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About ANSYS
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What is ANSYS?
ANSYS is general-purpose finite element analysis (FEA) software package. Finite Element Analysis is a
numerical method of deconstructing a complex system into very small pieces (of user-designated size)
called elements. The software implements equations that govern the behaviour of these elements and
solves them all, creating a comprehensive explanation of how the system acts as a whole. These
results then can be presented in tabulated, or graphical forms. This type of analysis is typically used
for the design and optimization of a system far too complex to analyze by hand. Systems that may fit
into this category are too complex due to their geometry, scale, or governing equations.
ANSYS is the standard FEA teaching tool within the Mechanical Engineering Department at many
colleges. ANSYS is also used in Civil and Electrical Engineering, as well as the Physics and Chemistry
departments.1
Why use it?
ANSYS provides a cost-effective way to explore the performance of products or processes in a virtual
environment. This type of product development is termed virtual prototyping.
With virtual prototyping techniques, users can iterate various scenarios to optimize the product long
before the manufacturing is started. This enables a reduction in the level of risk, and in the cost of
ineffective designs. The multifaceted nature of ANSYS also provides a means to ensure that users are
able to see the effect of a design on the whole behavior of the product, be it electromagnetic, thermal,
mechanical etc.
ANSYS in the Professional World:

If you are interested in ANSYS and what it accomplishes in the professional world, here are two links
that briefly discuss different aspects of the company. (*note: Their headquarters is based 20 minutes
outside of Pittsburgh.) For more information, just use www.google.com
1. http://www.shef.ac.uk/mecheng/staff/ay/cae/tutorials/ansys/ansys1.html
2. http://www.post-gazette.com/businessnews/20020406topstockbiz7P7.asp
Generic Steps to Solving any Problem in ANSYS:

Like solving any problem analytically, you need to define (1) your solution domain, (2) the physical
model, (3) boundary conditions and (4) the physical properties. You then solve the problem and
present the results. In numerical methods, the main difference is an extra step called mesh generation.
This is the step that divides the complex model into small elements that become solvable in an
otherwise too complex situation. Below describes the processes in terminology slightly more attune to
the software.
Build Geometry
Construct a two or three dimensional representation of the object to be modeled and tested
using the work plane coordinate system within ANSYS.
Define Material Properties

Now that the part exists, define a library of the necessary materials that compose the object
(or project) being modeled. This includes thermal and mechanical properties.
Generate Mesh
At this point ANSYS understands the makeup of the part. Now define how the modeled
system should be broken down into finite pieces.
Apply Loads
Once the system is fully designed, the last task is to burden the system with constraints, such
as physical loadings or boundary conditions.
Obtain Solution
This is actually a step, because ANSYS needs to understand within what state (steady state,
transient etc.) the problem must be solved.
Present the Results

After the solution has been obtained, there are many ways to present ANSYS results, choose
from many options such as tables, graphs, and contour plots.
Specific Capabilities of ANSYS:

Structural
http://www.cs.unc.edu/~hirota/fem/
see a quicktime movie of the knee joint here:
http://www.cs.unc.edu/~hirota/fem/movies/op2tr.mov
Structural analysis is probably the most common application of the finite element method as it implies bridges
and buildings, naval, aeronautical, and mechanical structures such as ship hulls, aircraft bodies, and machine
housings, as well as mechanical components such as pistons, machine parts, and tools.
Static Analysis - Used to determine displacements, stresses, etc. under static loading conditions.
ANSYS can compute both linear and nonlinear static analyses. Nonlinearities can include plasticity,
stress stiffening, large deflection, large strain, hyper elasticity, contact surfaces, and creep.
Transient Dynamic Analysis - Used to determine the response of a structure to arbitrarily time-
varying loads. All nonlinearities mentioned under Static Analysis above are allowed.
Buckling Analysis - Used to calculate the buckling loads and determine the buckling mode shape.
Both linear (eigenvalue) buckling and nonlinear buckling analyses are possible.
In addition to the above analysis types, several special-purpose features are available such as Fracture
mechanics, Composite material analysis, Fatigue, and both p-Method and Beam analyses.
Thermal
ANSYS is capable of both steady state and transient analysis of any solid with thermal boundary conditions.
Steady-state thermal analyses calculate the effects of steady thermal loads on a system or component. Users
often perform a steady-state analysis before doing a transient thermal analysis, to help establish initial
conditions. A steady-state analysis also can be the last step of a transient thermal analysis; performed after all
transient effects have diminished. ANSYS can be used to determine temperatures, thermal gradients, heat flow
rates, and heat fluxes in an object that are caused by thermal loads that do not vary over time. Such loads
include the following:
Convection
Radiation
Heat flow rates
Heat fluxes (heat flow per unit area)
Heat generation rates (heat flow per unit volume)
Constant temperature boundaries
A steady-state thermal analysis may be either linear, with constant material properties; or nonlinear, with
material properties that depend on temperature. The thermal properties of most material vary with
temperature. This temperature dependency being appreciable, the analysis becomes nonlinear. Radiation
boundary conditions also make the analysis nonlinear. Transient calculations are time dependent and ANSYS
can both solve distributions as well as create video for time incremental displays of models.
Fluid Flow
The ANSYS/FLOTRAN CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) offers comprehensive tools for analyzing two-
dimensional and three-dimensional fluid flow fields. ANSYS is capable of modeling a vast range of analysis
types such as: airfoils for pressure analysis of airplane wings (lift and drag), flow in supersonic nozzles, and
complex, three-dimensional flow patterns in a pipe bend. In addition, ANSYS/FLOTRAN could be used to
perform tasks including:
Calculating the gas pressure and temperature distributions in an engine exhaust manifold
Studying the thermal stratification and breakup in piping systems
Using flow mixing studies to evaluate potential for thermal shock
Doing natural convection analyses to evaluate the thermal performance of chips in electronic
enclosures
Conducting heat exchanger studies involving different fluids separated by solid regions
FLOTRAN analysis provides an accurate way to calculate the effects of fluid flows in complex solids without
having to use the typical heat transfer analogy of heat flux as fluid flow. Types of FLOTRAN analysis that
ANSYS is able to perform include:
Laminar or Turbulent Flows

Thermal Fluid Analysis
Adiabatic Conditions
Free surface Flow
Compressible or incompressible Flows
Newtonian or Non-Newtonian Fluids
Multiple species transport
*NOTE: These types of analyses are not mutually exclusive. For example, a laminar analysis can be thermal or
adiabatic. A turbulent analysis can be compressible or incompressible.
Magnetic
Magnetic analyses, available in the ANSYS/Multiphysics and ANSYS/Emag programs, calculate the magnetic
field in devices such as:
Power generators
Magnetic tape/disk drives
Transformers
Waveguides
Solenoid actuators
Resonant cavities
Electric motors
Connectors
Magnetic imaging systems
Antenna radiation
Video display device sensors
Filters
Cyclotrons
Typical quantities of interest in a magnetic analysis are:
Magnetic flux density

Power loss
Magnetic field intensity
Flux leakage
Magnetic forces and torques
S-parameters
Impedance
Quality factor
Inductance
Return loss
Eddy currents
Eigenfrequencies
Magnetic fields may exist as a result of an electric current, a permanent magnet, or an applied external field.
Acoustics / Vibration
(Noise analysis and optimization of a Craftsman Table Saw Blade)
http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/noise/acnoisecontrl/index.html
ANSYS is capable of modeling and analyzing vibrating systems in order to that vibrate in order to analyze
Acoustics is the study of the generation, propagation, absorption, and reflection of pressure waves in a fluid
medium. Applications for acoustics include the following:
Sonar - the acoustic counterpart of radar

Design of concert halls, where an even distribution of sound pressure is desired
Noise minimization in machine shops
Noise cancellation in automobiles
Underwater acoustics
Design of speakers, speaker housings, acoustic filters, mufflers, and many other similar devices.
Geophysical exploration
Within ANSYS, an acoustic analysis usually involves modeling a fluid medium and the surrounding structure.
Characteristics in question include pressure distribution in the fluid at different frequencies, pressure
gradient, particle velocity, the sound pressure level, as well as, scattering, diffraction, transmission,
radiation, attenuation, and dispersion of acoustic waves. A coupled acoustic analysis takes the fluid-
structure interaction into account. An uncoupled acoustic analysis models only the fluid and ignores any fluid-
structure interaction.
The ANSYS program assumes that the fluid is compressible, but allows only relatively small pressure changes
with respect to the mean pressure. Also, the fluid is assumed to be non-flowing and inviscid (that is, viscosity
causes no dissipative effects). Uniform mean density and mean pressure are assumed, with the pressure
solution being the deviation from the mean pressure, not the absolute pressure.
Coupled Fields
A coupled-field analysis is an analysis that takes into account the interaction (coupling) between two or more
disciplines (fields) of engineering. A piezoelectric analysis, for example, handles the interaction between the
structural and electric fields: it solves for the voltage distribution due to applied displacements, or vice versa.
Other examples of coupled-field analysis are thermal-stress analysis, thermal-electric analysis, and fluid-
structure analysis.
Some of the applications in which coupled-field analysis may be required are pressure vessels (thermal-stress
analysis), fluid flow constrictions (fluid-structure analysis), induction heating (magnetic-thermal analysis),
ultrasonic transducers (piezoelectric analysis), magnetic forming (magneto-structural analysis), and micro-
electro mechanical systems (MEMS).
Now that things are horribly wrong, this document is designed so that you too can erase your mistakes,
improve your answers, and avoid failing the course.
Changing the Model:

