What is Management?

Management is the process of designing and maintaining an Environment in which

individuals working together in groups efficiently accomplishes selected aims.

Function of managements?
1. Management applies to any kind of organization.
2. It applies to managers at all organizational level.
3. Managers carry out the managerial function of planning, organization, staffing,
leading and controlling.
4. The aim of all managers is the same to create a surplus.
5. Managing is concerned with productivity; this implies effectiveness and efficiency.

Managerial skill.
1. Technical Skills.
2. Human Skills.
3. Conceptual Skill.
4. Design Skill.

Technical Skills
Knowledge and proficiency in avidities involving method, process and procedures for
Example, mechanics work with tools and their supervisors should have the ability to show
them how to work these tools.

Human Skills
Ability to work with people it is the create of an environment in which people create of an
environment in which people feel secure and free to express their opinion.

Conceptual Skills
Ability to see the big picture to recognize significant element in a situation and to
understand the relationship among the elements.

Design Skills
Ability to solve problem in ways that will benefit the enterprise managers are not merely
problem watchers they work out practical solution to their problems.

Evolution of management thought.

Development of thought on management dates back to the days when people attempted to
accomplish goals by working group.

Frederick Taylor and Scientific Management.

 1. Was an Engineer?
2. Started out as an apprentice, common foreman, motor mechanic and then chief
engineer of a steel company, he invented high-speed steel cutting tools. His patents
made him rich and he stopped working at the age of 45 and spent the remaining 14
years of his life as an unpaid consultant and promoting his ideas on scientific
management.
3. Taylors major lancer was efficiency in production mode only to lower costs and
raise profits but also to increase pay for workers through their higher productivity.

Taylors Principles.
A careful study of time and motion under lines his famous work. Principles of scientific
Management: various pay plans based on out put were used to increase the surplus to
make sure that workers who produced were paid according to their productivity. Taylor
emphasized the importance of careful advance planning by managers and the
responsibility of managers to design work system so that workers would be helped to do
their best.
Henry L.Gantt
1. Was a Mechanical Engineer?
2. Like Taylor he emphasized the need for developing mutuality of interests between
Management and labor and develop a harmonious cooperation; he developed
graphic method of describing plant and improving managerial control the famous
Gantt chart.
Frank and Lillian GillBreth.
1. Frank was a bricklayer became the chief superident of a building contractor and the
formed his own building contracting firm.
2. He reduced the number of bricklaying motions from 18 to 5 and doubled a
bricklayers productivity. He became a famous consultant of improvement of human
productivity.
3. Lillian was an industrial psychologist and great helped frank in his consultancy.
After her husbands death, she carried on his consultancy business till her own death
at the age of 93.

Fayol: - Operational Management Theory.

Fayol saw that activities of an industrial undertaking could be divided into 6 groups.
1. Technical (Production)
 2. Commercial (Buying, Selling and exchanging)
3. Financial (Search for and optimum use of capital.)
4. Security (Production of property and persons.)
5. Accounting (Including Statistics.)
6. anagerial (Planning, Organization, command, coordination and control)

Fayal focused his Analysis on the 6th groups and formulated 14th Principles.
1. Division of work.
2. Authority and responsibility.
3. Discipline.
4. Unity of command.
5. Unity of direction.
6. Subordination of undivided to general interest.
7. Remuneration.
8. Centralization.
9. Sector Chain.
10. Order-a place for everything and everything in its place.
11. Equity.
12. Stability of tenure.
13. Initiative.
14. Espirit do corps In union there is strength

The Emergence of Behavioral Science.

1. Industrial Psychological and social science also influence management thought
industrial psychology: Hugo Munesterbergs objectives were to discover.
2. How to find people whose mental qualities best fit them for the work they do.
3. Under what psychological condition the greatest and most satisfying output can be
obtained from the work of every person.
4. How a business can influence workers in such a way so as to obtain the best possible
result from then.
5. Sociological approach to management observing people as products of group
behavior.

