10KW FM AND 100KW MW TRANSMITTERS

A Industrial Training Project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for
the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Submitted by
VELAMALA SOUDAMINI
(314126512156)

Under The Esteemed Guidance Of

D. RAMAKRISHNA PRADSAD
Deputy Director General

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

ANIL NEERUKONDA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCES
(Affiliated to Andhra University, Approved by AICTE & Accredited by NBA)
SANGIVALASA, BHEEMILI MANDAL, VISAKHAPATNAM DIST.(A.P.)
2016-2017
 ANIL NEERUKONDA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCES
(Affiliated to Andhra University, Approved by AICTE & Accredited by NBA)
Sangivalasa, Visakhapatnam Dist., (A.P.)

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this project report entitled 10KW FM AND 100KW MW
TRANSMITTERS has been submitted by VELAMALA SOUDAMINI
(314126512156) in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of
Bachelor of Engineering in Electronics & Communication Engineering of
Andhra University is a record of bonafide work carried out under my guidance and
Supervision.

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

Dr. V. Rajya Lakshmi

M.E., Ph. D, MHRM, MIEEE, MIE, MIETE

Department of E.C.E
ANITS
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We express our deep sense of gratitude and respect to Dr. V.Rajya Lakshmi, Head of the
Department, Electronics and Communication Engineering, for providing us with the required
facilities for the completion of the project work.

We are very much thankful to the Principal and Management, ANITS, Sangivalasa, for their
encouragement and cooperation to carry out this work at the Industry. We express our thanks to
all teaching and non-teaching staff of Department of ECE, for providing great assistance in
accomplishment of our project.

We express our deep sense of gratitude and respect to Industry and guide, designation
for providing us with the required facilities for the completion of the project work.

We would like to thank our parents, friends, and classmates for their encouragement throughout
our project period. At last but not the least, we thank everyone for supporting us directly or
indirectly in completing this project successfully.

VELAMALA SOUDAMINI
(314126512156)
 ABSTRACT

RADIO is the first Electronic Media which grabbed the public attention years ago. Radio became
a major break-through during the early 19th century around 1920.

Communication has been central to human life. Sharing of emotions, feelings, needs, aspirations
and evolution of a social order from simple to complex have all gone together. The process
has, in fact, been complimentary. Radio as a mass medium has had its own course of evolution
and comes to be accepted as a means to support the efforts of development in a modernizing
society.

Radio is the wireless transmission of signals through free space by electromagnetic radiation of a
frequency significantly below that of visible light, in the radio frequency range, from about 30 kHz
to 300 GHz. These waves are called radio waves. Electromagnetic radiation travels by means of
oscillating electromagnetic fields that pass through the air and the vacuum of space.

Information, such as sound, is carried by systematically changing (modulating) some property of

the radiated waves, such as their amplitude, frequency, phase, or pulse width. When radio waves
strike an electrical conductor, the oscillating fields induce an alternating current in the conductor.
The information in the waves can be extracted and transformed back into its original form.
 CONTENTS Page No.

1. ABOUT THE INDUSTRY 1

1.1 Mission 1
1.2 Objectives 1

2. INTRODUCTION 3

3. RADIO STATION 4
3.1 Principles 4
3.1.1 Transmission 4
3.1.2 Reception 4
3.2 Types of radio stations 4
3.3 Three-tier broadcasting system 5

4. BROAD CAST STUDIO 6

4.1 Studio setup 7
4.2 Studio operational requirements 8
4.3 Console 9
4.3.1 Announcer Console 9
4.3.2 Switching console 9

5. STUDIO CHAIN IN A TYPICAL AIR STATION 10

5.1 Introduction 10

5.2 Studio Centre 10

5.3 Broadcast Studio 11

5.4 Studio Operational Requirements 11

 5.5 Mixing 12

5.6 Announcer Console 13

5.7 Control Room 14

5.8 Jack Fields 15

5.9 Master Switching Facility 17

6. AMPLIFIERS USED IN AIR STUDIOS 18

6.1 Introduction 18

6.2 Terms Used With Reference To Amplifiers 18

6.3 Audio Amplifiers Used In All India Radio 20

6.3.1 Pre-Amplifier 20

6.3.2 Programme Amplifier 20

6.3.3 Monitoring Amplifier 21

6.3.4 Equalized Line Amplifiers 21

7. FACILITIES IN STUDIO CENTRE 22

7.1 Introduction 22

7.2 Recording Room 22

7.3 Dubbing Room 22

7.4 Loud Speakers 23

7.4.1 Moving Coil or dynamic loudspeaker 23

7.4.2 Baffles 24
 7.4.3 Horn 24

7.4.4 Speaker Impedance 24

7.4.5 Headphones 25

8. MAINTENANCE OF STUDIO 26

8.1 Flooring 26

8.2 Walls 27

8.3 Teak wood panels 27

8.4 Ceiling 27

8.5 General 27

8.6 Equipment in studio 28

8.7 Items needed for general studio maintenance 29

9. CONTROL ROOM 30

10. TRANSMITTER 31

10.1 Medium wave transmitter 31

10.2 RF Stage 36

10.3 AF Stage 38

10.4 Power supply in 100kW HMB MW transmitter 40

10.5 Control and Interlock Systems in Transmitter 41

10.5.1 Switching Sequence of Transmitter 41

11. MODULATION 44

11.1 Need for Modulation 44

11.2 Types of Modulation 44

11.3 Spectrum of AM Signal 45

11.4 Variation of AM Signals 45

11.5 Generation of AM Signal 46

11.6 Angle Modulation 49

11.7 Generation of FM signal 51

11.7.1 Direct Method of FM Generation 51

11.7.2 Indirect Method of FM Generation 54

11.8 Detection of FM Signal 55

11.9 Modulations used in Studio 57

12. ANTENNA 58

12.1 Medium Wave Antenna 58

12.2 Self Radiating MW Mast Antennas 59

13. FM Transmitter 63

13.1 Salient Features of FM Transmitters 63

13.2 Modern FM Transmitter 63
13.3 2 x 3 kW FM Transmitter 65
 13.4 kW VHF Amplifier 67
13.5 Power Supply System 68

14. FM ANTENNA AND FEEDER CABLE SYSTEM 70

14.1 Tower 70

14.2 Antenna 70

14.3 Polarisation 74

14.4 Pole Type Antenna 76

14.5 Panel Type Antenna 77

14.6 Feeder Cable 77

CONCLUSION 78