Now that the model has been created, something is wrong and it needs to be changed. First, in the
ANSYS Utility Menu, go to Preprocessor>Modeling>Delete. In this subcategory select what needs
to be deleted. Note: Its very important that when attempting to delete something that you select the
appropriate category: keypoints, lines, areas, or volumes AND Below. The and Below signifies that
whatever line is deleted, the keypoints that form the line are also deleted. For Areas, first the area is
deleted, then the lines, then the keypoints that form the entire object, etc If you DO NOT want to
delete the components of the incorrect object simply select Lines, Areas or Volumes and the components
of the object will remain after the object is deleted. NOTE: Go to the ANSYS Main Menu (the top bar)
and select Plot then Lines, Areas, or Volumes to check that everything that was meant to be deleted
was in fact deleted. (It is recommended that you plot one level below what you wanted to delete if
possible. Meaning if you wanted to delete an Area, plot Lines, if you wanted to delete a Volume, plot
Areas or Lines. This ensures that everything was deleted properly.)
From here, the incorrect object has been deleted, so re-model it using the same method as you did in the
tutorial.
Changing Boundary Conditions and Constraints
Now that the model has been modeled, the boundary conditions applied, and the solution generated, the
conditions need to be changed. To do this, one must delete the incorrect load data and re-apply whatever
condition was incorrectly applied. These are the steps to do so:
First, go to Preprocessor>Loads>Define Loads>Delete. From this menu, one can select any, or all,
of the possible boundary conditions applied to the original model to be deleted. (Note: This is simply a
selection menu for the TYPE of Boundary Condition that will be deleted. One must actually select the
node, area, or volume to which the condition was applied. Once the proper object is selected, click OK
to remove the intended condition.)
Here is a step by step walk through of how to change a boundary condition starting from the endpoint of
tutorial 1:
So here is where we left off:
From here, assume the temperature applied to the right side needs to be increased to 200K and the heat
flux on the left decreased to 30 W/m^2.
First, we will delete and replace the temperature boundary condition.
Go to Preprocessor>Loads>Define Loads>Delete>Temperature>On Lines.
A pop up window will now appear. This window allows you to select the line or lines where a temperature
boundary condition is applied so it may be deleted.
Select the right side of the block and click OK.
Now the temperature condition has been deleted. If the simulation were to be solved right now ANSYS
would then assume that both the top and right side of the block were insulated because both those sides
have no boundary conditions. Since this is not the desired effect, we must now apply the correct
temperature to the right side.
Go to Preprocessor>Loads>Define Loads>Apply>Temperature>On Lines.
Select the right side of the block and click OK.
The Apply Temperature window will now appear:
Input the new value for the temperature on the right side and click OK.
Now the temperature boundary condition has been changed, so delete the heat flux boundary condition
and replace it with the correct value to finish the problem.
Go to Preprocessor>Loads>Define Loads>Delete>Heat Flux>On Lines.
A pop up window will now appear. This window allows you to select the line or lines where a heat flux
boundary condition is applied so it may be deleted.
Select the left side of the block and click OK.
Now go to Preprocessor>Loads>Define Loads>Apply>Heat Flux>On Lines.
Select the left side of the block and click OK
The Apply Heat Flux window will now appear:
Input the correct values into the window and click OK.
Now both the heat flux, and the temperature boundary layer have been changed so go to the ANSYS
Main Menu>Solution>Analysis Type>New Analysis.
Select Steady State and click on OK.
Go to Solution>Solve>Current LS.
An error window may appear. Click OK on that window and ignore it.
Wait for ANSYS to solve the problem.
Click on OK and close the 'Information' window
At this point, the solution has been generated again, so simply select the desired means of outputting the
data found and display the results. For this example, we will output the new temperature gradient, much
like tutorial 1.
Go to General Postprocessing>Plot Results>Contour Plot>Nodal Solution. The following window
will come up:
Select DOF solution and Temperature to be plotted and click OK. The new output will look like this:
Saving Projects
Simply go to Utility Menu>File>Save As and save the project using the desired filename. To open
the file later, run Interactive (the first thing explained in this tutorial) as usual, and when that is done, go
to Utility Menu>File>Resume From and choose the saved job from the directory it is saved in.
Introduction: In this example you will learn to model a cooling fin for electronics. This involves heat
generation, conduction and convection.
Physical Problem: All electronic components generate heat during the course of their operation. To
ensure optimal working of the component, the generated heat needs to be removed and thus the electronic
component be cooled. This is done by attaching fins to the device which aid in rapid heat removal to the
surroundings.
Problem Description:
The problem is an introduction to the upcoming tutorials 5 and 6.
The fins are made of aluminum with thermal conductivity of 180 W/m K.
Units: Use S.I. units centimeters ONLY
Geometry: See figure.
Boundary conditions: There is a uniform heat source along the top boundary of the fin assembly. (
T=100oC ) The bottom of the fin allows for heat transfer. Within the fin there is uniform heat generation.
The rest of the fin is insulated. The Film Coefficient is 50 W/m2K and the Bulk (ambient) Temperature is
20oC. For now, the value for the heat generation within the fin is set to 1 x 105 .
Objective:
To determine the nodal temperature distribution.
To determine the maximum value of temperature in the component.
You are required to hand in print outs for the above.
Figure:
This is the assembly of the entire fin analyze only the section of the light blue
fins that does not include the base
Front View
IMPORTANT: Convert all dimensions and forces into SI units.
Basic Outline of the Problem:
Preprocessing:
1. Start ANSYS.
2. Create areas.
3. Define the material properties.
4. Define element type. (Quad 8node 77 element, which is a 2-D element for heat transfer analysis.)
5. Specify meshing controls / Mesh the areas to create nodes and elements.
Solution:
6. Specify boundary conditions.
7. Solve.
Postprocessing:
8. List the results of the temperature distribution.
9. Plot the results of the temperature distribution.
Exit:
10. Exit the ANSYS program, saving all data.
STARTING ANSYS
Click on ANSYS 6.1in the programs menu.

Select Interactive.
The following menu that comes up. Enter the working directory. All your files will be stored in this directory.
Also enter 64 for Total Workspace and 32 for Database.
Click on Run.
MODELING THE STRUCTURE
Go to the ANSYS Utility Menu.

Click Workplane>WP Settings.
The following window comes up
Check the Cartesian and Grid Only buttons.
Enter the values shown in the figure above.
Select Workplane>Display Working Plane
Now use Utility Menu>Plot Controls>Pan Zoom Rotate and use the following window to select ISO
mode and translate and zoom the working plane to an appropriate viewing distance.
Go to the ANSYS Main Menu Preprocessor>Modeling>Create>Areas>Rectangle>By 2Corners.
The following window comes up:
Enter the values as shown and click OK.
The modeling is now finished.
MATERIAL PROPERTIES
We need to define material properties for aluminum.

Go to the ANSYS Main Menu
Click Preprocessor>Material Props>Material Models. In the window that comes up choose
Thermal>Conductivity>Isotropic.
Enter 1 for the Material Property Number and click OK. The following window comes up.
Fill in 180 for Thermal conductivity. Click OK.

Now the material 1 has the properties defined in the above table. This represents the material properties
for aluminum (k=180). Once finished, exit the material model window.
ELEMENT PROPERTIES
SELECTING ELEMENT TYPE:

Click Preprocessor>Element Type>Add/Edit/Delete... In the 'Element Types' window that opens
click on Add... The following window opens.
Type 1 in the Element type reference number.
Click on Thermal Mass Solid and select Quad 8node 77. Click OK. Close the 'Element types' window.
So now we have selected Element type 1 to be a thermal solid 8node element. The component will now
be modeled with thermal solid 8node elements. This finishes the selection of element type.
MESHING
DIVIDING THE TOWER INTO ELEMENTS:

Go to Preprocessor>Meshing>Size Controls>Manual Size>Global>Size. In the menu that comes
up type 0.00025 in the field for 'Element edge length'.
Click on OK. Now when you mesh the figure ANSYS will automatically create meshes that have an edge
length of 0.00025m along the objects you selected.
First we will mesh the steel area. Go to Preprocessor>Meshing>Mesh Attributes>Default
Attributes. Make sure the window indicates "Material Ref.#1". The window is shown below.
Now go to Preprocessor>Meshing>Mesh>Areas>Free. Pick the area and click OK.
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS AND CONSTRAINTS

Go to Preprocessor>Loads>Define Loads>Apply>Thermal>Heat Generate>On Areas.
Select the rectangular area and Click OK.
The following window comes up. Enter this datum.
Next, we apply the convective boundary conditions.

Go to Preprocessor>Loads>Define Loads>Apply>Thermal>Temperature>On Lines.
For the top of the fin apply the following value:
Repeat the process of setting a temperature boundary condition on the line defining the bottom of the
fin. Set this temperature to 100C.
Now the Modeling of the problem is done.
SOLUTION
Go to ANSYS Main Menu>Solution>Analysis Type>New Analysis.

Click on OK and close the 'Information' window.
POST-PROCESSING
Listing the results.

Go to ANSYS Main Menu General Postprocessing>List Results>Nodal Solution. The following
window will come up.
Select DOF solution and Temperature. Click on OK. The nodal displacements will be listed as follows.
You will find the maximum value of temperature at the end of the above table.
MODIFICATION
You can also plot the displacements and stress.

Go to General Postprocessing>Plot Results>Contour Plot>Nodal Solution. The following window
will come up:
Select DOF solution and Temperature to be plotted and click OK. The output will be like this: (playing
with Pan Zoom Rotate)
Saving Projects
Simply go to Utility Menu>File>Save As and save the project using the desired filename. To open
the file later, run Interactive (the first thing explained in this tutorial) as usual, and when that is done,
go to Utility Menu>File>Resume From and choose the saved job from the directory it is saved in.
Introduction:
In this example you will learn to model a composite material and analyze one dimensional
conduction properties. Using ANSYS will allow you to output the temperature distribution in an extremely
simple and accurate way.
We are modeling heat transfer in a block with a gap filled with different gases.
All units are S.I.
Boundary Conditions:
1) The left side of the block has a constant temperature of 400 K.
2) The right side of the block has convection (h=20 W/m-K ; T= 300 K)
3) The Al section generates heat at a rate of 200 W/m3
4) The He section absorbs heat at a rate of 175 W/m3
Material Properties:
Aluminum(1st layer): KAl = 235 W/m*K
Helium(2nd layer): KHe = 0.1513 W/m*K
Copper(3rd layer): KCu = 400 W/m*K
Dimensions
Length = 3 m
Width = 3 m
Thickness of each Layer = 1 m
Objective: Find the nodal temperature distribution and the rate of heat loss from the furnace.
Figure:
Preprocessing:
1. Start ANSYS.
2. Create areas through keypoints.
Solution:
7. Solve.
Postprocessing:
8. List the results of the temperature distribution.
9. Plot the results of the temperature distribution.
Exit:
Starting ANSYS:
Click on ANSYS 6.1 in the programs menu.

Select Interactive.
The following menu comes up. Enter the working directory. All your files will be stored in this directory.
Also under Use Default Memory Model make sure the values 64 for Total Workspace, and 32 for
Database are entered. To change these values unclick Use Default Memory Model.
Click RUN
Modeling the Structure:
Go to the ANSYS Utility Menu (the top bar). Click Workplane>WP Settings
The following widow comes up: (notice the numbers are different)
Check the Cartesian and Grid Only buttons
Enter the values shown in the figure above. Click OK
Go to the ANSYS Utility Menu (the top bar). Click Workplane>Display Working Plane. This will
display the working grid on the workspace.
Use Utility Menu>PlotCtrls>Pan Zoom Rotate to display the grid as shown in the next step
below.
Next, go to the ANSYS Main Menu (on the left hand side of the screen) and click
Preprocessor>Modeling>Create>Keypoints>On Working Plane.
Click on the working plane below to select the points (they follow the dimensions explained in the
beginning, (1m x 3m). After setting the workplane settings in the beginning, you should be aware that
each line on the plane equals to 1m. When done, click OK.
Now you have created the points to make the block.
Now select Preprocessor>Modeling>Create>Areas>Arbitrary>Through KPs. A window will
now appear on the left of the screen.
Select the points that form the 1st section. Click Apply such that it is formed separate from the other
two areas.
Repeat the step of selecting the KPs that make up each area, and clicking Apply until all three layers
are defined. (Click OK for the last one)
The model should look like this now: (note, you have a black background)
Now that we have built the model, material properties need to be defined such that ANSYS
understands how heat travels through this composite solid.
Select Preferences. We will set up the drop menus only to include thermal tasks, to make everything
easy to navigate.
Select Thermal and hit ok. Now you are ready.
Click Preprocessor>Material Props>Material Models.
The pop-up window will now look like this:
In the window that comes up, select Material>New Material

Hit OK. Repeat the process for the third material. (repeat the last step once more)
Choose Thermal>Conductivity>Isotropic.
Fill in 235 for Thermal conductivity. Click OK. This is the Thermal Conductivity of Al.
Now repeat the steps of clicking Thermal>Conductivity>Isotropic and then defining the Thermal
Conductivity as 0.1513 for the Model 2.
You have now defined the k value of Helium.
Define the last section and this time use K = 400. This is the Thermal Conductivity of Copper.
Now exit the Define Material Model Behavior Window.
Element Properties:
Now that weve defined what material ANSYS will be analyzing, we have to define how ANSYS should
analyze our block.
Click Preprocessor>Element Type>Add/Edit/Delete... In the 'Element Types' window that
opens click on Add... The following window opens:
Type 1 in the Element Type reference number.
Click on Thermal Mass>Solid and select Quad 8node 77. Click OK. Close the 'Element Types'
window.
Now we have selected Element Type 1 to be a Thermal Solid 8node Element.
This finishes the section defining how the part is to be analyzed.
Meshing:
This section is responsible for telling ANSYS how to divide the block such that it has enough nodes, or
points, to produce accurate results.
Go to Preprocessor>Meshing>Size Controls>Manual Size>Lines>All Lines. In the menu that
comes up type 0.05 in the field for Element edge length and 1 for the Spacing Ratio.
Click on OK. Now when you mesh the figure ANSYS will automatically create square meshes that have
an edge length of 0.05m along the lines you selected.
Now go to Preprocessor>Meshing>Mesh Attributes>Default Attributes. The window is shown
below:
Make sure that the window matches the one above, click OK, and proceed to
Preprocessor>Meshing>Mesh>Areas>Free
A popup window will appear on the left hand side of the screen. This window allows you to select the
area to be meshed.
Choose the 1st area and then click OK in the pop-up window. This both meshes the area and defines
it as Material 1. Material 1 (as you recall from before) was set to Aluminum originally by defining the
k value of the material as 235 W/m*K.
Now return to Preprocessor>Meshing>Mesh Attributes>Default Attributes. This time, select
Material Number 2 from the dropdown menu and click OK.
Once the pop-up window appears, select the middle layer and click OK.
Repeat this process of defining each layer as a different material for Material 3 and mesh it so that all
three layers have been meshed.
The block should now look like this when you are done meshing: (if you choose fit in the pan zoom
rotate dialog)
Boundary Conditions and Constraints:
Now that we have modeled the block and defined how ANSYS is to analyze the block we will apply the
appropriate Boundary Conditions. ANSYS refers to all Boundary Conditions under the Loads category,
so remember that when looking for commands within the main menu
Go to Preprocessor>Loads>Define Loads>Apply>Thermal (from here one can apply any of the
loads, or Boundary Conditions, offered by ANSYS.)
Apply Constant Temperature
Now well apply the given temperature boundary condition on the right side of the block.
This time, within the Thermal Load category select Temperature>On Lines.
line you wish the load to be applied to.
Click the innermost boundary of the block and then OK.
Enter 400 in the popup window as the set temperature for the left edge of the first section:
Apply Convection
Now we will apply convection to the right side of the composite block. Select Convection>On Lines
A popup dialog will appear. Select the correct line and hit OK.
Enter the appropriate values and hit OK.
Apply Heat Generation and Heat Absorption
The next step is to add heat generation to the composite block.

