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CHOHaJ1bl, pa60Ta10mwe B 06J1aCTH M aTeMaTuqecKoif rH,npoM exaHnKH, .nocraToqHo
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n e H" H AJIH OLIHUX If Tex )Ke n oHH THH. 0Ka3aJIOCb, qTO eL1UHCTBa TepMHHOJloruu
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3L1eCb MO)KHO npHBeCTH onpe,neJ1e m1e AJIH noHHTHH )KHLIKOCTb: B MaTeMaTHqecKOH
nwpoMeXaH HKe )KlflIKOCTb BCerL1a onpe.neJIHeTCH KaK cn ..1ornHaH c pena; B TeXHH'leCKOH
)Ke ru.np oMexaHnKe M hl )KlfLIKOCTblO Ha3bIBaeM w 3 u q e c K o e T e JI o, 0611a,na10mee
onpe,neJleHHblMH CBOHCTBaMU ( CilJIOillHYIO )Ke cpeL1y Mbl paCCMaTpneaeM TOJlbKO KaK
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If LI ea JI b H 0 ii )I( If 11 K 0 c Tb IO HmKeHepbl Ha3bIBalOT Boo6pa)KaeMJIO )KlfllKOCTb,

I CM. P. P. q yr a e B. ruLlpaBJUl'leCKH e T epMHHbl. - M.: BbIClllall llIKOJia, 1974. B JTOH

6polll10pe n p HBOLlHTCll 6 011ee 800 rHJ:(paBJJH'ICCKHX TepMHHOB (Ha pyCCKOM H HeMe[(KOM
ll3bIKaX). npH JTOM nat0TCll TaKJKe peKO MeHJ:lYeMbJe 6 yKBeHHbie 0603Ha'leHHll pa311H'lHbIX
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cne11HaJ1bHocreil).

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nBH)l(eHHH); 4) OTCYTCTBHe yKa3aHHH Ha TO, '-!TO B o6bJ'-IHOM cnyqae noTepH
Hanopa 06ycJIOBJTHBa10TCH TOJTbKO pa6oToil: CHJI TpeHHH (a He yL1apoM lfJIH
BHXpeo6pa3oea m1eM 11 T. n .; CM. 4-1); 5) yKa3aHHH Ha TO, '-ITO )l(HLIKOCTb HH
npH KaKHX yCJIOBHHX He MO)l(eT BhlL1ep)l(HBaTh 60JiblIIHX paCTHTHBaIOIUHX HanpH)l(eHHM;
6) OTCYTCTBHe yKa3aHHH Ha TO, '-!TO B o6bI'-IHblX YCJTOBHHX L1aBJieHHe B )l(HL1KOCTH
He MO)l(eT 6bITh MeHbllle Ll3BJleHHH HaChnUeHHblX napOB; 7) OTCYTCTBHe yKa3aHHH
Ha TO, '-!TO <ffHLIPOLIHHaMH'-leCKOe L1aBJTeHHe, B OTJIH'-!He OT <ffHL1pOCTaTH'-1eCKoro
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I 11Hor.na J.necb .no6aBJUllOT ewe. 'ITO Ta Kall JKIHIKOCTb llBJUleTCll a6COJIJOTHO HeCJKH-
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CM. JI. 11. C e .n o B. MexaHHKa cnnowHoii cpeJlbI. T . 1.- M. : HayKa, 1976, c. 159.
3
npH Kaljle!lpe r m1paBJJHKH Jinl1, PYKOBOL\HMOH HaMH, OTKpbITa rH.npaBJJH'feCKall cne-
UHaJibHOCTb Ha ljlaKYJJhTeTe IlOBblllieHHll KBaJJHljJHKaUHH npeno.D.aBaTeJieii.
4
lion ee n o!lp 0 6 Ho no eonpocaM npeno.D.asaHHll rHJJ.P aBJIHKH CM. 6pow10py: P. P. 4 y-
r a e B. 0 ljlopMHp oBaHHH cneuHaJJbHOCTeil Ha ljla Kynb TeTe BTyJa H npeno.D.asamrn 0611.1eTeXHH-
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KaUHH npeno.naBaTeneii). - JI.: HJJl. Ji n11, 1977. C M. TaKJKe HaWH craTbH B C6opHHKe Hay'IHO-
MeTOJlH'feCKHX craTeil no r HJlpaBJJHKe, sbmycKH 1, 2 H 3. - M. : BbICWall wKoJia, 1977,
1979, 1980.
7
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q HT e JI h H 0 K a K n p H Ha Jl JI e )I( H 0 c T h y pa B H e H H H Eep H y JI JI H, KOTopoe
n 0 c y llI e c T B y He 0 T H 0 c H Tc H K r H Jl p 0 c T a T If K e. 1fro )KC KacaeTCH
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rpa.L\HCHTOB }laBJICHHH (HaTIOMHHB npH 3TOM B rJiaBe BTOpOH oqeHh BalKHOe IlOHHTHe
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noL1p06HO TIO 3TOMY BOIIpocy CM. 1-8.
2
Ha.Lio yq1ffbIBaTb, qTo Texm1qecKall rH,ll,poMexaHHKa llBJilleTcll, ~oo6ll\e roaopll, qacTHbIM
BHL{OM npHKJiaLIHOU fHLIPOMeXaHHKH (oxBaTbIBaIOU\eii: HHTepecbI He TOJlbKO TeXHHKH, HO,
HaIIpHMep, H MeL{HUHHhl, 6HOJIOfHH H T. II.).
3
lioJiee noL1po6Ho :noT aonpoc ocsell\aeTcll a 3-1.
9
 B Tex H H q e c K 0 ii Mex a H HK e )I( H .1l K <:> c TH (rn.upaBJIHKe) npH perneHHH
pa3JlH"IHblX npaKTH'lecKHX 3a,n:a'l ill Hp 0 K 0 HCil0Jlb3YIOTCSI Te HJIH HHbie .n:onyIUeHHSI
H npe.n:nono)l{eHHSI, ynpoma10mHe paecMaTpttsaeMbIH sonpoc. )].oeTaTO'lHO 'laCTo
rtt.n:paBJJtt'lecKne peIIIeHHSI OCHOBbIBaIOTe51 Ha pe3yJJbTaTax 3KCnepHMeHTOB, H noTOMY
B TeXHH'leCKOH MexaHHKe )KH.!l:KOeTH npHBO)J:SIT OTHOeHTeJibHO MHOfO pa3JJH'IHbJX
3MnHptt'leCKHX H nony3M1mpH'leCKHX <f>opMyn. nptt :HOM CTpeMsiTesi K 011,eHKe TOJJbKO
r JI a B H bl x x a p a KT ep Hc T H K H3y'laeMoro SIBJieHHSI H 'laCTo orrepHpyIOT TeMH
HJIH HHbIMH H H Te r p a JI b H bl M H H 0 c p e .1l H e H H bl M H B e JI H q H H a M H, KOTO-
pble )J:aIOT JJ.OCTaTO'IHYIO .1lJlSI TeXHH'leCKHX npHJIO)l(eHHH xapaKTepHCTHKY paceMaTpHBa-
eMbTX SIBJleHHii; HanpHMep, B TeXHH'leCKOii MeXaHHKe )l{ff.!l:KOeTH 'laCTO Il0Jlb3YK>TCSI
IlOHSITHeM cpe1weii CKOpOCTH .!l:BH)KeHHSI )Kfl.!l:KOCTH B TOM HJJH .n:pyroM norrepe'IHOM
Ce'leHHH IlOTOKa If T. Il. no CBOeMy xapaKTepy TeXHlf'leCKaSI MeXaHHKa 6JIH3Ka
K H3BeCTHblM .!l:HCll,lfilJilfHaM - CTpOHTenbHOH MexaHHKe H conpoTHBnemuo MaTepua-
JTOB, B KOTOpblX no.n: TeM ?Ke yrJTOM 3peHHK H3y'laTOTCK BOJTpOCbl MexaHHKH TBep.n:oro
Tena. Cne.uyeT y'llfTbIBaTb, 'ITO rH.upasnHKa, 51BJisisicb o 6 m e Te x H " q e c K o ii
)],Hell,HilJIHHOH, il0Jl)KH3 paceMaTp1!1B3TbC51 KaK npoifieccuo1wAblJaR efjU3UKa JICU0K020
meAa, B KOTopoii, B 'l3CTHOCTlf, )J:aIOTCSI OCHOBbl COOTBeTCTBYIOllUIX ni:.n:poMexaHH-
'leCKHX pac'leTOB, HCilOJlb3yeMblX npH npoeKn!pOB3HHH HH)l(eHepHblX coopy)l{eHHii,
KOHCTpyKimii, a_ TaK)l{e Ha.une)l{all.IHX rexHoJiorH'lecxHx npoueccos.
B MaTeMaTH'leCKOii MexaHHKe JKH.1lKOCTH, KaK 6b1no OTMe'leHO, llIHPOKO HenOJib-
3yeTCSI OTHOCMTenbHO CJJOJKHblH MaTeMaTtt'leCKHH annapaT, He u3yqaeMblii B TeXHM-
qecKHX By3aX. 3TOT annapaT npMJiaraeTCR T3KJKe K HecKOJibKO ynpomeHHblM cxeMaM
.!l:BM)l{eHJ.:tSI )l{M.!l:KOCTM. 0.n:HaKO B 3TOM MeTo.n:e uccne.n:osamrn Mb! Bee )l{e He npH6eraeM
K pa3JIM'lHOfO po.n:a .n:onymeHHSIM H He onepHpyeM pa3JIM'IHblMM ocpe.utt'e HHblMM
Bentt'lHHaMH B T3KOH Mepe, KaK B TeXHH'lecKOH MexaHMKe )l(l!f)J.KOCTM. PerneHHSI,
no11yqaeMbie B MaTeMaTM'leCKOH fH.1lPOMexaH1-1Ke, OK33b!B3IOTCSI 6oJiee CTporHMH
B MaTeMaTM'lecKOM OTHOllleHMM. no CBOeMy xapaKTepy MaTeMaTH'lecKaSI MeXaHHKa
)l{fl)J.KOCTH CXO)J:Ha ('lHCTO <t>opMaJibHO) c MaTeMaTw-reeKoii TeOpHeH ynpyroCTH (pac-
CMaTpttBaJOill,eii BOilPOCbl MeXaHHKH TBep.uoro Tena), H3y'laeMoii B YHMBepcinerax.
KaK noKa3aJI onbIT, MeTOJlbI MaTeMaTH'recKoli MexaHHKH )l{fl.1lKOCTH cn110lllb
H PKllOM OK33blB3IOTCK CTOJlb CJlO)l{HblMH, 'ITO rpoMa)lHOC 60JibllIMHCTBO rrpaKTH-
1
qeeKHX 3aJJ.a'l, cJie.n:ysi 3TMM MeTo.1laM, pelllttTb HeB03MO)KHo. 3THM u o6'hsicHsieresi
B03HlfKHOBeHHC H pa3BHTHC TCXHM'leCKOH, npHKJla)J.HOH HayKH - TeXHJl'leCKOH Mexa-
HMKH )l{ff.!l:KOCTlf, T. e. fH.1lpaBJIHKH, KOTOpasi CTpeMlfTCSI ,n:aTb npH6nH)KeHHbte OTBeTbl
Ha Bee Te BOilpOCbl, eBSI33HHble c JJ,Bml<yIUeiicsi HJIH IlOKOSIIUeiicJI )l(ff,!l,KOCTblO,
KOTOpble CT3BHT nepe.1l HaMH npaKTHKa.
Mm1mo CKa33Th, 'lTO B TexHtt'leeKoii rH.upoMexaHlfKe (s rH.n:pasnHKe) npH6nH-
)KeHHO pelllaIOTCJI eJIO)KHhie 3a,D,a 'lH npu noMOIUH npocThIX MeTo.n:os. B MaTeMa-
TH'leCKOH )Ke rH.npoMexaHHKC OTHOCHTeJibHO TO"IHO pelllaIOTCJI TOJlbKO HeKOTOpbie
npoCTeHllJHe 33.1l3'lH npH IIOMOLQH CnO){{HblX MeTOJJ.OB. Ha.n:o, Bnpo'leM, OTMeTHTb,
'ITO B noene.uHee speMSI Mbl Bee 'l3Jl.1e CTaJIKHBaeMell e BonpocaMH, KOTOpble npH-
XOJJ.HTeJI pelllaTb, CO'leTaR MeTO.ll,bl TeXHH'leeKOH H MaTeMaTH'leeKOH IH)J.pOMexaHHKH,
np11qeM HHor.ua 6brnaeT Tpy.n:tto nposeCTH rpaHttuy Me)l(uy 3THMW JJ.ByMsi ttayKaMH
(BepHee, MC)KJJ.Y 3THMH JJ.BYMR MeTO)J3MH, HeilOJlb3yeMblMH B o6naCTH MeXaHHKH
)Klf.!l:KOCTH).
Heo6xo)lHMO OTMeTHTb, 'lTO TexHtt'leeKaR MexaHHKa )KHJJ.KOCTH (rH)lpaBJIHxa),
npe.n:cTasm110masi eo6oii o6rnu:pHyIO caMOCTOSITenbHYIO, CJIO)l(HBllIYIOCH TeXHH'lecxy10
Hayxy, BKmoqaeT B ce611 MHOfO Pa3JIH"IHbIX pa3)],CJIOB, KaealOIUHXeSI OT,UenbHblX CTOpOH
paecMaTpHeaeMoii npo6JieMbI. Pa3yMeeTeR, 3Tlf pa3,n:enb1 ,UOJI)l(HbI H3naraTbCR B Kyp-
cax Texmi:qeeKOH MexaHHKH )l(H,UKOeTH ,!J,JlSI _pa3Hh!X TCXHH'leCJ\H-' cneUHiMbJJDeJ"C

1
3aMeTHM, OJ:\HaKO, '!TO B CBll3H c npnMeHeHHeM 3BM B IlOCJie)l;Hee BpeMll Kpyr 3a)l;a'I,_
pewaeMblX MeTonaMH MaTeMaTH'!eCKOH MeXaHHKH JKH.QKOCTH, paCWHpHJICll.

10
paJJmqHo. HanpuMep, .wu1 crpouTeJJhHhIX cnel(HaJJhHOCTefI np11xonuTcS1 boJJee
nonpo6Ho oceeruaTh Te npol(eCChI, KOTOphie iiMeI-OT Mecro npu crpouTeJJbCTBe
u 3Kcnnyarnmrn um1<euepublx coopy)l(eHuu; AJJSI MaIIIHHocrpouTenhHhIX cne-
l(uanhuocTeif - Te npol(eCChI, c KOTOpbIMl:I MhI craJJ1<ueaeMcS1 npu npoeKTupoBaHHH
H 3KCnJiyaTaUHH MalllHH H T. ,U.
lb cKaJauuoro BbIIIIe eunuo, qTo TepMHHbI runpaBJJHKa, <<Texu11qec1<aS1 ru.upo-
MexauuKa u TexuuqecKaSI MexanHKa )f(HAKOCTH cne.uyeT paccMaTpuBaTb KaK
11MeI-Om11e omrnaKoeoe 3uaqeHue (KaK 6b1 c11uouuMb1). Heo6xo.D.HMO Y'IHThIBaTh, 'lffO
caMO CJlOBO fH,UpaBJlHKa npOH301IIJlO OT CJIHSIHHJI .ueyx rpe'leCI<HX CJlOB, H3 KOTOpbIX
nepeoe JHa'IHT Bona, a BTopoe - Tpy6a, Kauam>, cTpy. KaK eunuo, pauee
C'IHTaJIH, 'ITO ru.n:paBJlHKa 3aHHMaeTCJI u3y<JeHHeM )lBH)f(eHml HJIH nOKOSI TOJlbKO BO)lbl.
0.n:uaKo B uacroS.mee epeMSI TepMHH rn.upaBJJHKa (a raK)f(e ru.upoMexauuKa)
IlOHHMaeTCSI B 6oee IIIHPOKOM CMbICJle: Mbl npe.!J,nOJJaraeM, 'ITO o6'heKTOM H3y'leHH
B rn:npaBJIHKe JIBJISleTCSI JI IQ 6 a SI )f( H n K 0 c Tb (a He TOJibKO Bona).

1-2. )l(ff,llKOCTb

KaK uJeecTHO, paJJIH'laI-OT reep.Qhie, )l(H.!J.Ktte u ra3006pa3Hbie TeJia, a TaK)f(e

nJI33My. Tipu H3MeHeHHH .uaeJieHHSI HJIH TeMneparypbI )f(H,UKOe TeJIO MO)f(eT nepexo-
.QHTb e reepnoe HJIH ra3oo6pa3uoe. HanpuMep, npu o'leHh BhICOKHX n aBJJeHHSIX
B o6hI'IHOH eo.ue 06pa3y1QTCSI KpHCTaJJJihl Jibna; uao6o-
por, npu cmn1<eum1 n aeJiemrn B )f(H):IKOCTH Moryr no- m
BHThCSI ny3blpbKH, 3aI10JJHeHHble napoM (ra30M).
)l{unKOCTh ecTh cpu3HqecKoe TeJio, o6JianaI-Omee T
nBYMSI oco6hIMH CBOHCTBaMH:
1) oua eechMa Man o HJMeHS1eT ceoif o6'beM np11
H3MeHeHHH naeneHHSI HJlH TeMnepaTyphr; B '.)TOM OTHO-
rneHHH )f(H)lKOCTb cxonua c TBep.n:bIM TeJloM; c
2) oua o6JianaeT Te Ky 'I e c T h IQ , 6naronapS1 'leMy
)l(HJJ.KOCTb ue HMeeT co6CTBeHHOH cpopMbl " npuHHMaeT P11c. 1-1. Hanpsi)l(emu1 Hop-
cpopMy roro cocy.na, B KOTopoM oua uaxo.unrcsr; e JTOM MaJihH oe (a") 11 Kaea reJih-
OTHOlllemrn )f(H)J,KOCTh OTJIH''laeTC51 OT TBepnor o Tena Hoc ('r)

H 51BJISleTC51 cxonuon c ra30M.

c TeM tff06hI II051CHHTb CBOHCTBO T e K y 'I e c T H )l(HL{KOfO Tena, IlOKa)f(eM
ua p11c. 1-1 r e e p u o e Teno T. B 3TOM TeJie non nencr~ueM, uanpuMep, co6creeu-
Horo eeca nomKHhI B03HHKHYTh cooreeTcreylQmHe uanpS1)1(eHHS1. EcnH uaMeTHTh
npouJBOJihHOe ceqeuue mn nauuoro Tena, To B 3TOM ceqeuuu, TaK )l(e KaK u e mo6oM
npyroM ceqeuuu, (HCKJII-O'lasi, pa3yMeeTCSI, ce'leHMSI, coenanaI-Oruue c TpaexropuSIMH
rnaBHh!X HanpSl)l(eHHH), UOMHMO HOpMaJibHbIX uanpSl)f(eHHH cr"' 6y.UYT B03HHKaTb erue
K a ca T e n h H hI e u a n p SI )f( e u u SI 't, T. e. uanpsi)f(eHHSI, neH:creyJOruue e n o JI h
HaMe'leHHOfO ceqemrn (KaCaTeJihHO K HeMy).
TipencraBttM ce6e .uanee, 'ITO reno T, Haxo.uJicb B noxoe, np006peJio Taxoe
COCTOSIHHe ceoero eerueCTBa, npH KOTOpOM OHO OKa3hIBaeTCSI Hecnoco6HhIM eocnpu-
HHMaTb KacaTeJlhHhie HanpSIX<eHHSI 't, BbI3bIBaeMhie, uanpuMep, co6crBeHHbIM BeCOM.
Tipu 3TOM, oqeeu.uuo, TeJio T noL1 n encreueM co6creeuuoro eeca uaquer pa c Te-
K a T h c SI u B 1<ouequoM cqere npuMeT <l:>opMy cocy na ABCD.
KaK eunuo, meKy4ecm& paccMampu6aeM020 rneAa 06ycA06}lU6aemcJ1 meM, 1.lmo oHo
6 noKORU{eMCJI cocmoJIHUU He cnoco6Ho conpomueJrnm&cfl 6HympeHHUM KacameAbHblM
ycuAUJIM, T. e. ycuJIHSIM, neHCTBYI-OIIJ,HM BLl:OJib nosepXHOCTeH c;:umra.
Mo)f(HO cKa3aTh, 'ITO s Top o e csoH:creo )f(HLl:KOCTH (cM. Bhillle n. 2) 3aKJII-O-
qaeTC51 B TOM, 'ITO :>ICUOKOCmb, 6 OmAUl.lUe om meepiJ020 meAa, HQXOOJI Cb 6 noKoe,
He MO:eem UMemb KQCQmeAbHbl X HanpR:>tCeHUU, H HMeHHO TI03TOMY Otta npHHHMaeT
cpopMy cocy na, B KOTOpOM 3aKJllO'leHa.
11
 IloCKOJihKY ra.3 TaK:lKe o6na.uaeT CBOHCTBOM TeKy'feCTH, TO MHOfHe TeopeTH'feCKHe
IIOJIO:lKeHHSI, pa3pa6oTaHHbJe IIpHMeHHTeJibHO K :lKH.UKOMY Terry, Moryr 6bITb pacIIpo-
crpaueHbI H Ha cnyqaii ra3006pa3HhIX Terr. 0.uuaKo B uaureM Kypce rn:.upaBJIHKH
BOIIpoc 0 ra3e paccMaTpHBaTb He 6y.ueM. 3TOMY BOIIpocy IIOCBSIUJ.aeTCSI oco6aSI
.uucnHIIJIHHa, Ha3bIBaeMaSI a3pOMeXaHHKOH ( MexaHHKOH fa3a).
r OBOpSI .UaJiee TOJibKO 0 :lKH.UKOCTH, KaK IIpHMep ee, 'faCTo 6y.UeM HMeTb
B BU.UY B 0 .u y, KOTOpaSI xapaKTepu3yeTCSI .ll.BYM.SI yIIOMSIHYTblMH CBOHCTBaMH (rexy-
'leCTbIO " MaJIOH C:lKHMaeMOCTblO IIO.ll. .ueHCTBHCM CHJibl).

Ha.LlO CKa.3aTb, '!TO B rrpupo.Lle ecrpe'laJOTCSI TaK Ha3bIBaeMhie a H 0 M a JI b H bl e )l(ff,ll-

KOCTH (KpaCKH, HeKOTOpbie CMa30'IHhie Macna, cycrreH3HH H T. rr.), KOTOpbie B IIOKOSIIUeMCSI
COCT051HHH MoryT HMeTb He60JibUIHe KacaTeJibHbie HaOpSl)l(eHHSI. 3rn (()l(ffJlKOCTID> Mbl IlOllCHHM
BeCbMa KpaTKO B KOHQe Harnero Kypca (CM. rn. 20).

t-3. IlOHSITHSI PEAJibHOM H H)J.F,A.JJbHOH JKH)J.KOCH1. BSIJKOCTI:,

/
KaK noKa3hrnaeT onhIT, :lKH.UKOCTH, e6peqa10w.uecsi e npupo.ue, T. e. pea JI h u hie
.:lKH.ll.KOCTH, CTOJib Mano H3Mem110T coon o6'heM IIpu o6hI'IHOM H3Meueuuu .uasrremu1
" TeMIIeparypbl (CM. 1-4), 'ITO 3THM H3MeueuueM o6'heMa npaKTH'feCKH MO:lKHO
IIpeue6peraTb. Ilo3TOMY B ru.upaBJIHKe JKU.UKOCTb paccMaTpusaeTCSI KaK a 6 c O-
JI IO TH 0 He c )I( HM a e M 0 e Te JI 0 (3.UeCh IIPHXO.ll,HTCSI .uenaTb HCKJIIO'ieHHe TOJibKO
IIPH u3yqeuuu o.uHoro sonpoca - sonpoca o T'aK ua3hIBaeMOM ru.upaeJiw1ecKOM
y.uape, Kor.ua .ua:lKe Many10 C)l(HMaeMOCTb )1(11.ll,KOCTH npuxo.uuTCSI Y'IHThIBaTh;
CM. fJI. 9).
Bb1IIIe 6brno no.uqepKuyTo, qro s II o Ko SI me H: c SI :lK u .u Koc Tu KacareJihHhie
uaIIpS1:lKeHHS1 ecer.ua orcyrcrByior. B .u e H )I( y me Ji c S1 :lK u .u Koc Tu, KaK noKa-
3hrna10r HCCJie.uoBaHHSI, KacaTeJibHble uanpSl)l(eHHSI o6bI'IHO HMeIOT Mecro: HMeHHO
npu )],BH)l(eHHH )l(H.[{KOCTH no nosepXHOCTSIM CKOJib)l(elilUl )l(H.ll,KHX CJIOeB .upyr
1
no .upyry B03HHKaeT T p e H H e, KOTOpoe " ypaBHOBeIIIHBaeT BHyTpeHHHC Kaca-
TeJibHble CHJihI.
CeoucmBo :HCUdKocmu, 06yc110BAUBaKJu,ee 603HUKHoeeHue 6 Heu npu ee d6u:HCe-
HUU Kacamellt>HblX Hanp11:>1CeHUU (Hanp11:>ieeHUU mpeHU!I),, Ha3bl6aemc}l 6!13KOCmbKJ.
B npaKTHKe BCTpe'lalOTCSI CJIY'laH, KOT.ua CHJibl TpeHHSI, B03HHKa10w.ue 6naro-
.uapS1 BSl3KOCTH, OKa3bIBaIOTCSI ue60JibllIHMH cpaBHHTeJibHO c .n:pyrHMH CHJiaMH, .uen-
CTBYlOlllHMH ua :lKH.UKOCTh. B 3THX qacTHbIX crry'laSIX BSl3I<'OCThIO MO:lKHO IIpeue6pe'lb
H C'IHTaTh, 'ITO B .UBH:lKylllei1cS1 :lKH.UKOCTH KacaTeJihHhie uanpS1:lKeuus1 orcyrcrsy10T
TaK :lKe, KaK H B IIOKOSlllleHCSI )l(H.UKOCTH.
Ilpu auanuTH'feCKHX HCCJie.ll,OBaHHSIX '!aCTO noJib3YIOTCSI nOHSITHeM u.ueaJibHOH
)l(HJJ.KOCTH. M .u e a JI h H o Ji )I( H .u K o c Th IO ua3hIBaIOT soo6pa)l(aeMyio )l(H.ll,KOCTh,
KOTOpaSI xapaKTepH3yeTCSI:
a) a6coJIIOTHOH ueu3MeHSleMOCTblO o6'beMa (npH H3MeHeHHH .uaBJieHHSI H TeMne-
paTypb1) ;
6) IIOJIHhIM orcyTcrsueM BSl3KOCTH, T. e. CHJI rpeuuS1 IIPH JI1060M ee .UBH:lKeHHu.
M.ueaJihHaSI )l(H.[(KOCTh, e OTJIH'!He or peaJibHoii (BSl3KOH) )l(H.llKOCTH , B npupo.n.e,
pa3yMeeTCSI, He cymecreyer. Ee C03.ll,aIOT B BOo6pa )l(CHHH KaK HCKOTOpyIO rrpu6JIH-
:lKeHHYIO MO.ll,eJib peaJibHOH :lKH.ll,KOCTH.
M3 cKa3auuoro BhIIIIe RCHo, qro:
1) rrpH H3y'feHHH IIOKORW.eHCSI )l(H)J,KOCTH ueT ua.uo6HOCTH pa3JIH'la'"fh peaJibHYIO
H u.ueaJibHYIO )l(H)J,KOCTH;
2) IIPH u3yqeuuu )Ke .ll,BH:lKeHHSI :lKH.D.KOCTH oqeub qacro npuxo.uuTcSI C'!HTaTbCR
c pa3JIH'IHeM Me)l(.ll.Y .ll.BYMSI Ha3BaHHblMH :lKH.ll,KOCTSIMH: B cJiy'lae peaJibHOH )l(HJJ;KOCTH
ueo6XO.ll.HMO .uonoJIHHTeJibHO YlfifThIBaTb CHJihI rpeHHR, r. e. BSl3KOCTh.

1
To'IHee ro e opsi, na rroeepxHoCTH corrpuKaca Husi )l(HJlKHX cJioee .upyr l; .upyroM.

12
 1-4. OCHOBHblE IJ>l13H'IECKHE CBOHCTBA PEAJibHblX IKH.Ll,KOCTEM

MHorne cfnnw-iecKHe csoikrna )l(H.l\KOCTeii H3y'laJOTCSI B o 6 me ii $H3HKe, a He

B ru;:i:paBJIHKe. rH;:i:pasm1Ka, IIpe;:i:CTaBJisi:si: co6oii oco6h1ii pa3;:i:eJI II p o cp e c c H o-
H a JI b H 0 ii $H3HKH, 3aHHMaeTC11 BOIIpocaMH ~e x a HH KH )I( H )]; K 0 c T H. Pa3yMe-
eTC11, IIpH paccMOTpeHHH TaKHX BOIIpOCOB IIPHXO)J;HTCR HHTepecoBaTbCSI 'IHCJieHHblMH
xapaKTepHCTHKaMH pa3JIH'IHblX CBOiiCTB pa3HbIX JKH;:i:KOCTeii.
l.TIJIOTHOCTb )!(H)J;KOCTH p; Bee e;:i:HHHQbl o6beMa )!(H)J;KOCTH y.
Bo3hMeM ueK0Topb1ii o6beM V )l(H,[(KOCTH, 11Me10mHii Macey M H sec G.
KaK H3BeCTHO, II JI 0 T H 0 c T b IO )I( H )]; K 0 c T H p Ha3bIBaeTCSI OTHOIIIeHHe MaCCbl
MK o6beMy V:
M
P=---y; (1-1)

CJie)J;OBaTeJihHO,
M = pV. (1-1')
Bse;:i:eM o6o3Ha'leHHe:

(1-2)

r;:i:e y - eCTb sec e;:i:HHHQbl o6beMa )l(H.[IKOCTH (pauee :ny BeJIH'IHffY Ha3hIBaJIH
y;:i:eJibHbIM BeCOM HJIH 06beMHbIM BeCOM); KaK BH.[IHO

(1-2')
HaM H3secTHo, 'ITO
G = gM, (1-3)

r;:i:e g- ycKopeHHe cso6o;:i:uoro IIa;:i:eHHsi: TeJia (ycKopeHHe CHJibI TH)l(eCTH).

Ilo;:i:CTaBJIRR B (1-3) BblpaJKeHHe (1-1') H (1-2'), HMeeM:
yV=gpV, (1-4)
1
OTKy;:i:a IIOJiyqaeM CJie;:i:y10my10 Ba)l(HYJO 3aBHCHMOCTb:

(1-5)

BeJIH'IHHhI p H y RBJI1110Tc11 'IHCJiaMH HMeuosattHhIMH:

(1-6)

r ;:i:e M, L, F, T - CHMBOJihl coOTBeTCTBeHHO Maccb1, MHHhI, CHJibI H BpeMeHH.

qHCJieHHble 3Ha'leHH11 p H y MR BO.[lbl H HeKOTOpblX ..r:1pyrux )l(H)J;KOCTeii
[ IIPH pa3JIH'IHOii TeMIIepaType t0 B rpa,n:ycax 11,eJihCHR (q IlpHBO.[IRTCSI B Ta6JI. 1-1].
3aBHCHMOCTblO p OT .[laBJieHHR, .r:1eiiCTBy10mero Ha IIOBepXHOCTb )l(H)];KOCTH, H 3aBHCH-
MOCTblO y OT yKa3aHHOf0 ;:i:aBJieHHR, a TaK)l(e OT BeJIH'IHHbl g (HMeIOmeii MeCTO
Ha IIOBepXHOCTH 3eMJIH) B 3TOii Ta6Jmu_e IIpeHe6peraeM. 3;:i:ech Mbl Y'IHThIBaeM,
B 'laCTHOCTH, 'ITO 3Ha'leHHe BeJIH'IHHbl g Ha 3eMHOii IIOBepXHOCTH H3MeH.lleTCSI MeHee,
2
'leM Ha 0,5 %; BMecTe c TeM TO'IHOCTb 06bI'IHbIX rH,ni>aBJIH'lecKHX pac'leTOB COCTaB-
JIJleT ;:i:ocraTO'IHO qacTo 3- 5 % H 6oJiee. HMeHHO II03TOMY 3Ha'leHHe eeJIH'IHHhI g
IIpH BblIIOJIHeHHH fH.[lpaBJIH'leCKHX pac'leTOB,
OTHOCRll{HXCSI K rH;:i:poTeXHH'leCKOii
2
CIIeQHaJibHOCTH, CJie;:i:yeT C'IHTaTb IIOCTOSIHHbIM: g = 9,8 M/c = const.

1
B paMKY 3aKmo'leHb! oco6euno BalKHbie $opMym,1.
2
Heo6xomtMo sceriw pyKoBOJlCTBOBaTbCJI npaBHJIOM (KoTopoe ne)lonycr11Mo uapyrnaTb):
TO'lHOCTb HCXO)lHOH HH$OpMa!1HH ).IOJilKHa COOTBeTCTBOBaTb TO'IHOCTH pac'leTa, BbJIIOJIHJleMoro
Ha OCHOBe 3TOU HH$OpMa1urn.

13
 J UU.-1UZ/U 1-1

flJJOTffOCTb p ff eec, OTHeCeflflLIH K enHt1Hl1e o6J.eMa lKHDKOCTH

( yneJJbHLIH eec), y fleKOTOpbIX lKHAKOCTeii

7
HaJsatttte JKHAKOCTH I, C p, Kr;'M'
KH i M ) KrC/ M ~

0 999,87 9,80537 999,87

4 1000,00 9.80665 1000,00
10 999.73 9,80400 999,73
BoAa 20 998.23 9,78929 998,23
30 995,67 9,76419 995,67
40 992,24 9,73055 992,24
50 988,07 9,68966 998,07
MopcKaR BOAa 15 1020- 1030 10,00278-10,10085 1020-1030
Au.eToH 15 790 7,74725 790
fieH JHH 15 680-740 6,66852 - 7.25692 680-740
rnHUepHH (6eJBOAHblH) 20 1260 12,2364 1260
KepocHH 15 790-820 7.74725 - 8,04145 790-820
Maeno eepereHHoe 20 889 8,71 8 11 889
Maeno MaWHHHoe '2() 'i.% i.'i.%~1 ?>9i
~ac no MRHepanbHoe 15 890-960 8,72792-9,41438 890-960
Maen o rpattcopMaTopttoe 20 887 8.69850 887
He~Th ttarypanhttaR 15 700-900 6,86465 -- 8,82598 700-900
PTyTh 0 13596 133,331 13596
PTyTh 20 13546 132,841 13546
CK1-mHAap 18 870 8,531 78 870
CnHpT MeTHJJOBhIH 15 810 7,94339 810
CnHpT JTHJIOBbIH 15-18 790 7,74725 790
llyrytt pacnnaenettHbIH 1200 7000 68,6465 7000
3<\JHp JTHJIOBhlH 15 - 18 740 7,25692 740

)l,J111 npecuoii qucToii BOAbI y npaKTuqecKH (nocJ1e ueKoToporo OKPyrneuu11)

paBuo:
'Y = 10 KH/ M 3
3
(mrn y =1 TC/ M = 1000 Krc/ M 3 0,001 Kr c/ cM 3 1 rc/cM 3).
= =
2. C )!(HM a e Moc Tb (HJIH 06'heMua11 ynpyroCTb) "'8i.1wcTH. DpenCTaBHM ce6e
HeKOTOpblH o6t.eM )l(H,llKOCTU v,KOTOpbIH npH IlOBblllJeHHH Ha llp BHCllIHero Bce-
cropouuero .L1aBJ1emrn (uanp11)1(eH1111), .[lewcrsyromero Ha uero, yMeHbUiaeTCll (CHH)l(a-
erc11) Ha .1 V
y n p yr 0 H c )!( H M a e M 0 c Tb IO )!(HA K 0 c TH Ha3bIBaeTCll cnoco6uoCTb ee
npHHHMaTb CBOH npe)l(HHH o6'heM v
IlOCJle CHllTHll BHeUiueii uarpy3KH llp.
OpH ue60JlbllIHX 3ffaqeHHllX llp OTHOCHTeJlbHOe H3MeHeHHe o6'heMa llV/ Vnp.llMO
nponopl.I,HOHa.JibHO llp. B COOTBeTCTBHH c 3THM B Kaqecrse M e p bl y n p y r 0 r 0
c )(( a T H ll )(( H .LI K 0 c T H npHHHMalOT BeJmquuy
llp
K=- iiV/ V'

npH'leM K Ha3bIBalOT M 0 A y JI e M 0 6 'be M H 0 ii y n p yr 0 c T ff )I( H Jl K 0 c T .

