BHARATHIDASAN ENGINEERING COLLEGE

MGR NAGAR, NATTRAMPALLI

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

LAB MANUAL
(Regulation-2013)

NAME :
REGISTER NUMBER :
BRANCH /SECTION : EEE
SEMESTER : VII SEM
SUBJECT CODE : EE6711
SUBJECT : POWER SYSTEM SIMULATION LABORATORY
ACADEMIC YEAR : 2016-2017
 LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

1. COMPUTATION OF PARAMETERS AND MODELLING OF TRANSMISSION LINES.

2. FORMATION OF BUS ADMITTANCE AND IMPEDANCE MATRICES.

3. SOLUTION OF POWER FLOW USING GAUSS-SEIDEL METHOD.

4. SHORT CIRCUIT ANALYSIS.

5. SOLUTION OF POWER FLOW USING NEWTON-RAPHSON METHOD.

6. LOAD FREQUENCY DYNAMICS OF SINGLE AREA POWER SYSTEMS.

7. LOAD FREQUENCY DYNAMICS OF TWO AREA POWER SYSTEMS.

8. TRANSIENT AND SMALL SIGNAL STABILITY ANALYSIS SINGLE MACHINE

INFINITE BUS SYSTEM.

9. TRANSIENT STABILITY ANALYSIS MULTI MACHINE INFINITE BUS SYSTEM.

10. ECONOMIC DISPATCH IN POWER SYSTEMS.

CYCLE-I
EXP. DATE NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT PAGE MARKS SIGNATURE
NO NO

1
MODELLING & COMPUTATION
OF TRANSMISSION LINE
PARAMETERS
2
FORMATION OF BUS ADMITTANCE
MATRICES

3
FORMATION OF BUS IMPEDANCE
MATRIX

4
TRANSIENT & SMALL STABILITY
ANALYSIS OF SINGLE MACHINE
INFINITE BUS SYSTEM

5
LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL

CYCLE-II
EXP. DATE NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT PAGE MARKS SIGNATURE
NO NO

6
LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS BY NEWTON
RAPHSON METHOD

7
LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS BY GAUSS
SEIDEL METHOD

8
ECONOMIC LOAD DISPATCH

9
SHORT CIRCUIT ANALYSIS

10
STUDY OF ELECTRO MAGNETIC
TRANSIENTS
EXPT. NO : 1
DATE :
MODELLING & COMPUTATION OF TRANSMISSION LINE
PARAMETERS
AIM:
To compute the series inductance and shunt capacitance per phase per km of a three phase
single circuit OH transmission line with solid, bundled conductors.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
MATLAB 7 & above

THEORY:
The transmission line has the following important parameters:
1. Resistance
2. Inductance
3. Capacitance
4. Conductance
The inductance and capacitance are due to the effect of magnetic and electric fields around
the conductors. The shunt conductance characterizes the leakage current through inductors
which is very small and can be neglected. The parameters R,L and C are essential for the
development of the transmission models to be used in power system analysis both during
planning and operation.

ALGORITHM:
1. Read Z
2. Check the value of Z.
3. If Z value is equal to 1 then read the D12, D23, D31 and r.
4. Calculate inductance and capacitance per phase
5. Print the values of inductance and capacitance
6. If the Z value is not equal to 1, then to read the D12, D23, D31 and r.
7. Calculate GMD.
8. If n=4 or n1=4 then calculate GMRC and GMRL.
9. Calculate inductance and capacitance per phase
10. Print the values of inductance and Capacitance
 COMPUTATION OF PARAMETER AND MODELING OF
TRANSMISSION LINES
PROGRAM:

clear all

clc

Ph=input(single-1 or 3ph-3:-)

If ph==1

D=input(distance between cond in mtrs=)

R=input(radius-cond in mtrs=)

L=(10^(-7)*(1+4*log(D/R)))

C=pi*(8.854*10^-12))))/log(d/r)

else

if ph==3

spacing=input('sym-4 unsym-5:')

if spacing==4

D=input('distance between cond in mtrs=')