Choose Heat Generat>On Areas
Enter 200 W/m3 for the generation and the hit ok.
Repeat this step for the second area but input -175 W/m3 to imply absorption.
Once that is complete, the block should look like this:
Solution:

Post-Processing:
This section is designed so that one can present the results of their analysis in the most appropriate
way. This presentation can be in the form of tabulated nodal values, curves, etc.
Go to the ANSYS Main Menu. Click General Postprocessing>List Results>Nodal Solution. The
following window will come up:
Select DOF solution and Temperature. Click on OK. The nodal temperatures will be listed as
follows:
Within this window one can numerically find the maximum and minimum value of the temperature
within the block. Note that you may have nodes in different places. Therefore your first displayed
temperatures might not be the same as the ones shown above. If you scroll down you should find
everything.
Modification / Plotting the Results:

The last section displayed the numerical results, but some people prefer a plot presentation of the
temperatures on the block over the numerical results. This is how you go about doing that
First go to General Postprocessing>Plot Results>Contour Plot>Nodal Solution. The following
window will come up:
Select DOF solution and Temperature to be plotted and click OK. The output will be like this:
This is the Final Solution

To find extra information on Saving an ANSYS model see the Appendix on the ANSYS tutorial
mainpage.
Saving Projects
Simply go to Utility Menu>File>Save As and save the project using the desired filename. To
open the file later, run Interactive (the first thing explained in this tutorial) as usual, and when that is
done, go to Utility Menu>File>Resume From and choose the saved job from the directory it is
saved in.
Helpful
Comments
Introduction:
In this example you will learn to model a 2D block subjected to varying boundary
conditions. Using ANSYS will allow you to output the temperature distribution in an
extremely simple and accurate way. By using any combination of these boundary
conditions one can model almost any 2D heat transfer situation.
Problem Description: Read this

carefully!
We assume that our block is a rectangle made entirely of steel.
All units are S.I.
1) The top is insulated.
2) The right side has a constant temperature of 100K.
3) The left side has constant heat flux into the block of 50 W/m^2.
4) The bottom side is exposed to a convective boundary layer.
5) Heat is uniformly generated in the bock at a rate of 20 W/m^2.
Material Properties: (Steel)
h = 50 W/(m^2*K)
k = 20 W/m K
Objective: To determine the nodal temperature distribution and create contour
plot.
Figure:

Preprocessing:
1. Start ANSYS.
2. Create areas.
4. Define element type. (Quad 8node 77 element, which is a 2-D element for heat
transfer analysis.)
Solution:
7. Solve.
Postprocessing:
8. Plot the temperature distribution.
Exit:
Starting ANSYS:

Select Interactive.
The following menu comes up. Enter the working directory. All your files will be
stored in this directory. Also under Use Default Memory Model make sure the
values 64 for Total Workspace, and 32 for Database are entered. To change
these values unclick Use Default Memory Model.
These values are

selected such
that when one
models a unit
square there are
not so many
nodes that the
computer cant
handle the
calculation. With
this Snap
Increment,
there is a node
every 0.1 units
of length. (in this
case meters)
Therefore there
are a total of 100
nodes. A value
of 100,000 nodes
would be
inappropriate and
would draw too
much from the
processor for the
computer for a
simple
calculation.
Click RUN
Go to the ANSYS Utility Menu (the top bar)

Click Workplane>WP Settings
The following widow comes up:
(0,0) is the
starting position
of the lower left
corner of the
rectangle, and it
has a width of
1, and a height
of 2.

Enter the values shown in the figure above and then click OK.
Go to the ANSYS Main Menu (on the left hand side of the screen) and click
Preprocessor>Modeling>Create>Areas>Rectangle>2 Corners.
Enter the values as shown and click OK.
Now you have created the rectangle. If at any time you cannot see the complete
Workplace then go to Utility Menu>Plot Controls>Pan Zoom Rotate and
zoom out to see the entire Workplace. If you want to see the grid itself, go to
Utility Menu>Workplane>Display Working Plane
The model should look like this now: (note, you have a black background) The Thermal
Conductivity is
set to 20
because the
thermal
conductivity of
Steel is 20
W/m*K
Now that we have built the model, material properties need to be defined such
that ANSYS understands how heat travels through this steel solid.
In the window that comes up choose Thermal>Conductivity>Isotropic.

(Double click Isotropic). The following window comes up:
Now exit the Define Material Model Behavior Window
Element Properties:
Now that weve defined what material ANSYS will be analyzing, we have to define
how ANSYS should analyze our block.
Click Preprocessor>Element Type>Add/Edit/Delete... In the 'Element
Types' window that opens click on Add... The following window opens:
If by any chance
you selected
Lines>Free OR
you want to
Type 1 in the Element Type reference number. change the
Click on Thermal Mass Solid and select Quad 8node 77. Click OK. Close the density of the
'Element types' window. mesh simply look
Now we have selected Element Type 1 to be a Thermal Solid 8node under
Element. This finishes the section defining how the part is to be analyzed. Preprocessing>
Meshing>
Meshing: Clear>
Then Areas,
Lines, or the
This section is responsible for telling ANSYS how to divide the block such that it
appropriate
has enough nodes, or points, to analyze to make an accurate enough analysis.
category. A pop-
Go to Preprocessor>Meshing>Size Controls>Manual Size>Lines>All
Lines. In the menu that comes up type 0.1 in the field for Element edge up window will
length. appear on the
left hand side of
the screen. This
window allows
you to select the
mesh area to be
deleted and then
re-meshed. After
you have cleared
the mesh, follow
the same steps
shown in the
Meshing Section
to re-mesh the
part.
Click on OK. Now when you mesh the figure ANSYS will automatically create
square meshes that have an edge length of 0. 1m along the lines you selected.
Now go to Preprocessor>Meshing>Mesh Attributes>Default Attributes.
The window is shown below:
This window appears such that the program knows you are sure that you have
selected the right material to mesh (selected by the Element Type Number),
and the right Material Number (1, as defined in the Material Properties section).
Once this has been verified, Click OK and proceed to
A popup window will appear on the left hand side of the screen. This window
allows you to select the area to be meshed.
Click anywhere within the blue rectangle you created to select the area and then
click OK in the pop-up window.
The block should now look like this:
Now that we have modeled the block and defined how ANSYS is to analyze the
block we will apply the appropriate Boundary Conditions. ANSYS refers to all
Thermal Boundary Conditions as Loads, so be aware that Load and Boundary
Condition mean the same thing within the software
Go to Preprocessor>Loads>Define Loads>Apply>Thermal (from here one
can apply any of the loads, or Boundary Conditions, offered by ANSYS.)
Apply Convection (Base)
First well apply the Convection Boundary layer at the base of the plate. For this
click Convection>On Lines within the Thermal Load category.
allows you to select the line you wish the load to be applied.
Select the base of the plate and click OK. The following window will appear:
Fill in the h value in the Film Coefficient blank and the Air temperature in the
Bulk Temperature blank. Click OK when finished.
Apply Constant Temperature (Right side)
Now well apply the given temperature boundary condition on the right side of
the block.
This time, within the Thermal Load category select Temperature>On Lines.
allows you to select the line you wish the load to be applied.
Click the right side of the block and then OK.
Enter 100 in the popup window as the set temperature for the right side:
Apply Heat Flux (Left Side)
Now to apply the Heat Flux into the left side of the plate...
Within the Thermal Load category again, select Heat Flux>On Lines and click
OK. Then enter 50 into the blank and Click OK.
Insulated Surface (Top)
Since the top of the block is insulated we dont need to define a specific boundary
condition for the top, so we add uniform heat generation to the block as a whole and
were done.
Apply Heat Generation
The next step is to add the constraint of heat generation.

Preprocessor>Loads>Define Loads>Apply>Thermal>Heat Generat>On
Areas. (Heat Generat is just short for Heat Generation). You select Areas this
time because you have to apply this condition uniformly across the block.
Click anywhere within the area to select it and then click OK.
Enter 20 as the heat generation value in the pop-up window that appears:
Now we have applied all the necessary boundary conditions so we move on to the
Solution.
Solution:

Post-Processing:
This section is designed so that one can list the results of their analysis as a nodal
solution
Go to the ANSYS Main Menu. Click General Postprocessing>List
Results>Nodal Solution. The following window will come up:
Select DOF solution and Temperature. Click on OK. The nodal temperatures
will be listed as follows:
Within this window one can numerically find the maximum and minimum value of
the temperature within the block.

The last section displayed the numerical results, but most analyses will require a plot of
the temperatures on the block in addition to the numerical results. This is how you go
about doing that
First go to General Postprocessing>Plot Results>Contour Plot>Nodal
Solution. The following window will come up:
Select DOF solution and Temperature to be plotted and click OK. The output
will be like this:
Important Notes:
Changing Boundary Conditions and Constraints

There are no easy ways to explain ways for actually changing existing constraints.
The easiest was to accomplish a change is the following: To change any of the
boundary conditions simply go to Preprocessor>Loads>Define
Loads>Delete>Thermal then select the appropriate condition (Temperature,
Heat Flux, Heat Generation, etc )
The window that pops up will allow you to select the appropriate Line, Area or
Volume that has the constraints applied. Once you have selected the correct
regions, click OK. Once the condition has been deleted you may re-apply the
appropriate condition as explained in the tutorial above. Just recreate them using
your desired parameters.
Saving Projects
Simply go to Utility Menu>File>Save As and save the project using the
desired filename. To open the file later, run Interactive (the first thing explained in
this tutorial) as usual, and when that is done, go to Utility Menu>File>Resume
From and choose the saved job from the directory it is saved in.
Helpful Comments
Introduction:
In this example you will learn to model slightly more complex situations,
specifically involving composite media, using simplification techniques including
symmetry. The illustration below is a 2 dimensional representation of a 3
dimensional furnace (example shown below also), with obvious boundary
conditions including constant temperatures.
Using ANSYS will allow you to output the temperature distribution in an

extremely simple and accurate way. One important question to be answered is
whether the layers of the composite insulation material are thick and
appropriately conductive such that the outside of the furnace is not too warm.
We are modeling heat transfer from a 2-D furnace. Using symmetry, we can
limit the scope of modeling to only one section of the furnace, as shown in
the illustration. This implementation of symmetry greatly simplifies the effort
required for thermal analysis.
All units are S.I. Please refer to Tutorial 1 for
Boundary Conditions: questions pertaining to
1) The symmetry lines of the corner piece can be assumed to be alternative boundary conditions!
insulated.
2) The outer most boundary has a constant temperature of 300
K.
3) The inner most boundary has a constant temperature of 1000
K.
Fire Brick(inner layer): KFB = 0.3 W/m*K
Red Brick(middle layer): KRB = 0.63 W/m*K
Magnesia(outer layer): KM = 1.41 W/m*K
Dimensions
Length = 1.5 m
Width = 1 m
Thickness of each Layer = .05 m
Objective: Find the nodal temperature distribution and the rate of heat loss
from the furnace.
Figure:
Preprocessing:
1. Start ANSYS.
2. Create areas using keypoints and lines.
4. Define element types. (Quad 8node 77 element, which is a 2-D element for
heat transfer analysis.)
Solution:
7. Solve.
Postprocessing:
Exit:
Starting ANSYS:

Select Interactive.
The following menu comes up. Enter the working directory. All your files will
be stored in this directory. Also under Use Default Memory Model make
sure the values 64 for Total Workspace, and 32 for Database are
entered. To change these values unclick Use Default Memory Model.
Click RUN
Go to the ANSYS Utility Menu (the top bar). Click Workplane>WP

Settings
If at any time you cannot see the
complete Workplace then go to
Utility Menu>Plot Controls>
Pan Zoom Rotate and zoom
out to see the entire Workplace.
It is also helpful to note that you
can replot certain items such as
lines or areas or keypoints at any
time through Utility Menu>
Plot>
(Lines or Areas or Volumes
or etc)

Go to the ANSYS Utility Menu (the top bar). Click Workplane>Display
Working Plane. This will display the working grid on the workspace.
Use Utility Menu>PlotCtrls>Pan Zoom Rotate to display the grid as
shown in the next step below.
Next, go to the ANSYS Main Menu (on the left hand side of the screen) and
click Preprocessor>Modeling>Create>Keypoints>On Working
Plane.
Please note in this Create Areas,

Arbitrary section, there is also an
option to create areas only using
Key Points (Through KPs). This
is another option. In general,
chose what ever is most
comfortable and convenient,
depending on the design.
Click on the working plane below to select the points (they follow the
dimensions explained in the beginning, (.5m x .75m). After setting the
workplane settings in the beginning, you should be aware that every five
lines on the plane equals to .25m. When done, click OK.