,ll,JJ11 BOJl.bI (B 06b1'1Hh1x ycJ10B1111x) K 22 10 5 Kfla, T. e. K ;;::: 220 KH/cM 2 HJIH
=
2
K ~ 22000 Krc/cM .
3.c 0 n p 0 T H B JI e H H e )[( H Jl K 0 c TH p a c T ll r H Ba lO Ill. H M y c H JI H ll M.
Oco6bIMH <l>HJH'leCKHMH onhITaMli 6b1J10 noKaJauo, 'ITO noK011ma11c11 JKHAKOCTh
(B 'laCTHOCTli, Bona, PTYTh) wuor.na cnoco6Ha conpoTHBJlllTbCll oqeuh 60J1hllIHM

14
pacnir11eaIOI.QHM ycMJJHSIM; HanpttMep, BO.Ila B onpe.aeJJeHHhrx ycnoBMSIX MO)!(eT BhI-
.uep)!rnBaTh pacn1nrnaIOI.QMe HanpS1)l(eHMS1 .uo2,8 104 KDa (~280 Krc/cM 2), He no.u-
BeprajfCb pa3pbIBY [1-3].
TaKoro po.lla conponrnnettHe pacrnnrnaIOI.QHM ycMJIHSIM nonyqaeTCji TOJibKO,
Korna )f(H.llKOCTb HaXO,!lHTCSI B oco6hIX yc.JIOBMSIX, He HMeIOll.UfX MeCTa B o6bI.lleHHOH
)l(H3HH. B 1-5 6y.ueT OTMeqeHo, '!TO )l(M,llKOc'rh B o6hrqHhIX ycnoemi:x .ua)l(e npH
Ha.JIH'IHH C)f(HMalOlQHX Hanpjf)f(eHHK, npH6JIH)f(alOI.QMXCjf K tty.JlfO, Ha'iHHaeT y)f(e
06pamaThc11 B nap, T. e. nepecraeT cymecTBoeaTh.
l1Mell :no B BH.lly, B rH.npaBJIHKe C'IHTalOT, 'ITO )l(ff.llKOCTh B 0 B c e He c no-
c 0 6Ha c 0 n p 0 T H B JI SI T h c jf p a c T SI r H B a IO m H M y c H JI JI SI M.

PHe. 1-2. YeJJoBHall Pne. 1-3. MoJJeKyJJllpHoe .aaBJJCHHe

exeMa B3aHMHOfO c1 - noeepXHOCTHhlii CJIOH JKH,!lKOCTH,
npHTSllKeHHll TeJJ 06 yCJIOBJJHBaIOmuii MOJJeK)'JJllpuoe .uaene-
ttue

~ ConpoTMBJieHMe .a;suymeficS1 M.llKOCTM KacaTeJJhHhlM

y c H JI H 51 M. BbIIIIe 6bIJ10 OTMe'leHO, 'ITO B Jl:BH)l(yl.QeHCH peaJlbHOH )f(H.llKOCTH o6hI'IHO
B03HHKaIOT CMJibI TpeHHSI. ' 3TH CH.Jlbl ypaBHOBeunrnaIOT BHyTpeHHMe KacaTCJibHhlC
ycHJIHjf, B03HHKaIOII.{He B )l(H,UKOCTH IlO.ll .llCHCTBHCM BHCIIIHHX CH.JI. BeJIH'IHHa CH.JI
TpCHHjf 3aBHCHT KaK OT po.ua )l(M.llKOCTH, TaK H OT CKOpOCTH 0 TH 0 c HT e JI b H 0 r 0
nepeMemeHHSI. 'iaCTHU )f(H.llKOCTH. 3TOT sonpoc no.upo6HO pa3bjfCffSICTCjf .uanee Ha
CTp. 134 - 138; TaM )l(e nonyTHO npHBO.llSITCSI COOTBeTCTByIOll.Ufe qHCJieHHble xapaK-
TepHCTHKH TaK Ha3bIBaeMOH B SI 3 K 0 c TH )!( H .ll K 0 c T H, OT KOTOpOH 3aBHCHT eeJIH-
'iHHa CHJJ TpeHHSI.

5. M 0 JI e Ky JI ll p H 0 e .ll a B JI e H He. )l{H)J.KOCTb COCTOHT H3 MOJleKyJI, KOTOPLie npH

1
onpe)leJJeHHbJX yCJJoBnsix e HeKoTopoii cttnoii npHTSlfHBaJOTCH )lpyr K )lpyry .
EeJJH npe.acraBHTb PH.ll rnapttKoB (pHe. 1-2), npITTS1rHBaJOI11HxeH .llPYf K .llpyry c cnnoii F,
TO SleHo, '!TO Bee OHH, Ja HeKJlJO'ieHHeM KpaHHHX (A H B), 6y .llYT HaXO)lJITbell B 6e:ipa3JJH'iHOM
eoCTOllHHH: )].Be eHJibl F, npHJJOlKeHHble K KalK.llOMY BHyTpeHHeMy rnapHKY (co CTOpoHbl
eoceaHHx), e3aHMHO ypaettoseurnsa10TeH. YTo xacaeTeH KpaiiHHX rnapHKOB A H B, TO Ha KalK.llbIH
HJ HHX 6y.aer .aeiiCTBOBaTb TOJlbKO 0)1.Ha BHelllHSlll eHJJa F, nplf'ieM HeHo, 'ITO Beeb CTOJJ6HK,
o6paJoBaHHblH B3aHMHO npHTHfHBaJOliIHMHCll wapHKaMH (pne. 1-2), .!l 0 J] )I( eH 6 bl Tb e )I( a T
CH JI 0 ii f'.
11Mell B BH.ay yeJIOBffYIO cxeMy Ha pHC. 1-2, MOlKHO yrneplK.!laTb, 'ITO lKH.!lKOCTb, Haxo-
.!llllll3llell B coey)le (pHe. 1-3), )]OJJlKHa 6h1Tb eJKaTa eBOHM noBepxHOCTHblM enoeM Ci. TOJlllIHHa
KOToporo paBHa pa.!lHycy r MOJJe1Cym1pHoro .aeil.CTBHll. HanoMHHM, '!TO pa)J.Hyc r eCTb pac-
eTollHHe OT ueHTpa .!laHHOH MOJJeKyJibl )1.0 TO'iKH, r.ae (.,'HJJa npHTSllKeHHSI, Bbl3blBaeMa!I 3TOii
MOJJeKyJJoii, npeHe6pelKliMO Mana. BeJJH'iHHa r secbMa Mana.

I l>H3H'iOCKaSI cropoHa B03HHKHOBemrn 3TlfX CHJI npHTllJKeHHH Hae B fHJJ;paBJJHKe He

.aoJJlKtta mrrepecoeaTu.

15
 .n:aeneHHe, pa3BHBaeMoe TOHKHM IIOBepXHOCTHLIM CJlOeM cl [ KOTOphrn .neifcreyeT JIOJJ,06Ho
IIOpllllllO (11peccy), IIPHJIOllCeHHOMY K 11oeepxHOCTH )f(HJIKOCTH], KaK IIOKaJa.rm COOTBeTCTBYI-OIJ.IHe
OIIb!Thl H pac'leThI, OKaJbIBaeTC.11 BeCbMa 60JJbWHM, HaIIpHMep JV!ll BO,!lbl OHO JJ,OCTHraer
npHMepHO 11. 105 icna (l l 000 aTM). 3TO .naeneirne Ha3blBaeTC.ll M 0 Jl e Ky JI SI pH bl M
1
l1 ae JI e H H e M.
MaJia.11 CllCHMaeMOCTh llCHJIKOCTH, o 'l'.eM roeopHJIOCb paHee, H o6'L.11cHJ1eTc.11 TeM, '!To
B 6oJiblllHHCTBe CJiy'laeB BHerrume CHJibl cpaBHHTeJlbHO c MOJieKyJIJlpHblM .na11J1eHHeM
.llllJl.lllOTC.11 HeJHa 'IHTeJlbHblMH.
BallCHO o6paTHTb BHHMaHHe Ha cne.nyIOllU!e o6crosnenLCTBa.

PHc. 1-4. MoneKyJisipHoe .nasJieHHe 11011epxHOCTHOil nJieHKlf pa3JIH'fHOH KplfBHJHbI

(fleor < n,,11 < n rn)

a) C'!HTaB, '!TO noeepxHOCTHbIH cJioH C1 i1rn.nxocTn (pHc. 1-3) 2 11em1ercJ1 cosoKyIIHOCTblO

JipHT.llrlfBalOWHXCB MoJiexyJI A (pRc. 1-2), MOllCHO .noxaJaTu (ocHOBbIBa.l!Cb Ha raMbIX npOCTbIX
coo6pallCeHH.llX MeX!UIHKH), 'ITO MOJieKyJillpHOe .naeJieHHe flnJI, pa3BHBaeMOe IIJIOCXOH IIOBepx-
5 2
HOCTHOH nJieHKOH C" (paeHoe .AJIB eo.nL1 1110 xna, T. e. 11000 Krc/c = 11000 aTM ;
pHc. 1-4,6), ecer.na .nomKHO 6b!Tu MeHLrne MOJieKym1pHoro .naeneHRB l18 "'"' paJBReaeMoro
Bbl II y K JI 0 H IIOBepXHOCTHOH IIJieHKOH C'" (pHC. 1-4, 6), II 60JibWe MOJ1exym1p1wro llaBJieHHll
l180n pa3BHBaCMOfO B 0 f Hy T 0 H IIOBCpXHOCTHOH IIJieHKOH C' (pHC. 1-4, a):

JTO IIOJIOllCCHJl'e B Kypcax o61J.1eH cl>HJHKH .!lOKaJbIBaeTCH (!lJI.11 <<DJIOCXOH JaJla'IH)

CJie.nylOIJ.IHM o6pa3oM.
PaccMaTpHeaeM MOJieKyJiy )l{HllKOCTH m, HaXOAAWYlOCll B6JIHJH ceo6o.nttoH IIOBepXHOCTH
lKH!lKOCTH a1b1 (pHC. 1-4,z). L(pyrne MOJieKyJibI, HaXOAllll.UleC!I B npe.nenax OKPY)l(HOCTH,
OIIHCaHHOH paJJ.HycoM MOJ1exy11J1pHOfO )leHCTllHH r (cM. '!epTeJK), IIpHTllrHBalOT paccMaTpH-
BaeM)'IO MOJieKyJiy m. DpHTUKettHeM MOJiexyJI 1103.nyxa npeHe6peraeM.
CHJihI IIpHTB)f(eHHll, 11pHJIO)f(emu.1e x MoneKyJie m co cropoHhI MOJieICyn, HaXO!lJlWHXCR
11 o6JiaCTH A (cM. 'leptellC), ypaettoeernHea10rc11 CHJiaMH npHTBJKeHHB MonexyJI, HaXO!lJlll.IHXc.11
e o6JiaCTH B (cHMMeTpH'IHOH o6JiaCTH A). KaK BHAHO, MOlKHO C'IHTaTb, '!TO paccMaTpH-
eaeMaJl MOJICIC)'Jla npHTHrJIBaeTCH KHH3Y TOJlbKO TCMH MOJleKyJiaMH, KOTOpbte HaxO.llHTCH
B o6JiaCTH c, orpaHH'leHHOH cBepxy ropH30HTaJibHOH JIHHHeH a2b2 (e CJIY'!aC JIJIOCXOH
CB060l1HOH noBepXHOCTH a1b1) HJIH xpHBOH a2bi (B CJiy'!ae BOI'H)'TOH cso6o.!lHOH IIOBepx-
HOCTH ajb'1).
Tax xaK IIJIOWaJJ.h C, orpaHH'leHHa.11 csepxy JIHHHeH a 2 b2 , ncerna 6oJlbrne, '!eM
JIJIOlUa.llb 'C, orpaHH'ICHHa.11 CBepxy JIHHHeH a;b;, TO JaKJIIO'laeM, 'ITO lleor < llnn (IIOCICOJILIC)'
CHJia npHTJllKeHHJI F nom1rna BoJpacraTb c B03pacraHHeM o6bCMa o6nacTH C, oxeaTu1-
BaJOIJ.leH re MOJiexyJlbI, ICOTOphle IIpHTllfHBalOT MOJiexyny m ICHH3y).

1
KaK BHJJ,Ho, MO)f(HO ycJIOBHO C'IHTaTb, '!TO ynoMJlHYTbIH eeCbMa TOHKHH MOJiexyJillpHblH
CJIOH o6pa30BaH ICaK 6bl 0 'I e H b T ll )f( e JI 0 ii: JKHJJ,KOCTblO (Bee KOTOpOH H Bbi3bJBaeT
OTMe'leHHOe 6oJibUIOe aanneHHe B 11 000 arM.). Y'llfTuIBall :no, Jierxo IIOID!Tb npH'IHHy, e CHJIY
KOTopoii, HanpHMep, CTaJlhHaJI HI:OJIKa, paccMaTpHBaeMaJl B xypcax cl>tt3HIO!, MO)l(eT IIJiaBaTb
Ha noeepxHOCTH BOLlbl.
2
PttcyHXH 1-3-1-7 (xaIC H MHorne apyrne) npe11crnnnJ1er co6oi1 6e3Macuna6Hble cxeMbI.

16
 Paccy'.lK,1:uu1 aHanorwrno, nonyqaeM, qTo flan < lle1.1n
6) Moneicynhl JKH.UKOCTH, noKoRmeiicR B cocy.D.e A (puc. 1-3), cnell,yer paccMaTpHBaTb
B COBOKynHOCTH c qacnn~MH (aTOMaMH HJIH HOHaMH) Toro MaTepuana, H3 KOToporo BLinOJI-
HeHhr CTeHKH cocy,ll,a A. flpH 3TOM nenco IlOHRTh, 'ITO CHCTeMa <OKH,ll,KOCTb - CTeHKH cocyD.a .
6y.uer paBHOMepHO C:lKaTa noBepxHOCTHbIMH CJIORMH c 0 B c ex c T 0 p 0 H (CM. 3a1IITpHXOBaH-
Hbie nosepxHocTm.re CJiou: :lKH.UKOCTH C 1 u MaTepuana cTeHOK cocyna C 2).
0TCJ0,1Ia BLITeKaeT cnen.y10U1ee: MOJieKynsipHoe ,IIaBJICHHe, IcaK 6hl OHO HH 6htn0 Bem1KO,
He MO)Ker Pa3PYllIHTh cocy,II, B KOTopoM HaXO,IIHTCSI :lKH,UKOCTh. 3TO .uasnemte B He Ill He
He npogBJij(CTCH H He MO)KCT 6hITb H'.lMepeHo KaKHM-JIH6o npoCThIM

PHc. 1-5. KamrnJisipttoe no.IIHSl- Puc. 1-6. HecMa'IHBaeMasi (a) 11 cMa'l1rnae

THe, o6ycJiosmi.BaeMoe pa3- MaH;-/(6) CTCHKH
HOCThlO MOJieKynSlpHh!X .nasneHHH
(II nn - fl eor)

n p u 6 op o M. B CBSl3H c 3THM, rosopSl o ,IIasneHHH BHYTPH )l(ffllKOCTH HJIH o .naBneHHH

JKH.D.KOCTH Ha TY HJIH .upyry10 creHicy, MhI )J.anee He 6y.ueM Y'IHTLIBaTh MoneKyrn1pHoro
,llalJJieHHR, CqffTaSl, ':ITO OHO Ka K 6 hI c 0 Bc e M He c y Ille c T Bye T. HcKJIJO'leHHe 3,lleCb
6yn.eT COCTaBJIJITb TOJThKO sonpoc 0 xamfJIJJJlpHOCTH (CM. n. 6).
Bhlllle B n. 3 6blJ10 OTMeqeHO, 'ITO B )KH,UKOCTH uu:or.ua MOfyT B03HHKHyTb pa C-
T SI r H Ba IO UI He yCHJIHSl. no,II'lepKHeM Teflepb, 'ITO Taxoe paCTUICeHHe CJJeeyeT IlOHHMaTb
TOJlbKO KaK CHH)Kemte MOJieKyJIRpHoro C)f(HMaIOrnero ,IIaBJieHHSl, o6ycnosneHHOf0 OJIOCKOH
nosepXHOCTHOH nneHKOH.
6. K a nu JI JI SI p Hoe no .u H 11 TH e JK u .n K o c Tu. BorrpoCLr rcanKIIJISlpHOCTH eJIRIOTCH
BeCbMa CYIJ..leCTBeHHbIMH B o6naCTH ru.upoTeXHHICJf.
floKa)KeM Ha puc. 1-5 cocy)l A, HanonHeHHblH :lKU.UKOCTbIO, H KamUIJISl])HyIO Tpy6Ky K,
0.llHH KOHen KOTOpoif onyU1eH B )KH,UKOCTb. BbIIIIe 6bIJJ'O norca3aHo, 'ITO JKH,UKOCTb B cocy .ne
HaXO.lJ.HTCSl nO.U .UaBJieHHeM flan (pa3BHBaeMhIM CBOHM C06CTBeHHhlM l1JIOCKHM IlOBepXHOCTHLIM
cnoeM).
06paTHMCJl Terrepb K paccM0Tpemt10 :lKH,IIKOCTH B KanrurnsipHoii: Tpy6Ke. KaK BH,llHO
H3 pHC. 1-6, B paifotte npHMb!KaHHSl noBepXHOCTH JKH,UKOCTH K CTeHxe rpy6KH MOJKeM IlOJiy-
'IHTb 0.ll.Hy H3 ClleJlYIOUIHX KapTHH :
ecnu B3aHMHOe npHTH:lKeHHe .llBYX MOJieKyJI :lKH,llKOCTH BeJIHKO cpaBHHTeJibHO c npHTH:lKe-
HHeM MOJieKyJI :lKH.llKOCTH IC qacTHne TBep)lOH CTeHKH, TO nony'laeM CXeM)' puc. 1-6,a (cnyqaii
HeCMa'IJIBaeMOH CTeHKH) ;
eCJIH )l(e B3aHMHOe fiPHTSIJKeRHe .11.BYX MOJie1<yJI :lKH,ll,KOCTH Mano cpaBHHTeJibHO c npHTR:lKe-
mreM MOJiexy11 )l(H,UKOCTH K 'laCTHIJ:e TBep,llOH CTeHKH, TO IlOJIY'faeM cxeMy Ha puc. 1-6,6
( cnyqaii: CMaqHBaeMOH CTeHKH).
B TOM CJiyqae, KOr,lla ,ll,HaMeTp Tpy6KH yMeHbrnaeTC!I, rrpOiHBOnOJIO:lKHbie CTeHKH Tpy6KH
c6JIH:lKaIOTC!I, npH'leM cxeMa Ha pHC. 1-6, a npHBO,ll,HT Hae K BbinYKJIOH noeepXHOCTHOH nneuKe -
K BhlTIYKJIOMY MeHHCKY (pHC. 1-7,a); cxeMa )l(e Ha puc. 1-6,6- K BOrHyTOH noBepx-
HOCTHOH nneHKe, T. e. K BOfHyTOMY MeHHCKY B Tpy6Ke (puc. 1-7,6).
HMeJI 3TO B BH,lly, MO)f(eM CKa3aTh, 'lTO . ecJIH Ha noBepXHOCTh )l(H,UKOCTH B cocy.ae
(puc. 1-5) HaJIO)l(eH Kax 61.1 noprneHh (npecc), pa3BHBaEOllJ:HH ,ll,aBJieHHe ll 011 (.Lln!I BO)lbl

17
 llnJ! = 110 1
Kila) , TO Ha nosepXHOCTh )101)).KOCTH 8 Tpy6Ke HaJIO'lKeH rroprneHh, pa3BHB31-0IUHH
,!l.3BJieHtte HJIH ll Bblll HJIH ll sor (pHC. 1-5).
fio.U .ueifcTBHeM pa3HOCTH 113BJieHHH llnn H ll sor It npOttCXQJJ:Jt:r ITOllHSlTHe X<H,!l!COCTH
B CMairnaaeMOH rpy6Ke Ha BbICOT)' h.k. n (pnc. 1-5); ITO.!l .ueiiCTBHeM ~~ pa3HQCTH llaBJJ,~rnu .
llBbHl " llnll npoHCXO.llHT onycKaHHe :>KH.llKOCTH B HecMa'llj.BaeMOlh> ,:rpy6J<e, ' ... i ,: , : ~ .'I J,
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B cocy)J.e, H33bIBaeTCJI Kan H J1 JI SI pH 0 ii, B OTJlH'IHe OT OCTaJlhHOH )lOf,IU<OCTH, KOTOPllJI H_~Of,IJ,a
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nosepXHOCTHblM MOJieKyJixpHblM .II3BJieHHeM. ' . ' .
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~W~M
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ITO.IIm1THSI 'lKH.LIKOCTH B rpy6Ke. 4eM M~Hbuie ~11.aM~TP)~~n~rnSip.a.: re'~
0

CHJibHee HCKpHBJISieTCX MeHlfCK H TeM 3Ha'IJ1TeJibHee . MOJieKyJISipHoe

~ =;:~- , ::-.=-
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/, : : ~ : :_4 JiasneHHSI B cocyne (llm,). B coornercrnmi c :nRM nptt yMeHhilrelfirn
-- , - ,, - - z .UttaMeTpa KamUIJISipHOH Tpy6Kli BblCOTa hK. n ' fl<l- JIBC. 1-5 ' }J.O.ID!<Ha
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Puc

1- 7 MeHHCK xanH.JrnSipHoro noJJ.HSITH 6yJJ.eT pasHa B03BhIUieH1no sepxa rpy6xtt Ha.ll
a c11yttae HecMalfH-
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KH
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n 0 Te T 11 q e c K 0 H (rrpe)lnOJIO:>KHTeJibHOH , B 11aHHOM cJJyqae Hecy-
meCTBYlOUieH) CHJie raK Ha3hrnaeMoro no Be p x Hoc Tao r o Ha T SI)!( e If". 311ech npe11 -
no11araeTc, 'ITO ITOCHeHHOe BbilUe MOJieKyJISipttoe ;naBJiettne o6yCJJOBJIHBaeTCSI He B33liMHblM
nplH:>KeHH.eM MOJieKyJT (CM. Bhrille), a ff<lT}l)J(eHHeM (nosepXHbCTHblM HaTll)i(eH.HeM) HeKOTOpOH
He c y_ me c Tay JO Ille ii (soo6pa)J(aeMoii) yrrpyroif nneHKH, 06TSirttsa1-0men paccMaTpHsaeM&IH
o6neM iKH.UXOCTH; rrpH 3TOM CHJia paCTSl)f(eHHSI (HannKeHHJrn) '.HOH nneHKH rrpHHHMaeTCSI
TaKOH, 'IT06'bl OHa Bh!3BaJia peaJlhHO CyUICCTBYlOUGie CHJlhl . nosepXHOCTHoro MOJICKYJIS!pttoro
)l;aBJlCHHSI, o6ycrroBJieHHhle B3aHMHhlM npHTSDKelllieM MOJieKyJI (npHTSI)J(elllie,M, KOTopoe B 3TOM
CJiy11ae HCKJUO'laCTCSI H3 Henocpe,l:\CTBeHHOfO paccM0Tpettm1). . .Kai\ BH-!lHO, rnnoTeTH'IeCKOe
nosepXHOCTHOe HaTS!:>KCHHe H M H T Hp y l-0 T c H JI hi 8 3a HM H0 r 0 n p HT jl )J( eHH }I M O-
JI e Ky JI, KOTOpb!e B OTJIHlfHe OT IlOBepXHOCTHOro HaTSl)f(eHH peaJibHO cymeCTBYJOT. DpH
3TOM, HCXO}J.}I H3 3THX CHJI (3Ha aemt'IHHy MOJICKyJIRpHoro .ll3BJleHH$1), MO)J(HQ pelllaTh (BOBCC
He HCITOJih3Yll ycnoBHOe noWinre ITOBepXHOCTHOro H3Tjl)J(eHHSI))) Bce "HT e p e c y IO lU He
H a c II p a K T H 'I e c K H e 3 a .Ll a 'f H tt' a 0 c H 0 B a H H H 0 6 bl lj' H hi x n p a B H JI M e x a H " K H.
Ba)f(HO no.u11epKHYTh, lfTO ttenocpe'ACTBeHHo tta sttyrpeuuett noaepxttoCTH xanrurnSipHoH
rpy6IQI (.IIHaMeTpOM D), nO-BH.lllfMoMy, 06pa3yeTC5! Be c b Ma To HK H cnoH: BO,llb1 (ron-
IUHHOH 8, H3MeplleMbIH, B03Moxrno, JlOJI51MH MHJIJIHMerpa), MexaHH'ICC.KHe xapaKTepHcTHKH
KOToporo 0 T JI H q H bl 0 T M ex a H" q ec K" x x a p a K T e p H C. T H K 0 6 hi lj' H0 H B 0 Jl bl.
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6bITh Ha:rnatt cnoeM meepoou eoo&1 . C'IBra10r , '!TO TaKaSI rsepJiaSI so.ua, paccMaTpH-
saeMasi KaK cWiomttall cpena, cnoco6Ha, Ha x o JI SI c b B no Koe, BbI.UepJKHBaTb (s or JIH'llfe
OT o6hl'IHOH BOJihl) KacaTeJlhffhie Hanp51:lKCHIUl 1:. 0TC10.lla SICHO, 'ITO B COOTBeTCTBHli
c OTMe'leHHOH MO,lleJihlO, xor.ua D < 2o, BO)la B TOHXOH rpy6Ke npH orrpe.neneHHbIX ycnOBHJIX
He B COCTOSIHHH 6yJleT Jl8Hf3ThCR (npeO,LIOJ1eBa11 KacaTeJlhHbie HanpmKeHHR r). B TaKHX
yCJJOBHSIX noJI06HL1e rpy6KH He 'AOJI)J(Hbl rrponycKaTb BOJlY.

1 4To COOTBCTCTByer B crapoii Cl1CTeMe e,l:\HHH~ ;:::; 11 000 a TM.

18
 ~ 1-5. OCOliblE COCTOSIHHSI IKH.ilKOCTH

B rrpaKTHKe rH.u.poTexuHqecKoro CTpOHTeJibCTBa rrpHXO.llHTCH CTaflKHBaTbcH co

c.nyqaHMH, Kor.u.a )l(ff.llKOCTb (eo.u.a) uaquuaeT nptto6peTaTb oco6b1e COCTOHHHH: mm
rrpH .llBH)l(eHHH )l(ff.llKOCTH K ueil: HaquuaJOT rrpHCOe.UHHHTbCH ra3oo6pa3Hbie HJIH
rnep.!lh1e Tena, HJIH oHa caMa HaqHHaeT nepexo)lHTb a TBep.uoe HnH ra3oo6pa3Hoe
COCTOHHHe.
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1-u n
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cMeCb BOJlbI H rry3bipbKOB ao3.uyxa (noJl}'qaeM TaK Ha3bIBaeMyJO .uayx<Pa3HYJO
1
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MOe pycno (uarrpu:Mep, pycno, 06pa3osaHHoe MeJIKHM rrecxoM), To, KaK rroKa3brnaeT
OilblT, rrpH .llOCTaToqHo 60JibllIHX CKOpOCTHX .llBH)l(eHHH BO.Ubl ITOTOK HaqHHaeT
HaCbirn;aTbCSI necqHHKaMH, KOTOpbie .llBH)l(YTCH BMeCTe c BO.UOH BO B3BerneHHbM
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ITO .llHY pycna.
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Jlb.Ua, rrpHqeM BMCCTO 0.llHOPO.llHOH )l(H.llKOH cpe)lbi rronyqaeM Ll B y x <P a 3 H y JO
CHCTeMy (so.ua rrmoc ne.u.).
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0
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a eo.u.e o6pa3yJOTcsr pa3phIBhI (B03.llYIIIHhie ny3hlpH). B pe3yJibTaTe cITJiornHOCTh
BO.llbl HapyrnaeTcsr: .uo Tex nop, IIOKa IIY3hlpH B03.Uyxa He BbIH.llYT H3 Hee qepe3
ee cao60.u.uy10 rroaepxHoCTb, 6y.u.eM HMeTh .uayx<l>aJHYIO cHCTeMy (eo.ua rrn10c
B03.llYWHbie ny3bipH).
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06o3HaqHM qepe3 Ptt. n .u.asJieHHe napos BO.llbl, HaCbirn;awmu:x TO npocTpaHCTBO,
B KOTOpoM OHH HaXO.llRTCH. BeJIHqHHY Ptt. n o6bJqHo Ha3bIBaJOT .uaaneHHeM HaCbl-
0
iueHHbIX napos. JbeecTHO, 'ITO Pu. n 3aBHCHT OT TeMnepaTypbI t rrapoa:
PH. n = J (t 0
). (1-7)
qHCJieHHhie 3uaqeHHJI PH. 0 .llJlJI napoa BO.llbI (a 3aBHCHMOCTH OT t 0 ) cne.uyJOIUHe:
!0 , C . . . 0 25 50 75 100 125 150
PH.n Kila. . . . . . o;6 3,2 12,6 39,2 103,2 237,0 485,0
p""' Krc/cM2 . . . 0,006 0,032 0,126 0,392 1,032 2,370 4,850
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He Hapyweua. 06o3Ha qffM .u.aaneHHe a 3Toil: ao.ue qepe3 p H TeMrrepaTypy ee
0
qepe3 t

1 A3pauueii TaKlKe Ha3b!Ba!OT M pacTBopeHHe B03L1yxa a ao.1.1e.

19
 0
Ilpe.D.CTaBHM ce6e .nanee, 'ITO B CH.II}' Tex nnn .u.pyrux npnrnH TeMnepaTypa t
Ha'lnttaeT yseJJH'IHBaTbC!I HJJH AaBJieHf!e p- yMeHbUiaThC!I. 0'1eBH,ll.HO, B CBH3H
c 3THM B HCKOTOphlH MOMeHT BpeMeHn MO)l(eM IlO.II}''IHTh COOTHOWeHHe:

(1-8)
KaK noKa3bIBaeT OilhIT, npn TaKOM COOTHOWeHHH B o6hl'IHbIX ycJJOBHHX BHYTPH
pacCMaTpHBaeMoro OObeMa BOAhI B03HHKaIOT ny3LipbKH, 3anoJ1HeHHbie HaCbII.UeH-
HhIMH napaMH BO)lhl. IlpH 3TOM Mhl IlO.II}''laeM .u.syx<t>a3ttyIO cnCTeM)' (oo.ua IlJIIOC
ny3bipbKH napa). qTo6hr 3aCTaBHTb 3TH ny3hipbKH 3axnonttyTbc.11 (3aKpbITbcsi),
Heo6xo.n:HMO .n:o6HTbCSI COOTHOWeHHSI:
H2 (1-9)
P > PH.n
( p >P11.n)
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p, HJIH
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6) Ka B "Ta u H IO (n p H 0 Tc y T-
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a 3 ax JI 0 n hi B a IO Tc SI (3aKpbIBaIOTCSI) B Hy T pH n 0 T 0 Ka B 0 .ll hi.
qT06bl AOIIOJIHHTeJibHO IlOSlCHHTh SlBJleHHe KaBHTall,HH (npH OTCYTCTBHH KHileHHSl)
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BCeX TO'IKaX 3THX rpaHHU p = p" n
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ill o H: c n 11 o H: 3 ax JI o n bl B a IO Tc si, npH'leM 3a JUIHHeii M 2N 2 nonyqaeM cnJ1ow-
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B paiioHe 30HhI A (pnc. 1-8,a) npen.11TcTeyeT CHHJKeHHIO .uasJieHn.11
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abde, IlOKa3aHltylO CilJIOllJHOH JIHHHeH (Ha y'laCTKe bd - ropH30HTaJibHOH).
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20
 Y noMRH)'Toe Bblllle 3aXJIOilhlBaHHe ny3blpbKOB napa B pa.Ho He rpaHHll,bl M 2 N 2
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(pa3yMeeTCR )J,0 onpe.11.eneHHOfO npe.11.ena) H K TBep)J,blM, H K ChIIIY'IHM TeJiaM,
H K ll<H)J,KOCTH.
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H3 pacCMOTpeHHR, npH'leM H 3)1,eCb IIOJlb3yeMCR MO)J,eJlblO CIIJIOlllHOH cpe)J,bl.
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npu 3TOM, onepupyR CITJIOlllHOH cpe.11.oii, 06na.11.a10lUeH yKa3aHHblMH tPH3HlfecKHMH
(MexaHttlfecKHMH) csolicrsaMu, Mhl TaKoe soo6pall<aeMoe TeJ10 BCIO,ny .11.aJ1ee yCJioBHo
2
Ha3bIBaeM ll<H)J,KOCTblO (BO):(OH).
lJTo KacaeTCR CHJT, .neuCTBYIOlUHX Ha BO)J,y (paccMaTpHBaeMYlO B BH,lle OIIHCaHHOH
CilJIOlllHOH cpe)J,bl), TO HX Heo6XO):(HMO pa3,neJIHTb Ha )J,Be pa3JIH'IHhle rpynrihl:
BH)'TpeHHHe CHJlbl, HMeH)'eMbie HHOr .11.a ycHJIHRMH, H BHelllHHe CHJlbl. B H yT p e H-
HH M H c H JI a M H Ha3hIBalOTCR CHJlhl B3aHMO)J,eHCTBHR Mell<.ny MaTepttaJlbHblMH
TO'IKaMH (qacTHUaMH) )f(H)J,KOCTH (paccMaTpHBaR ll<H)J,KOCTh, KaK CIIJIOlllH)'lO cpe.11.y,
Mhl, pa3yMeeTcR, HMeeM npano rosopHTh o lfaCTHUax ll<H.11.KOCTH, T. e. o 6 3 JI e-
M e HT a pH hi x 0 6 be Max )f( H )J, K 0 c TH). B He Ill H He c H JI bl - cyTh CHJ!bl, npH-
JTOlf<eHHble K lfaCTHUaM paccMaTpHBaeMoro o6'heMa ll<H)J,KOCTH co CTOpoHbl .11.PYfHX