R=input('radius_cond in mtrs=')

C=(2*pi*8.854*10^(-12))/log(D/R)

L=10^(-7)*(0.5+2*log(D/R))

else

end

if spacing==5

D12=input('distance between cond 1&2 in mtrs=')

D23=input('distance between cond 2&3 in mtrs=')

D31=input('distance between cond 3&1 in mtrs=')

R=input('radius_cond in mtrs=')

D=(D12*D23*D31)

L=10^(-7)*(0.5+2*log(D/R))

C=(2*pi*8.854*10^(-12))/log(D/R)

else

end

end

end

OUTPUT:

SINGLE PHASE:

single-1 or 3ph-3:-1

ph=1

distance between cond in mtrs=2

D=4

radius_cond in mtrs=0060

R=0.0060

L=2.4237e-006

C=4.7883e-012
 THREE PHASE SYMMETRICAL:

single-1 or 3ph-3:-3

ph=3

sym-4 unsym-5:4

spacing=4

distance between cond in mtrs=12

D=12

radius_cond in mtrs=0004

R=4

C=5.0638e-011

L=2.6972e-007
RESULT:
Thus the modeling & computation of transmission line parameters was experimented using
MATLAB and output was verified.
EXPT.NO : 2
DATE :

FORMATION OF BUS ADMITTANCE MATRICES

AIM
To determine the bus admittance and impedance matrices for the given power system
network.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
MATLAB

THEORY:

FORMATION OF Y BUS MATRIX

Bus admittance is often used in power system studies. In most of the power system studies it
is required to form y- bus matrix of the system by considering certain power system
parameters depending upon the type of analysis.
Y-bus may be formed by inspection method only if there is no mutual coupling between the
lines. Every transmission line should be represented by- equivalent. Shunt impedances are
added to diagonal element corresponding to the buses at which these are connected. The off
diagonal elements are unaffected. The equivalent circuit of Tap changing transformers is
included while forming Y-bus matrix.
_
PROCEDURE

1.Read the number of lines and buses

2. Initialise the values
3.Initialise the Ybus matrix
4.Compute the Ybus matrix by considering only the line data.
 FORMATION OF BUS ADMITTANCE

PROGRAM:

clear all; %CLEARS THE CONTENT OF MEMORY OR WORKSPACE

clc %CLEARS THE SCREEN

%GETTING INPUT DATA FROM THE PROGRAMMER

disp(' THE INPUT DATAS ARE AS FOLLOWS ' );

nb=input('the number of buses\n');

nl=input('the number of lines\n');

sb=input('the number of starting buses\n');

eb=input('the number of ending buses\n');

sli=input('enter the details of series line impedance\n');

lca=input('enter the details of line impedance\n');

%EXECUTION STARTS HERE

for m=1:nb

for n=1:nb

if m==n||m~=n

if sli(m,n)==0

n=n+1;

else

y(m,n)=+sli(m,n)^-1+lca(m,n);

y(n,n)=+sli(m,n)^-1+lca(m,n);

y(m,n)=-sli(m,n)^-1;

y(n,m)=y(m,n);
end

end

end

end

%OUTPUT OF Y-BUS

disp(' THE RESULT OF Y BUS MATRIX IS ');

ybus=y
OUTPUT:

THE INPUT DATAS ARE AS FOLLOWS

the number of buses
3
the number of lines
3
the number of starting buses
[1 2 3]
the number of ending buses
[2 3 1]
enter the details of series line impedance
[0 0.1+0.3j -0.2-0.6j; -0.1-0.3j 0 0.15+0.5j; 0.2+0.6j -0.15-0.5j 0]
enter the details of line impedance
[0 0.02 -0.028j; -0.02j 0 0.0125j; 0.028j -0.0125j 0]

THE RESULT OF Y BUS MATRIX IS

ybus =
0.5000 - 1.4720i 1.0000 - 3.0000i -0.5000 + 1.5000i
1.0000 - 3.0000i -0.5505 + 1.8224i 0.5505 - 1.8349i
-0.5000 + 1.5000i 0.5505 - 1.8349i 0.5505 - 1.8224i