Now click Preprocessor>Modeling>Create>Lines>Lines>Straight
Line.
Use the mouse to connect each of the points you have created and form the
corner of the furnace layer by layer. Connect the lines as shown in the
figure, then Press OK in the window that appeared on the side to finish.
(note that each layer is created separately and the ends of the L section are
formed by 3 separate lines each.)
If you encounter any problems with connecting the points and need to
delete a line click Preprocessor>Modeling>Delete>Lines Only.
Please note that the order in

which you create material
models has nothing to do with
the order in which you created
the areas. You do not define the
material properties of the areas
until the meshing stage. Simply
define material properties for
material numbers, then set
which material number
corresponds to which area.
Now select Preprocessor>Modeling>Create>Areas>Arbitrary>By

Lines. A window will now appear on the left of the screen.
Select all the lines that form the innermost layer. Click Apply such that it is
formed separate from the other two areas.
Repeat the step of selecting the lines that make up each area, and clicking
Apply until all three layers are defined.
Now that we have built the model, material properties need to be defined
such that ANSYS understands how heat travels through this composite
solid.
In the window that comes up choose Thermal>Conductivity>Isotropic.

Fill in 0.3 for Thermal conductivity. Click OK. This is the Thermal
Conductivity of Fire Brick.
Now refer to the Define Material Model Behavior main menu and click
Material>New Model. The following window will appear:
Note: layers of the block may

have disappeared after meshing
Click OK if the window reads 2, otherwise, enter this value. (This means the innermost area. Simply
that you are defining a second material) select slightly outside the
Now repeat the steps of clicking Thermal>Conductivity>Isotropic and innermost area to find that the
then defining the Thermal Conductivity as 0.63 in the ensuing pop-up other layers are still there, just
window. hidden. If this becomes too
You have now defined the k value of Red Brick. confusing go to the Utility
Finally, repeat the steps for creating a new material, and defining its Menu >Plot>Areas and all the
Thermal Conductivity. This time use K = 1.41. This is the Thermal areas will return. The areas
Conductivity of Magnesia. however, will not show the
Now exit the Define Material Model Behavior Window. elements meshed. In order for
you to represent those, go to
Utility Menu >Plot>Eleme
Element Properties:
Now that weve defined what material ANSYS will be analyzing, we have to
define how ANSYS should analyze our block.
Click Preprocessor>Element Type>Add/Edit/Delete... In the
'Element Types' window that opens click on Add... The following window
opens:

Click on Thermal Mass>Solid and select Quad 8node 77. Click OK.
Close the 'Element Types' window.
Now we have selected Element Type 1 to be a Thermal Solid 8node
Element.
Meshing:
This section is responsible for telling ANSYS how to divide the block such
that it has enough nodes, or points, to produce accurate results.
Go to Preprocessor>Meshing>Size Controls>Manual
Size>Lines>All Lines. In the menu that comes up type 0.01 in the field
for Element edge length and 1 for the Spacing Ratio.
Click on OK. Now when you mesh the figure ANSYS will automatically create
square meshes that have an edge length of 0.01m along the lines you
selected.
Now go to Preprocessor>Meshing>Mesh Attributes>Default
Attributes. The window is shown below:
Make sure that the window matches the one above, click OK, and proceed
to Preprocessor>Meshing>Mesh>Areas>Free
A popup window will appear on the left hand side of the screen. This
window allows you to select the area to be meshed.
Choose the inner area and then click OK in the pop-up window. This both
meshes the area and defines it as Material 1. Material 1 (as you recall from
before) was set to Fire Brick originally by defining the k value of the
material as 0.3 W/m*K.
Now return to Preprocessor>Meshing>Mesh Attributes>Default
Attributes. This time, select Material Number 2 from the dropdown menu
and click OK.
Once the pop-up window appears, select the middle layer and click OK.
Repeat this process of defining each layer as a different material for
Material 3 and mesh it so that all three layers have been meshed.
The block should now look like this when you are done meshing:
Now that we have modeled the block and defined how ANSYS is to analyze
the block we will apply the appropriate Boundary Conditions. ANSYS refers
to all Boundary Conditions under the Loads category, so remember that
when looking for commands within the main menu
Go to Preprocessor>Loads>Define Loads>Apply>Thermal (from here
one can apply any of the loads, or Boundary Conditions, offered by ANSYS.)
Now well apply the given temperature boundary condition on the right side
of the block.
This time, within the Thermal Load category select Temperature>On
Lines.
A popup window will appear on the left hand side of the screen. This
window allows you to select the line you wish the load to be applied to.
Click the innermost boundary of the block and then OK.
Enter 1000 in the popup window as the set temperature for the innermost
edge of the wall section:
Click OK and repeat the process to apply a uniform temperature of 300K to
the outermost edge of the furnace. This temperature is the ambient
temperature of the room.
Once that is complete, the block should look like this:
Solution:

Post-Processing:
This section is designed so that one can present the results of their analysis
in the most appropriate way. This presentation can be in the form of
tabulated nodal values, curves, etc.
Go to the ANSYS Main Menu. Click General Postprocessing>List
Results>Nodal Solution. The following window will come up:
Select DOF solution and Temperature. Click on OK. The nodal

temperatures will be listed as follows:
Within this window one can numerically find the maximum and minimum
value of the temperature within the block.

The last section displayed the numerical results, but some people prefer a
plot presentation of the temperatures on the block over the numerical
results. This is how you go about doing that
First go to General Postprocessing>Plot Results>Contour
Plot>Nodal Solution. The following window will come up:
Select DOF solution and Temperature to be plotted and click OK. The
output will be like this:

To find extra information on Saving an ANSYS model see the Appendix on
the ANSYS tutorial mainpage.
Saving Projects
Simply go to Utility Menu>File>Save As and save the project using
the desired filename. To open the file later, run Interactive (the first thing
explained in this tutorial) as usual, and when that is done, go to Utility
Menu>File>Resume From and choose the saved job from the directory
it is saved in.
Introduction:
Predicting the thermal behavior of a nano device requires accurate knowledge of the thermal
properties such as thermal conductivity and heat capacity. Thermal properties of nano structures, on the
other hand, change with size, fabrication method, impurity, etc and are usually smaller than the bulk
values. Different techniques are used to measure the thermal properties of the think films. The steady state
technique of a uniformly heated suspended bridge is used to measure the lateral thermal conductivity of
the thin films. In this method, heat loss from the bridge surface should be found as part of the
measurement. A 2-D heat conduction model may be used to predict the heat loss from the lower surface of
the bridge to the substrate through the air gap. The rate of heat transfer changes with relative width of the
bridge and the air gap.
We are modeling 2D heat transfer from a long Aluminum bridge to a silicon substrate a distance of 5E-
6 m apart. We will vary the length of the bridge and iterate the solution to determine the shape factor
of the model.
All units are S.I.
1) Temperature
Dimensions
Bridge Width = 20 x 10^-6 m
Bridge Length = 250 x 10^-6 m
Gap Distance = 50 x 10^-6 m
Objective: Find the nodal distribution of the temperature between the aluminum bridge and the
silicon substrate.
Figure:
Figure: The Fabricated suspended microbridge structure.

Figure: A front view of the suspended structure showing the separate distance d.
Figure: A schematic of the model that we will use in ANSYS, modeling the air in between the
two plates as a solid with conductivity equal to air
Preprocessing:
1. Start ANSYS.
2. Create areas using keypoints and lines.
Solution:
7. Solve.
Postprocessing:
8. List the temperature results.
Exit:
Starting ANSYS:

Select Interactive.
Click RUN


Go to the ANSYS Utility Menu (the top bar). Click Workplane>Display Working Plane.
below. Note that you have to zoom in a lot to see anything at all!
Preprocessor>Modeling>Create>Keypoints>In Active CS.
Enter these points such that they make the shape as shown on the working plane after the next step.
If you accidentally make two points with the same keypoint number, replot the keypoints, and you will
see that ANSYS actually deleted your first point and that all points correspond to only one number
each.
Point X Y
Number
1 1.00E-04 0
2 0 0
3 0 5.00E-05
4 1.00E-04 5.00E-05
5 1.00E-05 5.00E-05
6 2.00E-05 5.00E-05
7 3.00E-05 5.00E-05
8 4.00E-05 5.00E-05
9 5.00E-05 5.00E-05
10 6.00E-05 5.00E-05

Now click Preprocessor>Modeling>Create>Lines>Lines>Straight Line.
A Window will now appear. Connect the lines as shown in the figure, then Press OK to finish. It may
be helpful to first make the long lines, then to use Pan-Zoom Rotatee to zoom in on the other
keypoints. Then it becomes trivial to make those lines correctly. Zoom out afterward.
Now select Preprocessor>Modeling>Create>Areas>Arbitrary>By Lines. A window will now

appear on the left of the screen.
Create an area using all of the lines (remember, we have separate segments along the top because
the middle segment is aluminum and the rest is just insulated area)
The final model should look like this:
Now that we have built the model, material properties need to be defined such that ANSYS
understands how heat travels through the air separating the two planes.
Choose Thermal>Conductivity>Isotropic.
Fill in 0.06 for Thermal conductivity. Click OK. This is the average thermal conductivity air given our
temperature range as explained in the graph below, referred from this website:
users.wpi.edu/~ierardi/PDF/air_k_plot.pdf
Please note that if you were to solve this problem analytically, as you will in lab, you would not need
the conductivity of air, because after a certain amount of time, the distribution will become constant,
and it wont matter how fast heat conducts through the medium. The same answer would arise if we
used helium, etc.
Now exit the Define Material Model Behavior Window.

Element Properties:
Now that weve defined what material ANSYS will be analyzing, we have to define how ANSYS should
analyze our block.
Click Preprocessor>Element Type>Add/Edit/Delete... In the 'Element Types' window that
opens click on Add... The following window opens:

Click on Thermal Mass>Solid and select Quad 8node 77. Click OK. Close the 'Element Types'
window.
Now we have selected Element Type 1 to be a Thermal Solid 8node Element.
Meshing:
comes up type 10e-7 in the field for Element edge length.
an edge length of 10e-7m along the lines you selected.
below:
This window appears such that the program knows you are sure that you have selected the right
material to mesh (selected by the Element Type Number), and the right Material Number (1, as
defined in the Material Properties section). Make sure that the window has the same selection, and
then click OK and proceed to Preprocessor>Meshing>Mesh>Areas>Free

Now that we have modeled the block and defined how ANSYS is to analyze the block we will apply the
appropriate Boundary Conditions. ANSYS refers to all Thermal Boundary Conditions under the Loads
category, so remember that when looking for commands within the main menu
Go to Preprocessor>Loads>Define Loads>Apply>Thermal (from here one can apply any of the
loads, or Boundary Conditions, offered by ANSYS.)
Select Temperature>On Lines.

line you wish the load to be applied.
Click the first short line segment at the top left side of the block and then OK.
Enter 50 C in the popup window as the set temperature for the underside of the aluminum bridge:
Click OK and repeat the process to apply a uniform temperature of 20 C to the bottom of the
component
The model will appear as follows:

Solution:

Post-Processing:
This section is designed so that one can list the results of their analysis as a nodal solution
Go to the ANSYS Main Menu. Click General Postprocessing>List Results>Nodal Solution. The
following window will come up:
Select DOF solution and Temperature. Click on OK. The nodal temperatures will be listed as
follows:
Within this window one can numerically find the maximum and minimum value of the temperature
within the block.

