Brisbane.

Nankervis AR, Compton RL & McCarthy TE, 1996, Strategic Human Resource
Management, 2nd edn., Thomson Publishing Nelson, Melbourne.

Nicholson IJ, 1996, “The First 100 Years - The development of technical education in
Queensland to 1977”, PhD Thesis, University of New England, Armidale,
NSW.

Nicholson IJ Dr, 1999, “Risk Management”, unpublished notes.

Stone RJ, 1998a, Human Resource Management, 3rd edn., Wiley, Brisbane.

Stone RJ, 1998b, Readings in Human Resource Management, Vol.3, Wiley, Brisbane.

The Courier Mail, 2000, "Firms pay high price for e-mail overload", The Courier
Mail, 15 January, p.19.

Willson-Murray R, 1997, Managing Projects - a new approach, John Wiley & Sons,
Brisbane.

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