RESULT:
Thus the bus admittance matrices for the given power system network was determined using
MATLAB and output was verified.
EXPT.NO : 3
DATE :

FORMATION OF BUS IMPEDANCE MATRICES

AIM
To determine the bus impedance matrices for the given power system network.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
MATLAB

THEORY:

FORMATION OF Z BUS MATRIX

In bus impedance matrix the elements on the main diagonal are called driving point impedance
and the off-diagonal elements are called the transfer impedance of the buses or nodes. The bus
impedance matrix is very useful in fault analysis.
The bus impedance matrix can be determined by two methods. In one method we can form the
bus admittance matrix and then taking its inverse to get the bus impedance matrix. In another method
the bus impedance matrix can be directly formed from the reactance diagram and this method requires
the knowledge of the modifications of existing bus impedance matrix due to addition of new bus or
addition of a new line (or impedance) between existing buses.

PROCEDURE

1.Read the number of lines and buses

2. Initialise the values
3.Initialise the Ybus matrix
4.Compute the Ybus matrix by considering only the line data.
5.Compute the z bus matrix by inverting the modified Y bus matrix.
 FORMATION OF BUS IMPEDANCE MATRIX

PROGRAM:

clear all;

clc

disp(' THE ENTERED INPUT DATAS ARE AS FOLLOWS ')

nb=input('the number of buses\n');

nl=input('the number of lines\n');

sb=input('the number of starting buses\n');

eb=input('the number of ending buses\n');

sli=input('enter the details of series line impedance\n');

lca=input('enter the details of line impedance\n');

for m=1:nb

for n=1:nb

if m==n||m~=n

if sli(m,n)==0

n=n+1;

else

y(m,n)=+sli(m,n)^-1+lca(m,n);

y(n,n)=+sli(m,n)^-1+lca(m,n);

y(m,n)=-sli(m,n)^-1;

y(n,m)=y(m,n);

end

end
end

end

disp(' THE MODIFIED Y-BUS IS AS FOLLOWS ')

ybus=y

zbus=ybus^-1;

disp(' THE CHECK MATRIX OBTAINED IS AS FOLLOWS ')

chkmat=zbus*ybus

disp(' The Z-bus Matrix is as follows ')

zbus=zbus
OUTPUT:

THE ENTERED INPUT DATAS ARE AS FOLLOWS

the number of buses

the number of lines

the number of starting buses

[1 2 3 4 4]

the number of ending buses

[2 3 4 1 2]

enter the details of series line impedance

[0 0.1+0.4j 0 -0.25-0.7j;-0.1-0.4j 0 0.15+0.6j 0.18+0.55j;0 -0.15-0.6j 0 0.1+0.35j;0.25+0.7j -0.18-0.55j -

0.1-0.35j 0]

enter the details of line impedance

[0 0.15j 0 -0.03j;-0.15j 0 0.02j 0.018j; 0 -0.02j 0 0.012j;0.03j -0.018j -0.012j 0]

THE MODIFIED Y-BUS IS AS FOLLOWS

ybus =

0.4525 - 1.2370i 0.5882 - 2.3529i 0 -0.4525 + 1.2670i

0.5882 - 2.3529i -0.5375 + 1.6243i 0.3922 - 1.5686i 0.5375 - 1.6423i

0 0.3922 - 1.5686i -0.7547 + 2.6295i 0.7547 - 2.6415i

-0.4525 + 1.2670i 0.5375 - 1.6423i 0.7547 - 2.6415i 0.7547 - 2.6295i

 THE CHECK MATRIX OBTAINED IS AS FOLLOWS

chkmat =

1.0000 - 0.0000i 0.0000 0.0000 - 0.0000i -0.0000 + 0.0000i

0.0000 + 0.0000i 1.0000 + 0.0000i -0.0000 + 0.0000i 0 + 0.0000i

-0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 + 0.0000i 0.0000 - 0.0000i