The last section displayed the numerical results, but most analyses will require a plot of the temperatures
on the block in addition to the numerical results. This is how you go about doing that
First go to General Postprocessing>Plot Results>Contour Plot>Nodal Solution. The following

Also, plot the flux
Postprocessing>Plot Results>Contour Plot>Nodal Solution
Choose Flux & Gradient and TFSum
Here is the plot. Record the max Flux for your records, in solving for the shape factor.
Iteration:
The next step is to take the information we have gathered on this first run, document it and then
return to the boundary conditions step. Since you already know how to modify loads and such, I wont
explain those steps. However, for this tutorial, the model has been set up so that you dont need to
change any existing loads. The next step is to apply constant temperature to the next line segment
that extends from the current Al bridge. The purpose of this step is that as you apply temperature to
that line, you effectively increase the length of the Al bridge by the length of the segment. Here is a
glimpse of that step.
Once you have added the constant temperature of 50C to that new segment, continue from the
Solution step of the tutorial, and find the steady state solution. The new plot looks exactly similar to
the original. Continue iterating until you have added a temperature constraint to all the small
segments. This will total up to 60 microns (and when taking into consideration the symmetry, means a
bridge width that ranges from 20 microns to 120 microns).
Saving Projects
saved in.
Physical Problem: All electronic components generate heat during the course of their operation. To
ensure optimal working of the component, the generated heat needs to be removed and thus the electronic
component be cooled. This is done by attaching fins to the device which aid in rapid heat removal to the
surroundings.
The heat sink is a cooling component adhered to an electronic device. For the sake of simplicity we assume that
the device can be modeled as a rectangular block. This block, made of steel, contains a cylindrical copper rod of
thermal conductivity 386 W/m-K that generates a total Q = 27.2 W. Also, the block loses heat through the
bottom, totaling 20% of the heat generated (20% of the total Q).
The block is made of steel with thermal conductivity of 20 W/m K.
Units: Use S.I. units ONLY
Boundary conditions: There is convection along all boundaries of the fin assembly except the bottom, which is
attached to the electronic component. The Film Coefficient is 20 W/m2K and the Bulk (ambient) temperature is
20oC. The block is insulated on the sides but loses some heat through its bottom.
Objective:
To determine the nodal temperature distribution
To determine the heat flux throughout the component
Figure:
IMPORTANT: All dimensions in millimeters.
Preprocessing:
1. Start ANSYS.
2. Create areas.
Solution:
7. Solve.
Postprocessing:
Exit:
STARTING ANSYS
Select Interactive.
The following menu comes up. Enter the working directory. All your files will be stored in this directory. Also enter
64 for Total Workspace and 32 for Database.
Click on Run.

Go to the ANSYS Utility Menu.
Click Workplane>WP Settings.
The following window comes up
Check the Cartesian and Grid Only buttons.
Enter the values shown in the figure. Hit OK.
In this tutorial we will explore the use of creating areas by corners as well as copying those areas to accomplish
modeling more efficiently.
Go to the ANSYS Main Menu Preprocessor>Modeling>Create>Areas>Rectangle>By 2 Corners.
Enter the values above to create the base plate of the fin assembly (Aluminum base plate) and hit OK.
Next, we want to create the fins that will constitute the assembly. Use Create Area by 2 Corner again to create
the first fin.
The next step is to populate the assembly with these fins. This can be accomplished by using the copy function
Choose Preprocessor>Modeling>Copy>Areas Choose the fin area and hit OK in the dialog window. Fill in
the following values for the offset:
Repeat the process and choose the newest area. This way you can continue using an offset of 7mm (add the fin
thickness for 0.007+0.002 = .009). When finished with all fins, continue.
The model should look like the following:
Choose Preprocessor>Modeling>Operate>Booleans>Add>Areas. Choose PickAll. It will be on the
bottom of the dialog window, and might be cut off if the window is too close to the bottom of the screen. Either
move the window or just manually select all the lines. Hit OK
This is what your assembly should look like now. Note that the lines are gone separating the areas and that it is
all one piece now.
To model the block, the electronic component, use create area>rectangle by 2 corners again. Remember its
dimensions are 56mm x 45mm. This is similar to the first steps you made in making the fin assembly. If you
want to build downward, use negative values. (refer to the solid circular area below for an example of negative
values)
Also, create the heat source area using
Main Menu>Preprocessor>Modeling>Create>Areas>Circle>Solid Circle
This is what everything looks like now.
The next step is to glue the base block to the fin assembly and to use the overlap function to make the heat
generating element separate from the block. When you first create areas within areas, the original larger area
still spans the entire space. Overlap breaks the pieces into separate sections.
If you cannot see the complete workplane then go to Utility Menu>Plot Controls>Pan Zoom Rotate and
zoom out to see the entire workplane.
Now, choose Preprocessor>Modeling>Operate>Booleans>Glue>Areas and select the fin assembly and
the base. Hit OK
Now, choose Preprocessor>Modeling>Operate>Booleans>Overlap>Areas and select the block and the
copper rod. Hit OK
MATERIAL PROPERTIES
We need to define material properties separately for steel, aluminum, and copper.
Now the material 1 has the property defined in the above window. This represents the material property for
steel. Repeat the above steps to create material properties for aluminum (k=180, Material number 2), and
copper (k=386, Material number 3). Do this by first selecting Material>New Model in the Define Material
Model Behavior window.
ELEMENT PROPERTIES
Click Preprocessor>Element Type>Add/Edit/Delete... In the 'Element Types' window that opens click on
Add... The following window opens.

Click on Thermal Mass Solid and select Quad 8node 77. Click OK. Close the 'Element types' window.
So now we have selected Element type 1 to be a thermal solid 8node element. The component will now be
modeled with thermal solid 8node elements. This finishes the selection of element type.
MESHING
Go to Preprocessor>Meshing>Size Controls>Manual Size>Lines>All Lines. In the menu that comes up
type 0.0015 in the field for 'Element edge length'.
Click on OK. Now when you mesh the figure ANSYS will automatically create meshes that have an edge length of
0.0015m along the lines you selected.
First we will mesh the steel area. Go to Preprocessor>Meshing>Mesh Attributes>Default Attributes.
Make sure the window indicates "Material Ref.#1".
Now go to Preprocessor>Meshing>Mesh>Areas>Free. Pick the steel area and click OK.

When you mesh the area, the other areas may disappear. They are still there, ANSYS is just not displaying them,
as usual. Just go to Utility>Plot>Areas to see the areas again.. And even though the mesh on the area you
just meshed doesnt show.. it is also still there.
Repeat the same process for the aluminum and copper areas. Make sure you use the correct material number (2
and 3 respectively) for both the areas. If you mesh the wrong area, use Preprocessor>Meshing>Clear to
select the erroneous mesh, delete it, and then repeat the previous steps. The meshed area should look like this:

Go to Preprocessor>Loads>Define Loads>Apply>Thermal>Heat Generate>On Areas
Select the quadrants of the copper rod. Click OK. The following window comes up.
Since the volume of the rod is 9.19E-6 and the total Q = 27.2 W, heat generation is 2.96MW/m3.
Enter the value for the HGEN value and click OK.
Go to Preprocessor>Loads>Define Loads>Apply>Thermal>Convection>On Lines. Pick all the lines on
the outside of the object except the bottom one where the object is connected to the block. Remember to pick
the small lines on the size of the assembly that were part of the mock base of the assembly. Click OK. The
following window comes up.
Enter 50 for "Film Coefficient" and 20 for "Bulk Temperature" and click OK.
Choose Preprocessor>Loads>Define Loads>
Apply>Thermal>Heat Flux>On Lines.
Pick the bottom of the rectangular block. Click OK. The following window comes up.
Now add heat loss through the bottom of the model, which has a surface area of .007224m2
Given that the heat lost from the base is 5.44 W, the heat flux will be -753.045 W/m2
Enter the value for heat lost through the bottom of the component.
SOLUTION
POST-PROCESSING
Go to ANSYS Main Menu General Postprocessing>List Results>Nodal Solution. The following window will
come up.
MODIFICATION
Go to General Postprocessing>Plot Results>Contour Plot>Nodal Solution. The following window will
come up:
Repeat the step, this time selecting Flux & gradient and TFSum to be plotted and click OK. The output will be
like this:
Saving Projects
Simply go to Utility Menu>File>Save As and save the project using the desired filename. To open the
file later, run Interactive (the first thing explained in this tutorial) as usual, and when that is done, go to Utility
Menu>File>Resume From and choose the saved job from the directory it is saved in.
Physical Problem: All electronic components generate heat during the course of their operation.
To ensure optimal working of the component, the generated heat needs to be removed and thus the
electronic component be cooled. This is done by attaching fins to the device which aid in rapid heat removal
to the surroundings.
The problem is equivalent to the previous tutorial. The new concern is 3 dimensional modeling.
The enclosing container is made of steel with thermal conductivity of 20 W/m K.
Units: Use S.I. units centimeters ONLY
Boundary conditions: There is convection along all the boundaries of the fin assembly except the
bottom, which is attached to the steel block. The Film Coefficient is 50 W/m2K and the Bulk (ambient)
Temperature is 293 K. The block contains a copper rod that generates heat, totaling 27.2 W. The sides of
the steel block are insulated. The bottom area of the block loses heat totaling 5.44 W. Remember to use
units of W/m3 for heat generation and W/m2 for heat flux.
Objective:
To determine the nodal temperature distribution.
Figure:
isometric view
Front View
IMPORTANT: Convert all dimensions and forces into SI units.
Preprocessing:
1. Start ANSYS.
2. Create volumes.
3. Copy volumes to form heat sink fins.
5. Define element type. (Thermal Mass Solid: Brick 8node, which is a 3-D element for heat transfer
analysis.)
Solution:
8. Solve.
Postprocessing:
Exit:
STARTING ANSYS

Select Interactive.
The following menu that comes up. Enter the working directory. All your files will be stored in this directory.
Also enter 64 for Total Workspace and 32 for Database. (more if you are working with extra memory)
Click on Run.

Preprocessor>Modeling>Create>Volumes>Block>By 2Corners and Z.
Enter the following data values to create the full steel base of the heat generating volume.
Next, we want to create the fins that will constitute the assembly. If you had hit APPLY instead of OK,
then the window will still be usable. Otherwise, use Create Volume by 2 Corner and Z again to create
the first fin.
Now we want to copy the fin volume and paste it offset so that it is correctly positioned along the bottom
of the fin assembly.
Preprocessor>Modeling>Copy>Volumes Select the volume to be copied. Next, the following
window appears:
Enter the value for the offset, which is 0.009m and then click Apply. Note that the copy volumes dialog
box on the left is still open. Simply pick the new volume and hit apply again. Hit apply in the window
that appears because the offset is still 0.009. Continue until all the fins are there. If you didnt hit apply
just start from Modeling>Copy>Volumes.
The model should appear as below so far.
Next choose Preprocessor>Modeling>Operate>Booleans>Add>Volumes. Choose the fins and

bottom of the fin assembly (the thin layer that extends across the model) Hit OK. You can also hit PICK
ALL
Next, create the base (the electronic component):
Preprocessor>Modeling>Create>Volumes>By 2 Corner and Z
Enter the values as shown.
Next, glue the new completed fin assembly to the base, by using
Preprocessor>Modeling>Operate>Booleans>Glue>Volumes. Choose the base, and click once on
the fin assembly (it should all be selected as one now, if not try repeating the last step). Hit OK
Now, create the volume for the copper heat generating element.
Preprocessor>Modeling>Create>Volumes>Cylinder>Solid Cylinder
If you replot volumes, you should see this:
The last step is to use Preprocessor>Modeling>Operate>Booleans>Overlap and select the

copper volume and the steel, click OK.
Also, reuse the glue command, ...>Operate>Booleans>Glue>Volumes to glue the cylinder to the
base.
MATERIAL PROPERTIES
We need to define material properties separately for steel, aluminum, and copper.