1
Moi1rno JJ.YMaTh, 'ITO 6oJiblllaH CHJia .y.r:1apa o6yCJioBJIHBaeTcH 3,[(eCh TeM, qTo npH
3aXJIOilb!BaHHH napoaoro IlY3blphKa MfHOBeHHO 11cqe3aeT (CHHMaeTcH) MOJieKyJIHpHoe ,[(aBJieHHe
c IIOBepXHOCTeii BO,!l.hl, orpaHHqH:BalOIUHX rrapoaoii IIy3b!peK; CM. 1-4, II. 5, r.r:1e OTMeqaeTCH,
qTo :no .r:1aaJiett11e paatto, ttanpttMep, 110 KTia (T. e. ~ 11 000 aTM.). J.1.cqe3Hoaett11e rroaepx-
HOCTHoii IIJieHKH c HeKOTOpb!M C,[(BHfOM BO apeMeHH no OTHOllleHHJO K IIOJIHOMY 11cqe3HOBeHHIO
ny3hlpbKa, IIO-BH,[(HMOMy, H 06yc110BJIHBaeT y.r:1ap 60JihlllOH CHJlhl (Bbl3BaHHhrii paclllHpeHHeM
lKH,[(KOCTH, c KOTOpoii CHHTO OOJibillOe CJKHMa!Oll(ee ycHJIHe).
2
Cq11TaH lKH.llKOCTh, KaK rrpaamrn, rrpaKT!fqecKfl HeCJKHMaeMoii, Mhl, ecTeCTBeHHO, "
CITJIOillHylO cpe;zy (KaK MO,[(eJib) TaKJKe rroJiaraeM HeclKHMaeMoii (HCKJIIOqeHHe 3}leCb COCTaB-
JIHeT TOJlhKO Borrpoc 0 fH.llpaBJIHqecKOM Y.llape; CM. 9-8-9-12).
21
aemecrneHHblX TeJI (mm <i>H3HqecKHX IIOJieii:), B 'laCTHOCTH, co. cropOHbl :>KHAKO.CTH,
0Kpyx<aK>I11eii: paccMaTptrnaeMhIH ee o6beM. ,
BHeIIIHHe CHJibl, AeHCTBYIOillHe Ha AaHHblH o6beM :>KHAKOCTH, B CBOIO O'lt;.petu>.
MoryT 6blTb pa3AeJieHb1 TaK:>Ke Ha J:1Be rpyrrIIhl: . ... . ,
1) c H JI bl Mac c 0 Bbl e. 3TH CHJibl AeHCTBYIOT H_il ace qacTHJ..l, cqcrn~JI~UoliIH~ '
paccMaTpuaaeMblH o6beM :>KHJ:IKOCTH: BeJiuqHHa 3THX CHJI. ,rrporrOpJ.lHOHaJJl>Ha '. Macce
JKHJ:IKOCTH. B cnyqae OAHOPOAHOi\: JKMAKOCTH, T. e. JKHAKo_cTH, . HMCIOliie.i\: BCIOAY
OAHHaKOBYIO IIJIOTHOCTb (p = const), BCJI1fq1ma MaCCOBbIX CHJI. 6yAeT .rrponopJ.lHO-
HaJibHa TaK:>Ke o6beMy :>KHAKOCTH; rronoMy npu p -c=: const .MacCOBble CH.IU>I .~PII<~O
Ha3bIBaTb o 6 be M H bl M H c H JI a Mu (qrn Mbl )l,aJiee If 6y.z:1eM ,1..IC!JaTh). K qff~JIY
o6heMHblX CHJI OTHOCHTCll co6crBeHHblH sec :>KHAKOCTH; ~HJibl HHepUHH :>KHJ:IKOCTH
TaK:>Ke MOJKHO paccMaTpHBaTb KaK BHeIIIHlfe o6heMHble CHJibl. HHTCH'CH!JHOCTh
(IIJIOTHOCTb pacrrpeACJICHHll) o6hCMHblX CHJI B pa3JI1fqHblX TOqKax rrpocrpaHcraa,
3aHfloro :>KlfAKOCTbJO, B o6meM cJiyqae MO:>KCT 6bITb pa3Hoii:. B qacTHOM cnyqae,
Kor.11a lfHTCHCHBHOCTb ACHCTBHll o6beMHblX CHJI OAHHaKOBa BO acex ToqKax npo-
CTpaHCTBa, 3aHllToro :>KlfAKOCTbJO, semrquHa o6beMHoi\: CHJibl F, npuJio:>KeHHOH
K AaHHOMy o6beMy v 'lKIIAKOCTH, pasua

F = M <fi HJIII F = V <fio, (1-10)

r):le M - Macca o6beMa V :>KHJ:IKOCTH; <fi JI <fio - HHTeHCHBHOCTb (IIJIOTHOCTb pacrrpe-

,UCJieHHll) paccMaTpHBaeMOH BHeIIIHeH CHJibl, npuqeM <fio llBJilleTCll y A e JI b H 0 i\:
o6heMHOll CIIJIOH, OTHeCeHHOH K e AH H II II e 0 6 h e M a )l(HJ:IKOCTII II <fi - y A e JI b-
H 0 ii: OOheMHOH CHJIOH, OTHeceHHOH K e A II H H II e Mac c bl )l(HJ:IKOCTH (rro cyme-
cray aeJI11quua <fi rrpeACTaBJilleT co6oft ycKopeu11e, KOTOpblM xapaKTep113yeTCH
paccMaTpHBaeMoe IIOJie o6beMHblX CHJI).
2) c H JI bl II 0 Be p x H 0 c TH bl e. 3TH CIIJibl npm;io:>KeHbl K rroaepxHOCTH, orpaHH-
qnaaJOrueil: paccMaTpHBaeMbIH o6beM :>KH,llKOCTH, ' Bl>I):leJieHHblH, mirrpli:!vfep; 'B HyTpiI
noKoHmeikH HJIH ABH:>Kymeii:cH 'lKHAKOCTH (cM. ' o6beM: ABCD ?KMJF 9CTH Ha PliC. 1 ~9).
Ilpu paBHOMepHOM pacrrpeAeJieHHII 3THX CHJI IlO )laHHOH IIOI!epxHOCTH aeJIHqHHa
ux rrporropIIHOHaJibHa IIJI0I11a.nu 3TOH rroaepxHoc:rn .. K qucJiy TaKHX CHJI OTHOCllTCll,
HarrpHMep, aTMoc<t>epHoe ,UaBJieHHe, AeHCTBY10I11ee Ha TaK Ha3blBaeMyJO c B 0 6 0 )l-
H y IO II 0 Be p x H 0 c Tb JKH):lKOCTH, a TaK'lKe CIIJibl TpeHHH, 0 KOTOpblX roaopJIJIH
a 1-3 (Aei\:cray10I11He no rrosepxttocTH, HaMeqettttoi\: BHYTPH :>KHAKOCTH). lfayqag
MeXaHuqecKoe ):leHCTBlfe JKIIAKOCTH Ha noaepXHOCTb KaKOfO-JIJI6o TBepAoro TeJia,
MO:>KHO roaopHTb 0 peaKJ.lHH 3TOH rroaepxHOCTH, T. e. pe a K TH B H 0 ii: c H JI e,
npHJIOJKeHHOH K :lKHAKOCTH co cropOHbl TBep):loro TeJia. TaKall CHJia TaK:>Ke AOJI:>KHa
paccMaTpHBaThCll KaK BHeIIIHHH rrosepxHOCTHall CIIJia (no OTHOIIIeHHIO K 06heMY
:lKHAKOCTH, orpaHJiqeHHOMY nosepxHocThW ynoMHHyToro rnepAoro TeJia). B o6IlleM
cnyqae IIJIOTHOCTb pacnpeAeJieHHH noaepxHOCTHOH CHJibl (T. e. HaIIpHJKeHiie) B pa3-
JIJiqHbIX ToqKax paccMaTpusaeMoii: noaepxHocru MoJKeT 6bITb pa3JIHqHoi\:. B qacTHOM
cnyqae, Kor Aa rrosepxHOCTHall cHJia P pacnpeAeJIHeTCH paBHOMepHo rro paccMaTpn-
aaeMoi\: IIOBepXHOCTH IIJIOilla):lhlO S, BeJiuqnHa 3TOH CHJibl

P =Sa, (1-11)

r):le CT - HaIIpll:>KeHHe, BbI3bIBaeMoe paccMaTpHBaeMOH BHeIIIHeif IIOBepXHOCTHOll Clf-

JIOH. 113 ):laJibHei\:rnero 6y):leT BlfAHO, qTo HaIIpH:>KeIDill CT BHeIIiHei\: noaepXHOCTHOH
CHJibl B HeKOTOpblX CJiyqallX (HanpnMep, B cJiyqae ABH:>Kyll.leHCll peaJibHOH :>KHAKOCTH
co CKOpOCiblO v) OKa3bIBalOTCll He opToroHaJlbHblMH K IIJIOil.la):lKaM mn, Ha KOTOpbie
OHH AeHCTBYIOT (CM. pile. 1-9). B 3TOM CJiyqae HailpH:>KeHHe CT MO:>KeM pa3JIOlKHTb
Ha ABe COCTaBJilllOillHe: a) HOpMaJihHYIO COCTaBJillIOillYIO, KOTOPYIO MO:>KHO Ha3BaTb
H 0 p Ma JI b H bl M Ha II p ll )l( e H He M CTm H 6) KacaTeJibHYIO COCTaBJillIOillYIO,
KOTOPYIO MOJKHO Ha3BaTb Ka ca Te JI b H bl M Ha II p j[ )l( e H He M 'l".

22
 CaMo co6oii pa3yMeeTDI, 'ITO 11pu H3y'lemrn CHJI, ,Ueiicrsy101UHX Ha )KHJlKOe TeJio,
TaK Ha3hIBaeMbie c 0 c pell 0 T 0 'I e H H bl e c H JI bl JlOJI)KHbl HCKJilO'lllThC}I H3 pac-
CMOTpeHH}I.
\{To KacaeTCS Ha II pg )Ke H H 0 r 0 c 0 c T 0 g H Hg )KffJlKOCTH, paccMaTpHBaeMOH
KaK CIIJIOllJHag cpe.na, TO 3TOT BOllpoc JierKO ce6e 11pe,ncraBHTb Ha OCHOBe Tex
cae,neHHH, KOTOphle coo6maJIHCh, HallpHMep, B Kypce COllpOTHBJleHHSI MaTepHaJIOB
llpHMeHHTeJibHO K TBep,noMy TeJiy.
l1MeeM o6beM v
)KHJlKOCTH, HallpSl)KeHHblH HeKOTOpblMH c )f( H M a IO lU H M H
ero cH.JJaMH. 1 8&1,neJiseM B ueM y pacCMaTp1rnaeMoif TO'IKH M 3JieMeHTapHLrn
o
o6neM V, 11pu<1eM y TO'IKH M naMe'faeM 3 JI e M e H T a p H y 10 11 JI o m a .n K y m - n
(n JI om a .n Ky .n e 8 c TB H s) onpe.neneuuoii opueHTHpOBKH (T. e. 011pe.nenettttoro
HaKJJOHa). 2

a} 5)

0W0~/,//$$d/0:WB
I
PHc. 1-9. 06i.eM ABCD, si.1- PHc. 1-10. HanpJnKefille s Ja,llaHHOH TO'!Ke M ClIJJOIII-
,[lCJICHHblH BHYTPH JKH,[l- HOH cpe,[lbI: a - 3JIJIHnc ttanpsiJKeHHH, 6 - waposa11
KOCTH (ABHlK)'llleHCll CO CKO- nosepxHOCTh HanpllJKeHHH (a = con st; i: = 0)
pOCTblO v); a - HanplllKe- (I - I) H (II - II) - rnaBHble OCH ae<t>opMaUHH; (m - n) -
HHe noeepxHOCTHOH CHJibl, npoH3BOilbHO opHCHTHPOBaHHaSI llJ!OLUaJlKa aeiiCTBHSI, HaMe-
.nencreyiomen Ha rpaH& BC 'ICHH8ll B TO'ltce M; o. H 't - HOpMailbHoe H tcacaTeilbHOe
HanpS1llCCHHS1 B TO'IKC M JIJISI llJ!OLUaJlKH ,n:eiiCTBHSI m- n

Hanp11xceuue B TO'IKe M, npHHa.LUiexcameif rmoma.z:uce m-n (rmoma.z:u,10 pasuoii,

HanpHMep, 1 KB. e.n.), o603Ha'IHM '1epe3 cr. 3TO HanpSl)l(eHHe, KaK H3BeCTHO,
npeJ:{CTaBJIJleT co6oii BCKTOpttylO BeJIH'IHHY (puc. 1-9), rrpH'leM .n:aHHag BeJIH'IHHa
c H3MeHeHHCM OpHeHTHpOBKH (yrna HaKJlOHa) llJIOlUaJ:{KH ~-n JlOJI)l(Ha B o6meM
CJlY'lae H3MeHJ1n, u csoe 3 Haq e H He (Mo,nyn1.) H csoe Harr pa B JI e H He (no oTtto-
llICHHIO K llJlOIUa.UKe J:{eHc'fBug). 0603Ha'IHM, KaK TO 6bIJIO CKa3aHO Bhlllle (puc. 1-9) :
a) Hop Ma JI h Hoe (K IUiomaJ:lKe .n:eucrsus) ua11psr)l(eHHe qepe3 cr";
6) Ka ca Te JI b H 0 e (K DJIOIUa.!l;Ke J:{eHCTBH}I) Hanpg)KeHHe 'lepe3 'I.

1
Bblwe Mbl yCJtoBHJIHCb He paccMaTpHeaTb oco6ble CJIY'laH JKHJlKOCTH, Kor.na oHa non-
sepraeTcll p a c T ll JK e H H l-0. JtlcKJIIO'lall .nanee HJ paccMoTpeHHSI pacTsirn:sa1-0mHe ttanpsilKeHHSI,
c JK HM a IO Ill He HanpRlkeHHll 6y,[leM C'IHTaTb n 0 JI 0 JK HT e JI b H bl M H (KaK 3TO )leJiaeTCll,
HanpHMep, BCIO.lJ.Y 8 IC}'pcax MexaHHKH rpyHTa H JlPYrHX CJJ}''lallX, xapaKTepH3YCMbIX IlOJIHbIM
OTcyTCTBHCM paCTllfHBal-OIUHX HanpsiJKeHHH; nonpo6Hee CM. CHOCKY Ha CTp. 33).
2
.L{anee HaM npH.llCTCll '!aCTO TIOJlb30BaThCll BblpaJKeIDleM: ((3JICMCHTapHall IlJlOIJla,LIKa,
HaMe'ICHHall BH)'TPH JKHD.KOCTH, H ((JJieMeHTapHblH o6beM JKH}lKOCTH. 3JleMeHTapHOH IlJIO-
llla,[lKOH 6y .llCM Ha3blBaTb BeCbMa Many10 IlJlOllla.ntcy, y )lOBJieTBOplllOlllYIO ycJIOBHlO: COOT-
BCTCTBYIOIUHC KOOP.llHHaTbl (x, y, z) ee TO'leK, TaKlKC KaK H BCJU!lfHHbl p H u (CM. .ua.n:ee
3-1), OTHOCllIUHeCll K 3THM TO'IKaM, OTJIH'lalOTCll ,upyr OT Apyra Ha 6ecKoHe'IHO Many10
BeJIH'IHffY. 3JJeMeHTapHb1H o6DCM onpenenlleTCll aHaJIOrH'IHO.

23
 JfasecTHO, 'ITO .n JI R .n a H Ho H: T o q KH M CWIOWHoJl: HarrpR)l(eHHoJl: cpe.m.1
MO)l(HO IIOCTpOHTb, paccMaTpHBaR II JI 0 c K y IO 3 a .n a q y' TaK Ha3blBaeMblH
3 JI JI H II c H a II p jl )!( eHHH ( 3JIJIHIIC JlRMe ), rrpH IIOMOW:H KOToporo IIORCHReTCR,
KaK B JaBHCHMOCTH OT oplleHTHpOBKll IIJIOilla.D;KH .n;eHCTBllR m- n ll3MeHRIOTCS!
HaIIpR)l(eHHS! cr, cr. ll 't, 0 TH 0 c S! w: He c S! K p a cc Ma T p H B a e M 0 H T0 q Ke M.
TaKoH 3JIJIHIIC HarrpR)l(eHHH rroKa3aH Ha pnc. 1-10, a. B1aHMHO opToroHaJibHble
OCH I- I H II - II 3JIJIHIIca 6y ,neM Ha3blBaTb r JI a B H bl M H o c si M H .n e Q> op Ma-
ll If H: 3JieMeHTapHor,o o6beMa 8 V. 1 JfasecTHO, qTo KacaTeJibHble HarrpR)l(eHHR t )1.JIR
WIOilla.D;OK .n;eJl:CTBHR, opToro HaJibHblX K r JiaBHblM OCRM I- I H II - II p a a H bl
Hy JI IO: t 1_ 1 = t 11 _n = O; HOpMaJibHble HarrpR)l(eHHR )1.Jlll 3THX WIOilla.D;OK Ha3bIBaIOTCll
r JI a B H bl M H H a II p S! )!( e HHS! M H li o603HaqaIOTCS! qepe3 cr 1 (60JibWee Harrpsi)l(e-
HHe) H qepe3 0"2 (MeHbWee HaIIpR)l(eHHe).
PaccMaTpnaaR )1.JIX ToqKn M HeKoTopyIO rrpoli3BOJibHO opneHTnpoaaHeyIO IIJIO-
ma.n;Ky .neJl:crBHR m-n, HMeeM .n;AA Hee (pnc. 1-10,a):
BeKTop Ma, KOHeU KOToporo (ToqKa a) Jie)l(HT Ha 3JIJIHIIce_;__3TOT BeKTop
.n;aeT HaM 3HaqeHHe (Mo.n;yJib) H HarrpaaJieHHe Harrpi;z)l(eHHR cr; cr =Ma;
HOpMaJib M !'f__,__ B.LJ;OJib KOTOpoH: .n;eH:crayeT B ,naHHOH TOqKe HOpMaJibHOe Harrpx-
)l(eHHe cr.; cr. =Mb;
OTPe3oK Mc, o~oroHaJibHblH K HOpMaJIH MN, Bb1pa)l(a10mnH: KacaTeJibHOe
HaIIpjf)i(eHHe t; t = Mc.
CJieeyeT 1arroMHHTh, qTo 3JIJIHIIC Harrpx)l(eHHH oqepqlfaaeTCll rro KOHllY aeKTopa cr,
a He no KOHllY BeKTopa cr 0
IlpH paccMoTpeHHH II p 0 c T p a H c T B e H H 0 H 3a.D;a qlf BMeCTO 3JIJIHIIca Ha-
n p jl )!( e H H H nonyqaeM B o6meM CJiyqae TpeXOCHblH 3JIJIHIICOIU( HarrpR)l(eHHH, npnqeM
a 3TOM ceyqae 6y.n;eM HMeTb y)i(e He .naa r JiaBHbIX HanpR)l(eHHll ( cr 1 H cr 2), a TPH
rJiaBHbIX HanpSl)l(eHHll (cri. cr 2, cr 3).
lfaBecTHO, qTo B qacTHOM cJiyqae, K 0 r .n a B pa cc Ma T pH Bae M 0 M Ha-
n p ll )!( eHH0 M Te JI e 0 Tc y Tc TB y IO T Ka ca Te JI b H bl e Ha II p jl JK e H H jl (Ta-
KOH cnyqa:H MO)l(eT HMeTh MeCTO, HanpnMep, KOr,na .n;aHHOe TB e p .n 0 e TeJIO
smm1eTCSI HeBeCOMblM, npuqeM OHO IIO)lBeprHyTO B c e c T 0 p 0 H He My pa B HO-
M e pH 0 My C)l(aTHIO) 3 JI JI H II c 0 H .n Ha II p S! )!( eHHH 0 6 pa Ill a e Tc jl B ill a-
p o Byro no Be p x Hoc Tb (pHc. 1-10, 6).
npu omcymcmsuu Kaca- CJie,noaaTeJibHO,
meAbHblX HanpR:>1eettuu ( B paccMampusaeMoM meAe) 3Ha'leHue ( MOOYAb) noAHOZO
HanpR:>ICeHUR B A1060U fflO'lKe OaHH020 meAa He 3aBUCUm Om opuettmupOBKU
nAOUJaOKU oeucmsuR.

1-7. CO(:TAB KYPCA rHJ{PAB.illfKJ1

IlPHMEPbI nPAKTHqECKOro nPHJIO:lKEHH.SI rHLl,PABJIHKH

Kypc rH.upaBJIHKH (TeXHH'lecKoii MexaHHKH lKH.llKOCTH) paJ6HaaeTcR Ha .llBa pa3)lena:

r H .ll p 0 c Ta TH K y, r )le paccMaTpHBaeTCR IIOKORlllaRCll lKH)lKOClb H r H .ll p 0 .ll H H a M H Ky,
2
n:~e 1nyqaeTCll .llBHlKYlllallCll lKH)lKQCTb.
Pa3.lleJI, rroCBllll.leHHhlH rH.upoc raTHKe, cpaBHHTeJihHO HeBeJIHK (rJiaaa 2). qTo KacaeTCll
pa3)leJia fH.llPO.llHHaMHKH, TO OH, B CBOIO O'lepe.llh, pa36HBaeTCll Ha .llBe OCHOBHhie '!aCTH.

1
HarroMHHM, qTO B KalK)lOH TO'!Ke HaIIplllKeHHOro TeJia cy111eCTBYIOT TPH B3aHMHO opTO-
roHaJlhHhlX 3JieMeHTa, KOTOphie H IIOCJie ile<l>opMal{HH OCTalOTCll B3aHMHO opTOfOHaJihHhIMH.
B.llOJih 3THX 3JieMeHTOB H HarrpaBJieHhl rJiaBHhie OCH ile<i>opMamw:. rJiaBHble OCH .lle<PopMaUHll
B CJIY'lae O.llHOpo,!IHOfO H30TPOIIHOrO TeJia COBIIa)lalOT c rJiaBHhIMH OCRMH 3JIJIHIIca HarrpRlKe-
HHH (3JIJIHIICa HaIIpRlKeHHOro COCTOllHHR B paccMaTpHBaeMOH TO'!Ke).
2
B pa3)leJie rH.llpO.llHH3MHKa Mhl B HeKOTOpOH Mepe ocae111aeM H BOIIpOChl KHHeMaTHKH
(T. e. <<reoMeTpHH .llBHJKeHHll) lKH,!IKOCTH.

24
 Ile p 8 a JI 'faCTb rH,l:lpo,l:lHHaMHKH (rJiaBLI 3 H 4) IlOCBJIIUaCTCJI Hay 'f H bl M OCHOBaM
rH)lpo.llHHaMHKH. B 3TOH 'faCTH .!l3IOTCJI OCHOBHLie IIOHJITHJI H orrpe,AeJICHHJI, BblBOlVITCll
H IIOllCHlllOTCJI 06uv1e ypaeHCHHJI fH,l:lpaBJIHKH, paccMaTpHeaeTCJI eorrpoc 0 CHJiax rpeHHJI
B lKH,[lKOCTH.
BT 0 pa II (HaH6oJiee o6WHpttall) '!aCTb nl1lPO.UHHaMHKH IIOCBJlmaeTC!I pa.31IH'IHLIM II pa K-
T H 'f e c K HM rrpHJIOJKeHHJIM. B 3TOH 'faCTH IIOJ1CHJ110TCJ1 pac'ieTLI .UBHJKCHHll lKHllKOCTH
B rpy6oIIposo.uax H OTKpblTblX pycnax, paccMaTpHBaeTCJI HCTe'leHHe lKH1lKOCTH 'ICPC3 OTBep-
CTHJI, .uaJOTCR pac'ieTLI .!lBHlKCHH!I BO,!J.bl B nopax rpyttTa H T. II.

PHc. 1-11. CxeMa rn,l:lpoyJJia (B HCKaJKeHHOM Macwra6e)

A - IIJIOTHHa; B - Kaeari; C - o6nacn j>enbTpa!DlH BO.llhI no.o. IIJIOTHHOli

,[l.JIJI npHMepa Ha PHC. 1-11 npe.UCTllBJICH . (B HCKaJKeHHOM MaCWTa6e) npo.LIOJlbHLIH

sepTHKaJlLHblH pa3pe3 peKH, nperpa)l()leHHOH nnoTHHOH A. 3Ta nnonrna COJ)laeT no;:mop
BO.llbl B peKe, npH'leM 'laCTb BO,!J.Ll IIepeJIHBaeTCJI '!epe3 IIJ!OTHtty, ApyraR JKe 'faCTb ee
nocryIIaeT B Kattan B, KOTOpblH OTBO.UHT Bo.uy HJ peKH K Mecry pacnoJIOJKeHH!I [Hl.\po-
cramurn HJIH Ha noJUI oporneHHll H T. II.
IlpoeKTHPYll rn.upoTeXHH'leCKHH YJen coopylKeHHll, IIOKa3aHHbJH Ha PHC. 1-11, npHXO.[IHTCJI,
HCilOJILJYJI aIInapaT rH.QpaBJJHKH, pernaTL c11e.uyIOIJ.{He npaKTJf'fCCKHe BOilpoCLI:
1. Ilo.[IIIOp Z, COJ.[laHHLIH IIJIOTHHOH, 06yCJ10BJIHBaeT JaTonJ1eID1e 6eperoe. c TCM 'iT06bl
onpe.neJIHTL creneHL JaTonneHHJI 6eperoe B pa.JnH'IHbIX MecTax peKH, Heo6X01lHMO no IIpa-
BHJlaM rH.npaBJIHKH IlOCTpOHTb KpHBYIO ab - CB060.[lttyl-O noeepXHOCTh IlOTOKa, KOTopa11 IlOJIY-
qaeTCJI IIOCJ!e IIOCTpOHKH IIJIOTHHbl. KpHBYIO ab Ha.no JHaTh TaK:lKe it .!lJIR Toro, 'iT06bl
oueHJfTb rJ1y6HHbl h B peke, He06XO.!lHMLle, HarrpHMep, .LIJIJI cy.noXO.!lCTBa.
2. tfT06bI o6ecne'iHTb npoIIyCK B01lbl 8 onpe)leJieHHOM KOJIH'iCCTBe '1Cpe3 rpe6eHb IIJIOTHHLI,
Heo6XOl.\HMO ttMeTb .uocraTO'IHYIO .UJIHHY 3Toro rpe6Hll H BblCOTY H (CM. 'lepre:lK), KOTOpble
TaKJKe ycraHaBJIHBalOTCJI no IIpaBHJlaM fH.ll.PllBJIHKH.
3. Bo.!la, nepeJIHBaJICb qepe3 IIJIOTHtty, MOlKCT IIO.!lMLITb IIJIOTHHY c HHJOBOH ee cropoHLI.
Ilo3TOMY Ja ITJIOTHHOH .UOJIJKHbl 6LITb 003.UaHbI TaICHe rH.upaBJIH'lecKHe YCJIOBHJI, npH KOTOpbiX
onaCHblH paJMblB ,[{Ha peKH 6LIJI 6&1 HeBOJMO:lKeH.
4. EcnH nJIOTHHa nocrpoeHa Ha IIec'laHoM OCHOBaHHH, To eo.na 6y.ner npoca'iHeaTbCJI
'lepeJ rpyHT OCHOBaHHJI, KaK JTO IIOKaJaHO crpeJIKaMH Ha 'lepTelKe. 3To npoca'lHBaHHe
(<!>HJibTpaUlll-0 B0.!1.Ll) npHXO.UHTCJI oueHHBaTb COOTBCTCTBYl-OWHMH rH1lPaBJIH'iecKHMH pac-
'leTaMH.
5. Haxoaeu, tteo6xoJJ,HML1e pa3Mep&1 OTBOllJIIllero xaaa11a B H pa.3Mep&1 Tpy6onpoeo.noe,
ycrpaHeaeMLIX nepe.u fHllPOCTaHUHeH, TaICJKe .!lOJllKHbl OIIpe,l:lCJIJITbCJI npH IIOMOlllH rH.[lpaBJIH-
'fCCKHX pac'ICTOB.
AnIIapaT rn.upaBJIHKH WHpOKO HCIIOJILJyeTCJI He TOJlbKO IIpH npoeKTHpoeaHHH, IIOCTpoifKe
H 3KCiiJIYaTaIJ;HH o6beKTOB 3HepreTH'ICCKOf0, BO.!lHOTpaHcnopTHOfO H fH.[{poMeJIHOpaTHBHOfO

25
CTpOIHCJlbCTBa. 3TOT annapaT TaIOKe Haxomrr WHpoKOC npHMCHeKHC npH npoeKTHpoBaHHH
CHCTeM BO)lOCHa6JKelilUI H KaHanH3aUHH, fH)lpaBJIH'ICCKHX MaWHH H T. n.
CnenyeT no)l'!epKHYTb, '!TO B y'le6HoM rypce flt)lI!aBJIHKH .!UllOTCJI TOJibKO OCHOBbI 3Toii
)lHCUHilJIHHbl. )J.aJlbHefuuee pa3BHTHC OCHOB rHnpaBJIHKH H npaKTH'ICCKHe npHJIO:>KeHHJI HX,
TeCHO CB1!3aHHbie c npoeKTHpOBaIIHeM H KOHCTpyHpoBaHHeM coopyxeHHii, npHXOJlHTCll H3JiaraTb
B Ta!<HX y'!e6Hb!X Kypcax, KaK, HanpHMep, rHnpOTeXHH'ICCKHe coopyxeHHll>> [1-8; 1-9],
((11Cil0Jlb30BaHHe BOJ].HOH :rneprHH [1-2], 11HJKeHepHall MCJIHopaUHll, BO.ll.HblH TpaHCIIOpT
[ 1-4], BonocHa6JKeHHe [ 1-1] H Jlp.

1-8. KPATKHE CBE)J.EHHJI H3 HCTOPHH rtt)J.PABJIHKH

11 06 EE OCHOBOnOJIOJKHHKAX 1
3ap01KJ].CHHC OT.ll.CJlbHblX npe}lCTaBJieHHii H3 o6JiaCTH rHnpaBJIHKH CJICJlYCT OTHCCTH eme
K r Jiy6oKoii npeBHOCTH, KO BpeMCHH fHJlPOTeXHH'!eCKHX pa6oT, np080.!lHBWHXCJI .upeBHHMH
HapoJlaMH, HaceJillBWHMH ErHIICT, BaBHJIOH, MeconoTaMHJO, 11H.l1Hto, KHTaii H .apyrne crpaHbl.
0AHaKO npoWJIO MHOfO BeKOB H na;ice TblCJl'ICJieTHii, npc'lK.ne 'ICM Ha'!aJIH IlOllBJUIThCll
OT)lCJibHbIC, BHa'!aJIC He CBJl3aHHble .rqiyr c .upyroM, IlOilbITIOI BbIIlOJIHHTb Hay 'I H bl e
0 6 0 6 Ill e H H .II Tex HJIH .llPYfHX Ha6JIIO.!lCHHii, OTHOCJIUlHXCll K fH.LqlaBJIH'ICCKHM l!BJieHHllM.
B }laJieKoii .upeBHOCTH rHJlPaBIIHKa llBmlJiaCb TOJlbKO peMCCJIOM 6C3 KaKHX-Jrn6o Hay11HbIX
OCHOB.
n e pH 01l )]. p e B He ii r p e UH H. B rpeUHH Cllle 3a 250 JieT .llO H. 3 . Ha'laJIH 110
llBJlllTbCll TpaKTaTbl, B KOTOpblX yJKe BbinOJIHllJIHCb .ll.OCTaTO'IHO cepbC3HblC .ll)lll Toro BpeMeHH
TeopeTH'ICCKHC o6o6meHHll OT.!lCJlbHblX BOnpocoB MCXat!HKH )ICHJll(OCTH. MaTeMaTHK H MeXaHHK
Toro apeMeHH Ap x HM e il (ox. 287 -212 rr . .uo H. J.) ocraBHJI nocne ce611 aHanH3 eonpo-
cos rn.upoCTaTHKH H nJiaBaHHll. 3a HCTeKillee BpeMll K TPYJlY ApXHMe.na, IIOCBllllleHHOMy
fH.LqlOCTaTHKe, MaJIO '!TO y.uaJIOCb .uo6aBHTb.
ITpencraBHTeJib npeBHerpe'leCKOii IllKOJlbl KT C3 H 6 H ii (II HJIH I BCK .!lO H. 3 .) H300peJI
IlOJKapHb!H HaCOC, BOJ]..llHbie '!aCbl H HeKOTOpblC ilPYfHe fH}lpaBJIH'lecKHe yCTpoHCTBa. r e p 0 Hy
A JI e Kc a H Jl pH ii c K 0 My (Bepo.llTHO, I BeK H. 3.) npHHa.!lJIC:>KHT onHcaHHe CH<j>oHa, BO.!lllHOro
opraHa, aBTOMaTa .!lflll OTnycKa )ICJl)lKOCTH H T. n.
n e pH o 1l )], p e B H er o P H M a. PHMJillHe JaHMCTBOBaJIH MHoroe y rpeKoB. B )l,peBHeM
PHMe CTpOHJIHCb CJlOlKHbie .LJ.JI.11 TOfO BpeMeHH fH,llpOTCXHH'ICCKHe coopyxe1IHJ1: aKBC.!lYKH,
CHCTCMbl BO)lOCHa6JKeHHJI H T. n. B CBOHX CO'IHHCHHllX pHMCKHH HH:>KeHep-CTpoHTCJib
<1> po II TH II (40-103 r. II. J.) yKaJhrnaeT, '!TO so apeMe1Ia Tpa11Ha B PHMe 6bIJIO
9 BO}lOilpOBO)lOB, npH'leM o6ma.11 .llJIHHa BO)lOilpOBO)lHbIX JIHHHH COCTaBJIJIJia 436 KM. MOlKHO
npe)lnoJiaraTb, '!TO pHMJIJIHe yJKe o6pamaJIH BHHMaHHe Ha HaJIH'IHC CBll3H MC:>KJlY IlJIOIUa,llbto
JKHBoro ce'!eHHll H yKJIOHOM ima pycna, 1Ia conponmnelH!e !lBH:>KCHHto 80.!lbl a Tpy6ax,
ua uepaJpbIBHOCTb )lBHJICCHHll lKHJlKOCTH. HanpHMep, <l>poHTHH nHcaJI, '!TO KOJIH'lecreo 80,llbl,
noCTyilHBilleii B i:py6y, )lOJllKHO paBHllTbC.11 KOJIH'ICCTBY BO.llbl, BblTCKaK>Uleii H3 Hee.
n e pH 0 Jl c p e Jl H H x Be K 0 B. . 3TOT nepHOJl, )lJIHBWHHCJI noCJie na.ueHH.11 PHMCKOii
HMnepHH OKOJIO Tb!Cll'IH JlCT, xapaKTep113yeTCJI, KaK npHHllTO C'IHTiiTb, perpeccoM, B '!aCTHOCTH,
H B o6JiaCTH MeXat!HKH lKH.!lKOCTH.
3 n o x a Bo 3 p o JK .u e H 11 ll. B Te'!eHHe BTopoii noJIOBHHbl XV een H B XVI BeKe
ita'!aJIH pa3BHBaTbCJI 3KCnepHMCHTaJibHbIC HCCJIC,llOBaHJUI (CM. Hll:>Ke), nocreneHHO onpo-
BepraBillHe cxo11acTH'ICCKHe B033peu11.11, no,llllepJ1CHeaeMble KaTOJIH'ICCKoii uepKOBbto. B 3TOT
nep110.u B Hra11111r1 no.11e11JiaCb reuHaJibtta.11 JIH'IHOCTb - JI e o Hap .!lo .u a B Hu 'I H (1452-
1519), KOTOpblii, KaK HJsecTHO, BeJI cso11 ttay'!Hble (3KcnepHMCHTaJibHblC H TeopeT11'!ecme)
HCCJie)lOBaHHll B caMblX PaJJIH'!HbIX o6JiaCTJIX; B 'laCTHOCTH, Jleouap)lO HJy'laJI npHHLIHil
pa60Thl fH.llpaBJIH'ICCKOfO npecca, a3PO.llHHaMHKY JICTaTCJibHblX annapaTOB, o6pa30BaHHC BO.llO-

I 3.uecb npHBO.llllTCll HCTOpH'ICCKHe npe)lnOCbIJIKH, nocJiylKHBWHe OCHOBOfi .Q.JlJI C03,llaHHJI

COBpeMeHHOfO rypca TCXHH'ICCKOH MeXaHHKH lKH.llKOCTH (rH,!IpaBJIHXH), OTHOClllllCfOCJI K HHlKe-
HepHo-CTpOHTCJlbHOH, rH,llpOTeXHH'leCKOH cneuHaJibHOCTH (no.apo6uee CM. [1-iO]). 3TH HCTOPH-
'ICCKHe rrpe!lnOCbIJIKH ocaemaioTcJI ttaMH TOJibKO B paMJCax JJ.O nep110.na 1920-1930 rr.
(T. e. B npe.ueJiaX TaK Ha3bIBaeMOH HCTOpH'ICCKOH )laBHOCTH); npH 3TOM MbI HMCnH B BHJlY,
'!TO .uaJibHeiiwee pa3BHTHe fH.llPaBJIHKH, KOTopoe ocyweCTBJIJIJIOCb yxe HawHMH coepeMeH-
HHKaMH, .uocTaTO'IHO nonuo 6y!leT oTpalKeuo e caMOM Icypce rHJJ.PaBJIHKH. B 3TOM naparpa<t>e
HaM, eCTeCTBeHHO, npHWJIOCh Il0Jlh30BaTbC.ll OT)lCJibHblMH TepMHHllMH H nOHJITHJIMH, c KOTO-
pbIMH 'IHTaTeJlb 03HaKOMHTCJI TOJibKO npH HJY'ICHHH MaTepHaJia, HJJiaraeMoro HHlKe.