-0.0000 + 0.0000i 0.0000 - 0.0000i -0.0000 + 0.0000i 1.0000 + 0.0000i

The Z-bus Matrix is as follows

zbus =

0.0493 + 0.2054i 0.0712 + 0.2338i 0.0124 + 0.0446i -0.0342 - 0.0917i

0.0712 + 0.2338i -0.0173 - 0.0725i 0.0127 + 0.0604i 0.0241 + 0.1025i

0.0124 + 0.0446i 0.0127 + 0.0604i -0.0466 - 0.1654i 0.0451 + 0.1499i

-0.0342 - 0.0917i 0.0241 + 0.1025i 0.0451 + 0.1499i 0.0286 + 0.0895i

RESULT:
Thus the bus impedance matrices for the given power system network was determined using
MATLAB and output was verified.
EXPT NO : 4
DATE :
STABILITY ANALYSIS: SINGLE MACHINE CONNECTED TO AN
INFINITE BUS SYSTEM
AIM:
To perform transient and small signal stability analysis on a given machine connected to an
infinite bus.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
MATLAB software

ALGORITHM:
1. Start the program
2. Get the values of E=1.35; V=1.05; H=9.94; PM=0; D=0.138; F=60
3. Calculate d and f values
4. Calculate the value of D0.
D0=a sin(Pm/Pmax)
5. Calculate the Dd value
6. To calculate on value
7. Plot the graph in frequency Vs time and delta Vs time
8. Stop the program.
 TRANSIENT AND SMALL SIGNAL STABILITY ANALYSIS

PROGRAM:

clear all

clc

E=1.2056;V=1.1;H=4.5;X=0.65;Pm=1.7;D=0.138;fo=50;

Pmax=E*V/X

do=asin(Pm/Pmax)

Ps=Pmax*cos(do)

Wn=sqrt(pi*60/H*Ps)

Z=D/2*sqrt(pi*60/(H*Ps))

Wd=Wn*sqrt(1-Z^2)

Fd=Wd/(2*pi)

Tau=1/(Z*Wn)

Th=acos(Z)

Ddo=10*pi/180

t=0:.01:3;

Dd=Ddo/sqrt(1-Z^2)*exp(-Z*Wn*t).*sin(Wd*t+Th);

d=(do+Dd)*180/pi;

Dw=-Wn*Ddo/sqrt(1-Z^2)*exp(-Z*Wn*t).*sin(Wd*t);

f=fo+Dw/(2*pi);

subplot(2,1,1),plot(t,d),grid

xlabel('t sec'),ylabel('Delta deg')

subplot(2,1,2),plot(t,f),grid

xlabel('t sec'),ylabel('Freq hZ')

subplot(111)
OUTPUT:

RESULT:
Thus the transient and small signal stability analysis on a given machine connected to an
infinite bus was experimented using MATLAB and output was verified.
EXPT NO : 5
DATE :
LOAD FREQUENCY DYNAMICS OF SINGLE AREA POWER
SYSTEMS
AIM:
To become familiar with modeling & analysis of the frequency and tie line flow dynamics of
a single area power system with and without load frequency using simulink.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
MATLAB 7 & above

THEORY:
Active power control is one of the important control actions to be performed to be normal
operation of the system to match the system generation with the continuously changing
system of load in order to maintain the constancy of system frequency to a fine tolerance
level. This is one of the foremost requirements in providing quality power supply. A change
in systems load causes a change in the speed of all rotating masses of the systems leading to
change in system on which frequency. The speed change from synchronous speed initiates
the governor control action result in all the participating generator - turbine units value
requires secondary and load control.