Now the material 1 has the properties defined in the above table. This represents the material properties
for steel. Repeat the above steps to create material properties for aluminum (k=180, Material number
2), and copper (k=386, Material number 3). Do this by selecting Material>New Model in the Define
Material Model Behavior window. Once finished, exit the material model window.
ELEMENT PROPERTIES

click on Add... The following window opens.

Click on Thermal Mass Solid and select Brick 8node 70. Click OK. Close the 'Element types' window.
So now we have selected Element type 1 to be a thermal solid 8node element. The component will now
be modeled with thermal solid 8node elements. This finishes the selection of element type.
MESHING

comes up type 10 in the field for 'No. of element divisions'.
Click on OK. Now when you mesh the figure ANSYS will automatically create meshes that have at least
ten elements along each line regardless of how long each line is!
First we will mesh the steel volume. Go to Preprocessor>Meshing>Mesh Attributes>Default
Attributes. Make sure the window indicates "Material Ref.#1". The window is shown below.
Now go to Preprocessor>Meshing>Mesh>Volumes>Free. Pick the steel area and click OK.

After you mesh the first section, the plot function of ANSYS may only display that meshed solid. To
reveal the other solids, use Utility Menu>Plot>Volumes. Even though the already meshed area
appears like it did originally, it is STILL meshed! Continue to the next steps.
Repeat the same process for the aluminum and copper areas. However, change two things:
For the Aluminum fin assembly, change the mess size on the lines to .01 cm per element:
And for Copper, use 15 element division's per line
Make sure you use the correct material number (2 and 3 respectively) for both the volumes. Also since
the steel and the copper areas overlap make sure you pick the right volume. If you choose the wrong
one, use Preprocessor>Meshing>Clear to undo the previous mesh and then repeat the previous
steps. The meshed area should look like this. Another tip for selecting the right one: Pick more than what
you want, then hit the right mouse button (alternate select) and then unselect the volumes you don't
want. This appears to be more effective than just trying to get the correct volumes initially.
ISOMETRIC
FRONT
Go to Preprocessor>Loads>Define Loads>Apply>Thermal>Heat Generate>On Volume.

Select the copper rod volume. Click OK.
Since the volume of the rod is 9.19E-6 and the total Q = 27.2 W, heat generation is 2.96MW/m3
The following window comes up. Enter this datum.
Next, we apply the convective boundary conditions.

Go to Preprocessor>Loads>Define Loads>Apply>Thermal>Convection>On Areas.
In ISO viewing mode, pick the areas that are clearly visible and dont try to pick them all at once. Make
notes in a text file or use a piece of scrap paper if you want to keep track of what you have selected
already (such as fins, front, iso or fins, top iso and so on) Click OK. The following window comes up.
Just remember that you want to select the aluminum assembly areas, which mean the fins sticking out
and the thin bottom of the aluminum assembly. Remember not to pick the bottom side of it too..
because that section is exposed to heat, not convection. And do NOT select the sides of the steel block!
They are insulated.
For each convection apply the following values:
Enter 50 for "Film Coefficient" and 293 for "Bulk Temperature" and click OK.
Now add heat loss through the bottom of the model, which has a surface area of .007224m2
Given that the heat lost from the base is 5.44 W, the heat flux will be -753.045 W/m2
Do this by Preprocessor>Loads>Define Loads>Apply>Thermal>Heat Flux>On Areas
Choose the bottom area (try pan zoom rotate again) and then enter the value of flux as shown below.
The modeling is finished.
SOLUTION

POST-PROCESSING

Go to ANSYS Main Menu General Postprocessing>List Results>Nodal Solution. The following
window will come up.
MODIFICATION
You can also plot the displacements and stress.

Go to General Postprocessing>Plot Results>Contour Plot>Nodal Solution. The following
Select DOF solution and Temperature to be plotted and click OK. The output will be like this: (playing
with Pan Zoom Rotate)
FRONT VIEW
ISO VIEW
Right side view
Saving Projects
saved in.
Introduction:
In this example you will model fluid flow in the entrance region
between two infinite plates.
Air travels between two infinite plates. For the sake of modeling, these plates will be assumed to
be 1.5 m long and 5 cm apart.
All units are S.I.
1) Air enters between the plates at a uniform velocity of 0.1 m/s.
Air: Density = 1.23 Kg/m3
Viscosity = 1.79 e -5
Dimensions
Length = 1.5 m
Width = 0.05 m
Objective: Find the nodal velocity distribution within the air gap between the two plates.
Figure:
Preprocessing:
1. Start ANSYS.
2. Create areas.
4. Define fluid element type. (2D Flotran 141 element, which is a 2-D element for fluid analysis.)
Solution:
7. Specify number of iterations for the solution.
8. Solve.
Postprocessing:
9. Plot the contour plot of the velocity distribution.
10. Plot the vector plot of the velocity distribution.
Exit:
Starting ANSYS:

Select Interactive.
Click RUN
Go to the ANSYS Utility Menu (the top bar). Click Workplane>Display Working Plane. This will
display the working grid on the workspace.
below.
Preprocessor>Modeling>Create>Areas>Rectangle>By 2 Corners.
Click OK once the proper values have been entered.
Element Properties:

click on Add... The following window opens:

Click on Flotran CFD and select 2D Flotran 141. Click OK. Close the 'Element types' window.
So now we have selected Element type 1 to be a Flotran element. The component will now be
modeled using the principles of fluid dynamics. This finishes the selection of element type.
DEFINE THE FLUID PROPERTIES:

Go to Preprocessor>Flotran Set Up>Fluid Properties.
On the box, shown below, set the first two input fields as Air-SI, and then click on OK. Another box
will appear. Accept the default values by clicking OK.
Now were ready to define the Material Properties
MATERIAL PROPERTIES

Click Preprocessor>Material Props>Material Models. The following window will appear
As displayed, choose CFD>Density. The following window appears.
Fill in 1.23 to set the density of Air. Click OK.

Now choose CFD>Viscosity. The following window appears:
Now the Material 1 has the properties defined in the above table so the Material Models window may be
closed.
Meshing:
comes up type 0.01 in the field for Element edge length.
an edge length of 0.01m along the lines you selected.
below:
Make sure that the window matches the one above, click OK, and proceed to
area to be meshed. Click within the rectangle you created before and click OK.

Go to Preprocessor>Loads>Define Loads>Apply>Fluid CFD>Velocity>On lines. Pick the left
edge block and Click OK. The following window comes up.
Enter 0.1 in the VX value field and click OK. The 0.1 corresponds to the velocity of 0.1 meters per
second of air flowing from the left side.
Repeat the above and set the Velocity to ZERO for the air along all of the top and bottom edges.
This is due to the no slip condition. (VX=VY=0 for all sides)
Go to Main Menu>Preprocessor>Loads>Define Loads>Apply>Fluid CFD>Pressure DOF>On
Lines. Pick the right side of the block and click OK. This signifies the open end of the pipe.
Once all the Boundary Conditions have been applied, the boundary conditions on the plates should look
like this:
SOLUTION
Go to ANSYS Main Menu>Solution>Flotran Set Up>Execution Ctrl.

The following window appears. Change the first input field value to 25, as shown. No other
changes are needed. Click OK.
Go to Solution>Run FLOTRAN.
POST-PROCESSING
Plotting the velocity distribution

Go to General Postproc>Read Results>Last Set.
Then go to General Postproc>Plot Results>Contour Plot>Nodal Solution. The following window
appears:
Select DOF Solution and Velocity VSUM and Click OK.

This is what the solution should look like:
Now go to General Postproc>Plot Results>Vector Plot>Predefined. The following window will
appear:
Enter the values as shown and click OK. The (zoomed in) plot of velocities will look as follows. (Note:
this is a zoomed in portion of the entrance of the pipe)
A Zoomed in section at the end of the pipe reveals that in fact, a laminar profile has developed and the
velocity yields the correct distribution:
Saving Projects
saved in.
Tutorial 2: Laminar Flow over Flat Plate
oduction: In this example you will examinehydrodynamic boundary layer's in a flow over a flat plate .
sical Problem: Compute and plot the velocity distribution of a flow of air over a flat plate.
blem Description:
The plate is 1 meter in length and infinitely thin.
Objective:
o To plot the velocity profile on the plate.
Dimensions:
o The plate is 1 m long.
o Theflow area is 1 m by .25 m. This arbitrary size serves to set up the boundary conditions of air traveling over the plate.
o The velocity of the air at infinite distance from the plate is 0.5 m/s.
o Atmospheric pressure is assumed on all faces except the face where velocity is input into the system.
Figure:
c Outline of the Problem:
ocessing:
t ANSYS.
ate areas.
ne the material properties.
ne fluid element type. (2D Flotran 141 element, which is a 2-D element for fluid analysis.)
cify meshing controls / Mesh the areas to create nodes and elements.
ion:
cify boundary conditions.
cify number of solution iterations.
e.
processing:
the contour plot of the velocity distribution.
t the velocity plot of the velocity distribution.
t the ANSYS program, saving all data.
RTING ANSYS
Click on ANSYS 8 in the programs menu
!vml]-->
DELING THE STRUCTURE:
Click Preprocessor>-Modeling->Create>Areas>Rectangle->By 2 Corners. The width is 1 and the height is .25. Startin
position is at (0,0).
The modeling of the problem is done
MENT PROPERTIES
TING ELEMENT TYPE:

Click Preprocessor>Element Type>Add/Edit/Delete... In the 'Element Types' window that opens click on Add... The followin
window opens.
!vml]--> 
Click on Flotran CFD and select 2D Flotran 141. Click OK. Close the Element types window.
So now we have selected Element type 1 to be solved using Flotran, the computational fluid dynamics portion of ANSYS. This fin
the selection of element type
HING
NG THE CHANNEL INTO ELEMENTS:

Go to Preprocessor>Meshing>Size Cntrls>ManualSize>Lines>Picked Lines. Select the top and bottom lines (horizontal lines of t
rectangle).
In the window that comes up type 50 in the field for 'No. of element divisions'.

Now Click OK.

Go to Preprocessor>Meshing>Size Cntrls>ManualSize>Lines>Picked Lines. Select the two vertical lines of the rectangle.
In the window that comes up type 100 in the field for 'No. of element divisions' and type 10 in the field for 'Spacing ratio'
Now click OK
Go to Preprocessor>Meshing>Size Cntrls>ManualSize>Lines>Flip Bias. Select the left line of the rectangle and click OK.
Now go to Preprocessor>Meshing>Mesh>Areas>Free. Click the area and the OK.
Since the only area we really care about is along the bottom wall, you will notice there is the highest concentration of elements there. Thi
saves computation time because we don't have to compute accurate data for elements far away from the wall. You mesh should look like
d Properties (air):
On the box, shown below, set the first 2 input fields to Air-Si. Then click on OK.

Click OK in the next screen that appears.
NDARY CONDITIONS AND CONSTRAINTS
The boundary conditions in this problem are an imposed velocity over the plate, and the no-slip condition on the plate itself.
To apply the imposed velocity, go to Preprocessor>Loads>Define Loads>Apply>Fluid CFD>Velocity>On lines. Pick the left edg
the top edge of the rectangle and Click OK. The following window comes up.
!vml]-->
Enter 0.5 in the VX field and 0 in the VY and VZ fields. Make sure 'Apply to endpoints' is set to Yes. Then click OK. This number
corresponds to the velocity of 0.5 meter per second of air flowing from the left side and the assumption that the velocity is equal to 0.5 fa
the plate..
To set the no-slip condition on the plate, repeat the above procedure but this time set the Velocity to ZERO for the bottom line of the
rectangle. (VX=VY=0). This time make sure 'Apply to endpoints' is set to Yes.
--[if !vml]-->
Now Atmospheric Pressure must be set for the right side of the rectangle.
To do this, select Preprocessor>Loads>Define Loads>Apply>Fluid CFD>Pressure DOF>On lines. Click the right line and then O
The following window will now appear.
 