26
 BOj!)O'IHblX 06JlaCTeii, OTpalKCHHe " HHTepcpepeHURl-0 BOJIH, HCTC'ICHHe JKHAKOCTH '1Cpe3 OTBepcTHll
11 eonocJIHBhr H npyrne n1npaBJ1H'lecKHe eonpoci,1. OH HJ06peJ1 ueHTpo6eJKHbrii Hacoc, napa-
. llIIOT, aHeMoMeTp. PaJJ11P1Hb1e pa6.oTM JleoHapno oTpaJKeHhJ B coxpattHBWHXCll 7 ThIC. crpam1u
ero.:py1<0IU1ceif, ,xpau11m14cxcll a 6H6JI110Te1<ax JloH.UOHa, BHttnJopa, Tiapm1<a, MHJiatta H TypHtta.
flo-e1untMOMy, cnpaee.!l;JIHBo 6yner npH3HaTb, '!TO Jleottap,Qo ,Qa BHH'lll llBJllleTCll o c Ho Bo-
n o JI o JK tt HK OM M;exaHH>KH "?KH,U<KOCTH.
, K nepHOAY Bo3pOJKACHH'll OTHOCl!T{;ll pa60Tb! HHACpJiaH.UCKOfO MaTeMaTHKa - HH)l(CHepa
C 11 Mo Ha CT e e 11 Ha (1548- 1620), onpen e1111ewero eeJIH'!llHy rnnpocrnTH'!ec1<oro .naeneHHJI
Ha nJlOCKYIO cp11rypy H OObllCHHBwero n1npocTaTH'!ec1<HH napa.AOKC>). B :noT nepHO)l een111<11il
HTaJihllHCKHH <l>H3HK, MeXaHHK H aCTpOHOM r a JI H JI e 0 r a JI H JI e M (1564-1642) IlOKa.JaJI,
'!TO rH.L:qJaBJIH'\CCKHC conpOTHBJieHHll B03pacTalOT c yBeJIH'leHHeM CKOpOCllf H c B03pacraHHeM
TIJIOTHOCTH lKH)lKOM cpetlhr; OH pa3bl!CH~ TaKJKe eonpoc 0 BaKYyMe.
.fl e'P H o n XVII Be Ka 11 . H att a JI o XVIII Be Ka. B :no apeM11 MexaHHKa JKHAKOCTH
BCe eme RaXO.l{HJI8Cb B 33'!a'tO'!HOM CQCTOl!Hlflf. BMecTe c TCM 3/leCh MOJKHO OTMCTHTb
HMeHa cJie1l)'IOll.IH"X y<retthrx,. crroco6CTBOBaBUirix ee pa3BHTifJ-O: K a c T e JI JI H ( 1577 - 1644) -
npenonaeareJib MaTeMaTHKH a flvne H PI1Me - a 11cHoii cpopMe H'3JIOJKHBUIHil npHHUHn
ttepa3phIBHocTH' To. p p If 'I e JI JI If ( 1608 - 1647) - BhIJJ.aJ-OIUifHCll MaTeMa TlfK H cjm:mK - JJ.aJI cpop-
MYJlY pac'lel'a CKOpOCTif HCTe'leHIH! lKH)lKOCTH H3 OTBepCTHll H lf306peJI PTYTHbIH 6apoMeTp;
rr a c
Kan h (1623"-1662) - Bbl)lalOLUifHCll cppaHUY3CKHH M3TeMaTHK H $H3HK - ycTaHOBHBWHH,
'!TO 3H3'!CHliC nmpocTaTH'!ecKoro .ll3BJICHifll fie 33BHCl1T OT oplleHT11pOBKH IIJ!OlU3.l(KH )leii-
CTBllll; l<}'OMC roro, OH . OKOH'laTeJlbHO peWHJI }! o6oCHOBaJl BOnpoc 0 BaKyyMe; H b IO T 0 H
(1643 H. CT.-1727) ~TeHI13JibHhiH aHrm1ilc1rnii cpH3HK, MexaHHK, acTpOHOM Ii MaTeMaTHK -
.Liaawl-!ii Hapll.lIY c peweHHCM p11l!a n1ApaBJIH'1ec1<I1X aonpocoe npu6nttJKeHttoe onlfcattHe 3a-
KOHOB BHyTpeHHero rpeHHll lKHAKOCTH.
C ep e 1::r i-1 H a
11 Ko Heu XVIII a e K a. <t> o p M If p y J-O Tc ll T e o p e T If " e c K u e
0 c H 0 Bbl c 0 B p e Me H H 0 H Mex a H If K H JI( If A K 0 c T If. AHaJJlf3HPYll COOTBCTCTBYI-OlllIDl
HCTOpH'1ec1mii MatepJ.iaJI, MOlKHO BH.lICTh, 'ITO BOnpoc 0 BaK)'yMe OC03HaBaJJCJI 'ICJIOBe-
'leCTBOM Ha npoTJDKeHMH 2 TbIC. JleT (oT ApllCTOTeJill, HenpaBHJJbHO OCBeTHBWero 3TOT eonpoc,
no- nacKaJJll); aonpoc 0 Hepa3pb!BHOCTH A BHJKeHHll lKH.lIKOCTH - Ha rrpoTlllKCHHH 1,5 TblC. JleT
(OT <l>poHTirna no KacreJ1Jm). Ta1<oe nonolkeH11e 06b11Cttllerc11 TeM, '!TO npeJKJJ.e 'leM yllCIDITh
nono6m,1e 11onpocbl (c coape,rvieHHOH TO'IKH 3peHHll AOCT3TO'IHO npoCTble), CJICAOB3JIO
npeJJ.B"apHTCJibHO llCf!O ce6e npeACT3BHTh OCHOBHhJe JIOiIOJKeHHll cl>H3HKH " MeXaHHKH, KOTOpble
}J Rawe epeMH JllO.lIH )'CBaHBal-OT t: A CTCKOfO BOJpaCTa: Bonpoc 0 CHJie TRlKCCTll If ece-

MHPHOM THrOTeHHM, aonpoc 0 CKOpOCTJt If ycKopeHPrn, 0 JJ.aBJieHHll aTMOc$epbl H T. JI.

TOJibKO OCBOHB T3KHe npe)lCTaBJleHHll, MOJKHO JlerKO pa3o6paTbCll B 3JieMeHTapHbJX)) nono-
lKCHHllX Mexamnrn )l(lfJJ.KOCTif. O n ttaKo peweHHe acex .::n11x eonpocoe cl>HJHKH H MexattMKH
llBJillJIOCb BeChMa TPYAHOH Jana'lett: Ha nyrH pacKpblTifll HX CTOl!Jia K3TOJIIf'lecKall uepKOBb,
pa3JIH'!Hble npe.llpaccy.uKli, a T3KJKe cy!UeCTBOBaBUIHe MeTacl>Ifl3H'lecKHe o6bl!CHeHHll pa3JIH'IHbIX
llBJleHHJf (HanpllMep; roaopHJUf, 'ITO CHapHl.I JJeTHT B B03.l(yxe nOTOMy, 'ITO TOT, KTO OTJIHJ!
era, BllCJI B Hero H3BOCTH)'IO CHJiy; KOTOpall H o6yCJIOBJIHBaeT ABHJKeHHe cttapl!JJ.a; ApllCTOTeJJh
Y'IHJI, 'ITO JleTlllllYIO CTpe11y npHBOllHT B .!IBlflKeHHe B031lYX If T. n.).
J1 BOT K cepeJJ.llHe XVIII aeKa TPYMMM PllAa ytteHh1x (1aJIHJieR, KonepttHKa, KenJiepa,
nac1<a1111, )J.eKapTa, ryKa, Hbi-OTOHa, Jleii6HHUa, JlOMOHOCOBa, KJJepo If MHOrHX .L:qJyrnx)
yKa3aHHhfe npenllTCTBHll, HaKOHeU, 6hIJIIf B 3f!3'1llTeJlbHOM Mepe npeo)lOJleHbI. flocJie 3Toro
OTHOCHTCJlbHO 6bICTpo Ha'laJIH C03)1aBaThCll coepeMeHHble ttay'!Hhle OCHOBbJ MeXaHHKlf
JKHJlKOCTH. 3TH Hay'IHhie ocHOBhI 6bJJIH 3a110JKeHhl TpeMJI y'leHhIMH XVIII BeKa : )J.aHiflfJIOM
EepttyJIJIH, 3HllepoM If )].' AnaM6epoM .
.ll Ee pH y JI JI 11 (1700- 1782) - BhlA3!01.llHHCll cpH3IfK H MaTeMaTHK - pollHJICll a 1pOHHH-
rette (foJ111aH.mi11). C 1725 no 1733 r. JKHJI a flerep6ypre, l!BJ111J1c11 npo<f>eccopoM 11 'IJieHoM
fleTep6yprcKoii AKa.ueMHH ttayK. B fleTep6ypre OH HanHcaJJ caoii JHaMeHifThlii TPY.ll
((rttl.IpoJJ.HHaMHKa, KOTOpbIH 6bm BnOCJlC.l(CTBllH ony6JIHKOBaH (B 1738 r.) B r. CTpac6ypre.
B 3TOM TpyAe OH ocaenrn Pllll OCHOBOTIOJ1ara10I11HX rH.l]paBJIH'leCKHX BOnpoCOB If B '13CT-
HOCTH o6bl!CHHJI cpH3H'leCKHH CMb!CJl CJiaraeMbIX, BXOJJ.llll.llfX B coapeMeHHOe y paBHCHHe ycTa-
HOBHBwerocl! JJ.BHJKeHRll (u.ueaJibHOH JKH.ll.KOCTll), HOCllIUee ero HMll.
JI. 3 ii JI e p ( 1707 - 1783) - aenHKHH MaTeMarnK, MexattHK u <!>1tJHK - poAHJICll a r. EaJene
(llieeiiuapHll). )l(un B flerep6ypre c 1727 AO 1741 r. H c 1766 r. AO KOHUa JKH3HH.
lihm rneHOM IleTep6yprcKoii AJCaneMHH HayK. YMep a nerep6ypre. MornJia ero Haxonnrcll
B Jlettmrrpa.ncKOM HeKponone. 3Hllep He TOJibKO IlO)lblTOJKifJI If o6o6ll.IHJI B fie3ynpe'IHOH
MaTeMaTH'leCKOH cpopMe pa60Tbl npenweCTBYJ-OIIIHX aaTopoB, HO COCT3BHJI lf3BecTHhie JJ.Hcl>cl>e-

27
peHI.UtaJJbHble ypaBHeHHSI .llBHllCeHHll H OTHOCHTeJJbHOfO paBHOBeCHll llCH.llKOCTH, HOCSIIUHe ero
HMJI, a TaKllCe oIIy6JJHKOBaJI ueJJhIH Pll.ll opHrHHaJlhHhIX peweHHH rHJIPaBJIH'lecKHX 3a.lla'I,
lllHpOKO HCIIOJJblYSI C03.llaRHhlH K TOMY BpeMeHH MaTeMaTH'leCK!-!H aIInapaT.
)I(. )]. A JI a M 6 e p (1717-1783) - MaTeMaTHK H <fmnococj>; 'lJJeH napHllCCKOH, <l>PattUY3CKOH
H JIPyrnx AKaAeMHH HayK, a TaK:>Ke ITeTep6yprcKOH AKa)leMHH HayK (c 1764 r.). Ony6JIHKosan
PSl.U TpaKTaTOB, OTHOCSIIUHXCSI K paBHOBeCHIO H )lBmKemuo llCH.llKOCTH; npe.nnonaraIOT, 'ITO
JI.' AnaM6ep IIepBhIH OTMeTHJJ eo3MO)l(HOCTh KaBHTaUHH )l(H.llKOCTH.
B yKalaHHhIH nepHO.ll cyiuecrseHHhIH BKJJa.ll B .lleno p33BHTHJI MexaHHKH lKH.llKOCTH BttecJIH
TaK)l(e .llBa Bhl.lla!OIUHXCJI cj>paHUYlCKHX MaTeMaTHKa Toro epeMeHH: :lK. JI a r pa H )I(
(1736-1813), KOTOpblH BBeJJ IIOHllTHe IIOTeHUHaJJa CKopocTH H HCCJJe.llOBaJI BOJJHbl M3JIOH
BhlCOThl, H fl. JI a II JI a C (1749- 1827), C03.UaBlllHH, B 'laCTiiOCTH, oco6y10 TeOplUO BOJJH
Ha IIOBepXHOCTH lKH.llKOCTH.
Ce p e .n H Ha H Ko Heu XVIII e e Ka. 3 a p o lK .n a e Tc JI Tex H H 'l e c Koe (II pH-
K JI a .n H 0 e) Ha II pa B JI e H He Mex a H HK H )I( H .ll K 0 c TH. Hapll.llY c y'leHbIMH JI. 3HJlepoM,
)].. EepHyJlnH, )].'AJiaM6epoM H .lip., ccj>opMyJrnpoeaBUIHMH OCHOBhl COBpeMeHHOH MexaHHKH
)l(HJlKOCTH, e cepe.1nrne H e KOHUe XVIII e. eo <I>paHUHH Ha'laJla nocTeneHHO o6pa30BhI-
BaThCJ1 oco6all lllKOJla - WKOJla y'leHhIX-HH)l(eHepoB, KOTOpble CTaJIB cj>opMHpOBaTh MexaHHKy,
KaK IIPHKJla!lffYIO (rexHH'lecKyJO) Hayry. Pa,ccMaTpueal! ru.npaeJIHKy, KaK oTpacJib TeXHHKH,
a He MaTeMaTliKH, IIpeJJ.CTaBHTeJlli JTOH lllKOJlhl BBeJIH IIpeIIO)laBaHHe MexaHHKH llCli.llKOCTH
e TexHH'lecn1x y'le6HhIX 3aee.nelilfllX. K KOHI\Y XVIII B. cj>paHUY3CKall WKOJia cram OCHOBHOH
fHJIPaBJIH'lecKOH UIKOJIOH B o6JiaCTH TeXHH'!ecKHX HayK.
JlpKHMH IIpe.l\CTaBHTeJISIMH )TOH UIKOJlh! SIBHJIHCh: A. n HTO (1695-1771) - HHlKeHep-
fHJIPOTeXHHK, 'IJJeH napmKCKOH AKa,neMHH HayK, H3o6peTareJib npH6opa ITHTO; A. lII e 3 H
( 1718 - 1798) - .nHpeKTOP <I>paHUY3CKOH lllKOJlhl MOCTOB H .nopor (3KOJ!h )le ITOH 3 lliocce),
ccj>opMynupoeaBWHH IIapaMeTpb! IIO.l\06HJI IIOTOKOB H o6octtoBaBWHH cj>opMyny, HOClllUYIO ero
HMS!; :lK. Ii Op .n a (1733 - 1799) - BOeHHhIH HHlKeHep, KOTOpblH 3aHHM3JICll BOnpocaMH HCTe-
'leHHll )l(HJIKOCTeH H3 OTBepcn!H " HaUieJI IIOTepH HaIIopa IIpH pe3KOM pacwHpeHHH IIOTOKa;
IT. )]. IO 6 ya (1734-18()9) - HHlKeHep-rH.l\pOTeXHHK H BOeHHh!H HHllCeHep, COCTaBHBlllHH
0606iua10IUHH TPY.ll ITpHHUHIIhI rHJIPaBJIHKH.
TeXHH'lecKoe HanpaaneHHe MexaHHKH lKH.llKOCTH pa3BHBaJIOCb H e APYrHx crpaHax. 3.neCb
MOlKHO OTMeTHTh HTao'lhl!HCKOfO IIpocj>eccopa )].. B eHTy p H ( 1746 - 1822) H HeMeUKOfO
y'lettoro-muKeHepa P. BoJlhTMaHa (1757-1837).
B pelyJihTaTe .neJ1renhHOCTH y'leHhtX-HH)l(ettepoe TeXHH'leCKall MexaHHKa lKH.llKOCTH
(fHJIPaBJIHKa) o6oraTHJiaCh H3o6peTeHHeM COOTBeTCTBy10rueil H3MepHTeJibHOH anIIapaTyphl
(IIbeJOMeTpaMH, Tpy6KaMH ITHTO, BepTYUIKaMH . BOJihTMaHa H T. II.); H)leeH HCIIOJlb30BaHHJI
MaTepttaJibHblX (aeruecrBeHHh!X) MO.l\eJieH Tex HJIH .l\PYfHX fH)\paBJIH'lecKHX l!BJieHHH .UJISI HX
1ny'leHHll " ,[l.J'Jll npoeKTHpOBaHHSI COOTBeTCTByIOIUHX HHlKeHepHb!X coopyJKeHHH; H.neeH: Teope-
TH'lecKOfO IIOCTpOeHHJI IIpH6JIHJKeHHh!X pac'!eTHh!X 3aBHCHMOCTeH c YTO'!HeHHeM TaKHX JaBH-
CHMOCTeH npH IIOMOIUH BBe)\eHJHI B HHX 3MIIHPH'lecKHX Ko:J<f>cj>mweHTOB.
BHe 3aBHCHMOCTH OT cj>opMHpOBaHHll TeXHH'lecKOH MexaHHKH JKH.llKOCTH B crpaHaX
3ana.nHoH Espo1Ib1 reHHaJihHhtH pyccKHH y'leHhIH M. B. JioMoHocoa (1711 - 1765), y'IHThIBall
pocr npOMh!UIJieHHOCTH H CTpOHTeJlbCTBa B PocCHH, Ha'lan TaK)l(e pa3BHBaTb MeXaHHKY
)l(H.UKOCTH B TeXHH'!eCKOM HarrpasneHHH.
p a 3 B HT H e Te x H H 'I e c K 0 H M ex a HHKH )I( H .n K 0 c TH (r H .n p a B JI H K H) B XIX B.
3a p y 6 e )I( o M. 3apoAHBllleecJI Bo <I>paHUHH TeXHH'leCKoe (ru.npaBJIH'lecKoe) HaIIpaBJieHHe
MeXaHHKH lKH.llKOCTH 6btCTp0 Ha'laJIO pa3BHBaThCJI KaK B caMOH <I>paHUHH, TaK H B .npyrHX
crpattax. B JTOT nepHO.l\ e TOH HJIH .l\pyroH: Mepe 6bIJIH pa3pa60TaHhI HJIH peweHhI cne-
JJ.YIOIUHe npo6neMb1: OCHOBhl TeOpHH nnaBHO H3MeHS110LUeroc11 HepaBHOMepHoro .llBHJKeHHll
lKH.UKOCTH e OTKPh!ThIX pycnax (EeJiaHJKe, KopHOJIHC, CeH-BeHaH, )1.10II10H, Ey.neH, Epecc,
EyccHHecK); sonpoc o rHJlpaenH'leCKOM nphllKKe (EH.l\OHe, EenaHJKe, Epecc, EyccHHecK);
3KCIIepHMeHTaJihHoe OIIpe.neJ1eHHe IIapaMeTpoa, BXO.lllllUHX e <f>opMyJ1y llie3H (Ea3eH, MattHHHr,
faHrnnhe, KyrTep); cocraBJieHHe :JMnHpH'lecKHX H nony:JMIIHpH'lecKHX cj>opMyn .llJlll o;ipe,aenemu1
ru.npaBJIH'lecKHX conpoTHBJieHHH B pa3JIH'IHhIX CJiy'laJ1x (KyJ10H, XareH, CeH-BeHaH, ITyaJeHJib,
)].apcH, Bei!c6ax, EyccHHecK); orKphlTHe .llBYX pelKHMOB .llBHJKeHHll lKH.llKOCTH (Xarett, Pei!HOJ!h.llc);
nony'!eHHe TaK Ha3bIBaeMhIX ypaBHeHHH Haabe- CToKca, a TaK)J(e ypaBHeHHH PeiiHOJih.nca
Ha OCHOBe HCIIOJlb30BaHHll MO)leJIH ocpe)J.HeHHOfO Typ6yneHTHOfO IIOTOKa (CeH-BeHaH,
Pei!HoJih.!1.C, EyccHHecK); yCTaHoeJieHHe npHHUimoe rH.npo.nHHaMH'lecKoro no.no6HJ1, a TaKJKe
KPHTepHeB IIO.l\06HSI (KowH, PHH'!, <I>py.l\, renbMfOJibl{, PeHHOJlh.l\C); OCHOBbl y11eHH11 0 .l\BHlKeHHH
rpyHTOBhlX ao,u. (.llapcu, )1.10moH, 6yccHHecK); reopHll BOJIH (fepcTHep, CeH-BeHaH, PHH'I, <I>py.n,

28
CTOKC, renbMrOJibU, 6a3eH, 6yCCHHCCK); BOnpOCbl HCTC'ICHIUI lKH,!\KOCTH 'ICpe3 BO)J.OCJIHBbl
H oTBepCTHR (6eJJauJKe, KHpxro<I>, 6a3eu, liycCHuecK, 6op.ua, Beifc6ax). B noT nepno.a
H3Y'IBJJHCb TaKJKe B3BeceHecyII.1He OOTOKH (<l>apr, )J.iomou), HeyCTaHOBHBllleecJI )J.BHlKeHHe
(CeH-BeHaH, 6ycc1rnecK, )J.IOTIIOH).
3 a p 0 )I( .II, e H He H pa 3 B HT He Tex H H 'I e c K 0 H Mex a H HK H )I( H .II, K 0 c TH (r HA-
P a B JI HK H) B XIX e. B Po cc H H. IlpHKJia)J.Hoe, HHJKeHepHoe HanpaBJieHHe MexattHKH
JKHJIKOCTH, 3apo.11,HBUJeecJ1 y Hae eiue B pa6ornx M. B. JloMoHocoaa (cM. BbIUJe), CTaJio
pa3BHeaTucJ1 e PoccHH e XIX e. e CTeHax IleTep6yprcxoro HHcnnyTa HHJKeHepoe nyTeif
coo6meHHJ1. B JTOM HHCTHTYTe .uo;iroe BpeMll cyiuecraoaaJia e.11.HHCTBeHHal! rHAPaBJIH'lecKall
WKOJia PoccHH. Y'leHbie :noro HHCTHTYTa TOJibKO B Ha11ane caoeii .11.ellTeJibHOCTH cJie.11,oaaJJH
<l>paHIIY3CKOH rH.11,paBJIH'lecKOH llIKOJle. 3.aeCb MOJKHO npeJK)J.e Bcero ynOMllffYTb n. n. M e JI b-
H HK 0 Ba (1804-1880) - HHJKeHepa nyTeH coo6weHHJI, npo<t>eccopa npHKJla.D.HOH MeXaHHKH,
no'leTHoro 'IJieHa TieTep6yprcKoil AKa.11,eMHH HayI<, MHHHCTpa nyTeil coo6111eHHll, 1C0Topb1il
co3AaJJ nepBbIH Ha pyccKoM ll3bJKe KYPC 0cHOBaHHll npaKTH'lecKoH rH.ll,paBJJHKH ... , a TaKJKe
opraHIDOBaJJ B 1855 r. nepayio B PoccHH yqe6HyIO rn,QpaenH'lecKYIO na6opaTopHIO.
TipeeMHHKaMH n. n. MeJJbHHKOBa llBJlllJIHCb npo<t>eccopa Toro llCe HHCTHTyra B. c. r JI y x 0 B,
H. M. c 0 K 0 JI 0 B, n. H. K 0 T JI R p e B c K H H, <I>. E. Ma Kc HM e HK 0 H r. K. Me p 'I H Hr.
OHH ony6JIHKoBaJJH pll.11, TPYAOB, OTHOCJl!UHXCJI K TeXHH'lecKoH MexaHHKe JKH.11,KOCTH (rH.11,paBJIHKe),
B KOTOpblX 06o6111HJIH COOTBen;rnyiomHe HCCJie)lOBaHHll, Bh!IlOJIHeHHble B CTeHax HHCTHTYTa
HHJKeHepoB nyTeH coo6IUeHHll.
6onbIIIOH BKJJa)l BHCCJIH B pa:JBHTHe rH.11,paBJIHKH CJIC.!l)'IOIIIHe pyccKHe Y'ICHble H HHJKeHepbl:
H. n. n e T p 0 B (1836-1920) - Bb1)1<UOIUHHCR pycCKHH Y'lCHb!H-HHJKeHep, llO'ICTHb!H 'IJICH
IleTep6yprcKoH AKaACMHH HayK (HHJKettep-reaepaJI-JieilTeHaHT, TOBapum MHHHCTpa nyTeH
coo6memu1), KOTOpb!H B CBOeM Tpy)le TpeHHe B MaIIJHHax H BJIHl!HHe Ha Hero CMa3bl-
BalOllleH lKHAKOCTH (1883 r.) BIIepBble c<l>opMyJJHpOBaJI 3aKOHbl TpeHHll npH HaJIH'lHH CM3.3KH;
H. E. )K y K o B c K H tt ( 184 7 - 1921) -
BeJIHKHtt pyccKHH y'lettbitt, npo<tJeccop MocICoBcKoro
B1>1crnero TeXHH'tecxoro Y'lHJJHIUa H MocKoecxoro ymrnepCHTeTa, 'IJleH-KoppecnoH.IJ,eHT TieTep-
6yprcKoH AI<a)leMHH HayK, C03)J.aTeJib TeopHH ru.upaBJIH'lecKoro y ~pa, HCCJie)J.OBaBllIHH
TaKJKe MHOrHe .11,pyrne BOilpOCbl MCXaHHKH lKH.11,KOCTH; 11. C. r p 0 Me Ka (1851-1889) -
npo<l>eccop Ka3aHCKoro yHuaepcuTeTa, propa6aTbrnaernull TeopuIO KanHJJJillpHbIX llBJieHHH
H 3aJIOJKHBWHH OCHOBbl TeOpHH, TaK Ha3b!BaeMbIX, flHHTOBb!X IlOTOKOB.
pa 3 B HT He Tex H H 'I e c K 0 H Mex a H HK H )I( H .Zl K 0 c TH (r HA pa B JI HK H) B 0 6-
JI a CT H HHJKeHepHO-CTpOHTeJibHbIX cneuHaJibHOCTeH B TC'lCHHe nepBb!X
.II. e c JI TH JI e TH H xx
Be Ka. B Ha'!aJJe xx
B. B rH)J.paBJJHKe HaMeTHJIOCb MHoro caMbIX
pa3JIH'lHbIX Hay'IHblX HanpaBJieHHH, KOTOpb1e MOllCHO KJiaCCH<l>HuHpOBaTb no pa3HhlM IlpH3HaKaM,
HanpKMep:
a) no BHJIY paccMaTpHBaeMOH TeKy'leH cpeAbl; 3)lCCb MO)'(HO p33JIK'laTb BOJIY, B03AYX,
He>Tb, pa3Hb!e )].Byx<l>a3Hble lKH)lKOCTK, Tax Ha3bIBaeMble, HeHblOTOHOBCKHe H aHOMaJlbHble
lKH)lKOCTH, :rneKTponpoBOARlllYIO HJIH MarHHTH)'IO cpe.uy, IlJJ33My; CIO)la MOllCHO OTHeCTH
crparn<l>HUHPOBaHHh!e nOTOKH H T. n.;
6) B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT OTpaCJJH TeXHHKH HJIK OTpacJIH 3HaHHH, r)J.e HCnOJib3yeTCR annapaT
rH.!lpOMeXaHHKH, MOJKHO pa3JIH'laTb: aJpoHaernxy, cy)lOCTpoeIDte, rHAPOMaWHHOCTpoeIDte,
HHJKettepHO-CTPOHTCJihHOe ACJIO (B '!aCTHOCTH, ru,a:poTeXHHKy), 6aJJJIHCTHKy, rn.upoaBTOMaTHKy,
XHMH'lecKYIO TeXHOJIC>rHIO, MeTeopoJIOrHIO, OKeaHOJIOrHJo H T. n .;
B) MOllCHO pa3JIH'laTb OT)J.CJlbHbie rn.upoMeXaHH'lCCKHe TeopHH, KOTOpbie HHOr)la nonara!OTCJI
B OCHOBY peweHKR 33,lla'I, OTHOCJIIUKXCJI K pa3JJH'IHblM o611aCTJIM TeXHKICH (CM. BblIIIe n. 6):
TeopHIO Typ6y JICHTHOCTH; 3Ma'IH HeycTaHOBHBUJerocJI, B 'laCTHOCTH, BOJIHOBoro JIBHJKCHHll;
TeopHIO CMa3KH H naMHHapHoro ABHllCeHHR; TeopHIO ABHllCCHHJI JKH.11,KOCTH (B '!aCTHOCTH,
He<l>TH H raJa) B nopHCTblX cpe)lax H T. n.
B CBR3H co CKa3aHHblM B Ha'laJie xx B. (.ua H B KOHi.ie XIX B.) 113 TCXHH'lecKOH
MexaHHKH lKHAKOCTH Ha'laJIH BblLICJIJITbCR OT,IJ,eJibHble KHOraa B 3Ha'lHTeJlbHOH Mepe H30JIH-
pOBaHHble JlPyr OT .11,pyra HanpaBJICHHll, KOTOpble npHX0.11,HTCJI paccMaTpHBaTb
0 TA e JI b H o. HHJKe, KacaJICb TOJihKO HHllCeHepHO-CTpOHTeJJhHOro HanpaBJieHHR rH.apaBJIHKH,
OCBeTHM rJiaBHeHIIIHe pa60Tbl, OTHOCJ1111HeCJ1 K JTOMY HanpaeJieHHIO H BblOOJIHeHHh!e B nepHO)l
AO 20-30-x ro.aoB HaCTOllIUero CTOJICTHJI.
<I>. <I> op x re if Me p (1852 -1933) - HeMeuxHii npo<!>eccop - paccMOTpeJI rnapaeJIH'lecKHe
conpoTHBJieHHll, BOJIHbl nepeMel.UeHHJI, KOJie6aHHJI ropHJOHTOB BO.Zlbl B ypaBHHTeJibHblX
peJepayapax f'3C, HeKOTOpb1e BH.Zlbl .ae<l>opMauHH nec11aH1>1x pycen. Oco6eHHO aaJKHbl ucCJJe-
ilOBaHHll <l>opxreiiMepa B o6nacTH eonpocoe <1>u11bTpaW1H.