PROCEDURE:
1. Enter the command window of the MATLAB.
2. Create a new model by selecting File - New Model.
3. Pick up the blocks from the simulink library browser and from a block diagram.
4. After forming the block diagram , save the block diagram
5. Double click the scope and view the result.
 LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL
SIMULINK 1:
OUTPUT GRAPH:

RESULT:
Thus the modeling & analysis of the frequency and tie line flow dynamics of a two area
power system using Simulink was experimented and verified.
EXPT NO : 6
DATE :

SOLUTION OF POWER FLOW USING NEWTON RAPHSON METHOD

AIM:
To understand the following for medium and large scale power systems mathematical formulation of load
flow problem in real variable form using Newton Raphson method of load flow by ETAP package.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
MATLAB

THEORY:
The Newton Rapshon method of load flow analysis is an iterative method which approximates the
set of non-linear simultanous equations to a set of linear simultaneous equations using Taylor's series
expansion and the terms are limited to first order approximation.
The load flow equations for Newton method are non linear equations in terms of real & Imaginary
part of bus voltages.
Pp = _ n to q =1 { ep(ep Gpq + fq Bpq) + fp (fq Gpq eq Bpq)}
Qp= _ n to q=1 {fp (ep Gpq + fq Bpq) - ep (fq Gpq eq Bpq)}
_Vp_2 = wp
2 + fp2
Where ep= Real part of Vp
fp = Imaginary part of Vp
Gpq , Bpq = Conductance and susceptance of admittance Ypq respectively.
 NEWTON- RAPHSON METHOD

PROGRAM:

clear all;

clc

nb=input('the number of buses\n');

nl=input('the number of lines\n');

sb=input('the number of starting buses\n');

eb=input('the number of ending buses\n');

sli=input('enter the details of series line impedance\n');

lca=input('enter the details of line impedance\n');

for m=1:nb

for n=1:nb

if m==n||m~=n

if sli(m,n)==0

n=n+1;

else

y(m,n)=+sli(m,n)^-1+lca(m,n);

y(n,n)=+sli(m,n)^-1+lca(m,n);

y(m,n)=-sli(m,n)^-1;

y(n,m)=y(m,n);

end

end

end
end

ybus=y

for j=1:nb

mag(j)=input(['enter the voltage magnitude of bus',num2str(j),':']);

th(j)=input(['enter the angle of the bus',num2str(j),':']);

acp(j)=input(['enter the real power of bus',num2str(j),':']);

acq(j)=input(['enter the reactive power of bus',num2str(j),':']);

end

my=abs(ybus);an=angle(ybus);

g=real(ybus);b=imag(ybus);

for i=1:nb;

pe(i)=0;qu(i)=0;

pe(i)=mag(i)*my(i,j)*mag(j)*cos(th(i)-th(j)-an(i,j))+pe(i);

qu(i)=mag(i)*my(i,j)*mag(j)*sin(th(i)-th(j)-an(i,j))+qu(i);

end

for i=2:nb

for j=2:nb

if i~=j

j1(i,j)=mag(i)*mag(j)*(g(i,j)*sin(th(i)-th(i))-b(i,j)*cos(th(i)-th(j)));

j3(i,j)=-mag(i)*mag(j)*(g(i,j)*cos(th(i)-th(j))-b(i,j)*sin(th(i)-th(j)));

j2(i,j)=-j3(i,j);

j4(i,j)=-j1(i,j);

else
j1(i,j)=-qu(i)-b(i,j)*(mag(i)^2);

j2(i,j)=pe(i)+g(i,j)*(mag(i)^2);

j3(i,j)=pe(i)-g(i,j)*(mag(i)^2);

j1(i,j)=qu(i)-b(i,j)*(mag(i)^2);

end

end

end

ja1(1:nb-1,1:nb-1)=j1(2:nb,2:nb);

ja2(1:nb-1,1:nb-1)=j2(2:nb,2:nb);

ja3(1:nb-1,1:nb-1)=j3(2:nb,2:nb);

ja4(1:nb-1,1:nb-1)=j4(2:nb,2:nb);

jacob=[ja1 ja2;ja3 ja4];

disp(['the jacobian matrix is :']);

jacob=[ja1 ja2;ja3 ja4];

disp(['the jacobian matrix is :']);

disp(jacob);

delp(1:nb-1)=acp(2:nb)-pe(2:nb);

delq(1:nb-1)=acp(2:nb)-qu(2:nb);

chan=(inv(jacob))*[delp delp]';

chth(2:nb)=chan(1:2);

chma(2:nb)=chan(n:2*2);

for i=2:nb

chmag(i)=chma(i)*mag(i);
end

mag=mag+chmag;

th=th+chth;

disp(['the voltage magnitudes are:',num2str(mag),]);

disp(['the phase value are:',num2str(th),]);