Enter 0 for the constant pressure value for these faces and click OK. This sets the pressure to Atmospheric.
Now the Boundary Conditions are now set and should look like the picture below:
UTION

The following window appears. Change the first input field value to 400, as shown. No other changes are needed. Click OK. (The reas
behind setting the iterations so high is that when you run the Flotran Analysis, it stops only when the solution converges, or the solution
reaches the number of Global Iterations. In this case the solution should converge at around 350 iterations. (this value was taken
experimentally) By setting the value at 400 we arrange the problem such that the solution is found before we reach the max number of
Iterations)

Wait for ANSYS to solve the problem. It takes around a minute to solve on a fast computer. It will say 'Solution is Done!' when it complete
Click on OK and close the 'Information' window that may appear.
T-PROCESSING
The first post-processing step we will show is how to plot the velocity distribution.
Then go to General Postproc>Plot Results>Contour Plot>Nodal Solution. The following window appears:
Select VSUM and click OK. The velocity distribution will look like this:
Now go to General Postproc>Plot Results>Vector Plot>Predefined and select Velocity. Enter a scale factor (VRATIO) of 0.4. The v
plot looks like this:
and a zoomed in portion (notice boundary layer formation):
To get a plot of Velocity vs Y at a point x, you must define a path to plot along. The easiest way to do this is to use the vector plot from a
and zoom in on the section you want. In this example we will look at the boundary layer X velocity at x=.5m (half way along the plate).
Select General Postproc>Path Operations>Define Path>By Nodes and pick 1 node at the bottom and 1 node near the top of the
boundary layer (x=0.5) (nodes 27 and 2708 should work well). Then click OK:
In the window that appears enter 'Center' as the name and then click OK.
Now select General Postproc>Path Operations>Map onto Path and select X-component of velocity. In the User label for item box t
'velocity':
Now select General Postproc>Path Operations>Plot Path Item>On Graph , select VELOCITY, and click OK. You should get a plot
looks like this:

Here is the same data in a standard format plotted using excel:
Send mail to the author with questions or comments about this tutorial.
Tutorial 3: Diverging Flow
oduction: In this example laminar fluid flows over an angled flate plate
sical Problem: Compute and plot the velocity distribution of a flow
blem Description:
Objective:
o To plot the velocity profile
Dimensions:
o The duct has an entrance region of 1m by .5m and an exit region of 1m by 1m. These two regions are seperated by a horizont
distance of 1m.
o The velocity of the air at infinite distance from the plate is 3 mm/s (.003m/s). This velocity best demonstrates the recirculati
zone while keeping the flow inside the duct laminar.
Figure:
rocessing:
t ANSYS.
ate areas.
ion:
e.
processing:
RTING ANSYS

Select Interactive.
The following menu that comes up. Enter the working directory. All your files will be stored in this directory. Also enter 64 for Total Work
and 32 for Database.
Click on Run.
!vml]-->
To create the entrance region click Preprocessor>Modeling>Create>Areas>Rectangle>By 2 Corners. The width is 1 an
height is .5. Starting position is at (0,0).
To create the exit region click Preprocessor>Modeling>Create>Areas>Rectangle>By 2 Corners. The width is 1 and the
height is 1. Starting position is at (2,0).
To create the connecting region, click Preprocessor>Modeling>Create>Areas>Arbitrary>Through KPs. Select the four
keypoints that make up the region and click OK. The area will be created automatically:
Modeling is now done:
MENT PROPERTIES
TING ELEMENT TYPE:

Click Preprocessor>Element Type>Add/Edit/Delete... In the 'Element Types' window that opens click on Add... The following wind
opens.
!vml]--> 

So now we have selected Element type 1 to be solved using Flotran, the computational fluid dynamics portion of ANSYS. This finishes th
selection of element type.
HING
To clarify meshing you should plot by lines. To do this click Plot>Lines on the file menu.
Go to Preprocessor>Meshing>Size Cntrls>ManualSize>Lines>Picked Lines. Select the four vertical lines and click OK
In the window that comes up type 20 in the 'Element edge length' box and -2 in the Spacing Ratio box. This puts more elements near th
than in the middle:
Now Click OK.
Now go to Preprocessor>Meshing>Size Cntrls>ManualSize>Lines>Picked Lines and select the top and bottom lines of the entra
and exit region:
Enter 15 for the number of element divisions, and enter 1 for the Spacing Ratio.
Now go to Preprocessor>Meshing>Size Cntrls>ManualSize>Lines>Picked Lines and select the top and bottom of the transition
region. Enter 20 for the number of element divisions, and 1 for the Spacing Ratio. Click OK.
Now go to Preprocessor>Meshing>Mesh>Areas>Free. Click the three area's or click 'Pick All' and then OK.
Meshing is done. Your mesh should look like this:
d Properties (air):
On the box, shown below, set the first two input fields to Air-SI. Then click on OK.
To make loading easier, go to Plot>Lines on the main file menu.

Go to Preprocessor>Loads>Define Loads>Apply>Fluid CFD>Velocity>On lines. Pick the left line of the entrance region and Cli
OK:
!vml]-->
Enter 0.003 in the VX field and 0 in the VY. Leave VZ blank. Then click OK. This number corresponds to the velocity of 0.003 meter p
second of air flowing from the left side:
The walls of the duct are stationary and therefore must have the no-slip condition applied to them. To set this go to
Preprocessor>Loads>Define Loads>Apply>Fluid CFD>Velocity>On lines. and select the lines that make up the walls of the duc
There are 6 of them:
Click OK. In the window that appears set VX = 0 and VY = 0. Leave VZ blank.
--[if !vml]-->
The last step is to apply atmospheric pressure to the outlet of the duct. Go to Preprocessor>Loads>Define Loads>Apply>Fluid
CFD>Pressure DOF>On Lines and select the right most vertical line and click OK. In the window that appears, enter 0 for the constan
pressure value and click OK:
Now the Modeling of the problem is done. The loads on the model will look like this:
UTION

The following window appears. Change the first input field value to 1000, as shown. No other changes are needed. Click OK.

T-PROCESSING

Now go to General Postproc>Plot Results>Vector Plot>Predefined and select Velocity. The vector plot looks like this:
To view the recirculation zone in more detail it helps to animate the results. To do this go to General Postproc>Plot Results>Def Tra
Pt. Select a few nodes in the entrance region (1) and select a few nodes in the recirculation region (2). Then click OK:
Now go to PlotCtrls>Animate>Particle Flow... Select VX. The other default options are fine. Click OK
ANSYS will then animate the flow. It will look similar to this (notice the recirculation region):
Send mail to the author with questions or comments about this web site.
Tutorial 4: Flow over Infinite Cylinder

duction: In this example laminar fluid flow over an infinite cylinder.
sical Problem: Compute and plot the velocity distribution of a flow of air over an infinite cylinder.
blem Description:
Objective:
o To plot the velocity profile
Dimensions:
o The cylinder is .25 m in diameter
o Because of symmetry, the problem is simplified so that only half of the cylinder is computed. The results are assumed to be the s
on the other side of the x axis (axis of symmetry)
o The flow area is 2 m by 0.5 m. This arbitrary size serves to set up the boundary conditions of flow over a cylinder.
o The velocity of the air at infinite distance from the plate is 5 mm/s (.005m/s).
Figure:
rocessing:
t ANSYS.
ate areas.
ion:
e.
processing:
RTING ANSYS

Select Interactive.
The following menu that comes up. Enter the working directory. All your files will be stored in this directory. Also enter 64 for Total Work
and 32 for Database.
Click on Run.
!vml]-->
Click Preprocessor>Modeling>Create>Areas>Rectangle>By 2 Corners. The width is 2 and the height is .5. Starting p
is at (0,0).
To create the cylinder click Preprocessor>Modeling>Create>Areas>Circle>Solid Circle. The radius is .125 and the center
(.5,0)
To subtract the circular area from the rectangle click Preprocessor>Modeling>Operate>Booleans>Subtract>Areas. Selec
rectangle and click OK. Next select the circle and click Ok. You will be left with this area:
Modeling is now done

MENT PROPERTIES
TING ELEMENT TYPE:

Click Preprocessor>Element Type>Add/Edit/Delete... In the 'Element Types' window that opens click on Add... The following wind
opens.
!vml]--> 
HING

Go to Preprocessor>Meshing>Size Cntrls>ManualSize>Lines>Picked Lines. Click 'Pick all' or manually pick all the lines
In the window that comes up type .02 in the 'Element edge length' box:
Now Click OK.

d Properties (air):
On the box, shown below, set the first two input fields to Air-SI. Then click on OK.
To make loading easier, go to Plot>Lines on the main file menu.

Go to Preprocessor>Loads>Define Loads>Apply>Fluid CFD>Velocity>On lines. Pick the left and top edge of the rectangle and
OK:
!vml]-->
Enter 0.005 in the VX field and 0 in the VY. Leave VZ blank. Then click OK. This number corresponds to the velocity of 0.005 meter p
second of air flowing from the left side:
To account for symmetry, the normal component to the axis of symmetry is set to zero. To set this go to Preprocessor>Loads>Define
Loads>Apply>Fluid CFD>Velocity>On lines. and select the bottom line of the rectangle. Enter 0 in the VY field. Leave VX and VZ bl
Repeat the above and set the Velocity to ZERO for the 2 lines that make up the half-circle. (VX=VY=0, VZ can be left blank). This is d
the no-slip condition along the cylinder. Your screen should look like this so far:
--[if !vml]-->
The last step is to apply atmospheric pressure to the outlet of the fluid region. Go to Preprocessor>Loads>Define Loads>Apply>Flu
CFD>Pressure DOF>On Lines and select the right most vertical line and click OK. In the window that appears, enter 0 for the constan
pressure value and click OK:
Now the Modeling of the problem is done. The loads on the model will look like this:
UTION

The following window appears. Change the first input field value to 1000, as shown. No other changes are needed. Click OK.

T-PROCESSING

Now go to General Postproc>Plot Results>Vector Plot>Predefined and select Velocity. The vector plot looks like this:
To view the recirculation zone in more detail it helps to animate the results. To do this go to General Postproc>Plot Results>Def Tra
Pt. Select a few nodes in the entrance region (1) and select a few nodes in the recirculation region (2). Then click OK:
Now go to PlotCtrls>Animate>Particle Flow... Select VX. The other default options are fine. Click OK
ANSYS will then animate the flow. It will look similar to this (notice the recirculation region):
Tutorial 1: Heated Flow Between Parallel Plate

ion:
example you will model fluid flow in the entrance region
n two infinite plates with constant wall and fluid temperatures.
Description:
degrees Celsius travels between two infinite plates. For the sake of modeling, these plates will be assumed to be 1.5 m long and 5 c
are S.I.
Conditions:
enters between the plates at a uniform velocity of 0.1 m/s and 20 degrees
s.
e wall temperature is 100 degrees Celsius
Properties: AIR-SI
ns
= 1.5 m
= 0.05 m
: Find the nodal velocity distribution within the air gap between the two plates. Compare that to the temperature distribution between the t
line of the Problem:
ng:
aterial properties.
element type. (2D Flotran 141 element, which is a 2-D element for fluid analysis.)
hing controls / Mesh the areas to create nodes and elements.
dary conditions.
ber of iterations for the solution.
ing:
ntour plot of the velocity distribution.
ontour plot of the temperature distribution.
ector plot of the velocity distribution.
SYS program, saving all data.
ANSYS:
NSYS 6.1 in the programs menu.

eractive.
ng menu comes up. Enter the working directory. All your files will be stored in this directory. Also under Use Default Memory Model mak
or Total Workspace, and 32 for Database are entered. To change these values unclick Use Default Memory Model.

the Structure:
ANSYS Main Menu (on the left hand side of the screen) and click Preprocessor>Modeling>Create>Areas>Rectangle>By 2 Corners.
ng window comes up:

nce the proper values have been entered.

should look like this now: (note, you have a black background)

Properties:
ELEMENT TYPE:
rocessor>Element Type>Add/Edit/Delete... In the 'Element Types' window that opens click on Add... The following window opens:

he Element type reference number.