29
 M. Be 6 e p (1871- 1951) - HeMeIV<Hli rrpo<t>eccop - npH.!lllJJ rrpHHUHIIaM rnJJ.poJJ.HHaMH-
11ecKoro rro.uo6Hll coepeMeHHLie <f>opMLI.
JI. fl pa H .ll T JI b (1875-1953) - HeMel{KHH rrpo<fleccop, HHllCCHep - pa3pa60TaJI (ttapllJly
c TeiirropoM u KapMaHoM) IIOJJYJMrrupu11ecKJ10 TeopHio Typ6ynet1THocrn; Hccne.noean
rnnpaeJIH'ICCKHe conponraJieHHJI B Tpy6ax. c
HMeHeM fipatt.ltl'Jlll CBJIJaH Pll.ll IIOHJITHH H3
OOJiacrn MexaHHKH llCH,llKOCTH. Pa6oTbl npaH,llTJIJI B o6JiaCTH reopHH rrorpaHH'IHOfO CJIOJI
JIBHJIHCb OCHOBOIIOJiaralOlllHMH.
M. A. B en HK a Hoe (1879 - 1964) - coeeTCKHH y'leHLiil, 'IJieH-KOppecnoH.neHT AH CCCP -
pa3pa6aTblBaJI TeopHIO Typ6yJieHTHOCTH, HCCJie.llOBaJI .llBHJKeHHe HaHOCOB H pycJIOBLJe .ue<t>op-
Mamrn, rrpeJlJIO"lKHJI TaK Ha3bIBaeMYlO rpaBHTaUHOHH)'IO TeopHIO JlBKJKCHHll B3BCWCHHblX
HaHOCOB.
6. A. liaxMeTeB (1880-1951)-pyc-
cxuii y11eHL1ii, HHJKeHep rryTeii coo6mettu11 -
pa60T3ll B fleTep6yprCKOM IIOJIHTeXHH'le-
CKOM HHCTHTyTe, 3aJIOllCHJI OCHOBbl coepe-
,..,. 3uAep ( 0110.110 1750 z.)
MeHHOH pyccxoii rH)lpaBJIH'leCKOH IIIKOJlbl,
.----------------- ony6JIHKOB3B PJIJl KHHr, B KOTOpblX OCBCTHJI
v._______________ _
OpuHep~o t850 z. pa3JIH'IHLle pa3.nenL1 rHJl.paBJIHKH. 6. A . liax-
MeTee pelIIHJI B .llOCTaTO'IHO o6meii <l>opMe
OmpaCAb OmpaCAb 3aJl3'1Y 06 HHTerpupoBaHHH JlHQ><l>epeHUH-
HameMamUKU aJlbHOfO ypaetteHHll HepaBHOMepHoro Jl.BH-
JKCHHJI B rrpHJMaTH'ICCKHX pycnax.
6 JI a 3 H y c (p. 1883) - HCMCUKHH yqe-
HblH - enepBble IIOKaJa.n, '!TO Jl.Jlll rJia.lllCHX
Tpy6 Ko3<f><t>uuHeHT conpOTHBJieHHJI JaBH-
CHT TOJibKO OT O,llHoro rrapaMerpa - 'IHCJia
PeiiHOJILJl.Ca.
Puc. 1-12. 06mall cxeMa <l>opMHpoeaHHll (so
H. H. n a B JI 0 B c K H H (1886-1937) -
epeMeHH) MexaHHKH llCH,llKOCTH
COBeTCKHH y11eHLIH, aKa.neMHK, HHllCeHep rry-
A - MexaHHKa JKH.llKOCTH; 5 - MaTeMaTH'!ecKall Mexa-
HHKa JKHJIKOCTH; B - TeXHH'lecKall MexaHHKa JKH.llKOCTH
TeH coo6meHHJI - e 1922 r. ony6nuKoean
(rHJlPaBJJHKa); Bi. B,, . . . , 8 6 - OT.lleJJbHhle Hanpae- OCHOBbl MaTeMaTH'leCKOH TeOpHH Q>HJILTpa-
neIU111 Kypcoe n1JqJaem1KH (rnJqJoTeXHH'lecKoe, rH.ll- UHH 80.llbl B rpyHTax; rrpe.llJIOllCHJI MeTO.U
poMaWHHHOe, CY.llOCTpOttTeJibHOe H T. n.) JJieKTpOMO.UeJIHpOBaHHJI <f>HJibTpaUHOHHblX
IIOTOKOB (MeTOJl 3r)lA); HJ)laJI nepBblH
e Poccuu rMpaenu11ecKHH crrpaeo11ttHK
H MOHorpa<l>H!O no OCHOBaM ru.npaBJIHKH; pelIIHJI Pll.ll nmpaeJJH'leCKHX Ja)la'I, OTHOCllJUHXCll
K HH)l(CHeptto-cTpOHTCJibHOii rH)lpaBJIHKe. H. H. naeJIOBCKHH COJ,llaJI ttay'!Ho-rre.narorH'ICCKY!O
IIIKOJIY B o6naCTH rH)lpaBJJHKH Ha 6a3e o6meHHCTHTYTCKOH KaQ>e.npbi rH)lpaBJJHKH JleHHH-
rpa.ucKoro IIOJJHTeXHH'ICCKOfO HHCTHTyTa.
H. M . 6 e pH a .ll c K H ii (1882-1935) - COBCTCKHH y11eHhlii, HHJKeHep nyTeii coo6meHHll -
nrrepBLie cBJIJaJI onpe.D;eneHHe TeIIJJOBLIX rroTepL c noneM cKopocTeif e npy.nax-OXJJa.IUITeJJllx;
npeWIOJKHJl Ba)l(tty!O MO)leJlb IIJJaHOBoro IIOTOKa>>, Hallle.lllllyJO ce6e IIIHpoKoe npuMeHeHHe.
K 20-30-M ro.uaM XX e. 6Lina coJ.uatta o61IIHPHall Jia6opaTopttall 6a3a, Ha ocHoee
KOTOpoii perua.rIHCb caMLJC pa3JIH'IHLIC BOrrpoCbl fHJlPaBJIHKH. PaBHhlM o6paJOM 6LIJIH
npoee.neHLI TaKJKe o61IIHpHL1e HaTypHble (rroneBL1e) Ha6JI1011eHHJ1, rroJBOJJHBWHe cocraeHTL
COOTBeTCTBYJOJUHe JMIIHPH'ICCKHe <f>opMyJILJ HJJH OTKOppeKTHPOBaTb (npHMeHHTeJlbHO K peaJJL-
HbIM ycnoeul!M) <l>opMynLI, nony'leHHL1e JJ.JIJI paJJIH'IHLlx HJleaJIHJHpoBaHHLIX cxeM Teopem11e-
CKHM rryTeM. flepe'IHC.JlHM TOJILKO HeKOTOpbJX y11eHLIX, rrpHHllBWHX y11aCTHe B 3TOfO po.Ila
.uellTeJibHOCTH: n. n. MeJILHHKOB (CM. BbllIIC), 3HreJibC (1854-1945), Pe6oK
(1864-1950), K 0 x (1852-1923), B. E. TH M 0 H 0 B (1862-1936), 11. r . E c b Ma H
(1868-1955), IIIa<l><f>epaaK (1881-19.51), I>ennettHyc (p. 1876), Meifep-fleTep
(p. 1883), ru6coH (p. 1878), CKo6eii (p. 1880), KeHHC)lH (1851-1920), H. H. naa-
JI 0 B c K H ii (cM. BLllIIe).
bOJlblIIOH BKJia)l B <l>opMHpOBaHHe TCXHH'ICCKOH MexaHHJCH llCH)lKOCTH BHCCJIH HaWH, OTC-
' 'ICCTBeHHLie yqeHLie, oco6eHHO IIOCJie BeJIHKOii 0KTll6pbCKOii COUH3JIHCTH'ICCKOH peBOJIJOUHH,
KOf)la 3a6ora 0 pa3BHTHH HayKH crana rocy11apCTBeHHblM JleJIOM CoBeTCKOH pecrry6JIHKH.
0 6 JU a II c x e M a <t> 0 p M Hp 0 B a H H JI (B 0 B p e M e H H) M ex a H H K H llC H .ll K 0 c T H.
KaK BH.UHO HJ pHC. 1-12, B COOTBCTCTBHH co BCCM CKa3aHHhlM Bblllle, MOllCHO C'IHTaTb

30
-(c.- HeKOTOpblM npH6JJl-t:)l{eHHeM), 1ITO HayKa 0 MexaHllKe >KH)],KOCTH (B COBpeMeHHOM npe.u-
craaneHHH :noro nomrnu1) 3apo.rurnacb B TPY ~x Apx.u.Me.n.a. OpuMepHo K cepe.unHe
XlXi ;s: .n.aHHa11 . HayI<a (CM. o6nacTb A Ha pttcyHKe) nony'lnna 3Ha'IHTeJihHOe pa3BHTtte, nptt'leM
.B :)'fOT nepHOJl BpeMeHH npOH301HJJO pa3.n.eneHtte MeXaHHKH >KH)J,KOCTH Ha )],Ba pa31IH'IHbIX
. Hal!'pasJYemrn (cM. 1-1): MaTeMaTJ.t'lecKyIO MexaHHKY )[(ff.D.KOCTH {cM. o6JiaCTb E)
.Jt . (<TexuuqecKy10.M-exattHKY JKJ.t)J,KOCTH (cM. o6naCTb B).
KaK OTMe'laWT (HanpHMep, r. Pap H c. l1m(e B CBOeH H3BecTHOH KHHre 11CTOpHJI
rn.llpaBJIHit:H),I MaTeManP1eCKaJ1 MexaHttKa )f(H.!lKOCTH 3apo.n.ttnacb eme s Tpynax JI. 3iinepa
(:B iJepe.zume .XVUI B.). lJTO KacaeTCH ~eXHM'IeCKOH MeXaHHKH >KH)J,KOCTH (rtt.llpaBJIHKH), TO '.HO
HanpaEHleHHe .MexaaHKH, : KaK Bblllle 6bIJIO CKa3aHO, Ha'laJIO pa3B1rnaTbCJI rnaBHhlM o6pa30M
B pa60TaX cJ>paHUY3CKHX y'leHbIX-HH>KeHepoB.
BaeHQ no)],'IepKHYTb, .'ITO 1;1a py6e)Ke Ha'Iana XIX s. TeXHJ.t'lecKaJI MexaHHKa )KHLlKOCTH
Ha11a.11a s ca.010 o'lepe.uh pac'IJleHJ1ThCJ1 Ha OT)leJibHble HanpasneHHJI (cM. Ha pucyHKe
crpen15u ~ B 2 , 8 3, ...). K Tai<J.t~ OT.[lenbHblM HanpasneHHJIM MO)l(HO ornecru, HanpuMep,
.HH'lKeHep110~.CTpoHTeJ!bHYIO (nmpoTeXHH'lecryio) rn.n.pasn.HKY, n1.11.poMalllHHffYIO rn.upaanHKy,
cy.u.oc:rpouTe.IlbHyl;Q ru.zwasnuKy, ttecpTJ1tty10 u ra30By10 ru.upasnury H T. n. Pa3yMeeTCJI,
TeopeTH'lecK.ffe .9c~OBbl '.lTH~ OT)],eflbHblX i:H.11.pasmt:K JIBJIJIIOTCJI B 3Ha'IHTeJihHOH Mepe o6IUHMH;
BMecTe c TeM 'll'fCTQ npHKJia.UHble 'laCTH TaKJ.tX KypcoB oKa3b1Ba10TCJ1 cymecrseHHO pa3-
JIWiHbIMJ.t.
3aMe.r nM, <iio sonpoc 0 pa3.11eneHHH MexaHHKH (B 'laCTHOCTH, MeXaHHKH )Kff)J,KOCTH)
Ha pa3.riH'IHPle ttanpasneHH~ .n.ocTaTO'IHo qacTo no.n.'lepKusaercR s nHTeparype. HanpuMep,
A. H. Eoron~6o'.a nu.mer: 2 <~B pe3yJibTaTe coBpeMeHttaJI MexattuKa paJ.uenunacb Ha MHOro
Hanpa~ne~ii. KCrropble CJIHBaiOTC.!l, c O)J,HOH cropOHbl, c MaTeMaTH'IecKOH, c .upyroH. -
c pa31IH'lfll>IMH Hanpasnemt:~MH :rexHHKH (TaKoe npoMe>KJTO'IHOe rIOJIO>KeHUe Me>KJlY 'IHCTOH
a6crpaKUHeH H KOHKPCTHOH npaKTHKOH 6b1Jl0 xapaKTepHO )],JIJI MCXaHHKH co BpeMeH ee
Japo)l(JleHH~~>. 3. . .
H e K 0 T 0 p bl e 0 6 Ill H e B bl B 0 Jl bl, B bl T e K a iO Ill It: e H 3 p a c c M 0 T p e H It: JI H c T o-
p H 'I e CK pro MaTepuana:
1. PaJpa6orKa rrpo6neM ruA!JaBJIHKH (Texmt'lecKoH. MexaHHKH )KH)J,Kocru), a qacTHocru,
m~)J(etteptt~~crp_o:Hieni,tt9ro : ttanpasnemrn, Beer.n.a .illiKTOBaJJach tteo6xo.IU1MOCTbi0 perneHnsi Tex
HJIU .n.pyrHX npaKTH'ICCI<;HX 3a)J,a'I, BblJ:lBHraeMblX JKH3Hbl0 FI CBS!3aHHbIX c pa3BHTHeM MaTe-
pHaJibHOH 6a3bl Ramero o6mecrsa.
2. Ori:.enbHhle Ka3aneicb 6b1 JneMeHrapHb1e npe)J.CTasnemu1 MexaHJ.tKH )l(ff.D.KOCTH ocBausa-
JIHCb 'lenoBe'IeCTBOM, KaK Mbl BH)J,eJIH, HHor.ua B TC'leHHe BCCbMa rrpo.uomKHTeJlbHOro
BPCMeHH. (cM., H.anpuM~p, OTMe'ICHHble Bhlille BOIIpOCbl 0 BaKyyMe H ypaeHeHHH Hepa3pb1B-
HOCTH JlBHX<:eHHll JKH,UKOCTH, KOTOpb1e pernaJlHCb B Te'tfeHJ.te TblCR'leJle'flt:H).
3. TeopeTH'lecKJ.te OCHOBbl TeXHH'leCKOH MeXaHHKH )KHJlKOCTH (ru.upaBJIHKH) Ha'laJIH HHTeH-
CHBHO pa3BHBaTbCH TOJibKO B cepe.n.liHe XVIII B., noc.11e Toro KaK px.n.oM 3apy6e)l(HblX
It: OTe'leCTBeHHblX Y'ICHblX 6hlJ1}l e<PopMynupoeaHbl OCHOBononaralOIUHC JaKOHbl Q>H3HKH H o6meH
MexaHHKH, a TaK)((e 6blJI pa3pa6oTaH COOTBeTCTBYIOIUHH MaTeMaTJ.t'IecKHii arrrrapaT, Il03BOJIR-
IOIIlHH )J,OCTaTO'IHO TO'fHO H KpaTKO Bblpa)KaTb COOTBeTCTBYIOIUlt:e 3aBJ.tCHMOCTH MeXaHHKH.
4. Tio-BH)IHMOMy, HeKOTOpbie nonmKeHHJI ru.n.poMexaHHKH Ha npoT11)1(eHHJ.t CTOJieTHii
IIOBTOPHO OTKpbr8aJIHCb H pa3pa6aThIBaJIHCb no HecKOJibKY pa3.
5. Httor.n.a; s R:otte'IHOM c'leTe, or.uenhHbIM y'leHhlM HCTopml npunuCbrnaer TO, 'ITO OHH
He npe.rurnranu u Ja6brnaen> o TOM, 'ITO OHH c)J,eJianu. HanpHMep, <l>py.n: He npeLUiaran
mcna <l>py.ua 11 HHKor.ua HM He IlOJlb30BaJICJI (mttpOKO H3BeCTHO, 'ITO 'IHCJIO <l>py.ua
61>rno npe.llJIO)KeHo Puw1eM).

1 H. Rouse, S. Ince. History of hydraulics. USA, 1957.

2 A. H. E or o JI 10 6 o e. MexaHHKa B HCTOpttn qenose'lecTBa. - M.: Hayxa, 1978.
3 He 6e3bIHTepecHo .n.ononHHTenbHO OTMeTHTb, 'ITO A. H. Eoron106os (cM. rrpe.n.b1.uymyio
CHocxy) nmner: Pa3BHTHe Mexam1K11 B 3ana.uttoH. Eepone B Te'IeHue 1000 JieT rrpoucxO.llHT
.llByMsi pa3J1H'IHblMH nyTJ1MH, Koropb1e no'ITH He nepeceKaioTcsi ... TaKoe noJio>KeHue, ecnu
OTHOCHTb ero K coepeMeHHbIM YCJIOBHJIM, IIO-BHJUIMOMy, .UOJI)l(HO CBH.lleTeJlbCTBOBaTb 0 HaJIH-
'IHH n p ffff 11. H II Ha JI b H 0 pa 3 JI H \( H bl x IlO)J,XO)J,OB K perneHHIO 3a.[la'I MexaHHKH )((HJlKOCTH
(CM. puc. 1-12), c O)lHOH CTopOHhl, y HHlKCHepoe-y'leHblX, <}>opMupyiomux TeXHH'IeCKHe HayKH,
H, c Jlpyroii CTOpoHbI, y y'leHblX-MaTeMaTJ.tKOB, pa3pa6aTbIBal:Oll(HX 'IHCTO MaTeMaTH'IeCKJ.te
pewemu1 3a.uaq MexaHHKH.

31
 6. MHorne ypaBHemu1 H <f>opM)'JibI, CBl!JaHHbie B HaCTollluee speMll c HMeHaMH paJJIH'IHbIX
Y'lCHblX, 6b!JIH JIIUILI 3THMH Y'lCHhlMH COBCCM HC B TOM BH,!le, B KaKOM OHH lf>HrypHpyior
B COBpeMeHHOH JIHTepaType; npHMepoB TaKHX HMeHHblX JaBHCHMOCTeff}) MOJKHO npHBCCTH
ueJibiil: PllJJ.: <f>opMyna llieJH, <f>opMyJia ToppH'leJIJIH H T. JJ..
B Ha'laJie xx B. ee.uymall pollb B 06J1aCTH TCXHH'ICCKOH MCXaHHKH JKH,nKOCTH (rHJJ.pae-
JIHICH) nepewna OT crapoii lf>paHUYJCKOH rH.npaBJIH'leCKOH lllKOJlhl K HeMeUKOH lllKOJie, KOTopyro
B03rJiaBHJI pl!JJ. BHJJ.HbIX HeMeUKHX y'leHbIX. 0.nHaKo nocJie BeJIHKOH 0xTl!6pbcKoil cou11a-
J1HCTH'lecxoil: peBOJllOUHH B CBl!JH c 6ypHhlM paJBHTHeM B Haweil: crpaHe rHJJ.poTeXHH'lCCKOro
crpoHTeJibCTBa B CCCP 6brn coJJJ.aH ueJihIH pl!JJ. Hay'IHO-Rccne.nosaTeJibCKHx HHCTHTYTOB, paJ-
pa6aTbIBaewHx paJJIH'!Hh!e rHJJ.POMexaHH'lecKRe npo6neMbl; 6b1JIO opraHHJOBaHo TaKJKe 6oJlb-
rnoe 'IHCRO BTyJOB HHJKeHepHO-CTPOHTCJJhHOro, B '!3CTHOCTH, rHtqJOTCXHH'!ecKoro npo<f>HJill.
EcnH B .nopeBOJIIOUHOHHoe BpeMll B PocCHR no'ITH oTCYTCTBOBaJIH ne'laTHbie HJJJ.aHHll,
llOCBHlllCHHh!C fH,ilpaBJlH'ICCKHM H rH,!lpOTCXHH'lecKHM eo11pocaM, TO B llOCJiepeBOJIIOUHOHHblH
nepRO)l y Hae llOllBHJiaCb o6urnpttall JIHTepaTypa (lKypHaJibl, rpy.ll.bI HHCTHTYTOB, MOHorpa-
lf>HH, pyxoBOJJ.CTBa .llJill npoexrRpoeaHHll " r. n.), ocsemaiomall caMb1e paJJIH'!Hble crop0Hb1
TeXHH'lCCKOH fHJJ.poMexaHHKH ; llPH 3TOM B CKOpOM epeMeHH Rama OTe'lecreeHHall fHJJ.PaBJJHKa
BblJJ.BHHYJiaCb Ha O)]HO HJ rrepBblX Meer B MHpe.

CDJ1COK Jll1TEPATYPbl

1-1. A6paMOB H. H. Bo.nocHa6JKeHHe. - M.: CTpoil:HJ,rtaT, 1967.

1-2. rHilpo3uepreTH'leCKHe yCT3HOBKH./ ffo)l peJJ.. ,[{. C. ll.{aBeJieBa. - JI.: 3HeprmOJ].aT, 1981.
1-3. Kopncl>eJIL)l M. YnpyroCTb H npo'IHOCTb JKHJJ.KOCTeil:.- M.- JI.: fl1TTJI, 1951.
1-4. MuxaifJIOB A. B. BHyTpeHHHe BOJJ;Hhie nyrn. - M. : CTpoifttJ.a,aT, 1973.
1-5. DepHHK A. A. Ilpo6JieMbI xaBHTaUHH. - JI.: Cy,n0<..'TpoeHHe, 1966.
1-6. CnpaBO'lllHK no rH,npaBJIH'leCKHM pac11e-raM./Ilo.L1 peJJ.. n. r . KttceJieBa. - M . : 3Heprnll,
1972.
1-7. qyraee P. P. fttapaeJIH'ICCKHe repMHHbI.- M.: Bb1cwall wxona, 1974.
1-8. 4yraee P. P. ftt.nporexHR'lecxtte coopyJKeHttll : Bo)]OCJIHBHbie nJIOTRHbI.- M.: BbIClllall
IIIKOJia, 1978.
1-9. 4yraee P. P. ftt1Jporexm1'lecxwe coopyJKeHHSi: fnyxHe nnoTMHbL- M.: BbIClllall
IIIKOJia, 1975.
1-10. lfyraee P. P. PaJeHTHe H lf>opMHpoBaHHe TeXHH'ICCKoii MexaHHKH JKff.nKOCTH
(rH.L1paBJJHKH). - JI.: J1JIJ, JIIIl1 HMeHH M. 11. KaJIHHHHa, 1975.

r JIABA BTOPMI

rH)J,POCTATHKA

2-1. rH,llPOCTATH'IECKOE MBJIEHHE.

CH.JIA Tlf.llPOCTATH'IECKoro ,lJ.ABJJEHIUI
( CYMMAPHOE rlf,ll.POCTATHqECKOE .l(ABJIEHHE>}).
CBO.ACTBA rH,llPOCTATH'IECKoro ,llABJIEHHJI

B nt)lpocTaTHKe 113yqaeTc.11 )KlfJlKOCTb, ttaxo.rvn.QaS1cS1 B noKoe. B 1-2 6brno

OTMC'ICHO, 'ITO 'KacaTCJibHblC uanp.Sl)!(CHl'ISI B n 0 K 0 SI me H c SI )l(lf)lKOCTH BCCrJla paBHhl
uymo (t = 0). B 1-4 n. 3 Mh1 HCKJUO'fHJIH B03MO)l(HOCTb cymeCTBOBaHHSI B "lKHJl-
KOCTH (n 0 IC 0 SI me ii c .SI HJIH JlBH)l()'mefic.11) paCT.ffrHBalOIQHX Hailp.ff)!(CffHH. Ilo3TOMy,
Mb! JlOJl)l(Hbl C'IHTaTb, paccMaTp1rnaS1 IlOKOSllQYIOCSI )!(1UlKOCTb, 'fTO B mo6oH ee TO'IKe
MbI MO)!(CM HMCTb T 0 JI b K 0 H 0 p M a JI b H bl e H a II p SI )I( a = a" (CM.
e H If SI:
Koueu 1-6).
OcuoBHbIM noHSITHCM rn.npocTaTHKH S1Bn.11eTc.11 nou.ffTHe wopocmamw1ecK020
OaB.t1eHuJ1 B OaHHou mo11Ke noKOJlUfeUcfl :>tCUOKocmu. 3To JlaBJJeHHe npIDITO o6o3tta-
'laTh 6yxsofi p H JlJI.SI KpaTKOCTH HMCHOBaTb llpOCTO 2uopocmamu11ecKUM
OaB.tleHueM.
32
 B CJiy'llle noxo51meik5! )l(H.UKOCTH 2uopocmamu'lecKUM OooAettueM p B OaHHou
W4Ke Ha3bl8a10m CKaARPHYIO 8eAU'lUHy, pa8HYIO M00YAIO ( 3Ha4eHUIO) HanpR:JfCeHUR (J
8 paccMampuBaeMoil moll Ke:
p = lcrl, (2-1)
r.n:e lcrl - MOJzyJlb uanpii)l(eHH51 (J (ue3aBHC51ll{HH OT opHeHTHpOBKH - OT yrna
uaKJIOHa - nJioma.n:xu .ueHCTBH51, HaMe'laeMOH B paccMaTpHBaeMOH TO'IKe; CM.
puc. 1-10,6, OTHOC51ll{HHC51 K CJiy'lalO, xor.ua T = 0). 1 lfMe51 3TO B BHJzy, uuor.n:a
roBop51T, 'ITO ru.upocraTH'lecxoe .UaBJieuue B .uauuoH TO'IKe npe.ucraBJI51eT co6oH
lllapOBOH TeH30p; npu 3TOM HecKOJibKO YCJIOBHO OTMe'lalOT, 'ITO B CJiyqae
rn.n:pocTaTHKH JII06a51 TO'IKa (T. e. 3JieMeHTapua51 'laCTHUa )l(H.ll:KOCTH) co BCex CTOpOH
C)l(aTa O.UHHaKOBO ('ITO o6bI'IHO ue HMeeT MeCTa B cnyqae ru.upo.lHHaMHKH;
CM . .n:anee 3-1).
Il051CHHM eme ru.upoCTaTH'leCKOe .uaBJieHHe p CJie,!lylOlltHM o6pa30M.
Ilpe.ucraBHM ua puc. 2-1 npoH3BOJihHhIH 06'1>eM noxo11meifc51 )l(H.ll:KOCTH. HaMeTHM
auyTpH 3Toro 06'1>eMa TO'IKY M H npoBe.UeM qepe3 uee npoH3BOJlbffYlO noBepxuocrb
AB. Taxa51 noBepxuocTh pacce'leT .uauubIH ofo,eM )l(H.!lKOCTH ua .usa OTCeKa: I H II.
Bbl.n:enuM y TO'IKH M ua noBepxuocru AB ueK0Topy10 ruioma.uh S.
qepe3 nosepxuocri, AB 6y.ueT nepe.uaBaThC51 cuna .UaBJieHH51 co crop0Hb1
oTcexa I ua oTcex II. qaCTb 3TOH CHJlbI, o6o3Ha'llleMa51 uaMH '1epe3 P, .UOJI)l(Ha
npuxo,!lHTbC51 ua Bhl.Ueneuuyw nJIOIUa.!lh S.
CuAa P, oeucm8y10tt1aR Ha 8CIO paccMampuBaeMylO nAOUlaOb S, Ha3bl8aemCJI
CUAOU 2uopocmamu4ecK020 OaBAeHUR (uAu cyMMapHblM 2uopocmamu4ecKUM OaBAe-
HUeM). '
CHJia P no oTuorneHHIO K oTcexy II J1BJI5!eTc11 B u e rn u e if n o e e p x u o c T u o if
CHJIOH; 110 OTHOllleHHlO )l(e KO BceMy o6beMy )l(H,!lKOCTH, COCTOJ111teMY H3 .UBYX
oTcexoe (I u JJ), .oua JIBJI51eTc51 cunou BHYTpeuueu. CHJie P OTBe'laeT peaKUH51
(TOH )l(e BeJIH'IHHhI, 'ITO u cHJia P), .ueHcrBy10ma51 co cropoHbI on:exa II ua
OTCeK I. Ilo3TOMY CHJIY p CJie.uyeT paccMaTpHBaTh, Ka.IC CHJIY nap Hy IO.
Pa3.uemrn _Mo.uyJib (3Ha'leHHe) IPI ua S, noJiy'IHM

IPI (2-2)
S =Pep

r .ue BeJIH'IHHa Pep 11pe.ucraBJI5!eT 3uaqeuue TOH CHJihI, xoTopa51 11puxo.uuTc5!

a c p e .u u e M ua e.uuumzy paccMaTpmmeMoif nJioma.uu S; Pep Ha3hrna10T c p e .u-
u HM ru.upoCTaTH'leCKHM .uaBJieHHeM.

1
HanoMHHM, 'ITO CJKHMa10lllHe uanpllllCeHHll MhI ycrroBHJIHCb C'IHTaTb nonoJKHTCJibHhlMH.
B MaTeMaTH'lecKoii MexaHHKe JKH.LI.KOCTH (Tax JKe KaK H B MaTeMaTH'1ecKOH TeopHH
ynpyroCTH) npHHllTO (ycrrOBHO) c lK HM a IO m He uanplllKCHHll .uaBJJCHHll Ha Kaxyio-Jrn6o
noaepXHOCTb C'IHTaTh 0 T pH II a Te JI b H bl M H (a paCTlll"HBa!OlllHe uanpl!lKeHHll ,!laBJICHHll -
IlOJJOJKHTeJJbHhIMH). 0,!lHaKO Mbl (KaK H MHOrHe .upyrHe aBTOpbI, 3aHHMalOlllHeCll TeXHH'ICCKHMH
HayKaMH) He co6nio.uaeM JToro ycrroBHoro MaTeMaTH'lecKoro npaBHJia>> no cne.n:yiomHM
npH'IHHaM. PaccMaTpHBall pa3JJH'!Hble MaTepuaJJb1, npo'IHOCTh KOTOphix npHXO.!lHTCll pacc'IH-
TbIBaTb, BH.!lHM, '!TO MaTepHaJihI, COilpOTHBJlll!OlllHeCll T 0 JI b K 0 pa c T ll lK e H H IO, npaKTH-
'lecKH OTCYTCTBYIOT; MaTepHaJIOB JKe, conpOTHBJllllOmHXCll H paCTlllKeHHIO, H CJKaTHIO, He TaK
MHOro; rJiaBHbIM o6pa30M, llHJKeuepaM-r11.upoTexm1KaM npHXO,!lHTCll CT3JIKHB3TbCll c MaTe-
PHaJI3MH, KOTOpble npaKTH'lecKH COilpOTHBJllllOTCll TOJlbKO C)l(llTHIO (eo.ua, rpyHT, 6CTOH).
113BecTHO, '!TO IlO'ITH BCll JIHTepaTypa, uanpHMep, no MexaHHKe rpyHTOB npe.ucrae.neua
cor.nacHo npHHl!TOMy HaMH npaaH.ny. Co6.n10JJ,llll JTO npaBHJIO, Mhl 1136aBJllleMcll OT HC)'Bll30K,
B03HHKalOmHX npH pac'!eTe, HanpHMep, CT3JlbHblX KOHCTPYKI.ll!H, Ha KOTOpbie .ueiicrByeT
JJ,ll&JieHHe rpyuTa (npHHHMaeMOe IlOJIOJKHTCJlbHblM) HJIH ,!laBJJeHHe BO,!lbI; Mbl 3,!leCb H36aem1eMCll
TaKJKe OT ycnoBHOCTH (npHHllTOH B 06.naCTH MaTeMaTH'lecKOH MexaHHKH), corJJaCHO KOTOpoii
TepMHH HanplllKCHHe .uaBJICHHll TOH HJIH .upyroii CHJlbl ue ,!lOJIJKeH HCil0Jlb30BaTbCll.

2 P. P. Yyraee 33
 EcJIJI TeIIeph IIpe)lCTaBJITh, qTo B <t>opMyJie (2-2) rmorn:a.Llh S CTpeMJITCR K HYJIIO
(TaK, O)J,HaKo, ~06h1 ToqKa M Bcer)J,a HaXO)J,JIJiach BHYTPJI KoHTypa rmorn:a.LlKJI S,
CTRrnBaeMoro B ToqKy), io Bem1qJ1Ha Pep 6y.LleT CTpeMJIThCR K OIIpe)leJieHHOMY
IIpe)leJiy. 3 To T II p e .Ll e JI B hi pa )!(a e T M o .Ll y JI h (3 Ha 'I e H JI e) Ha II p SI )!( e-
H JI er, a
jf c JI e )J, 0 Ba Te JI h Ho, JI 3 Haq e H He p B Ha Me q e H H 0 ii
TO'!Ke M:

p =sl ~
. (ISPl) (2-3)

l-'13 (2-2) JI (2-3) BJl.LlHO, qTo BeJIJlqHHhI Pep JI p J1Me10T pa3MepHOCTh

2 2 2 1
CHJihl, )J,eJieHHOii Ha IIJIOlll;a)lh (HaIIpHMep, KH/M , TC/M , Krc/cM H T. II.).

N"

PHc. 2-1. 06neM no- PHC. 2-2. rH,[ij)OCTaTH'lecKoe

KOJ111JelicJ1 )!(H.[IKOCTH .LlaBJieHHe p (cM. TO'IKY M)
p - CHJia, )leHCTBYIOlllall co MN" - auyTpeuu1111 uopMaJib
cropoHbl I oTceKa llCHJ1KO-
CTH ua ruJOlllaAKY S, npu-
HaAJiellCalllyIO I I oTceKy

lib . Bcero CKa3aHHOfO Bhlllle MO)KHO BH)J,eTh, ~o fH)lpOCTaTJlqecKoe HaIIpR)Ke-

HJle CJ JI [J1)lpOCTan1qecKoe )laBJieHJle p o6Jia)J,alOT .LlBYMll CBOHCTBaMJI:
1. Ilepeoe Hanp.RJ1Ce1-1ue er, Moi>yAeM Komopozo .RBA.Remc.R p, i>eucmByem
ceoiicTBO.
1-1opMaAb1-tO K nAOUlaOKe i>eucl118U.R u .R6A.Remo1 cJ1CUMa10U1UM, m e. 01-10 1-1anpa6AeHo
B1-1ympb mow o6beMa J1CU0Kocmu (uAu 111Bepi>o20 meAa, 02pa1-1u~u6a10U1e20 J1CUOKocmb),
Komopb1U Mbl paccMampuBaeM.
Ha pHC. 2-2 IIpe)J,CTaBJieH HeKOTOph!H o6beM )Klf)J,KOCTH, HaXO)ljflll;HHCR B IIOKOe,
pacce'!eHHhiii IIoBepxHOCThlO AB Ha )],Ba oTceKa I JI II. KaK OTMe'laJIOCh BhIIIle,
OTceK I 6y.LleT c HeKoTopoii CHJioii )laBJITh tta IIOBepxHOCTh AB oTceKa II;
c TaKoii )Ke ClfJIOH, HO o6paTHOH IIO HaIIpaBJieHHIO, OTCeK [] 6y)leT )laBJITh Ha
IIOBepxHOCTh AB oTceKa I.
YcJIOBHMCR )lanee paccMaTpHBaTh TOJ1hKo oTceK II, IIOKph!Thrn Ha '!epTe)Ke
IllTpHXOBKOii. TipH '.HOM HaM IIpH)leTCR HHTepecoBaTuCR IIepBoii Ha3BaHHOH CHJIOii,
T. e. CHJIOii, IIpHJIO)KettHoii K oTceKy II (co CTopoHhI oTceKa /).
HaMeTJIM Ha IIoBepxHocrn AB ToqKy M JI BhI)leJIHM y :noii ToqKlf 3JieMeHTap-
Hyio IIJIOlll;a)J,KY )J,eHCTBHR oS, COBIIa)laIOrn;yio c IIOBepxHOCThlO AB. TipoBe)J,eM

I B CBJl3H c yKa3aHHOH pa3MepHOCTbJO p, 3Ty CKaJillptty!O BeJIH'IHHY B HaCTOS!llJee

BpeMS! npe)l.JIO)!(eHO H3Mepl1Tb n a c K a JI .JI M H.

34
K w10ma.ruce &S uopMaJib N'N". JlHmrn MN' H MN" rrpttmno Ha3bIBaTh uopMa-
JUIMH, COOTBeTCTBeHHO BHellIHeii " BHyTpettHeii:.
KaK su.a:uo, corJiacHo nepBOMY cBoii:crsy, rtt.a:pocraTH'lecKoe uanpS1)1(eHHe cr
Bcer.a:a HanpaBJieHo, KaK IIOKa3aHO Ha pucyttKe, II 0 H 0 p Ma JI H B Hy T p e H He ii,
T. e. BHYfpb Toro TeJia, .a:aBJieHHe Ha KOTOpoe MbI paccMaTpHBaeM.
2. BTopoe cnoiicTno. I'uopocmamu4ecKoe oaBAeuue p 6 OaHHoU mo4Ke ue 3a6ucum
om opueumupo6KU, m. e. om yua uaKAoHa nAOUfadKU Oeucmsu11.
Ha pHc. 2-3 rrpe.a:crnBJieH o6beM rroKOSillJeiicSI )l(H.LlKO-
cTH, 3aKJIIO'lettuoii, HanpHMep, B cocy.a:e. HaMeTuM BHYTPH
)J(H.LlKOCTll npoH3BOJihHYIO TO'l'KY M; '1epe3 :ny TO'IKY
rrpoae.a:eM HeCKOJibKO IIOBepXHOCTeii: (1-1, 2-2 " T . .a:.); KaK
BH.LlHO, Ka)l(.a:aSI H3 3THX rroeepXHOCTeii pa36HeaeT paccMaT- l 1..:::--~
::--~"~
pHBaeMbIH o6beM )l(H.LlKOCTH Ha .a:aa oTceKa: I H II.
Bbl.LleJIHM .a:aJiee y TO'IKll M pSI.a: ITJIOIIJ.a.LlOK .a:eiicTBHSI
(8S l 882 " T .a:.), Jie)l(allJliX COOTBeTCTBeHHO Ha noaepx-
HOCTSIX 1-1, 2-2 " T . .[\.; KaK BH.LlHO, ece 3Hf IIJ10llJ3.LlKM ( ....__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _...

wMeIOT pa3JIH'IHYIO opHeun1poaKy. YcJIOBHMCSI rerrepb PHc. 2-3. 3tta'leHHe rnL1po-

paccMaTp1rnaTb .a:aBJieHHe, rrpttXO.LlSII1IeecSI co CTopOHbl CTaTH'leCKOro )laBJieHHll B
OTCeKa I ua oTceK I I; npH 3TOM .a:aBJieHtte p B TO'IKe M TO'IKe M (p. = P2)
)l.IUI pa3JIH'l'HblX IIJIOI11aL10K )leHCTBIUI (8Si. 8S2 H' T . .a:.)
o6o3Ha'IHM cooTBeTCTBettuo Pi. p 2 H T . .a:.
CorJJacuo n e p Bo My csoiicray, uanpSl)l(etttte a B TO'l'Ke M .a:omKHo 6bITh
H 0 p Ma JI b H 0 K COOTBeTCTBYIOIUHM IIJIOI1Ia.a:KaM .a:eiicram1; corJiaCHO )l(e BTOpOMY
csoiicrsy .a:asJieHHe p (p" p2 , ), T. e. MHHbI BeKTopos, noKa3aHHbIX Ha pHcyuKe,
):l0Jl)l(Hbl 6bITb 0 .Ll H H a K 0 Bbl;

Pi = P2 = p3 = ... (2-4)

KaK H3BeCTHO, LIJISI TBep.D,oro TeJia B o6meM CJiy'lae TaKoe COOTHOilleHHe

He HMeeT Mecra.