OUTPUT:

the number of buses

the number of lines

the number of starting buses

[1 2 3]

the number of ending buses

[2 3 1]

enter the details of series line impedance

[0 0.2+0.6j -0.02-0.28j; -0.2-0.6j 0 0.25+0.0125j; 0.02+0.28j -0.25-0.0125j 0]

enter the details of line impedance

[0 0 0;0 0 0;0 0 0]

ybus =

0.2538 - 3.5533i 0.5000 - 1.5000i -0.2538 + 3.5533i

0.5000 - 1.5000i -3.9900 + 0.1995i 3.9900 - 0.1995i

-0.2538 + 3.5533i 3.9900 - 0.1995i 3.9900 - 0.1995i

enter the voltage magnitude of bus1:1.04

enter the angle of the bus1:0

enter the real power of bus1:0

enter the reactive power of bus1:0

enter the voltage magnitude of bus2:1

enter the angle of the bus2:10.69

enter the real power of bus2:0

enter the reactive power of bus2:0

enter the voltage magnitude of bus3:1.05

enter the angle of the bus3:20

enter the real power of bus3:0

enter the reactive power of bus3:0

the jacobian matrix is :

-0.8874 -0.2081 -8.1280 -4.1860

-0.2081 0.4399 -4.1380 8.7980

-0.1479 4.1860 0 0.2081

4.1380 0 0.2081 0

the voltage magnitudes are:1.04 0.37929 0.39825

the phase value are : 0 9.6319 20.982

RESULT:
Thus the load flow analysis using Newton Raphson method has been carried out successfully
on the given power system using MATLAB, the results are found to be satisfactory.
EXPT NO : 7
DATE :

SOLUTION OF POWER FLOW USING GAUSS SEIDAL METHOD

AIM:
To understand the following for medium and large scale power systems mathematical formulation of
load flow problem in real variable form using GAUSS SEIDAL method of load flow by matlab
programming.
.
SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
Matlab

THEORY:
The Gauss Seidel Method is an interactive method for solving a set of non linear algebraic
equation. In this case, first we have to assume all busses as PQ buses other than slack bus. The slack
bus voltage is specified. Then there are n-1 bus voltages starting values of whose magnitudes and
angles are assumed. The process is then repeated for all variables there by completing one iteration.
The iterative process is then repeated till the solution vector converges within prescribed accuracy.

During iteration, voltages at buses i=1, 2, 3 n are sequentially updated through use of above
equation.
 GAUSS-SEIDEL METHOD

PROGRAM:

clear all

clc

disp('.........load flow solution.........');

n=input('Enter the No: of buses=');

Ybus=[2.2-9i -1+5i -1.2+4i 0

-1+5i 2.6-11i -0.5+4i -1.1+2i

-1.2+4i -0.5+4i 2.9-11i -1.2+3i

0 -1.1+2i -1.2+3i 2.3-5i];

V(1)=input('slack bus vge:');

disp('enter power -ve for load and +ve for generators...');

for it=2:n

text=sprintf('bus no:%g',it);

disp(text);

p(it)=input('real power:');

q(it)=input('reactive power:');

if q(it)==0

Vnspe(it)=input('vge magnitude:');

else

Vnspe(it)=0;

end

end

e=input('enter the tolerance limit:');

a=input('enter the accelaration factor:');

Kmax=input('enter the max number of iteration allowed:');