Three Outstanding Scholars: -

1. Max Weber (German)
2. Emile Durkheim (French)
3. Vilfredo Pareto (French Italian)

Hawthorne Effect
Elton Mayo and his researchers saw that shortening workdays. Modifying rest periods
changing illuminations for the test group and varying incentive pay system did not explain
changes in productivity. They found that improvement in productivity was due to such
social factors as morale satisfactory interrelationships between members of a work group
(A sense of belonging) and effective management that understands human behavior and
uses interpersonal skills as motivating, counseling, Leading and communicating. This
phenomenon of noticing people is called the hawthorn

Effect. Recent contributors to management thought.

1. Peter F.Drucker.
2. W.Edwards Deming.
3. Lanrence Peter.
4. William Ouchi.
5. T.Peters & R. Waterman.
Approaches to Management Analysis.
The managerial roles approach. Professor Mintzberg of McGill University observed what
managers actually do to determine what managerial activities (or roles) are.
MCKINSEYS 7-S Approach. The seven Ss are: Strategy, structure, system, style, staff,
shared value and skills (of the firm)
MOTIVATION:-
Motives are the factors that energize and guide the human beings to achieve the specific goals.
There are five basic needs as shown below:-
1. Physiological needs.
2. Safety and security needs.
3. Love and belonging needs.
4. Self esteem needs.
5. Self actualization.
1.Physiological needs.
The first step is self-actualization is the satisfaction of the basic physiology needs of food, air,
shelter, and so on. If you were lost on a deserted island, you would be more concerned with finding
food shelter and cloth air etc. Maslow said the physical needs are first.
2.Safety and security needs.
In some societies, the human needs for safety and security is never satisfied. People may live under
continual treat by political, geographical, or weather factors. Generally people tried to migration
form one place to another place because there is some satisfaction. An other example we take the
earth quack in Pakistan lots of people live top of the mountain or northern side etc. when the earth
quack came after earth quack create lots of problem like rain, snow falls etc also the shelter
problems. The they have to decide to migrate to other places.
3.Love and belonging needs.
Human are social animals, they want to be loved and needed by others.for the example we take they
are satisfied about their need like food, shelter, air , and clothe then to create the love and belonging
to other because with out belonging to others or love you are alone in the society.
4.Self-esteem needs.
In our society there are many activities and products that promise to give self-esteem but are unable
to make good on the promise. We know that the right deodorant and the right car will not make us
right. We want to more and more satisfaction like advertiser to advertise in the newspaper or in
television the new product if we have buying power then we should be able to satisfied.
5.Self-actualization.
We sometimes speak of some acquaintance as being a fulfilled Person----one who has a specific
goal and seems happily busy getting it. Achieving the top rung of mallows ladder is a matter of
developing the inner nature or the potential we each have within us. Those who attention self
actualization.
HERBEG,S TWO FACTORS THEORY
THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF FACTORS.

1- Hygiene Factors. 2 Motivators.

The factors that prevent from the Motivators are satisfied the factors. For the
dissatisfaction for the example if a salary example bonus , salary satisfaction, rework
person got the premise but he dissatisfied itself possibility of the growth,
the company policy and working responsibilities.
environment.
PLANNING
Planning is a foundation for organization implement and controlling. For the example if we
want to made the any product in the organization being a manager we must be managed
the organization and control the all kinds of disadvantages the implement at the lact we
made the product successfully.
FLEXIBLE PLANNING.
Some times managers have only a general idea of where they want to go with no final goal
in mind. Such cases call for a certain amount of built-in flexibility. Michael Mc Caskey has
made a distinction between the planning with goals and planning with out goals he point
out the some efforts do not reveal their most valuable traits until we get into them.
MANAGEMENT BY OBJECTIVES.
One of important concepts that came out of druckers work with general electric was
management by objectives (MBO). This is a system of setting up organizational objectives
that then become the beginning middle and end operation. The objectives tell us every one
where she or he is going; departure from the optimums path.