2-2. 0 HE1ABHCHMOCTH rff)(POCT ATMqEcKoro ,ll;ABJIEHHSI p

OT OPHEHTHPOBKH nJIOIQA,ll;KH, HAMEqEHHOfi B ,l(AHHO:R T011KE
flPOCTPAHCTBA (B YCJlOBHSIX, KOr.LJ:A B )IUl.LJ:KOCTH OTCYTCTBYIOT
KACATEJibHblE HAilPSIJKEHHH)
KaK Mb! BH)leJill, BTopoe CBOHCTBO rH,UpOCTllTH'lecKoro )laBJieHHll (o HeJaBHCHMOCTH p
OT opHeHTHpoeu1 nnoll{a)lKH )leHCTBHll) BbITeKaeT H3 TeopHH cIUIOIIIHOH cpeLlbI (cM. pHc. 1-10, 6).
BMecre c TeM cnpaee.wrneocrb :noro ceoikrea MOJKeT 6b1Th .QOKaJaHa Henocpe,UCTBeHHO
B pe3yJibTaTe HHl!CeCJie)lylOll.IHX paccyJKLtCHHH. .
BoJbMeM BHYTPH noKOllmettcll JKHJXKoCTH npoHJBOJiblfYIO TO'IKY A (pHC. 2-4) H BbI)leJJHM
y JTOH TO'IKH JJieMeHTapHbIH o6neM )l(HJJ:KOCTH e BHLte npl!MOH TpeyroJibHOH npH3Mbl ABC
(Ha qepTe)l("t! ABC - ocHoBaHHe npH3MhI, caMa npH3Ma pacnoJio)l(eHa nepneHJXHKYJillpHo
K 'lepTeJKy).
06o3Ha'IHM qepe3 ll n po H 3 e o .11 b H bl ii yron HaKJIOHa rpaHH BC K ropH3oHry.
HaMeTHB OCH KOOp)lHHaT, KaK IlOKa3aHO Ha qepTell<e, o603Ha'IHM qepe3 dx, dz H di JlJIHHbl
CTOpOH OCHOBaHHl! npH3Mbl ; qepe3 dy - Bb!COTY II\)H3MbI; Bee 3TH BeJIH'IHHbl C'l.HTaeM
6ecKOHe'IH0 MaJiblMH.
1
IloKaJKeM Tenepb y TO'IKH A TPH JJieMeHTap1Ih1e IlJJOIUaJJ:KH pa3JIH'IHOH opHeHTHPOBKH :
Sx, S,, s.; IlJJOUla)lKa Sn napanneJibHa rprum BC; HaKJIOH ee K ropH30HTy onpeJJ:eJIHTCll
npOH380JlbHbIM yrJIOM ll. ,ll,aeneHHe B TO'!Ke A .llJlll 3THX IlJJOll{a)lOK COOTBeTCTBeHHO

1
)],nll ynpomeHHll pHcyHKa eMecro dS IJHIIIeM npocro S, aHanorH'IHO nocryrraeM
HlflKe H c CHJiaMH, T. e. BMecTO dP IlHIIIeM P.

35
6y.!leT: Px. p., p. TipH 3TOM c p e .!l Hee rH.a:pocraTH'lecKoe ,!laBneHHe .lI!lll rpaHeif AB, AC
H BC nonxmo 6bITh JanttcaHo B s11ne:

<Px + eJ - ATill rpaHH AB,

(p, + E,) - ATill rpaHH AC,
(p. + i;.) - Ml! rpattH BC,
rne Ex, E., " - BeJIH'IHHbI 6ecKoHe'IHO Manh1e, KOTOpbIMH cneeyer npeHe6peraTb. Cpe.!lHee
nasneHHe, Hanp11Mep, JJ,Jlll rpaHH AB OTJIH'laeTCll OT nasneHH11 Px B TO'IKe A Ha 6ecKotte<rno
MaJJYIO BeJIH'IYJHY TIOTOMy, 'ITO BeJIH'iHHa Px H3Mem1eTCll B)lOJlh OCH Az Henpepb!BHO;
paccTOllHHe lKe dz 6ecKOHe'IHO Mano. TaKHM o6pa30M, MOlKHO yrsepJKnaTb, '!To eentt'IHHhI
Px p, u Pn Bb1paJKa10T TaKJKe H cpenHHe rttnpocraTu'lecKHe .!laBJieHHJI ,!lJIJI cooTBeTCTBYIOlllHX
6oKOBb!X rpaHeH npH3Mbl.
BbI.!leJieHna11 npHJMa ABC Haxo,ll.HTCll B
paBHOBec1rn DOA AeHCTBHeM CJJe.!lyIOll{HX CHJl:
1) CHJJ P"' P., P. rHJJ,pocTaTH'lec1wro mm-
neHHll co CTOpOHbl OKpyJKaJOll.leH lKHllKOCTH,
.!leHCTBYIOlllero Ha 6oKOBbie rpaHH npH3Mbl
(HopM 3JibHO K HHM), npH'leM

dz Px=Pxdz dy; P,= p, dxdy; P.=p.dldy; (2-5)

2) CHJI P, rnnpocTaTH'lecKoro nasn eHHll
co CTOpOHbl OKpyJKalOlllCH lKH.!lKOCTH, .!leikrey -
1-0IUero Ha TOpUOBbie rpaHH ABC npH3Mbl; CHJibl
P, HOpMaJibHbl K TIJIOCKOCTH 'lepreJKa H Ha HeM
He TIOK333Hbl ;
3) o6beMHOH BHeurneif CHJlbl G; non CH-
JIOH G, B '!aCTHOCTH, MOJKHO nonpa3yMeBaTb
P11c. 2-4. He3aBHCHMOCTb 3Ha'leHHll BeJIH- co6CTBeHHblH Bee Bbl.!leJleHHOH npH3Mbl.
'il!HbI p oT opHeHTHpODKH nnoma.!lKH S, 0 6 b e M Ha ll cu n a G 6y.!leT seJIH'IH-
HaMe'leHHOH B TO'IKe A ttoif 3-ro nopll,!lKa MaJIOCTH, B TO BpeMll KaK
n 0 Be p x H 0 c TH bl e - CHJibl p 6 y nyT BeJlfl'IH-
HaMH 2-ro nopll,!lKa MaJIOCTH. ,L(eifcTBliTeJihHO, llllll noJ1y 'leHliS1 o6beMHOH CliJihI G senwrntty
3TOH CHJibl, OTHeceHHYIO K e;umttpe o6beMa (KOHC'IHYIO BCJlH'IHHy), npHXO.llHTCll yMHOlKaTb

Ha 06beM npH3Mbl, T .e. Ha ( ~ dx dy dz} llJill TIOJIY'ICHHii l!Ce nosepXHOCTHblX CHJI cpe.UHHe

rH)lpOCTaTH'leCKHe )laBJJeHHll (KoHe'IHbJe BeJIH'IHHhl) Mbl YMHOJKaJIH [CM. (2-5)] Ha TIJ10lll3.!lH

6oKOBhIX rpaHeif, T. e. Ha (dz dy); (dx dy) ; (di dy). Tio3TOMY CHJiop G cJieAyer npeHe6peraTb
H C'IHTaTb, '!To Bhl.lleJieHHall :meMeHrapHall npH3Ma ABC HaXO.UHTCll B paBHoBeCHH no.u
.neifcTBHeM TOJibKO BHewm1x noeepxHOCTHbIX CHJJ Px, P,, P., Pr
l1Mell JTO B BHJiy, MolKeM yrsepll<JiaTb, '!TO cyMMbI npoeKuHif cHJJ Px, P., P. H P_.
Ha OCH Ax H Az .!lOJillCHbl paBHJl.ThCJI ttymo, T. e.

P" - P.sincx = O; }
P, - P.coscx = 0.
TIO)J.CTaBJillll B 3TH BbipaJKeHHll 33BHCHMOCTH (2-5), HMeeM

p,,dzdy-p~dldysina = O; l
p,dxdy-p.dldycosa - 0. J (2-6)

Y'IHTblBaJI, 'ITO di. sin Ct. = dz H di. cos C1. - dx, HJ (2- 6) OKOH'lllTeJibHO nony'laeM :
p. = Px = p,. (2-7)
TaKHM o6paJOM, p. oKa3brnaeTCll paBHbIM Px = p., Ka Koii 6i,1 yron ix Mbl ne Ja)lllJIH.
Ec.1n1 Tenepi, JionoJJHHTeJibHO y'leCTb, 'ITO np113MY ABC (eMeCTe co cKpe1rneHHbIMH
c He!-0 OCJIMH KOOplll!HaT) MOllCHO K3K yro)J.HO pacnonaraTb (opHeHTHpODaTb) B TO'IKe A,
TO c npaBeJJ.JJHBOCTb BblCKa33HHOfO Bblllle CDOHCTBa )leJiaeTCll O'leBH)lHOH.
TaKHM o6pa30M, Mbl eme pa3 y 6e:aoiaeMCJI B TOM, 'ITO n p H 0 T c y T cT BH H B p a c-
c Ma T pH Bae M 0 M Te JI e Ka ca Te JI b H bl x Han p JI lK e H H if BeJIH'IHHa (3Ha'leHHe) )laBJieHHll
(HanpJ1llCeHHJ1) B mo6oii TO'!Ke .!laHHOro Tena He 33BHCHT OT opHeHTHpOBKH (OT yrJia HaKJioHa)
WIOIU3)1.KH .!leHCTDHJI.

36
 2-3. )];JfcJ>cJ>EPEHQJfAJibHblE YPABHEHJfSI
nOKOH(PABHOBECJfH)jl\Jf)];KOCTJf
PacCMOTpHM IIOKOSII.QYIOCSI )l(H,[IKOCTh (pHC. 2-5), Ha KOTopy10 .n;eiiCTByeT Ta HJlU
HHaSI BHeWHJlSI o6beMHaJl CHJia (He o6Jl3aTeJibHO CHJia TSl)l(eCTH). B 1-6 qepe3 Mbl tf>
o603Ha'lUJIH o6beMttyIO CHJiy, .n;eiiCTBYIOLUYIO Ha e.n;HHHIJY MaCChl paccMaTpHBaeMOU
)l(H,IJ,KOCTH. 06o3Ha'lHM Terrepb 'lepe3 ef>x, r/>y, if>z rrpoeKUHH CHJihI if> Ha OCH Ox, Oy, Oz.
B o6I.QeM CJiy'lae ,IJ,aBJieHUe p B pa3Hh!X TO'lKax IIOKOSII.Qeucsi X<U,IJ,KOCTH 6y LleT
pa:mH'lHLIM:
p =f(x, y, z). (2-8)

,[{JISI Toro 'lT06hI ycTaHOBHTh CBSl3b MeX<- z

11.Y 11.asJieHHeM p H KOOPLIHHaTaMH TO'leK,
a TaIOKe BeJIH'lHHOU if>, IIOCTyrraeM CJie,n;y10- - - - rt:r - - - -
IUHM o6pa30M.
HaMeTHB OCH KOOPLIHHaT Ox H Oz, Bbl
11.em1eM :meMeHTapHhIU o6beM IIOKOSII.QeUCh z
-1 "~4f:---]'!._;
1 ' ----
- - x - : ~
)l(H,IJ,KOCTH B BU,IJ,e npsiMoyroJihHoro rrapaJI-
I - .:r
neJierrHrre.n;a I - 2 - 3 - 4; cTopoHhI rrapaJrne- O<yJ
ne1iHrre.n:a dx H dz, a TaK)l(e dy (rreprreHL1H-
Kynsiptty10 K IIJIOCKOCTH qepTe)l(a) C'lHTaeM
6ecKoHe'lHO MaJihIMH. PHc. 2-5. K BhIBOJIY ypaBHeHHii (2-14).
B ueHTpe rrapaJIJieJierrHrrena HaMe'laeM Ha lKHJlKOCTh .lleiiCTBYK>T mo6b1e 061.-
TO'lKY A c KOOp.n;HHaTaMH x, y H z. ,ll;as- eMHb!e CHJIJ,I
nemi:e B :noii TO'lKe o6o3Ha'laeM 'lepe3 p.
Ilpose.n;si qepe3 TO'lKY A JIHHHIO MN, rrapaJI-
neJihHYIO octt Ox, MO)l(eM yTsepiKLlaTh, 'ITO B o6I.QeM cJiyqae rU,IJ,pocTaTH'lecKoe
11.aBJieHHe 6y11.eT Herrpepb!BHO H3MeHS!ThCSI B):IOJih 3TOH JIIIHHII. l13MeHeHHe rH.n;po-
CTaTH'leCKOro ,1:1asJieHHS1, rrpHxo11.siI.Qeecsi Ha e.n;HHHUY ,n;JIHHhI JIHHHH MN, MOiKeT 6hITh
-
rrpe.n;cTaBJieHo 'laCTHOH rrpOH3BO):IHOH
- ax
op.
op
McrroJih3YSI Tx' Bhipa3HM .n;asJieHHR B TO'lKax M H N B BU,IJ,e

1 op
PM=p - 2 dx dx;
(2-9)
1 op
PN = p + 2dxTx,

r.n;e BTopoe CJiaraeMoe rrpaBhIX 'lacTeii paseHCTB (2-9) BhipaX<aeT IDMeHeHHe ,1:1asJieHHR
1
p Ha )lJIHHe dx.
2
,L{aJiee paccy)l(.z:taeM cJieJlYIOI.QHM o6pa3oM:
a) BhISICHS!eM Bee CHJihl, .n;eiiCTBYIOI.QUe Ha :meMeHTapHbIU rrapaJIJieJieIIHrre,1:1;
6) 3TH CHJlhl rrpoeKTHpyeM Ha OCh Ox; IIOCKOJihKY paccMaTpHBaeMhIU rrapaJIJieJie-
IIHrre.n: HaXO):IUTCSI B IIOKOe, TO cyMMY rrpoeKUHU Haii):leHHhIX CUJI rrpHpaBHHBaeM
HyJIIO, B pe3yJihTaTe rroJiy'laeM 1-e .zm<t><l>epeHUUaJihHoe ypaBHeHHe;
B) LIJIR IIOJiy'leHUJl 2-ro H 3-ro .zmcli<iiepeHunaJihHhIX ypaBHeHHU rrpoeKTHpyeM Bee
CHJlhI, .n;eiicrsyIOI.QHe Ha rrapaJineJierrHrre.n, cooTBeTCTBeHHO Ha ocH Oy " Oz.
M.nsi rro yKa3aHHOMy rryTH, .naeM BhIBOLI TOJihKO 1-ro M4>4>epettunaJlhHoro
ypaBHeHUSI.
1. .CHJlhI, .neucrsy10I.QUe Ha rrapaJinenerrHne.n 1 - 2 - 3 - 4:
a) o6beMHaR CHna paetta
<.fl (dx dy dz) p, (2-10)
37
r.ue (dx dy dz) p - Macca xrn..UKOCTH, o6pa3y10111,eH: napasmenenHne.u I-2-3-4;
npoeKI.uu1 :now CHJihI Ha Ox paBHa

<.f>x (dx dy dz) p; (2-11)

6) noBepxHOCTHhre CHJihr: npoeKQHSI Ha och Ox pa3HOCTH CHJI .uaBJieHHSI Ha
rpattH 1-4 H 2-3 paBtta HYJIJO; npoeKQHSI Ha Ox pa3HOCTH CHJI .uaBJieHHsi Ha rpaHH
1-2 H 3-4 paBHa:

PM-PN=PM(dzdy)-Prddzdy) = ( p -2dx 1 op)

x dydz -
0
1
- p + - dx-
op')dydz = - -op dxdydz.
( (2-12)
2 ox J OX
KaK BH.UHO, IIOJiy'leHHa.H p a 3 H 0 c Th IIOBepXHOCTHhIX CHJI .HBJI.HeTC.H BeJIH'IHHOH
3-ro nopSI.UKa MaJIOCTH, TaK )Ke KaK H BeJIH'IHHa 061,eMHhIX CHJI, Bhipa)l(eHHaSI cpop-
MYJIOH (2-11).
2. CyMMa rrpoeKU:Hli scex CHJI Ha ocb Ox pastta

<f>x(dx dydz) p - !~ (dxdydz) = 0. (2-13)

TaK BhirJISI.uHT rrepsoe ypaBHetttte; ocTaJihHhie .UBa nmneM no aHanorHH c nep-

BhIM. Hali.ueHHhie TPH .uttcpcpepeHuHaJihHhIX ypastteHH.H (oTtteceHHhie K e.uHHHQe Macchi
)l(H,UKOCTH) HMelOT OKOH'laTeJihHhIH BH.U:

<fix-J_~ = O ; _J_~=O; <fi--_!_~= 0. (2-14)

p ox y p oy p oz
3TH ypaBHCHH.H 6hIJIH nony'leHhl JI. 3iinepoM B 1755 r.

2-4. HHTEI"PHPOBAHHE )l.H<l><l>EPEHU.HAJlbHblX YPABHEHHU

TIOKOR (PABHOBECHR) '.IKH.l{KOCTH

YMHO)l(aeM 1-e ,UHcpcpepettuHaJihHOe ypaBHeHHe (2-14) Ha dx, 2-e Ha dy H 3-e

Ha dt.nocne 3TOrO CKJia,UhIBaeM JICBhie H npaBhie 'laCTH 3THX ypaBHCHHH:

1 (op op op ) (2-15)
<.f>xdx+<.f>ydy+<.f>zdz-p oxdx+ oydy+ ozdz =0.

TaK KaK .UaBJieHHe B TO'IKe p eCTh cpyHKQHSI TOJihKo Koop;:urnaT :

p = f(x, y, z), (2-16)

TO MO)l(HO YTBep)l(,UaTh, 'ITO Bhrpa)l(eHHe, BXO,U.Hmee B paBeHCTBO (2-15) H 3aKJIIO'ICH-

HOe B CK06KH, SIBJI.HeTCSI IlOJIHhIM ,UHcpcpepeHQHaJIOM p, T. e. :no Bhipa)l(eHHe paBHO
dp. no3TOMY ypaBHeHHe (2-15) MO)l(HO rreperrttcaTh B BH,Ue
dp = p(<fixdx + </>ydy + rfizdz). (2- 17)

)J;anee paccy)l(.uaeM cne.uyIOIUHM o6pa30M.

EcnH nesa.H 'laCTh (2-17) .HBJJ.HeTc.H noJIHhIM .uHcpcpepeKUHaJIOM HeKoTopoii cpyHK-
UHH, 3aBHCSIIUeH OT KOOP.UHHaT, TO, cne.uoBaTeJibHO, H rrpaBaSI 'laCTh (2-17) JIOJI)l(Ha
SIBJIS!ThC.H IlOJIHbIM .UHcpcpepeHUHaJIOM HeKOTOpOH cpyHKU:HH, 3aBHC.Hmeii OT KOOp,UHHaT.
Y'IlfThIBaSI, 'ITO IlJIOTHOCTb )l(H.UKOCTH p = const, MO)l(HO Ha OCHOBaHHH CKa3aHHoro
yrsep)l(,UaTh, 'ITO Bhrpa)l(eHHe, BXOAAmee B (2-17) H 3aKJIIO'ICHHOe B CK06KH, .HBJI.H-
eTCSI TaK)l(e IlOJIHbIM .UHcpcpepeHU:HaJIOM HeKOTOpoii cpyHKU:HH, 3aBHC.Hmeii OT KOOp.UHHaT.
06o3Ha'IlfM :ny nocne,nHJOIO cpyHKQHIO '1epe3 U, nptt'leM U = f(x, y, z). Tor.ua BMeCTo
(2-17) MO)l(eM HanHcaTb
dp = pdU, (2-18)

38
r11.e
dU = <jj,, dx + <fiydy + <jj,dz. (2-19)
c npyroii CTOpOHbl, nonHblH ):(HCpcpepeHIIHan dU MO)l(HO rrpencTaBHTb KaK cyMMY
qacTHbIX JlHcpcpepeH~aJIOB:
oU oU J iW J
dU = ox dx + Ty uy + Tzuz. (2-20)

Conocrasmi.s1 (2-19) H (2-20), BH)lHM, 'ITO

i>U oU i>U
Tx = <f>x; ~.Y = </Jy; Tz = <f> (2-21)

TaK KaK U ecTb cpyHK~H TOJibKO KoopAHHaT tt TaK KaK lfacTHbie rrpomBO)lHbie
ee IIO KOOPAHHaTaM ):laIOT COOTBeTCTBYIOW:He rrpoeK~H (</>,,; </>y; efj,) 06beMHOH CHJlbl,
OTHeCeHHOH K enHHHIIe MaCCbl, TO, cnenosaTeJibHO, u
JJBJIHeTCJJ II 0 Te H II Ha Jl b H 0 H
<Py HK II He ii. 06beMHaH )l(e mna <jj, ynosJieTBopHIOW:aH ycnoBHHM (2-21), HBJIHeTcH
CHJlOH, HMeIOW:eH IIOTeHIIHaJI. lb CKa3aHHoro JJCHO, lfTO O)lHOponttaJJ Hec)l(HMaeMaJJ
= const) Mo:>icem 11axooumbCJ'I 8 noKoe noo OeUCmBUeM
)l(lf)lKOCTb (JlllJJ KOTOpoH p
mo11bKO maKux cuA, Komopb1e uMe1om nome114uaA.
HmerpHpyJJ (2-18), rronylfaeM
p = pU + C, (2-22)

me c- IIOCTOJJHHaH HHTerpwpoBaHHJJ.
4To6b1 orrpenenttTb C, paccMaTpwsaeM HeK0Topy10 TOlfKY )l(H.!J;KOCTH, JlllH Ko-
rnpoii H3BeCTHbl p H u:
P =Po; U = Uo. (2-23)
)lnJJ 3TOH TOlfKH (2-22) rreperrmueTCJJ B BHne

Po= pUo + C, (2-24)

OTKyna

C =Po - PUo. (2-25)

noncrnsnJJJJ (2-25) s (2-22), IIOJiylfaeM

p = pU + Po - pU o (2-26)
HnH OKOHlfaTeJibHO

P = Po + P (U - U o). (2-27)
<l>opMyna (2-27) naer nasneHHe B TOlfKe nnJJ cnylfaJJ, KOr):(a p= const, np1P1eM
Ha )KH)lKOCTb neHCTByeT JII06aJJ CHCTeMa o6beMHbIX CH.JI, HMeJOIUHX TIOTeH~aJI.
IlOHHTHe DOTelll.IHa.rJbHOH cJ>ynKQHH. IlpocrpaHCTBO, B KOTOpOM rrpOHCXO)lHT KaKoe-
nw6o cpH3H'IeCKoe HBneHHe, Ha3bIBaeTCJJ <P 11 3 11 lf e c K H M II 0 JI e M.
Pa3nl1'-IaIOT rronJJ: l) c Ka JI JI pH bl e, HaIIpHMep none TeMnepaTyp; 2) Be K "'.' 0 p-
H bl e, HarrpHMep none Cl1JI wn11 none CKOpOCTeH.
Ilone KaKOrO-nH.60 CKaJIJJpa
ljl = f(x, y, z)

MO)((eT 6b!Tb rrpencraBJieHO JIHHHSIMH (ttJIH noBepXHOCTSIMH) ljl = const; HarrpHMep,

IIOJie TeMrrepaTyp t 0
MO)l(HO npencTaBHTb JIHHHJJMH (HJIH nosepXHOCTJJMH) t 0
= const.
OnepuposaTh seKTOpHbIM nom;M 3HalfHTeJibHO cnm1rnee, lfeM cKanHpHbIM.
Ilo3TOMY BeKTopttoe none (ttanp11Mep, none cIDI) np.H ero 1nr1eHHn 3aMeHHIOT
oco6b!M CKaJisipHblM IIOJieM. IlpH 3TOM TaKoe CKaJIHpHoe none npencraBJl~lOT
nHHHJJMH paBHoro 3HalfeHHJJ oco6oli <liYHK~H u, Ha3bIBaeMOH II 0 Te H II 11 a JI b H 0 ii
39
<I> y HK '-l He H, HJIH npOCTO n 0 Te H '-l Ha JI 0 M (noTeHI.U{aJIOM Tex BeKTopoe, none
KOTOpbIX Mbl H3y'laeM ; MOJKHO pa3JIH'laTb IlOTeHUHaJI CHJI, IlOTeHUHaJI CKOpOCTeH
H T. n .). u SlBJISleTCSl CKaJISlpHOH eeJIH'IHHOH.
<l>yHKijUR u
(nome1-111uaA ) o6Aaoaem CAeOy/OUfUMU C60UCm8aMU :
a) 01-1a wsucum moA1>Ko om Koopou1-1am x, y, z (u u1-1ozoa om BpeMe1-1u) :
6) tlacm1-11>ie npou3800Hble u no KOOpOW-tamaM, 83Rm1>1e 8 pa:JAU'lHl>IX mO'lKax
0

cKaARp1-1ozo noAR, 0011:>1C1-11>1 OaBam1> BeAU'lUH1>1 npoeK11uu paccMampuBaeM1>1x BeKmopoB

B coomsemcmsy1014ux motlKax seKmop1-1ozo noAR.

a)

X
PHc. 2-6. 3aMeHa BeKTopuoro HOJill (a) yKJIOHOB i JeMHoii noeepxHoCTH
CKaJillpHbIM noJieM (6) OTMeTOK JeMHOii noeepxHOCTH

PaccMoTpHM JlJISl npHMepa penbe<f> rroeepxuoCTH 3eMJIH. B KaJKJJ.oif TO'!Ke 3Toro

pe11be<l>a HMeeTCJI HeKOTOpblH YKJIOH 3eMHOH noeepxHOCTH, KOTOpblH MO:lKHO npe.IJ.-
CTaBHTb BeKTopoM, uanpaeJieHHbIM B.IJ.OJih JIHHHH HaH60JibWero CKaTa. B CBSl3H
c 3THM penbe<f> noeepxHOCTH 3eMJIH MO:lKHO paccMaTpHBaTb KaK n 0 JI e y K JI 0 H 0 B i
(no JI e e e KT op o e , Bb1paX<a101UHX yKJ10Hb1; pHc. 2-6, a).

a)
u '..Jf .....
----
______ _ u

' .....
............. ~----
u

!I ' ' .... .... y

' .... -~
x
PHc. 2-7. BeKTOpHoe IlOJie (a) CKOpocTeii H CKll.HllpHoe DOJle (6) DOTeHI{H-
aJI&HOH 4>YHKI{HH q> IlOJlll CKOpocreii

06o3Ha'IHM Tenepb '1epe3 z OTMeTKY noeepXHOCTH 3eMJIH H npoee)J.eM Ha

nnaHe uawero peJlbe<t>a ropH30HTanu, T. e. JIHHJrn z = const (pHc. 2-6, 6). QqeeH.IJ.Ho,
OTMeTKa z 3aBHCHT TOJlbKO OT KOOp.UHHaT x H y; KpOMe Toro BeJIH'IHHa z o6Jia)J.aeT .
ew.e CJIC.UYJOIUHM . CBOHCTBOM: l

oz . oz .
~ = - I,., ; Ty = - IJ"

I".IJ.C i,, H iy - KOMilOHCHTbI i.

I 4To61.1 B npHBO.llHMblX COOTHOIIIeHHllX m6aBHThCll OT MHH)'ca H TeM caMblM ynpoCTHTh

JaDHCb 3 THX COOTHOIIIeHHii, BMeCTO cpyHKlUfH z MOJKHO Il0Jlb30BaThCll cl>YHKUHeii z' = -z.
40
 OTCIO.IJ.a SICHO, ~mo CKaAflpllafl BeAU~UllQ z fl6Aflemcfl nome1111uaA&llOU fPYllKijUeu
BeKmop11ozo noAR yK,101106 i. Xopoino H3BeCTHo, 'iTO B rrpaKTHKe penbe<tJ MeCTHOCTH
Bcer.11.a rrpe.11.CTaBJIJUOT HMeHHO 3KBHIIOTeHQHaJiaMH z = const, rrpH'ieM H3 paccMOTpe-
HHSI 3THX JIHHHH (ropmomaneii) nerKO MO)l{HO yCTaHOBHTb 3Ha'ieHHe H HarrpaBJieHHe
BeKTopa i B m-06oii TO'IKe 3eMHOH IIOBepXHOCTH.
BbIIIIe, HMe11 BeKTopHoe noJie o6'heMHbIX CHJI <fi (OTHeceHHbIX K e.11.HHHUe Maccb1),
Mb! BBeJIH B paccMOTpeHHe CKaJISIP u (rroTeHQHaJI BeKTOpHoro IIOJISI o6'beMHblX CHJI).
)J,anee HaM '!aCTO rrpu.11.eTCSI CTaJIKHBaThCSI c BeKTOpHb!M noJieM CKOpoCTeii u
(puc. 2-7,a). B 3THX cJiyiragx MhI 6y.11.eM HHor.11.a 3aMeHS!Tb TaKoe noJie CKaJIS!pHbIM
IIOJieM, xapaKTep1ny1:0IQHMCSI IIOTeHQHaJIOM CKOPOCTH cp (pu.c. 2-7, 6).
Ilo.11.'lepKHeM, '!TO He Ka)l{.[(Oe BeKTOpHoe IIOJie MO)l{eT 6bITb rrpe.11.craBJieHo
(orrucaHo) IJOTeHQHaJibHOH <i>YHKUHeii. HMeI:OTCSI TaKHe BeKTOpHbie IIOJISI, KOTOpbre
He HMeI:OT rroTeHQHana. H3y'leHue TaKHX noneii B 3Ha'IHTeJibHoii Mepe 3aTpy.11.HS1eTc11.
Ilpu paCCMOTpeHHH BeKTOpHbIX noneii, HMeI:OIQHX noTeHQHaJibttyl:O <liYHKUHI:O, CTaJIKH-
BaeMCSI c oco6oii MaTeMaTH'ieCKOH 3a.[(a'ieii 06 OTblCKaHHH 3TOH <i>YHKUHH ' (cM. c. 80).

2-5. BE.J1M1iHHA rH.21.POCT ATHlIECKoro .ll.ABJIEHHJI

B CJIYlfAE JICH.L(KOCTH, HAX0.21.SIUJ.EA.CSI 00.ll. .21.EA.CTBHEM
TOJibKO O.iJ.HOR Oli'bEMHOM CH.1Jbl - CHJibl TSIJICECTH

Ey.11.eM paccMaTpHBaTb KaK B 3TOM rraparpaqie, TaK H B rrocneey1:0IQHx (3a

HCKJII-O'ieHueM 2-9), )l{H.[(KOCTb, Ha KOTopyw .11.eiicrByeT TOJibKO 0.11.Ha 06'beMHa11
CHJia - CHJia TSl:lKeCTH.
Ilpe.11.cTaBHM Ha pHC. 2-8 3aKpb!TblH cocy.11., B KO-
TOpOM Haxo.11.nTcst )l(H.IJ.KOCTb. 06o3Ha'iHM qepe3 p0
B He III Hee II 0 Be p x H 0 c TH 0 e .ll. a B JI e H II e (T. e .
.11.aBJieHHe Ha CB060.ll.HYI:O IIOBepxHOCTb )l(H.IJ.KOCTII).
Bo3bMeM OCH KOOp,!\HHaT, KaK IJOKa3aHO Ha qepTe)f(e,
H HaMeTHM TO'iKY m, y KOTOpoii BbI;J.eJIHM e .lJ. H H H u y
M a c c bl TSl)f(eJioii )!(H.IJ.KOCTH. K 3Toii e.11.mrnue Maccbr
npHJIO)!(eHa 06'beMHa11 cuna <fi.
B cJryqae, Kor.ua o6'beMHbIMH c~aMH, .ueiicTByI-O-
IUHMH Ha )!(H.IJ.KOCTb, SIBJISII-OTCSI TOJibKO CHJibI TSl)!(ecTH,
1 efi.NDCCbl
HMeeM <1>z~-(fg)
m
<fix=O, <fiy=O, '</J, = - g, (2-28) ' ~
r.11.e g- ycKopettue CHJlbI TH)!(eCTH; <fix, <fiy, <fiz - rrpo-
PHc. 2-8. )J.airneID!e p JVIH n1-
eKUHH CHJibl <fi Ha OCH KOOp.ll.HHaT.
lKenoii: lKH.lUCOCTH
BeJTH'iHHa dp Bbipa)l{aeTCH 3aBHCHMOCTbI-O (2-18),
r.11.e dU B HaIIIeM cnyqae 6y.11.eT paBHO [CM. (2-19)]:

dU =<fix dx + if>Y dy + if>z dz = - g dz. (2-29)

Ilo.11.cTaBJISISI (2-29) B (2-18) [HJIH (2-28) B (2-14)], MO)!(eM HaDHCaTh:

dp = -pg dz. (2-30)

Hmerpupy11 (2-30), HMeeM

p=-pgz+C (2-31)
HJIH [cM. $opMyJiy (1-5)]
p = - y'Z'+ C, (2-31 ')
r.11.e c- IJOCTOSIHHaSI HHTerpu.poBaHHSI. )],Jiii onpe,!1.eJieHHSI c paccMOTpHM TO'iKY Ha

41
nosepxHOCTH :lKHLU<OCTH lr.zi;e z=U H p = p0 ), Tor .ll.a cor JiaCHO (2-31 ') Ll.JHI 3Toii

C =po; (2-32)
B peJyJibTaTe BMeCTO (2~31') HMeeM:

P =Po - yz. (2-33)

06o3Ha'IHM '1epe3 h 3arny6JieHHe TO'IKH m IlO.ll. CB060.ll.HOH nosepxHOCThlO

:lKH.ll.KOCTH:
h = -z; (2-34)

TOf.$1 (2-33) OKOH'laTeJibHO MOJKHO nepenHcaTb B BHL(e:

P =Po+ yh, (2-35)

r.D.e p srnm1eTCll a 6 co JI JOT H LIM JJ.aBJieHHeM B paccMaTpusaeMoii TO'IKe; p0 -

1
B H e Ul H e e n 0 B e p x H 0 c T H 0 e .D.aBJICHHC.
BeJJH'fHHa
yh = p. (o6o3Ha'leHHe), (2-36)

B cpopMyJie (2-35) MO:lKeT 6hlTL tta3BaHa Be c 0 Bbl M .ll. a B JI e H He M: KaK BH.ll.HO,

p. npe.ll.CTaBJilleT co6oii TY 'laCTL a6coJIJOTHoro .ll.aBJieHHll p, KOTopasi o6yCJioBJieHa
BeCOM caMOH :lKH.ll.KOCTH.
113 paccMoTpeHHll (2-35) JaKJIJO'laeM, 'ITO a6co1110m1we oaeAeHl'e 6 moirne pa61to
cyMMe Blleumezo nosepx1tocmHozo oasAeHUfl u secooozo oas11eHUfl.
Jfa (2-35) TaKJKe llCHO, 'ITO 1ta CKOA&Ko y6eAU4U6aemCJ1 61tew1tee no6epx1tocm1toe
p
oa611e1tue 0 , Ila cmoA&Ko :Hee 0011J1Cllo yBeAU4Um&c.11 u a6co1110m1toe oae11e1tue 6 oaHllOU
mo4Ke.
ECJIH COCY.ll. OTKpbIT, TO
Po= Pa,
fJJ.e Pa - a TM 0 c <Pep H 0 e .ll. a B JI e H He; npn 3TOM BMeCTO (2-35) HMeeM:

P =Pa+ yh. (2-37)

Ha3oBeM H 3 6 bl T 0 'I H hi M ( CBepxaTMoaJ>epHblM) .ll. a B JI e H He M BCJJH'IHHY

npeBhlWCHHll a6comOTHoro .ll.aBJICHHll B TO'IKC Ha.ll. aTMoapepHhIM .ll.aBJJeHHeM,
T. e. pa:mocrb (p - Pa) 3Ty pa3HOCTh TaK:lKe HHOfJW Ha3h!BafOT Ma H 0 Me T pH-
'I e c K H M .ll. a B JJ e H " e M.
B npaKTKKe rJiaBHhIM o6pa30M npHXO.ll.HTCll CTa.JIKHBaThCll He c a6coJIEOTHbIM
.o.aBJieHHeM, a c 1!136hlTO'IHhlM ,!l.aBJICHHeM. 11.Me.ll '.HO B BHJlY' B .naJibHeIDlleM 6y .ll.eM
npKMeH.llTh CJie.D.yEOIUMe o60JHa'leHH.11: 1) Ll.Jl.11 H36hlTO'IHOro .D.aBJieHH.11 p; 2) llJI.11
a6comoTHoro llaBJJeHH.11 PA
B COOTBeTCTBHH c TaKoro po.ll.a H3MeHCHHeM o6o3Ha'leHUH UMeeM:

P =PA - Pa, (2-38)

npn'leM paC'ICTHall qiopMyJia (2-35) npUHHMaeT BU.ll.:

a) .D.Jlll 3 a K p bl Toro cocy.D.a

/ PA =Po + yh =Po + P. =Pa + p; j (2-39)

I YpaBHCHHC (2-35), pa3yMeeTCll, MOXeT 6b!Tb IlOJJY'ICHO H 6e:J HCilOJlb30BaHl-tll IlOTCH-

(lHaJlhHOH <j>yHK(lHH u [ nyTeM JmTerpHpOBaHHll TpeTuero IUlc)><j>epeHW!aJlhHOro ypaBHCHHll
(2-14)].