K=0

for it=2:n

V(it,1)=1+0i;
end

delmax=1;

while delmax>e

K=K+1;

if K>Kmax

break

disp('required covergace was not achieved..');

end

for it=2:n

sum1=0;sum2=0

V(1,K)=V(1,K)

for ji=1:n

if ji<it

sum1=sum1+Ybus(it,ji)*V(ji,K);

elseif ji>it

sum2=sum2+Ybus(it,ji)*V(ji,K);

end

end

V(it,K)=(1/Ybus(it,it))*(((p(it)-j*q(it))/conj(V(it,K)))-sum1-sum2)

delV(it)=V(it,K)-V(it,K)

V(it,K)=V(it,K)+a*delV(it)

end

end
OUTPUT:

.........load flow solution.........

Enter the No: of buses=4

slack bus vge:1.06

enter power -ve for load and +ve for generators...

bus bo:2

real power:0.5

reactive power:0.1456

bus bo:3

real power:0.4

reactive power:0.3

bus no:4

real power:0.2

reactive power:0.1

enter the tolerance limit:0.001

enter the accelaration factor:1

enter the max number of iteration allowed:1

K=0

sum2=0

V =1.0600

1.0000

1.0000

1.0000
V =1.0600

1.0498 + 0.0391i

1.0000

1.0000

delV = 0 0

V =1.0600

1.0498 + 0.0391i

RESULT:
Thus the load flow analysis using Gauss Seidal method has been carried out successfully
on the given power system using ETAP the results are found to be satisfactory.
EXPT NO : 8
DATE :

ECONOMIC DISPATCH CONTROL

AIM:
To determine the economic scheduling of generator and estimate the fuel cost and verify with
MATLAB

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
Matlab sotware

ALGORITHM:

1. Start the program

2. Get the cost input ot the generating units
3. Get the values of load efficient
4. Calculate the total power generation
5. Calculate the total power generation is equal to demand
6. Check condition if not increment or decrement the cost value
 ECONOMIC DISPATCH CONTROL

PROGRAM:
clc

clear all

a1=input('enter a1=')

a2=input('enter a2=')

b1=input('enter b1=')

b2=input('enter b2=')

c1=input('enter c1=')

c2=input('enter c2=')

PD=input('enter the total demand=')

Pmax=input('enter the maximum limit=')

Pmin=input('enter the minimum limit=')

Lambda=(PD+(b1)/(2*a1)+(b2)/(2*a2))/((1)/(2*a1)+(1)/(2*a2))

disp('Lambda')

pg1=(Lambda-b1)/(2*a1);

pg2=(Lambda-b2)/(2*a2);

if pg1<Pmin

pg1=Pmin;

pg2=PD-pg1;

end

if pg1>Pmax

pg1=Pmax;

pg2=PD-pg1;

end

if pg2<Pmin

pg2=Pmin;

pg1=PD-pg2;

end
if pg2>Pmax

pg2=Pmax;

pg1=PD-pg2;

end

pg1

pg2

f1=(((a1)*pg1^2)+pg1*b1+c1)

f2=(((a2)*pg2^2)+pg2*b2+c2)

totalcost=f1+f2
OUTPUT:

enter a1=0.07

a1 = 0.0700

enter a2=0.1125

a2 =0.1125

enter b1=21

b1 =21

enter b2=16.5

b2 =16.5000

enter c1=100

c1 =100

enter c2=200

c2 =200

enter the total demand=250

PD =250

enter the maximum limit=135

Pmax =135

enter the minimum limit=20

Pmin =20

Lambda =40.8493

Lambda

pg1 =135

pg2 =115

f1 =4.2108e+003

f2 =3.5853e+003

totalcost = 7.7961e+003

RESULT:
Thus the economic dispatch control has been determined by using Matlab programming.
EXPT NO : 9
DATE :

SHORT CIRCUIT ANALYSIS

AIM
To perform the short circuit analysis and to find the short circuit currents and bus voltage
using Matlab program.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED

MATLAB Software

ALGORITHM:

1. Form the bus admittance matrix for the network

2. Assemble the bus admittance matrix
3. Find the z bus matrix using y bus matrix.
4. Compute the magnitude of short circuit current in the fault.
5. Find the bus voltage drop using the formula and also short circuit current.
 SHORT CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
PROGRAM:
clear all

clc

zdata=[0 1 0 0.15

0 2 0 0.075

1 2 0 0.1

2 3 0 0.1

3 1 0 0.1];

nl=zdata(:,1);nr=zdata(:,2);X=zdata(:,4);

nbr=length(zdata(:,1));nbus=max(max(nl),max(nr));

Z=j*X;

Y=ones(nbr,1)./Z;

Ybus=zeros(nbus,nbus);

for k=1:nbr;

if nl(k)>0&nr(k)>0

Ybus(nl(k),nr(k))=Ybus(nl(k),nr(k))-Y(k);

Ybus(nr(k),nl(k))=Ybus(nl(k),nr(k));

end

end

for n=1:nbus

for k=1:nbr

if nl(k)==n|nr(k)==n

Ybus(n,n)=Ybus(n,n)+Y(k);

else,end

end

end

Ybus;

Zbus=inv(Ybus);
zf=0;

v=[1 1 1];

vfa=[0 0 0];

selectedbus=input('select bus 1,2,3=');

i=selectedbus

If=v(i)/(zf+Zbus(i,i));

for k=1:3

if k~i

vf(k)=v(k)-(Zbus(i,k)*v(k)/(zf+Zbus(i,i)));

vfa(k)=vfa(k)+vf(k);

end

vf(i)=zf*v(i)/(zf+Zbus(i,i));

vfa(i)=vfa(i)+vf(i);

i12f=abs(vfa(1)-vfa(2))/X(3);

i13f=abs(vfa(1)-vfa(3))/X(4);

i23f=abs(vfa(2)-vfa(3))/X(5);

end

vfa

i12f

i13f

i23f

If=abs(If)
OUTPUT:
SELECTED BUS NO:1

select bus 1,2,3=1

i=1
ans=0
ans=0

ans=0
vfa=0 0.4706 0.2353

i12f=4.7059
i13f=2.3529

i23f=2.3529
If=13.7255

SELECTED BUS NO:2

select bus 1,2,3=2

i=2

ans=0
ans=0

ans=0
vfa=0.3077 0 0.1538

i12f=3.0769
i13f=1.5385
i23f=1.5385
If =17.9487
SELECTED BUS NO:3

select bus 1,2,3=3

i=3
ans=0
ans=0
ans=0
vfa=0.4507 0.5352 0
i12f=0.8451
i13f=4.5070

i23f=5.3521

If=9.8
592

RESULT:

Thus the short circuit fault is analysed using Matlab program.

EXPT NO : 10
DATE :

STUDY THE ELECTROMAGNETIC TRANSIENTS IN POWER

SYSTEMS
AIM:
To study and understand the electromagnetic transient phenomena in power systems
caused due to switching and faults.

THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

Solution Method for Electromagnetic Transients Analysis

Intentional and inadvertent switching operations in EHV systems initiate over voltages,
which might attain dangerous values resulting in destruction of apparatus. Accurate
computation of these over voltages is essential for proper sizing, coordination of insulation of
various equipments and specification of protective devices. Meaningful design of EHV
systems is dependent on modeling philosophy built into a computer program. The models of
equipments must be detailed enough to reproduce actual conditions successfully an
important aspect where a general purpose digital computer program scores over transient
network analyzers.
The program employs a direct integration time-domain technique evolved by Dommel.
The essence of this method is discretization of differential equations associated with network
elements using trapezoidal rule of integration and solution of the resulting difference
equations for the unknown voltages. Any network which consists of interconnections of
resistances, inductances, capacitances, single and multiphase circuits, distributed parameter
lines, and certain other elements can be solved. To keep explanations sample, however, single
phase network elements will be used, rather than the more compels multiphase network
elements.
RESULT:
Thus the electromagnetic transient phenomena in power systems caused due to switching
and faults are studied.