42
 6) ATIH o T K p bl T o r o cocy ,!la

I .PA = Pa + yh = Pa + Po = Pa + p, (2-40)

OTKY~ BH.UHO, 'ffO ATISI 0 T K p bl T 0 r 0 cocy.na fiOHSITllSI BeCOBOro ff I06blTO'IHOro

,!laBJiettffH COBila,!lal-OT:
p = P. = yh; (2-41)
MS! 3 a K p LIT 0 r 0 JKe cocy .na .naBJieHffSI p ff p, HMeIOT pa.311)'1-0 BeJlff'IHH)':

P = Po + (po - Pa). (2-41')

Kax BffllHO, Bcero ffMeeM nHTb pa.3JIH'IHblX !laBJieHHii, o6oJtta<raeMblX 'lepeJ PA,
p, p., Pa u p0 , npH'leM no.n Po ycJIOBHMCR noHHMaTb a 6 co JI 10 TH o e nosepxHOCT-
noe .nasnettffe.
rosopsi !IaJiee o c H JI e rff.npoCTanrqecxoro .naBJieHHsi P, 6yneM pa.3JIH'laTL:
1) CffJIY a 6 c 0 JI IO TH 0 r 0 rH!IPOCTaTH'ICCKOro !IaBJieHHSI p A;
2) CHJIY H 3 6 bl T 0 I{ H 0 r 0 rn.npoCTaTH'feCKOTO .naBJieHHR (c Be p x a TM 0 c <I> e p-
H or o) P. riocJie,!lHIOIO ,!laJiee 'facro 6y.neM ffMeHoBaTL npocTo cu JI o ii r H ll po-
c Ta T" 'I e c K 0 r 0 n a B JI e H" jf p (onycxasi CJIOBO H36bITO'IHOro).

U. nhElOMETPHqECKAji BhICOTA

CJIOBO <<nbeJoMeTpH'lecxasi npoHJOIIIJIO OT CJIHSIHHSI llBYX rpe'lecKHX CJIOB, ID

KOTOpblX nepsoe JHa'IHT .nairneHHe ff BTopoe - Mepa.
t0 IlbeJOMeTpU'leCKaH BblCOTa, OTBe'laromaH a6COJIIOTHOMy .aaBJJeHHIO B TO'IKe.
IloKa)l(eM, '!TO a6COJil-OTHOe llaBJieHHe B TO'IKe PA MO)l(eT 6b!Tb Bblpa)l(eHO BblCOTOll
neKOToporo CTOJI6a 'lKHllKOCTH. c 3TOH ueJiblO Ha puc. 2-9 npellCTaBHM 3aKpb!TblH
cocy.n, '13CTlf'IHO ttanoJIHeHHblll 'lKH,!lKOCTbIO. HaMeTHM B 'lKH,!lKOCTH TO'IKY m, K KOTO-
poii. npffKJIK>'IHM JanameyIO csepxy TOHKYIO cTeKmurnyIO Tpy6xy II0
liyp,eM C'IHT3Tb, 'ITO B Tpy6xe II0 coJ.nano noJiuoe pa.3pe)l(eHHe (ToppH'lemrnesa
nycroTa). Tor.aa no.n .nasJieHHeM PA B TO'IKe m ropH30HT JKHJlKOCTH B Tpy6Ke
1
IlO,!lHHMeTCSI na HeKOTOPYl-0 BblCOTY hA Hall TO'IKOll m.
PaccMaTpHBaSI TO'IKY m, MOlKeM ttanucaTb llJlSI Hee CJie.nyIOIUHe COOTHOIIICHHSI:
a) a6COJIIOTHOe ru.npoCTaTH'ICCKOe ,!laBJICHHe B TO'IKe m co CTOpoHbl )l(ff,ll;KOCTH

Po+ yh =PA; (2-42)

6) a6COJIIOTHOe rn.npocraTH'ICCKOC .naBJICHHe B TO'IKC m co CTOpOHbl 'lKH,!lKOCTH

B Tpy6xe paBHO
0 + '(hA. (2-43)

0'1eBff,!lHO, BCJIH'IHHa (2-42) llOm1rna paBIUITbCSI BeJIH'IHHe (2-43), T. e.

PA= yhA. (2-44)

Kax BHllHO, 3HaR hA, Jierxo MO)l(HO HaiITu PA

BeJIH'IHHy hA Ha:JOBeM II b e 3 0 M e T p H 'I e c K 0 H B bl c 0 T 0 ii, 0 T B e 'I a-
IO Ill e H a 6 c 0 JI IO T H 0 M y .n a B JI e H H IO B T 0 'I Ke, HJIH rrpocro a 6 c 0 JI l-0 T H 0 H

I Crporo rosopsi, Bee npocrpaHCTBO Ha.a; ropH30HTOM JKH.LJ;ICOCTH B Tpy6Ke llo .LJ;OJIJKHO

6LITb JanoJIHeHo napaMH JKHllKOCTH, HaCbrma10IUHMH :n o npocrpancrso. EcJIH npe.a;nonoJKHTb,

'ITO B cocy.a;e H B Tpy6Ke HMCCTCJl BO,lUl, npH'ICM ee TeMnepaTypa 6JIHJKa K 0 TO c,
.a;asneHHe HacblllleHHbIX napos oKaJbIBaeTcJl paBHhIM (cM. 1-5) 0,6 Kila 0,6 KH/ M 2 = =
= 0,006 rrc/cMl, 'ICM MOJKHO npeHe6pe'lh H C'fHTaTh, 'fTO .LJ;aBJieHHe Ha IIOBepXHOCTH JKH.LJ;KOCTH
B Tpy6Ke paBHO ffYJIJO.

43
, n he 3 o Me T p u 'le c Ko if B hi co To if (uHor.na hA Ha3hIBaJOT npuse.neHHon Bbl-
. COTOH).
1-b (2-44) HMeeM
(2-45)

Mo)l<HO CKa3aTh, 'lTO hA (cM. Tpy6Ky ll0) ecm1> B1>1coma maKozo cmoA6a JfCUOKocmu,
Komop1>1u C60UM BeCOM cnoco6eft C030am1> OaBAeftue, pa6HOe a6co111omH0My oa6AeftUIO
6 paccMampuBaeMoil rnotJKe. Pa3MepHOCTh hA llBJilleTCll pa3MepHOCThIO .11.JIHHhr; Ta-
KHM o6pa3oM, a6co1110THoe .11.ae11em1e e Tff'lKe
PA MO)l(eT Bbipa)l(aTbCll e .l1. H H Hu a M H .l1. JI H-
H bl (.l1.JIH:HbI eepTHKaJihHOro CTOJI6a )l(H)l,KOCTH
c yKaJaHHeM Beca y e)l.UHHUhI ofri.eMa 3TOH
Pa )l(H)l,lCOCTH).

z TaKHM o6pa30M, HMeeM .nea pa3HhlX cno-

-~
co6a Bblpa)l(eHHll a6COJIJOTHOTO <<rH)l.pOCTaTH-
~J >-.

~
qecKoro .11.aeneHHll B TO'lKe (T. e . it:HTeHCHB-
HA II
HOCTll rH)l.pOCTaTH'leCKOro )l.aBnemrn B TO'l-

H--
f
-fNH
Ke) : .

1) e.UHHHI}aMH
CHJia
HanpHMep,
OJIOI.Qa.IJ.b
2
KH/M 2, T. e. Klla (HJIH, HanpuMep, Krc/ cM ) ;

0 2) e.uumi:uaMu .IJ.JIHHhI ( e.uui rnuaMH BhICO-

ThI) eepTit:KaJihHoro CTOJI6a )l(H)l,KOCTH, xa-
PHc. 2-9. llie:JoMerpu'lecKall BhICOTa H paKTepn3yeMOH onpe.ueneHHOH BeJIH'lHHOH y.
IlOTeHllHaJibH&.IH Hanop
B HacTOSII.Qee epeMll B JJHTepaType BCTpe-
hA - a6COJIIOTHall llhe30MeTpH11ecKall BblCOTa;
hH36 - I06blTO'IHall llhe30MeTpH'1ecxa11 BLICOTa 'laIOTCll eme H3MepeHHll eeJIH'lHHhI PA npH
l!JIH npocTO ni.e30MeTp11'1eCKag Bb!COTa ; z- OOMOIUH TaK Ha3bIBaeMoif TeXHH'I eCKOH
OTMenca; HA - a6coJIJOTHhIH noTeu1..1HaJ1bHhIH aTMocQ>epbI (npuMeHHTe.JJhHO K KOTOpoH:
uanop; H - H36blTO'!HblH DOTCHl..lffallbHblH
6hrna ocymecTe.JJeHa TapupoeKa MHOrHX
uanop HJIH npoCTo n0Ten1.111ani.ublit uanop ;
0 - 0 - DJIOCKOCTb cpaBHCHHll
.ueHCTBYIOIUHX HJMepHTe.JJbHhIX ycTpoikTB).
0.11.Ha TeXHH'leCKall aTMOCQ>epa

1 aT = 1 xrc/cM 2 = 10 TC/M 2 = 100 KH/M2 = 100 Kila,

1
npu'leM OHa COOTBeTCTByeT 10 M BO)l,. CT.
2. lb.eJOMCYpH'ICCKaH BblCOTa, OTBe'laIOIQaH HJOblTO'IHOM)' )1.&BJJeHHIO B TO'IKe.
PaccMoTpHM TO'lKY n (pHC. 2-9); npHKJJJO'lHM K '.HOH TO'lKe TOHK}'lO CTe1uunrnyio
Tpy6Ky n 0 T K p bl T 0 r 0 THna. B 3TOH Tpy6Ke ropH30HT )l(H)l,KOCTH, 6naro.napR
.neHCTBHIO )l,aBJJeHHR PA B TO'lKe n, TaK)l(e Il0.11.HHMeTCJI Ha HeKOTopyIO BhlCOTY hHJ6
0)l,HaKo hm6 6y.neT Meui,we hA (OTHOCJII.Qerocll K TO'lKe n), TaK KaK B CJIY'lae OTICpblTOH
Tpy6KH )l(H,UKOCTb B Hen 6y.neT BCTpe'laTb npoTHBO)l,aBJJeHHe co CTOpoHbl aTMocQ>epbl.
PaccMaTpHBaJI TO'lKY n, MO)l(eM CKa3aTb, 'lTO :
a) co CTOpOHbl )l(H.lJ.KOCTH B cocy )1.e Ha TO'lKY n )1.eil:creyeT )1.aBJleHue
PA = Po + yh; (2-46)
6) co CTOpOHbl )l(H)l,KOCTH B rpy6xe Ha TO'lKY n .11.eifcreyeT .UaBJJeHHe

Pa+ Yhm6 (2-47)

1
0.!lHaKo, onpe.aenllll H36LITO'IHOe .aa11neHHe KaK cBepxal-MoapepHoe ( 2-5) H BaKyyM
Kalt He.aocTaroK AaBJieHHll .ao aTMoapepHoro ( 2-7), no.a aTMoaj>epHhlM JlaBJiemteM CJie;zyer
IlOHllMaTb .aaeneHHe, COOTBeTcTByK>mee He O.!lHOH Tex H H 'I e c K 0 H aTMoal>epe, a aTMoapepe
p e a JI b H 0 c y Ill e c TB y IO Ill e ii B paccMaTpH!llleMOM MeCTe H B paccMaTpHBaeMh!H
MOMe!IT BpeMeHH.

44
 TaK KaK ,naBJieIDUI CJieBa H crrpaBa Ha TO'IK)' .[\OJI)l(Hbl 6bITb paBHbIMH, TO
no.rryqaeM:
PA =Pa + yhH3fo (2-48)
OTKYM
Ih ~ H36
PA - Pa p
(2-49)
y y
r11e p - H36blTO'IHOe ,[laBJieHHe B TO'IKe n.
BeJIH'IHHa ~ Ha3hIBaeTcll II h e 3 o M e T p H 'I e c K o :ii B hi c o T o H:, o T B e 'I a-
KJ me H H 3 6 bl T 0 'I H 0 My .n a B .JI e H H IO B T 0 'I Ke, HJIH H36blTO'IHOH IIhe30MeTpH-
qecKOH BhlCOToH: HJIH rrpoCTo II h e 3 o M e T p H 'I e c K o :ii B hl c o T o H:. KaK BH,nHo,
Ilbe30MeTpnqecKall BhlCOTa hH3fo B OTJIH'ltte OT IIbe30MeTpttqecKOH BhICOThl hA,
Bbl pa )!(a eT JI Hill h pa 3 H 0 CT h .[laB JI eHH :ii: PA - Pa Tpy6KH llo H n Ha3bl-
BaIOTCll II he 3 0 Me T pa M H COOTBeTCTBeHHO 3aKphITOfO H OTKPhITOfO THIIa.
JierKO .[10Ka3aTb CJieeywmne .[\Ba IIOJIO)l(eHHll:
1) pa3HOCTb Bh!COT CTOllHHll roptt30HTOB )l(H,[IKOCTH B TpypKax flo H fl Bcer,[la
paBHa pJy;
2) B cnyqae OTKphnoro cocy.r:1a, Kor.r:1a p0 =Pa. BeJIHqlflla h.,6 = h, r.ne h- 3a-
rny6JieHHe .naHHOH TO'IKH IIO.[I ypoBHeM )l(H.[IKOCTH B cocy .[le.

2-7. BAKYYM

Bh1me paccMaTpHBaJicll cJiyqau, Kor .na a6coJIIOTHoe .r:laBJieHHe B ToqKe 6oJibllle

aTMoe<f>epHoro. 06paTHMCll TeIIeph K cnyqa10, Kor.r:1a PA <Pa IloJIO)l(lfM, 'ITO TaKHM
,[laBJieHHeM xapaKTepH3yeTCll TO'IKa m, IIOKa3aHHall Ha pHC. 2-10. )l,aBJieHHe B TO'IKe
m nptt ycJIOBHH PA< Pa MO)l(HO H3MepttTh c .IIOMOinhIO
TaK Ha3hIBaeMoro o 6 p a T H o r o II h e 3 o M e T p a,
HJIH, 'ITO TO )l(e, B a K y y M M e T p a, IIpe.r:1cTaBJillIOJUero
co6oH: H30rHYTYIO Tpy6Ky v. v
QqeBH,nHO, roptt30HT )l(H.[IKOCTH B TaKOH Tpy6Ke
onycnl:TCll HH)l(e TO'IKH m; 3arJiy6JICHHe TO'IKH m
no OTHOllICHHIO K ropH30HTY )l(ll,nKOCTH B Tpy6-
Ke v 6y.r:1e:r OTpHIJ,aTeJihHhlM (h.,.. Ha
pttc. 2-10).
MolKHO cKa3aTh, 'ITO:
a) .[laBJICHHe B TOqKe m co CTOpOHhl )Klf,n-
KOCTH B cocy.r:1e paBHO PHc. 2-10. BaKyyM
heaK - BaK~YMMeTpH'lecKa~ Bb!CO-
PA= Po+ yh; (2-50) ra HJIH BhlCOTa BaKyyMa

6) .[laBJieHHe B TO'IKC m co CTOpOHhl )l(H.[IKOCTH B Tpy6Ke v paBHO

Pa - Yheax (2-51)
Coe.r:IHHllll 3HaKoM paBeHCTBa .r:1aa rrpttBe.[leHHhIX Bh1paxceHHll, IIOJlY'IHM:

PA =Pa - Yhaau (2-52)

h = Pa - PA
BaK (2-53)
y
BeJIH'IHHY h.ax Ha3hIBaIOT Ba Ky y M M eT p H q e c K o ii B hi c o T o H: HJIH B hi -
co To H: s a Ky y Ma. KaK BH.nHO, h..,. xapaKTeptt3yeT pa3HOCTh .r:IBYX ~aBJieHHH::
aTMoe<f>epHoro I1 a6coJIIOTHOro ,naBJieHHll B TO'IKe m. 11MeHHO :na pa3HOCTh,
a He caMo .r:1asJieHtte, Ha3brnaeTcll Ba Ky YJM o M (oT JiaTHHCKoro cJioBa vacuum
rrycToTa). MmKHO cKa3aTb, 'ITO BaKyyM B OaHHOU mo'lKe ;xcuOKocmu ecmb HeOocma-
moK oaBAe1tufl B :Jmou mottKe oo amMocifiep1to20. 11Ror.ua BaxyyMOM Ha3bIBaJOT TaK)l(e
COCTOSIHHe )l(HLJ:KOCTH, xor11:a AaBJJeHHe B HeH Menee aTMOCcpepHoro.
Benwnrna BaKyyMa MO)l(eT Bbrpa)l(aThCll TpeMll cIIoco6aMu:
CUJia 2 2
1) eA"HHUaMu , HaIIpHMep, KH/M , T. e. Klla (HJJH, HaIIpHMep, uc/ cM );
IIJJOI..Qa.ZU,
2) e)).UHHI.laMH LJ:JJHHbI (eJJ.HHHUaMH BhICOThI)
sepTHKaJibHOro CTOJI6a )l(HLJ:KOCTH, xapaKTep11-
3yeMOH oIIpe11:eneHHOH senuquHoH y;
3) B Jl 0 JI 51 x aTMOCl}>epHoro .ll,aBJieHUH
(B o6hrqHbIX ycJJOBUSIX BaKyyM He MO)l(eT 6b1Tb
6oJibIIIe roro ,n:aB11emrn, Koropoe pa3sHBaeT
B .UaHHOM Mecre aTMOCcpepa).
EcJIH B ..QaHHOH TOqKe BaKyyM paBeH, HarrpH-
Mep, 4 M BO)l. CT., TO :no 3Haq11T, qTo
a6COJJJOTHOe )laBJiem1e B 3TOH TO'IKe paBHO
6 M BO)l. CT.
B 1-4, n. 6 6b!J10 paccMorpetto nonH11Tne )!(llJl-
KOCTH B K8IIHnn 11pHOH Tpy6KC K (CM. pnc. 1-5).
He Y'lHTb1ea11 aoece Mone1Cym1poro ):lasnemrn,
MOJ!(eM CKa3aTb, '!TO B J!(H)J.KOCTH, HaXO}lSll..QCHCll B Ka-
llHJin!!pHOH lOHe, ):lOn)!(eH HMeTb MecTO eaKy)'M .
Pnc. 2-11. Bh!coTa Kamuurnp}loro 3mopa H3MetteHHll BeJIH'lllHbI h8u B.llOJib ocn M - N
IIOJ:IHllTIH! h,_ n )l(HJ:IKOCTH B Tpy6Ke K KannJIJillpttoii r py6KH K (pHc. 2-11) eb1pa3HTc11 Tpe-
3allITpHXOBal!L! :m!Opb! rHapocraTHlfeCKO- yroJibHHKOM ABC; :Jmopa )Ke HJ6bITO'IHoro Jl8BJiettu11
ro )lasnemui: nonoi1onenbttoro H orpH-
uarenbHOro (no OTHOllICHlllO K arMocep- h,,J6 = _E._ = PA - Pa
HOMY .11.asneHJ110) y y
ilJill numn1 AE npencTaBHTCll TpeyroJibHHKOM ADE.
IloCKOJibKY B naHHOM cnyqae BaKyyM o6pa3yeTCll
3a C'leT pa3HOCTH ):l8BJieHHH IIJIOCKOH H BOfHYTOH IIOBepxHOCTHblX IIJiettOK, TO OH, Boo6me
roaop11, MO)f(eT 6b1Tb " 60JibllIC O}lHOH aTMoccj>epbl.

2-8. IlOTEHIJ,HAJlbHASI 3HEPrHSI IKH.l{KOCTH.

IlOTEHIJ,HAJlbHbIA HAilOP

1. y )leJibHaH noTC~HaJibHaH JHeprnH IKH)).KOCTH. )l(U)lKOCTb, HaXO,WII..QallCll B IIOKOe

HJnt: .UBU)l(eHuu, o6na.n:aeT onpe.ueneHHhIM 3anacoM MexaHU'lecKOH :rnepnm, T. e . cno-
co6HoCTblO rrpOU3BOAJiTh pa6oTy. IlOKOflll~allCll )l(U)lKOCTb o6na.uaer TOJlbKO TaK
1
Ha3bIBaeMoi1 II o T e H uu a JI h H o ii 3 H e p r u e ii.
IloKa)l(eM Ha puc. 2-9 ropU30HTaJJhttyl-O KOOPJJ.UHaTttyl-0 IIJJOCKOCTh 00, KOTopyw
Ha30BeM II JI 0 c K 0 c Tb l-0 c pa B He H HSI. Ha IIJJOCKOCTH 00 HaMeTUM Ha'laJIO
ocu z, npH'leM 3Ty ocb HanpasuM ssepx. Op.uuHaThI z pa3JJH'IHhIX ToqeK )l(U)lKOCTH
6yJJ.eM Ha3hIBaTb 0 TM e T Ka Mu; OTMeTKa TO'IKU ecTb B03BbIIIIeHUe ee Ha.U IlJJO-
CKOCTbl-0 cpaBHeHHll. Iiy.ueM paccMaTpUBaTb TOqKy n )l(U)lKOCTU; IlbeJoMerpuqecKall
BbICOTa h..36 ll.Jlll 3TOH ToqKH, a TaK)l(e ee OTMeTKa z IlOKa3aHbl Ha qepTe)l(e.
BhI.UeJIHM y TO'IKH n secoM G u IIPUKJIJOqHM
HeKoTophrH o6'heM )l(U.UKOCTU
K 3TOH ToqKe OTKpbITYl-0 Tpy6Ky II. no.u .ueiicrsueM U36bITQqHoro .uaBJieHUSI p
B ToqKe n o6'beM )l(U.lJ.KOCTU secoM G no.UHHMaeTcll B Tpy6Ke II Ha BhICOTY h., 6 Ha.U
rrJioCKOCTbl-0 MN H Ha BhrcoTy H Ha.u rrJiocKocTbIO cpasttemrn 00 (cM. pHc. 2-9).

I HaXO,[lllCb OilHOBpeMeHHO B ilBYX BeJ<TOPHb!X CHJIOBbIX nom1x: a) B IlOJie CHJI TlllKCCTH,

HanpaBJJCHHbIX BepTHKaJihHO BHJ.13 H 6) B none rpaJlKeHfOB naeJieHHll (apXHMe}lOBblX CHJI),
HanpaeJieHHblX BepTHKaJlbHO BBepx.

46
 113 CKa3aHHOfO )J,OJDKHO 6bITb SICHO, 'ITO paccMaTpHBaeMblii o6beM )f(U)J,KOCTU,
cocpeJJ,OTO'leHHblii B TO'lKe n, MO)f(eT rrpOH3BeCTU pa6ory:
B 0 - II e p Bbl x, 3a C'leT CBoero rraJJ,eHUJI Ha IIJIOCKOCTb 00 c BblCOTbl z; 3Ta
B03MOX<HaJI pa6oTa 6yJJ,eT
(3fl) 2 = zG; (2-54)

B 0 - BT 0 p bl x, 3a C'leT CBOero IIO)J,HJITHJI IIO)J, JJ,aBJieHHeM p Ha BblCOT)' hH36;

3Ta B03MO)f(HaJI pa6oTa 6yJJ,eT
(2-55)

IloJIHaJI pa6oTa, KOTopy10 MO)l(eT IIpou3BecTu o6beM X<HJJ,KoCTu BecoM G,

(2-56)
BeJIH'lUHa ( 3 fl) H Ha3bIBaeTCJI II 0 T e H n: H a JI b H 0 ii 3 H e p r H e ii OIIpeJJ,eJieH-
HOro o6beMa )f(HJJ,KOCTH (B JJ,aHHOM cJiyqae o6beMa BecoM G).
y )J,eJibHOii IIOTeHn:uaJibHOii 3Heprueii (.YJfl) Ha3bIBaeTCJI 3HepruJI,
1
OTHeceHHaJI K e)J,UHUU:e B e c a )f(U)J,KOCTH, HaXO)J,JIUleiicJI B TO'lKe n:

(:Jn)
(.YJfl) = -G-= z + h,.16 = H. (2-57)

KaK BU)J,HO, BHyTPH y JJ,eJibHOii IIOTeHu;uaJibHOii 3Hepruu (IIQJIHoii) B o6meM

CJiy'lae CJieJJ,yeT pa3JIH'l3Tb JJ,Ba BH)J,a IIOTeHu;uaJibHOii 3Hepruu:
1) yJJ,eJibHYIO IIOTeHn:uaJibHYIO 3Hepru10 IIOJIO)l(eHUH (.YJfl),,
paBHYIO z;
2) y )J, e JI b H y IO II 0 T e H n: H a JI b H y lO 3 H e p r H lO )J, a B JI e H H JI ( .YJ fl)p.
paBHYIO

2. Ilonniiaa.riLHblii aanop. B ruJJ,paBillIKe cnoBo H a II o p IIpuMeHHeTCJI B oco6oM

CMbICJie;HanopOM npUHRmO Ha3bl6amb yoeAbHYIO 3Hep2UIO JICUOKocmu, m. e. Mepy
:mep2uu, npuHaOAe:caUjeit eounu11e 6eca JICUOKocmu.
B COOTBeTCTBHH c 3THM II 0 T e H n: H a JI b H bl ii H a II 0 p 6y )J,eT IIpeJJ,CTaBJIJITb
co6oii BeJIH'lHHY H [cM. <t>opMyJiy (2-57)]; IIpu 3TOM BeJiu'luHa z (oTMeTKa TO'lKu)
MO)l(eT 6blTb Ha3BaHa r e 0 M e T p H q e c KH M H a II 0 p 0 M; BeJIH'lHHa )Ke h"J6
(IIbe30MeTpH'lecKaJI BblCOTa) - Ha II 0 p 0 M )J, a B JI e H H JI. ,llocTaTO'lHO BeJIH'lHHbl
H, z, hH36 yMHOJKHTh Ha eJJ,uHun:y aeca )l(U)J,KOCTH, u Mbl IIpu 3TOM IIOJIY'IUM
COOTBeTCTBYIOlllUe 3Hepruu 3TOii eJJ,UHUIJ;bI aeca )l(U)J,KOCTH.
MO)l(HO CK33aTb, 'ITO nomeH11uaJ1bHblU .Hanop (yJJ,eJibHaJI IIOTeJUU{aJibHaJI 3HepruJI)
cJ1a2aemCJ1 U3 o6yx nanopo6: 2eOMempu4ecK020 Hanopa (yJJ,eJ1bHoii 3Hepruu rroJio)l(eHHJI)
u nanopa oa6J1enuR (yJJ,eJihHOii :meprnn JJ,aBJieHHJI).
Bee IIOJICHeHHbie BbIIIIe HaIIOpbl HMelOT pa3MepHOCTb )J, JI H H bl H Bblpa)l(alOTCJI
COOTBeTCTBYIOlllHMH OTpe3KaMH: H, z, h.,6 (puc. 2-9).
CJieJJ,yeT 1arroMHHTh, 'ITO c 2eoMempu4ecKoit moltKU 1peHUR nomeHIJUGAbHblit
Hanop H 6 oaHHOU moltKe (HanpuMep, 6 moltKe n) no omHoweHu10 K KaKou-Au6o
20pU30HmailblWU nAOCKOCnu.t cpa6HeHUR 00 npeOCma6JIRem co6oit cyMMY 06YX JIUHeu-
HblX 6eJ1ultuH: omMemKu i>aHHoit molt Ku z u coom6emcm6y10UJeit eu nbeJOMempultecKoit
6blCOmbl hn 3 6:

(2-58)

I 0THeceHHaSI HMeHHO K e,[\HHHL(e seca, a He K e,l\HHHL(e MaCCbl HJIH K e,[\HHHL(e

o6beMa )f(HJUWCTH.

47
 BeJJH'IHHa H (npe,n:CTaBmnomaJ1 co6oii npeBhIIIIeHHe ua,n: nJIOCKOCThlO cpaBueHHJI
00 ypoBHSI :lKH;:J:KOCTH B OTKpbITOM Ilhe30MeTpe, no,n:KJilO'leHHOM K paccMaTpHBaeMoii
TO'IKe) xapaXTepu3yeTCJ1 cJie,n:y10rueii oco6euuoCThl0: 1 OAR Bcex moqeK noKORUJeilcR
:xcuoKocmu 6eAuquua H oouuaKo6a:
H = const (no BceMJ o6MMy). (2-59)
)l.Jljl ,n:OK33aTeJihCTBa cnpaBe,n:JIHBOCTH 3TOfO noJIO:lKeHHSI uanuIIIeM:

H = z + _!?_ = z + PA - Pa = z + (po + yh) - Pa =

y y y
= (z + h) + .!!!!__ - !!!!.... = T + Po - !!!!.... = const, (2-60)
y y y y
r ,n:e T- npeBhIIIIeuue ropmourn :lKH,n:KOCTH B cocy,n:e ua,n: nJJOCKOCThlO 00
(T= const).

:1 (---------
- o_ - lIa
PHc. 2-12. Y .z:1eJlhHall noTeHUHa.JibHall PHc. 2-13. IIone cHJI TllJKeCTH (onHCLI-
-JHeprHll. IIoTeHUHaJibHbIH Hanop saeMoe noTeHUHaJlhHOH <l>YHKUHeif z) H none
H - noTeul(HaJI&HblH uanop HJIH y.z:1eJIL- apXHMC,LIOBhlX CHJI (onHCbIBaeMhlX DOTCHUH-
Hall noTeHUHaJILHall ::rneprHll llCHAKOCTH; aJibHOH <l>YHKUHe.H p/y), BffYTPH KOTOpblX
HA - a6comoTH&Iii noTeHIUian&Hblii uanop 0.LIHOBpeMeHHO Mb!CJICHHO nepeMemaeTCll O.LI-
HJIH a6coJIIOTHall noTCHUHaJILHall y .neJIL-,
Ha e,LIHHHIUl Beca JKH,LUCOCTH
Hall :rneprnR llCH.LIKOCTH
-- - H = z +
p/ y - cyMMapuall noTeHUHaJib-
Hall <jiyHKL(Hll, OTHCCCHHall K C.LIHHHUC eeca llCH.LIKO-
CTH; - p/"f = const; - - - - z = const

Bo3hMeM 3axpi.ni.1ii cocy ,n: (puc. 2-12). HaMeTHM B :lKu,n:xocru pJ1,n: TO'lex:
1, 2, 3, 4, ... K Ka:lK,n:Oii Taxoii TO'IKe npHKJilO'IHM Ilhe30MeTP n. OcHOBhlBaJICh Ha
(2-59), MO)l(eM yYBep:lK,n:aTi., 'ITO 2opu3oHm :xcuoKocmu 60 Bcex n&e3oMempax ooA:eeu
ycmaH06UmbCJI Ha OOHOU u mou :ee 6blCOme.
OTCIO,n:a SICHO, 'ITO no ropH30HTaM :lKH;:J:KOCTH B Ilhe30MeTpax n MO)l(HO npoBecru
ueKOTOPYlO IlJlOCKOCTh p P, KOTOpasi ,n:OJI)l(Ha 6hITh r 0 p H 3 0 H T a JI h H 0 ii. 3Ta
ropH30HTaJihHaSI nJIOCKOCTh pp ua3hIBaeTCJI n he 3 0 Me T pH 'I e c K 0 ii n J1 o-
c K 0 c Th}(), KaK BH;:J:HO, 3Ta IlJlOCKOCTh pp (HJIH, KaK o6hl'IHO roBOpSIT, n he 3 O-
M e T p H 'I e c K a j( JI H H H j( p - P) B03Bb!IIIaeTCSI ua,n: IlJIOCKOCThlO cpaBHeHHJI ua
BeJIH'IHH)' H.
H nocmoJIHHa OAR 6cex moqeK
B 3aKJilO'leHHe no,n:qepKHeM cJie,n:yJOruee: maK KaK
noKOJIUJeUCJI :CUOKOCmu, mo, CAeOo6ameAbHO, 60 6cex moqKax maKOU :CuOKocmu noAHaJI
yoeA&HaR nomeu~uaA&HaJI 3uep2uJ1 (Y3ll) oouuaKoBa:

(Y3ll) = const (no BCeMy o6'beMy). (2-61)

48
 3. IloTeHQHaJlbHhlH uanop, OTBelf&IOlllHH a6COJIIOTH0MY .naBJieHHIO. BLIIIIC npH
IlOSICHCHHH y .neJibHOH JHeprHH H nanopa Mbl onepupoBaJIH OTICpbITbIM llbe30MerpoM n.
Ec;rn 6bl Mbl BMecTO Ilbe30MeTpa n
IlOJib30BaJIHCb 3aKpbITbIM Ilbe30MeTpOM llo, TO
BMecrn noTeHUHaJILuoro uanopa H nOJI)"IHJJH 6bl a 6co JI 10 T u LI ii noTeHQHaJILHLIH
Hano p HA (cM. puc. 2-9 H 2-12). Qqean.nuo, Hanop HA ,nOJI)l(CH BLipaxcaTb
a 6 co JI to T H y to y.aeJILttyto noTettQHaJILHyto JHeprnto, no.ac'ilfTrurnyto 6e3 yqern
npoTHBO,mtBJieHHSI co cropOHbl aTMoc<t>epbI.
Ilbe30Me-rpuqec1<aR JIHHHH PA - PA onpe.neneMaR uanopoM HA ,nOJI)l(Ha B03BbI-
IIIaThC11 ua.n nhe30MerpuqecKoli JIHHHeii P- P ua Bhlcory, pasttyto pJy.

4. .JJ:onoJIHHTeJibHble JaMe'laHHll 0 UOTeHQHllJibHOM Hanope. flpeD.CTaBHM Ha pHC. 2-13

cocy)l A, npH'leM sec sceii )l(H)lKOCTH, narroJIIDIIOUleii JTOT cocy.n, o6oJHa'IHM qepeJ G.
HaMeTHM Ha pHcyHKe .llOIIOJlHHTeJibHO: rrnocxoCTb cpasHeHHll 00 H JKBHIIOTeHill!aJIH IIOJill
CHJJ TJl)l(eCTH, T. e. JIHHHH z= const (cM. JIHHHH 0, 1, 2, 3, .... 8, noxaJaHHble )lJIHHHblMH
UITpHXOBblMH JIHHHllMH).
KaK H3BeCTHO HJ MeXaHHKH, IIOTCHUHaJibHall JHeprnll (3fl) )l(H)IKOCTH, JanOJIHlllOUleH cocyn.
ff Ha x 0 D. JI Ille if c JI T 0 JI h K 0 B JI 0 JI e c H Jl T JI)!( e c TH, pasHa (OTHOCIHeJlhHO JIJIOCKOCTH
cpasHeHHll 00) GH,, rJJ.e H, - BOJBblWeHHe ueHTpa Tll)l(eCTH pacCMaTpHBaeMoro o6beMa
lKH.llKOCTH Ha)l nnocKOCTbIO cpaeHeHHll. Hawa )l(H)lKOCTb, na.D.all Ha nJIOCKOCTb 00, .D.OJI)l(Hll
npoH3eeCTH pa6ory, pasHyio GH,. 11MeHHO JTy pa6oTy 6yD.eM HaJbIBaTh co6cTBeHHOH
noTeHUllaJlbHOH JHeprHeH o6beMa )l(HiU(OCTH, JaJIOJIIDIIOll{eH cocy.D. H HaXOAAUleHCll T 0 JI b K 0
e none cHJI TR)l(eCTH; 060JHa'!aJ1 ee 'lepeJ CJmco6. HMeeM :

(3 I1Jco6 = GH c (A)

Bbillle MbI eeeJIH nOHllTHe noTeHUHaJibHoro Hanopa H H onpe.D.eJIHJlH 3Ty BeJIH'IHHJ

KaK Mepy :JHeprnH, npHHa)lJle~meii e.D.HHHUe eeca )l(H)IKOCTH. CneeyeT non.'lepKttyTh, '!TO
HCXOD.ll HJ IlOHllTHJI noTeHUHaJibHOro nano pa nen.onyCTHMO Il0,!1.C'IHTblBaTb c 0 6 c T B e H H y lO
JHeprnK> UOKOllll{CHCll )l(H,!l.KOCTH. )l;eHCTBHTeJlbHO, eCJIH 6bi Mb! JIOIIblTaJIHCb JTO C)leJiaTb,
To .Mll eeJIH'IHHbl Pmco6 rroJiy'IHJIH 6b1 "err pa & H n h Hoe eblp3)1(eHHe:

Pmco6 = GH(# GHc). (1>)

Bonpoc o noTettUHaJibHOM Hanope H (o BeJIH'IHHe yD.eJibHOH noTeHUHaJlbttoii 3Heprnu)
HaD.Jie)l(HT IlOHHMaTb (B CBJl3H c n.aJlbHCHwHM pacCMOTpeHHeM BOilpoCOB rnn.poD.HHaMHKH;
CM., HaIIpHMep, 3-15 H 9-4) CJIC)l)'lOUlHM o6paJOM. 1
PacCMaTpHeaeM )l(H.!lKOCTh, Haxo.wiUIYWCll e cocyJJ.e A, Kax HeKOTopyw (B .llaHHOM
CJJy'lae) neno.D.BH)l(ttylO cpeJlY. HaMe'laeM s JTOH cpe,lle OJJ.HY e)lHHHQY eeca )l(H.!J.KOCTH.
IlpH JTOM C'IHTileM, '!TO JJ,3HHall e,!l.HHHL\a eeca (pHC. 2-13) JaKJllO'leHa IrnK 6bi B
HeBeCOMbIH KOHTCHHep, o6paJOBaHHblH CT3JlbHblMH HeBeCOMbIMH CTCHKaMH, H30JIHPYlOlllHMH
Jl)' eD.HHHQY seca OT oKpy)l(3IOUleH )i(H)IKOCTH. )l;anee rrpe,llCTaBJIJleM ce6e, '!TO .llaHHall
Ct{HHHI.{a seca )l(HJlKOCTH II e p e M e Ill a e Tc JI B H y T p H y II 0 M JI H y T 0 ii Hen 0 )1 B H )!( H 0 ii
c p e .!I. bl (uarrpHMep, OT TO'IKH m .!1.0 TO'IKH n). IlpH JTOM IIOTCHUH3JlbHhIH Han op H
(yn.enbttyIO noTem1HaJibffYJO 3Heprnio) CJie)l)'eT noHHMaTh xax Mepy JHeprnH, rrpHHa)1Jle)l(3-
llleii yKa3aHHoii eJJ.HHHUe seca )l(H)lKOcTH, nepeMeIUaiomeiicll e OKPY)l(3K>llleii ee HeIIOJJ.BHllCHOii
lKHllKOH cpe.D.e.
noxa)l(eM, 't:TO n.aHHaJI D.BH)l(Jlllal!CJI e,1lHHHUa aeca llCH.IIKOCTH n.eiiCTBHTeJILHO o6Jia-
.uaeT (rrpH orrpe.D.eJieHHblX JIOCTaBJICHHblX ycJIOBHllX) UOTCHUHaJILHOH 3Heprneii, paBHOH (H x
x 1 en.. eeca). C JTOH 11eJibK> IIpe)l()le scero o6paTHM BHHMaHHe Ha cReJlYIOll.lee cyme-
CTBeHHoe o6crol!TeJihCTBo.
Heno.llBH)l(Hall cpe.ua Tl!)l(eJioii JICH.!J.KOCTH, HaXOD.llll.leiic11 B cocy .D.e A, o6yCJIOBJIHBaeT

cyIUCCTBOBaHHe CKallllpHOro IlOJill ,1laBJieHHH (p/y), npH'leM BeJIH'IHHa J!...

y
= f(x, y) SIBJilleTCll
2
noTett1111aJJbHOH <f>YHKUHeii 6exmopnow no11J1 2paouenmo6 Oa611enuJ1
1
Ilo,!l.po6Hee CM. P. P. q yr a e B. <l>H3H'lecKHii cMbICJI OT.lleJibHb!X cnaraeM1.1x ypasHeHHll
EepHyJIJIH JJ.Jlll ycraHOBHBWeroCR H HeycTaHOBHBUierocJI )lBff)l(CHHH peaJihHOH )l(H)IKOCTH. -
C6opHHK Hay'!HO-MeTO.!l.H'!ecKHX crnTeH no rn.apaBJIHKe. Bb!n. 4. - M.: BbICWall WKOJia, 1981.
2 0THeceHHblX K e)lHHHlle seca )l(H)IKOCTH.

49
 p
JlHHHH paBHOro IlOTeHUHaJia - = Const IlOKa3aHbl Ha pwc. 2-13 nyHKTHpOM: nepsasr
y
1
3KBHDOTeHUHaJih 0 cosna.naeT c nosepxttoCThlO )KHJlKOCTH, ee Ha11MeHosatt11e p/y = O;
IlOCJie)lmUI (caMaSl HH)KHSIH) 3KBHDOTeHUHaJ1b 4' )J,OJDKHa cosna)J,aTb c AHOM cocyna, ee HaHMe-

HOBaHHe 6y.neT _!!_ = h, r.lle h- rJiy611tta BOJlhI s cocyJle.

y
MMeSI B suey CKa3attttoe, 3aKJIK>qaeM, qro HaMeqeHHaSI ttaMU eJlHHHUa Beca )KHJlKOCTH
0).1,HOBpeMeHHO n e p e Me lU a e Tc SI B Jl By x pa 3 H hi x n 0 Te Hu Ha JI b H bl x n 0 JI SI x:
a) B BeKTOPHOM noJie CUJI TSl)KeCTH, ODHCbIBaeMOM IlOTeHI.maJibHOH cpyttKIUfeH z;
6) B IlOJie BeKTopoB JP' ODHChIBaeMOM IlOTeHUHaJihHOH lf>YHKUHeH p/y.
KaK BHJlHO, npu yKa3aaHoii: noCTattosKe sonpoca caMa TS1)KeJiaS1 )KHJlKOCTh, Haxo)lSl-
maS1CS1 B cocy)le A, HHTepecyeT Hae TOJihKO KaK MaTepuam>, C03).J,aIOlUHH HenO)lBU)KHOe
noTeHUHaJibHOe noJie, ODHCbIBaeMoe lyHKUHeii p/ y (BHYTPH KOTOporo nepeMemaeTCSI BbI)le-
JJeHHaSI e.uHHuua seca )KHJlKOCTH).
Jleno BH)leTh, qTO pa6oTa )laaaoii CJlHHHQbl seca npu nepeMemeHHH ee OT ToqKu m
JlO TO'IKH n (CM. puc. 2-13), paBHSleTCSI:
1) 3a cqeT )lBH)KeHHSI ee TOJlbKO B IlOTeHuuaJibHOM IlOJie CHJI TSl)KeCTH. BeJIHqHHe

(z1 - z 5 ) x 1 e.u. seca;

\
2) 3a cqeT nsu)KeHHll ee TOJibKO B IlOTCHUHaJibHOM IlOJie rpa)lHeHTOB )laBJieHHSI
BeJIH'IHHe
(zs - z 7 ) x 1 en. seca,

r)le Zs H Z7 - B03BbIUieHHe Han UJIOCKOCThlO cpaBHCHHSI COOTBeTCTBCHHO ToqeK n H m.

KaK suntto, noJIHaSI pa6oTa )lattHott e)lHHHQbl seca, nepeMemaiomeiicS1 onttospeMeHHO
B Ji: B y x n 0 T e H uH a JI b H bl x n 0 JI SI x,

(z1 - zs) x 1,0 + (zs - z 7) x 1,0 =0,

a CJie)lOBaTeJibHO, IlOJIHaSI IlOTeHUHaJlbHaSI 3HeprHSI enHHHQbl Beca )l(HnKOCTH, HaXO)lSl-

meHCSI B JII060H TO'IKe, paCDOJIO)KCHHOH BHYTPH cocy .ua, 0 n H H a IC 0 B a H p a BH a
Be JI H q H He H (nocKOJlbKY '.H OH BCJIH'IHHOH ::: rneprHH, I<aIC BH)lHO 113 puc. 2-13, o6Jia)lalOT
e.D,HHHQbl seca )l(HllKOCTH, pacnoJIO)KeHHble, HanpHMep, Ha cso6011HOH nosepXHOCTH )KH)J.KOCTH).
MMeHHO yKa3aHHhIM o6pa30M MO)KHO 6oJiee Toqtto pa3bSICHHTb sonpoc o noTeHllH-
aJibHOii 3HeprHH HeKOToporo o6beMa IlOKOSllUeHCSI )KU)J.KOCTH, KOTOphlH O)lHOBpeMeHHO Ha-
XO.llHTCSI B A By x pa 3 JI H q H bl x B e K T 0 p H bl x H e n 0 .ll B H )I( H bl x c H JI 0 B bl x
n0 T e H u H a JI b H bl x n 0 JI SI x.
,UaHHbIH sonpoc MO)KHO pa3bSICHHTb eme H cJieJJ.yIOlUHM o6pa3oM . Bo3bMeM Ky6uqe-
CKHH MeTp )Kff.llKOCTH, 3aKJIJOqeHHhlH B npaKTH'leCKH HesecoMbIH npoqHbJH (ttanpuMep,
CTaJibHOH) KOHTeii:ttep, HMeIQlUHH Ky6uqecKyIO cpopMy. ,Uanee npeJJ.CTaBHM ce6e, qTo 3TOT
KOHTeii:ttep (3anoJIHeHHbIH TSl)KCJIOH )KHnKOCTbIO) nepeMemaeTCSI B B 0 3 .ll y x e (T. e. T 0 JI b K 0
B n 0 JI e c H JI T SI)!( e c TH). 0'1eBH)J,HO, pa6oTa, BbinOJIHeHHaSI 3THM KOHTeiiHepoM,
onpe.ueJJHTCSI pa3HOCTblO HaHMeHoBaHHH COOTBeTCTBYIOlllHX JIHHHH paBHoro IlOTCHUHaJia
TOJibKO DOJISI CHJI TSl)!(CCTH (aaqaJibHOH H KOHe'IHOH 3KBHUOTCHUHaJICH). flOcJie
:noro y ,LlaJIHM 113 Harnero KOHTCHHepa :>kH)J.KOCTb H TeM caMbIM C)J.eJiaeM ero HeBeCOMbIM.
3TOT nycTOH HeBeCOMblH KOHTCHHep 6y)leM Mb!CJICHHO nepeMemaTb He B B03llyxe, a B OKpyx<a-
IOlUeii )KHJJ.KOCTH, T. e. T 0 JI b K 0 B Be KT 0 p H0 M n 0 JI e r p a AH e H T 0 B Jp
n a B JI e H H .II. QqesunHo, 3a C'leT AaBJICHHSI )KHJJ.KOCTH Ha CTCHKH nyCToro KOHTeiiHepa
csepxy H CHH3Y (T. e. 3a C'leT apXHMe]J.OBOH CHJihl, HMCIOI.lleii CBOIO rioTeHUHaJihttylO
cpyttKUHIO B BHJJ.e p/y) Mbl DOJIY'IHM TY )Ke pa6oTy, 'ITO H Bblllle, KOr)J.a Mbl MblCJieHHO nepe-
MemaJIH naHHbIH KOHTeii:ttep B B03)lyxe (B noJie CHJI TSl)KeCTH). O.rrnaKO JlBe 3TH pa60Tbl

1
ATMoclf>epuoe )lasnettue He Y'IHThIBaeM.

50
(pa6oTa TOJlbKO 8 none CHJl TlUKeCTH " pa6oTa TOJILKO 8 none CHJI murneHHll -
apJUtMe,!J.OBblX cun) I 6yJJ.yT HMeTb pa3Hble 3HaKH, npnqeM cyMMa 3THX pa6oT 6yJJ.eT
paeHa Hymo.
Kax BH.ll.HO, paccMaTpneal! eonpoc o noTemmaJlbHOii 3HeprHH O.ll.HOH eJJ.HHlUlbl seca
JKIU\KOCTH, HaxOJlllllleHcll B cocyJJ.e A, Mhl .LlOJIJKHhI npe,acraBJll!Tb ce6e eoo6pa:lKaeMoe
nepeMeIUeHHe 3TOH e,nUHHUbl eeca B OKpy:lKaiomeii ee >KH,llKOCTH, npn 3TOM Mb! .LlOJl>KHbl
Y'IMTh!BaTb, qro )laHH3ll eJIHHHU3 eeca )!(H)lKOCTH 0 .LI H 0 8 p e Me H H 0 n e p e Me lU a e Tc ll B
JlBYX pa3Hb!X CHJIOBblX llOTettrutaJlbHblX llOJlllX:
1) B n 0 JI e c "JI T Jl Ji( e c TH, OTIHCbIBaeMOM npHBel!eHHOH IIOTeHUH3.1IhHOH cl>YHKUHeH,
p3BHOH z, 11
2) B II 0 JI e a p x H Me LI 0 B 0 ii c R JI bl, OIIRCb!BaeMOH rrpHBel!eHHOH IIOTeHllH3JlbHOH cl>YHK-
uneii, paBHOH p/y.
QqeBH,!J.HO, qTo IIOJIHall IIOTeHUH3JlbHaJl 3tteprHll paccMaTpHBaeMoii e)lHHHllbl eeca,
OJlHOBpeMeHHO HaXOllllllleHCll B .LI .B y x p a 3 JI H '{ H bl x c H JI 0 B bl x II 0 Te H 1( H a JI b H bl x
n 0 JI ll x, llOJl)l(Ha paBHllTbCll (OTHOCHTeJlbHO npOH3BOJlbHO HaMeqeHHOH IIJTOCKOCTH cpaBHe-

HHll 00) eeJ1nq1rne z + _/!_ = H.

y
TaKHM o6pa3oM BeJIH'IHHa H He eCTb ynenbHall rroTeHUHaJlbH3ll 3Heprnll JKHlIKOCTH (na-
XOJlllUJeHcll, HarrpHMep, B HeKOTOpOM cocyue; CM. puc. 2-13), IIO.ll.C'IHTaHHall OTHOCHTeJibHO
rrpHHllTOH IIJTOCKOCTH cpaBHeHHll 00 B rrpennOJIO>KeHHH, 'ITO Ha lKH.LIKOCTb ueiiCTBYIOT TOJlbKO
cHJihr TlllKecrn. Bem1qnHa H npeJ\CTaBJTlleT co6oii OTHeceHeyio K e.LIHHHU.e seca :lKH.llKOCTH
II 0 T e H ll H a JI b Hy IO cp y H K u If IO, OIIHCblBalOlUYIO c y M M a pH 0 e BeKTopHoe CHJIOBOe none,
o6pa30B3HHOe CHJT3MH Tll)!(eCTH H eme apXHMe)lOBbIMlf CHJlaMH (TO'l:Hee roeopll, CHJl3MH,
BblpaJKaeMblMH rpa.!J.lfeHT3MH ,L\3BJieHHll JP; CM. Bb!Uie).

2-9. PABHOBECHE 11\H,lJ:KOCTH BO BPAIUAIOU(EMCR COCY,lJ:E

(OTHOCl1TEJlbHhJH nOKOA 11\H)],KOCTH)

PaccMoTpHM CJiyqaii, KOrAa Ha lKHl!KOCTh, rroMHMO o6beMHhIX cun Tll:lKeCTH, Aeitcray-

er eme .upyral! CHCTeMa o6beMHblX CHJI, HanpHMep, CHCTeMa l(eKTpo6elKHbIX CHJJ RHepmm.
Bo3bMeM KpyrJ10UHJTHH.Up11qecKttii cocy.u,
HanOJJHeHHblii lKlfllKOCTblO, npwteM 6y.ueM C'IH-
TaTb, qTo :noT cocyn apamaeTcll eoKpyr ceoeii
B epT H K a JI b H 0 H 0 c If p a B H 0 M e p H 0,
T. e. c nocTollHHoii yrnoeon cxopocThIO A
(puc. 2-14). liJiaro)lapll CltJI3M TpeHHll CTCHKH
BpalUatoUJerocl! cocyJJ.a 6yJJ.yT BHa'laJie ysJieKaTb
33 co6oii )l(Htl;KOCTb, a TIO HCTe'leHHH HeKOTO-
poro BpeMeHH BCll lKlfJlKOCTb HaqHeT BpamaThCll
BMeCTe COCYllOM c TOH )l(e yrnoeoii CKOpOCTblO
Q, H3XOAl!Cb II 0 0 T H 0 Ill e H If IO K CT e H
h
Ka M c o c y ll a B n o K o e. C11nb1 TpeHHll np11
:noM BHYTPH lKHL!KOCTH, a TaKlKe Me:lKAY lKH.ll-
KOCTblO, CTeHKaMH cocyl!a " ero )lHOM, 6y1lyT
OTCYTCTBOBaTb.
Ecm1 ocu xoop;urnaT, pacnonolKeHHbie,
K3K IIOKa3aHo Ha qepTe)!(e, 6yJleM cq1naTb
cxpem1eHHb1M11 c apamaiom11Mc11 cocy,aoM, To
nv OTHOUieHHIO K T3KHM epamaIOUlHMCll OCJlM
KOOpJrnHaT lKHL!KOCTb TaK:lKe 6yLieT HaXOLillTbCll
B noKoe. flo3TOMY llllll HCCJie)lOBaH!fll epama-
P11c . 2-14. ll,HJ1HH1lPH'leckHtt cocy!l, epawaio-
IOUleHCll lKHllKOCTH npH yKa3aHHbIX IIO)lBlllKHblX
m11iicll OTHOCHTeJlbHO BepTHka.JlbHOH OCH
OCllX KOopinrnaT MoryT 6b!Tb 11p11MeHeHbl
Oz
H3BecTHbie ypaBHCHHll 3iinepa (2-14). A OB - ceo60.uHa11 noBepxHOCTb JICH,!UCOCTH

I lbeecTHO, qTo apx11MeLIOBY CHJIY)) rrp11 onpe.ueneHHOH noCTaHOBKe Bonpoca MO>KllO pac-
CMaTpHBaTb K3K CHJJy o6beMHyIO.

51
 B 3TH ypaBHCHHll sxoJUIT o6oeMHaSI CHJia <fj, IJ.eiicreyiomall Ha CAHHHl.I}' MaCCbI
JKHJUCOCTH. B AaHHOM CJiy'flle rnna <fj 6yAeT CJiaran.cll H3 IJ.Byx CHJI: CHJibI Tl!JKeCTH
H ueHTpo6eJKHOH CHJibJ.
c TeM 'IT06bl ilaHTH 11poeKUHIO ueHTpo6eJKHOH CHJibl Ha OCH KOOPIJ.HHaT, HaMeTHM
BHYTPH JKHAKOCTH TO'fKY m H BhlACJIHM y Hee 3JieMeHTapHyJO Macey lKHAKOCTH f>M.
Macca oM 6y.neT spaman.cJI 80Kpyr OCH cocyIJ.a, ABHraJICb 110 OKPYJKHOCTH, HMCIOIIleU
pa.!UlyC r H JICJKameii B llJIOCKOCTH, HOpMaJibHOH K OCH cocy.ua. l.l,eHTpo6eJKHaJI CHJia, IJ.CHCT-
BYJO!llall Ha .mlllttyfO Macey, 6yIJ.CT

I' = v28M = 8M (Qr)2 = n2r8M, (2-62)

r r

r.ue v- CKOpOCTb .UBHJKeHHSI MaCCbl f>M 110 OKpylKHOCTH pa,uHyca r.

l.l,eHTpo6eJKHaJI CHJia, OTHeceHHall K CIJ.HHHUC MaCCbl JKM)lKOCTH, cocpe,nOTO'ICHHOH B
TO'IKC m,
(2-63)

3Ta CHJia, T3K JKe KaK H CHJia /', HanpaeJieHa 110 paIJ.Hycy OT OCH cocyIJ.a HapyJKY.
. 11poeKIJHH CHJibl I (oTHeceHHO~ K C.UHHHUC MaCCbl) Ha OCH KOOp.UHHaT

1 (2-64)

I , = 0. J
11poeKUHH OO'bCMHOH CHJlbl TlllKCCTH, OTHCCCHHOH K C!lHHHIJC MaCCbI, BbipaJKafOTCJI 3a-
BHCHMOCTbfO (2-28). CKJialJ.bIBall o6oeMHbie CHJibI TBJKecTH H o6'beMHble 11eHTpo6eJKHb1e
CHJibl, OTHCCCHH'b!e K e.D,HHHIJC MaCCbl, llOJiyttaeM

:: : ~ :~:;: ~:;: 11 (2-65)

if>: = - g + 0 = - g. -
1
11oIJ.CTaBJillSI (2-65) 8 (2-1 7), HaH).leM

dpA = p(!l 2 xdx + !l 2 ydy - gdz), (2-66)

'ITO llOCJIC HHTerpHpOBaHHJI .uaeT

PA = P ( - -
2
n2 x2
+ +-
Ql 2
gz
)
+C= -S-- (x
Ql 2
+ y2) - pgz + C. (2-6 7)

I1ocrOJ1HHYfO HHTerpHpOBaHHJI c ycraHaBJIHBaeM, HallHcaB (2-67) llPHMCHHTCJibHO K

TOttKe, HaXOll.lllUCHCJI e HattaJij': KOOPIJ.HHaT, IJ.JIB KOTopoii x = y = z = O; p = p 0 Kak BHIJ.HO,

C =Po, (2-68)
11pntteM (2-67) 11epemnneTcll e BHIJ.e:
2
PA =Po + -p!l
2
- (x
2
+ Y2 ) - yz. (2-69)

3To llOCJICIJ.Hee ypaBHCHHe H Bb!paJKaeT 3aKOH pac11pe,ueJieHHll .uaeJieHHJI B paccMaT-

pHeaeMOH JKHIJ.KOCTH. 110Jib3YllCb TaKHM ypllBHCHHCM, MOJKHO H3HHI noeepXHOCTH
paeHoro .uaeJieHHa
)J,eiiCTBHTCJibHO, ypaBHCHHe rroeepxHOCTH, BO ecex TO'IKax KOTopoii .llaBJICHHe
PA = p; = const, JallHWeTCll e BH.Ue
2
p!l 2
- 2- (x + Y2) - yz = Pi - Po (2-70)

1
B ypaeHeHHH (2-17) 110.n p llOIJ.pa3yMeeaJIOCb a6coJIIOTHoe IJ.aBJieHHe PA e TOttKe.

52
 YpaBHeHHe (2-70) BblpaJKaeT nosepXHOCTb, S!BJIJllOlllYIOCJI nap a 6 0 JI 0 H LI 0 M B pa Ille H ff JI
(c BepTHKaJibHOH OCblO).
Cso60L1HaJ1 nosepxHOCTb JKHLIKOCTH, xapaKTepH3yeMall nocTOJIHHbIM L1as11eHHeM p1 = Po 1,
rrpeL1CTaBJIJ1eT co6oii TaKllce napa60110HJl spameHHll; ypasHeHHe ee 6y,!leT:
p02
- - (x 2
2
+ y2) - yz = 0. (2-71)

ECJIH y'leCTb, 'ITO x

2
+ y2 = 2
r , TO, peUIHB (2-71) OTHOCHTeJibHO z, noJI)"IHM c11eJ:1Y10-
mee ypasHeHHe, no KOTopoMy 11eno nocrpoHTb napa6011y AOB, ,lla!OlllYIO cso60L1ffYIO
nosepxHOCTb:
02
Zo = - r2 (2-72)
2g ,
me z 0 - opL1HHaTa KpHsoii AOB.
Pacnpe.ue11eHHe m111JieHHJ1 B ropH30HTaJibHOH nJIOCKOCTH MN, 11elKameii HHJKe Ha'la11a
KooprornaT Ha BCJIH'IHHY a, MOJKHO Hai!TH, Il0Jlb3Yl1Cb (2-69):

PA = Po+ -~2- (x 2 + Y2 ) +ya= Po + -~2- r + ya =Po + y (~

2 2
2g r +a) . (2-73)
2 2

Y 'IHTbIBaJI (2-72), IlOJiy'llleM

PA= Po+ y(a + zo) =Po+ yh, (2-74)

rJle h =a + Zo IlOKa3aHO Ha pHC. 2-14.

TaKHM o6paJoM, L1asneHHe B lKHJlKOCTH, HaxoL1J1meiicJ1 BHYTPH pasHoMepHo spa1Ua10-
merocJ1 cocy .ua. BblpaJKaeTCll JaBHCHMOCTblO Toro JKe BH.ua, 'ITO ff .llJIJI CJIY'illll TJIJKCJlOH
IlOKOllllleHCll lKH.LlKOCTH [CM. (2-39)]; IlOLI BCJIH'IHHOH h 3.Llecb Ha.!10 IlOHl!MaTb TOJlbKO
3arny611eHHe paccMaTpHBaeMOH TO'IKH IlOLI KpHBOJIHHCHHOH CB060L1HOH nosepXHOCTblO.

2-IO. brnA rJ.f1lPOCTATHlJECJ<'oro ll.\B.'JEHJHI.

,!l,EHCTBYIOU{MI HA nJIOCKYK) <l>lffYPY .;l lOGOH <l>fW\lbl

Ope.D.CTaBHM Ha p11c. 2-15,a OTKphIThIH cocy.D., ttanonHeHHhIH )l(RLl,KOCThlO H

HMe10rn;llH IlJlOCKYl-0 HaKJIOHH)'l-0 creHxy OM. B nnocxoCTH noii crenxH naMeTHM
ocH KOOP.llHHaT Oz H Ox. Och Ox nanpaBHM nepneH.D.HKYJ1J1pHo K nJIOCKOCTH
'lepTe)l(a.
Ha cTeHKe cocy.D,a OM HaMeTHM neK0Topy10 nnocKyI-O qrnrypy n106oro oqeprn-
Hllll, HMe1-0rn;y1-0 nnoma.llh S. 3rn ct>11rypa Ha pBc. 2-15, a 6y.neT npoeKTHpoBaTbCSI B
JIHHHIO (noKa3aHnyJO Ha qepTe)l(e )l(HpHO). npe.nCTaBHM eme Ha pHC. 2-15,6 CTCHKY
cocy;::i,a OM, nosepHyry10 oTHOCHTeJibHO OCH Oz Ha 90 (coeMemeHuyto c
II.iIOCKOCTbl-0 qepTe)l(a). j{cHO, 'ITO Ha pHC. 2-15, 6 HaMe'leHHail IlJIOCKaSI ct>11rypa
6y.lleT H3o6pa)l(aTbCJI 6e3 HCKa)l(eHHSI.
B cooTeercrBHH c nepBhIM cBOH9"BOM rn.npocraTH'lecKoro .llaBJieHHSI (CM.
2-2) MO)l(eM yTsep)l(.naTh, 'ITO so scex TO'IKax n11oma.n11 S .nas11ett11e )l(RLl,KOCTH
6y.lleT HanpaBJieHO HOpMaJlhHO K CTeHKe. 0TCIO,na JaKJIIO'laeM, 'ITO CHJia a6COJIIOTHOro
fHt:IJ'OCTaTH'ICCKOro )laBJlcHHSI p A .neiicrsy10maJ1 Ha npoH3BOJ1bffYIO IlJlOCK)'IO lf>11rypy
rnrnma.llhlO S, 6y.neT TaK)l(C HanpaBJICHa no OTHOWeHHIO K CTeHKe HOpMaJibHO
(KaK 3TO noKaJaHO Ha pHc. 2-15, a).
nocrasHM nepe.D. co6oii uenh HaHTH:
a) cHJiy PA a6coJ110THoro r11.npocraTit'lecKoro .nae11eHHJ1;
6) IlOJlO)l(cHHe JlHHHH .D,eHCTBHSI CHJibI p A

1
Y'lllTbIBaJI nosepxHOCTHoe .uasneHHe p 0 co CTopoHbI B03LlywHoii CpeLlbI Ha noaepxHocTh
lKH.llKOCTH, Mb! npH 3TOM npeHe6peraJIH BbJWe CHJiaMH TpeHHll, BOJHHKalOWHMH MCllCJIY
lKHL{KOCTblO H BOJ~YWHOH cpeLIOH.

53
 1. CHJia PA HaMeTIIM Ha paccMaTpHBaeMoif qmrype npoH3BOJihHYIO ToqKy m,
3arJiy6JieHHYIO IIO,ll ypoBHeM )l(Ji,llKOCTH Ha h H HMe10my10 KOOp,llHHaTy z; SICHO, qTo
h = z sin 8, (2-75)
r,lle 8 - yroJI HaKJIOHa 60KOBOll CTeHKH cocy ,Ila K ropli30HTy.
Y TOqKH m BbI,lleJiliM :meMeHTapHyIO IIJiomaAKY dS. Oma a6COJIIOTHoro rn,ll-
. pocTaTHqecKoro ,llaBJieHHSI, ,llellCTBYIOII(aSI Ha 3TY IIJIOII(a,llKy,
dPA = PAdS, (2-76)

CxeMa a

CxeNa 5

/
/ m
z/ dS

PHc. 2-15. .IJ:aaJleHHe lKHAKOCTH Ha rrnocxyio HaKJIOHffYIO

tmrypy !IJlOIUa.[(b!O S

HJIH, corJiaCHO (2-40),

dPA =(pa+ yh)dS = PadS + yhdS = PadS + yzsin8dS. (2-77)
HHTerpHpysi 3To Bbipa)l(eHHe no Bceif IIJioma.n;H S, noJiy'laeM:

PA= PaJ dS + ysin8 JzdS. (2-78)

s s
JICHO, qTO:
JdS = S; Jz dS =(St lox = zcS, (2- 79)
s s
r.n;e (St)ox - CTaTJiqecKHll MOMCHT IIJIOCKOll qmrypbl OTHOCHTeJibHO OCH Ox; Zc -
Koop.n;HHaTa ueHTpa TSJ:)l(CCTH (ToqKH C) .n;aHHoif nJiocKoif qmrypb1.
Ilo.n;craBmu1 (2-79) B (2-78), nonyqaeM:
(2-80)

TaK KaK
zcsin8 =he,
r.n;e he - 3arJiy6JieHHe ueHTpa TSJ:)KeCTH C nJiocKoif qmrypb1 non ropmoHToM )Kll,ll;-
KOCTH, TO
(2-81)

54
HJIH
(2-82)
r)le (pA)c - a6coJUOTHOe fH)lpOCTaTHqecKoe )laBJICHHe B roqKe, SIBJISllOIUCHCSI u;eHTpOM
TSl){(eCTH paccMaTpHBaeMOH nJIOCKOH qmryphI.
<l>opMyny (2-81) MO)J(HO rrpe)lCTaBHTh eme B BH)le:

~=~+~ ~~
3)lCCh pa - CHJia, o6yCJIOBJICHHaSI a TM 0 C <I> e p H hi M (IT 0 Be p X H 0 CT H hi M)
)laBJICHHCM, rrepe)laIOIUHMCSI qepe3 ){(H)lKOCTh Ha JIJIOCKYIO <l>Hrypy:

Pa= PaS; (2-84)

p - CHJia H 3 6 hi T 0 q H 0 r 0 B )la H H 0 M c JI y q a e Be c 0 B 0 r 0 )la B JI e H Hsi:

P = YhcS = PcS, (2-85)

r)le Pc - HJ6hITO'IHoe (BecoBoe) .uaBJieHHe B u,empe TIDKeCTH qmryphI.
KaK BH,UHO,cuAa 2uopocmamuqecK020 Ol16AeHUJl ( a6comomH020 uAu U36b1moqH020 ),
Oeiicmey10Ujafl Ha nAOCKYIO if}uzypy AI06oii <fiopMbl, paeHa nAOUjaOU Jmoii <fiu2ypbl,
YMHo:>iceHHoii Ha coomeemcmBy101ee 2uopocmamuqecKoe oaBAeHue [(pA)c HJIH Pc]
6 l/eHmpe mf!:>icecmu Jrhou <fiu2ypb1.
To'!Ka DA rrepece'leHHSI JIHHHH .ueficrBHH CHJihI PA c nJIOCKOCTbIO, B KOTopoii
JIC)l(HT paccMaTpHBaeMaSI qmrypa, Ha3hIBaCTCSI IJ, e HT p 0 M )la B JI e H H JI CHJlhl p A
Haii.ueM noJIO)J(eHne TO'lKH DA; 3THM n orrpe)lemncsi JIHHHSI )leHCTBHSI CHJihl PA-
2. IloJio~eune Qeurpa .uasJieHnH. Dpe)lcTaBHM Ha pHc. 2-16 neranh npe.uhl.uymero
'ICpTe:iKa. Qettrp .uaBJieHHH CHJibl Pa 6y.uer COBna.uaTh c u,eHTpOM TH)J(eCTH
qmryphl, TaK KaK nosepxHOCTHOe .uaBJieHHe p0 = Pa nepenaBasich qep~ )J(HLl,KOCTb,
p a BHo M ep Ho pacnpeneJisiercsi no paccMarpHBaeMoii TIJIOIIJ,a,UH. tfro Kacaercsi
1n6bnoqHoro l~aBnemu1, ro OHO pacnpe.ueJisiercsi HepaBHOMepHo no nJiomann qmryph1:
'leM rny6)J(e pacnoJio)J(eHa roqKa qmryphl, reM 6oJlbmee .uaBJieHHe oHa ncnhlThlBaer;
n03TOMY uemp .uaBJieHHSI CHJlbI p 6y.uer JIC)J(Cl-Th HH)J(e u;empa TSl)J(eCTH qmryphl (cM.
TO'lKY D).
HcKoMasi cHJia PA SIBJisiercsi reoMerpHqecKoii cyMMoii CHJI P. n P. To'lKa DA
6yAer Jie)J(aTh MC)J(JlY roqKaMu C u D; 3Ta roqKa DA Haiinercsi B pe3yJihrare
reoMerpwiecKoro CJIO)J(eHH51 CHJI Pa H P. TaKHM o6pa30M, Bonpoc CBO.UHTCSI K
OThICKaHHIO TO'lKH D, onpe.[(eJrneMOH KOOp.[(HHaTOH Zv. 3HaJI zv. Mhl .uaJiee, KaK
yKa3aHo Bhlllie, Haii)leM u BeJIHq1rny z' v. onpe)lensi10my10 noJIO)J(CHHe roqKH DA
PacqeTHYIO 3aBHCHMOCTh il,JISI BCJIH'IHHhl Zo HaXO)lSIT, HCXOM H3 CJICJlYIOIUero
ycJIOBHSI: CJMMa MOMCHTOB COCTaBJISIIOIUHX 3JICMeHTapHhlX CHJI pdS OTHOCHTCJlhHO
OCH Ox paBHa MOMCHTY paBHO)leHCTBYIOIUeH CHJihl p OTHOCHTCJlbHO TOH )J(C
ocn Ox.
11Mesi B BHJlY 3TO YCJIOBHe, MO)J(CM HanHcaTh:

f (pdS) z = Pzv. (2-86)

s
3ry <l>opMyJiy MO)J(HO nepenHcaTh B BH)le

J(yhdS)z = (YhcS)zv
s
HJIH
J(y sine zdS) z = (y sine zcS) Zv,
s

f z 2 dS
z -
s loy;
- ---
D - ~ - . (St)ox '
(2-87)

55
r.ne
lox= z dS J2 (2-88)
s
MOMeHT HHepu.uH OJIOCKOH <lmrypbl OTHOCHTeJibHO OCH Ox, a

(St)0 x =Sze (2-89)

eCTb, KaK 3TO y:>Ke OTMe'laJIOCb, CTaTH'lecKHH MOMeHT OJIOCKOH ctmryphl OTHOCHTeJlhHO
OCH Ox.
J 4-
Nr N

~- -
--- ~O(x)'\
- - -- .
I
I
2 ,h 5
I
I
1 6

\.
\. '\.
1> '
'\.~
'\.
"'
I
p
y
l't-2
r Ps-

~t
'\ '\. p
'\
A
~8
PHc. 2-16. QeHTP CHJibI rn.