otran CFD and select 2D Flotran 141. Click OK. Close the 'Element types' window.
have selected Element type 1 to be a Flotran element. The component will now be modeled using the principles of fluid dynamics. This fin
element type.
perties (air):
processor>Flotran Set Up>Fluid Properties.
box, shown below, set all the input fields to Constant. Then click on OK.
other box will appear. Enter the values for Density, Viscocity, Conductivity, and Specific Heat for air at the mean temperature (Tw+Tinfin)/2
ues correspond to the following constant properties:
Density () 1.146 Kg/m^3

Dynamic Viscocity () 1.89E-5 Kg/m*s
Conductivity (K) 0.027 W/m*K
Specific Heat 1.00e3 J/Kg*K

want to use fluid's other than air use the following procedure for setting fluid properties:
perties (any fluid with constant properties):

rocessor>Flotran Set Up>Fluid Properties.
that appears, set all the input fields to Constant. Then click on OK.
x will appear. Enter the values for Density, Viscocity, Conductivity, and Specific Heat for the fluid you are working with.
operties of nitrogen gas (N2) as an example:
Now your fluid properties are set. Continue solving the problem as usual.
n is responsible for telling ANSYS how to divide the block such that it has enough nodes, or points, to produce accurate results.
processor>Meshing>Size Controls>Manual Size>Lines>Picked Lines. Select the top and bottom lines of the rectangle and click OK
up type 100 in the field for 'No. of element divisions'. Then click OK.
 
same procedure for the left and right lines, except enter 50 into the 'No element divisions' field.
Preprocessor>Meshing>Mesh Attributes>Default Attributes. The window is shown below:
 
that the window matches the one above, click OK, and proceed to Preprocessor>Meshing>Mesh>Areas>Free
indow will appear on the left hand side of the screen. This window allows you to select the area to be meshed. Click within the rectangle y
click OK.
will now look like this (it's hard to see the individual elements, but if you zoom in they are easy to see):
Conditions and Constraints:

Preprocessor>Loads>Define Loads>Apply>Fluid CFD>Velocity>On lines. Pick the left edge block and Click OK. The following win

.1 in the VX value field and click OK. The 0.1 corresponds to the velocity of 0.1 meters per second of air flowing from the left side.
the above and set the Velocity to ZERO for the air along all of the top and bottom edges. This is due to the no slip condition. (VX=VY=
Main Menu>Preprocessor>Loads>Define Loads>Apply>Fluid CFD>Pressure DOF>On Lines. Pick the right side of the block an
nifies the open end of the pipe.
he temperature boundary conditions. Go to Main Menu>Preprocessor>Loads>Define Loads>Apply>Thermal>Temperature>On
side and enter 20.
the above and set the temperature to 100 along the top and bottom edges. This is due to the constant wall temperature.
If you wanted to apply constant heat flux instead of constant wall temperature, you would goto Main Menu>Preprocessor>Loads>De
>Apply>Thermal>Heat Flux>On Lines instead of Apply>Thermal>Temperature in the steps above.
l the Boundary Conditions have been applied, the boundary conditions on the plates should look like this:
ml]--> 
he Modeling of the problem is done.
NSYS Main Menu>Solution>Flotran Set Up>Solution Options.

lowing window appears. Change Adiabatic to Thermal in the drop down menu. No other changes are needed. Click OK.
NSYS Main Menu>Solution>Flotran Set Up>Execution Ctrl.
lowing window appears. Change the first input field value to 300, as shown. No other changes are needed. Click OK.
]--> 
olution>Run FLOTRAN.
r ANSYS to solve the problem.
OCESSING
the velocity distribution

General Postproc>Read Results>Last Set.
o to General Postproc>Plot Results>Contour Plot>Nodal Solution. The following window appears:
]--> 
elect DOF Solution and Velocity VSUM and Click OK.

his is what the solution should look like:
the temperature distribution
o to General Postproc>Plot Results>Contour Plot>Nodal Solution. The following window appears:
elect DOF Solution and Temperature TEMP and Click OK.
his is what the solution should look like:
a closeup of the entrance region:

General Postproc>Plot Results>Vector Plot>Predefined. The following window will appear:


alues as shown and click OK. The plot of velocities will appear. Zoom in to examine different velocity profiles.
e is the Entrance region:

e is the fully developed exit region:
Number Extraction:
is no direct way to extract nusselt numbers from ansys, however it is still possible to calculate these number's using the results of the simu
mber from Newton's Law of Cooling that:
and from heat transfer:
these two relations we can get Nu using heat flux (q") values from ANSYS. The details of this procedure are beyond the scope of this tutori
ver, it requires defining a path along the wall and extracting n heat flux values along it. At each n points, you must take the average temper
etween the two plates. The other values are known from the problem statement: Hydraulic diameter (Dh) is twice the distance between the
Thermal conductivity (K) is a property of air and Tw is the constant wall temperature.
of this procedure are available as an excel spreadsheet for you to download. The results of a constant wall temp and constant heat flux are graphed, and rep
he Nusselt number approaches a constant value in the fully developed flow region.
t Wall Heat Flux:

blem is repeated, but this time with constant heat flux boundary conditions of 200 W/m2, the following temperature distribution results:
Distribution:
ndtl Number (Pr=50):
onstant wall temperature scenario is repeated, except this time with ethlene glycol, a liquid with a relatively high Pr number at the mean te
following results
or high Pr velocity develops much faster than temperature. This means that your velocity becomes fully developed over a short distance, w
the inlet temperature. Notice this effect in the graph
properties:
1.08E3 Kg/m^3
ity () 5.7E-3 Kg/m*s
) 0.26 W/m*K
Cp) 2.56E3 J/Kg*K
r (Pr) 56.3
stribution:
ution:
velocity:
region:
ntrance Region VS Velocity Entrance Region:
ndtl Number (Pr<<1):
onstant wall temperature scenario is repeated, except this time with mercury, a liquid metal with a very low Pr number, you get the followin
or the case of low Pr, heat reaches the centerline very soon while the velocity is still uniform.
properties:
1.36E4 Kg/m^3
ity () 1.7E-3 Kg/m*s
) 8.34 W/m*K
Cp) 139 J/Kg*K
(Pr) .028

stribution:
ution:
velocity distribution:
city distribution:
ntrance Region VS Velocity Entrance Region:
rojects
to Utility Menu>File>Save As and save the project using the desired filename. To open the file later, run Interactive (the first thing e
usual, and when that is done, go to Utility Menu>File>Resume From and choose the saved job from the directory it is saved in.
Tutorial 2: Heated Flow over Flat Plate
oduction: In this example you will examine thermal and hydrodynamic boundary layer's in a heated flow over a flat, heated plate . We
th the cases where the plate has a constant temperature, a constant heat flux, and these two cases with an initial unheated region.
ical Problem: Compute and plot the velocity and temperature distribution of a flow of air over a flat plate. Compare ANSYS resulst w
lem Description:
The plate is 1 meter in length and infinitely thin..
Objective:
o To plot the velocity profile on the plate.
o To plot the temperature profile on the plate.
o To repeat the problem with constant heat flux on the wall, and with unheated starting lengths.
Dimensions:
o The plate is 1 m long.
o Theflow area is 1 m by .25 m. This arbitrary size serves to set up the boundary conditions of air traveling over the plate.
o The velocity of the air at infinite distance from the plate is 0.5 m/s.
o Atmospheric pressure is assumed on all faces except the face where velocity is input into the system.
Figure:
ocessing:
ANSYS.
te areas.
ify meshing controls / Mesh the areas to create nodes and elements.
on:
ify boundary conditions.
ify number of solution iterations.
e.
rocessing:
the velocity plot of the velocity distribution.
the ANSYS program, saving all data.
RTING ANSYS

vml]-->

Click Preprocessor>-Modeling->Create>Areas>Rectangle->By 2 Corners. The width is 1 and the height is .25. Starting positi
(0,0).
The modeling of the problem is done.
MENT PROPERTIES
ING ELEMENT TYPE:

Click Preprocessor>Element Type>Add/Edit/Delete... In the 'Element Types' window that opens click on Add... The following windo
opens.
vml]--> 

HING

Go to Preprocessor>Meshing>Size Cntrls>ManualSize>Lines>Picked Lines. Select the top and bottom lines.
In the window that comes up type 50 in the field for 'No. of element divisions'.

Now Click OK.

Go to Preprocessor>Meshing>Size Cntrls>ManualSize>Lines>Picked Lines. Select the left and right lines.
In the window that comes up type 100 in the field for 'No. of element divisions' and type 10 in the field for 'Spacing ratio'
Now click OK
Go to Preprocessor>Meshing>Size Cntrls>ManualSize>Lines>Flip Bias. Select the left line of the rectangle and click OK.
Since the only area we really care about is along the bottom wall, you will notice there is the highest concentration of elements there. This
computation time because we don't have to compute accurate data for elements far away from the wall. You mesh should look like this:
d Properties (air):
to Preprocessor>Flotran Set Up>Fluid Properties.
On the box, shown below, set all the input fields to Constant. Then click on OK.
Another box will appear. Enter the values for Density, Viscocity, Conductivity, and Specific Heat for air at the mean temperature
(Tw+Tinfin)/2 = 35C.
ese values correspond to the following constant properties:
Density () 1.146 Kg/m^3

Dynamic Viscocity () 1.89E-5 Kg/m*s
Conductivity (K) 0.027 W/m*K
Specific Heat 1.00e3 J/Kg*K

If you want to use fluid's other than air use the same method and input the appropriate values:

Go to Preprocessor>Loads>Define Loads>Apply>Fluid CFD>Velocity>On lines. Pick the left and top edges of the rectangle and
OK. The following window comes up.
vml]-->
Enter 0.5 in the VX field and 0 in the VY and VZ fields. Make sure 'Apply to endpoints' is set to Yes. Then click OK. This number
corresponds to the velocity of 0.5 meter per second of air flowing from the left side and the assumed velocity of 0.5 m/s far from the plate
Repeat the step above, this time setting the top of the rectangle velocity to ZERO. This time select 'Apply to endpoints'
Repeat the above and set the Velocity to ZERO for the bottom of the rectangle. (VX=VY=0). This is due to the no-slip condition along
wall. This time make sure 'Apply to endpoints' is set to Yes.
Go to Preprocessor>Loads>Define Loads>Apply>Thermal>Temperature>On lines. Pick the left edge of the rectangle and Click
The following window comes up. Enter 20 to apply a twenty degree celcius temperature to the incoming air. Set 'Apply TEMP to endpoints
-[if !vml]-->
Repeat the above and set the Temperature to 50 along the bottom edge of the rectangle. Set 'Apply TEMP to endpoints' to Yes.
Now Atmospheric Pressure must be set for the right side of the rectangle.
To do this, select Preprocessor>Loads>Define Loads>Apply>Fluid CFD>Pressure DOF>On lines. Click the right line and then O
The following window will now appear.
 
Enter 0 for the constant pressure value for these faces and click OK. This sets the pressure to Atmospheric.
Now the Modeling of the problem is done. The loads on the model will look like this (To get a screen like this, goto Plot->Lines on the m
menu):
UTION

The following window appears. Change the first input field value to 400, as shown. No other changes are needed. Click OK. (The reaso
behind setting the iterations so high is that when you run the Flotran Analysis, it stops only when the solution converges, or the solution re
the number of iterations. In this case the solution should converge at around 500 iterations. (this value was taken experimentally) By set
the value at 250 we arrange the problem such that the solution is found before we terminate the iterations.)

Go to ANSYS Main Menu>Solution>Flotran Set Up>Solution Options
Change the TEMP field to Thermal and then click OK
Wait for ANSYS to solve the problem. It takes around a minute to solve on a fast computer. It will say 'Solution is Done!' when it complete
T-PROCESSING

Now go to General Postproc>Plot Results>Vector Plot>Predefined and select Velocity. Enter a scale factor (VRATIO) of 0.4. The v
plot looks like this:
and a zoomed in portion (notice boundary layer formation):
Then go to General Postproc>Plot Results>Contour Plot>Nodal Solution and select Temperature:

A Plot of the Heat flux along the plate looks like this (NOTE: in order to get this plot, you must define a path along the bottom edge of the
rectangle and map Heat Flux onto it). We will use this data to get local Nusselt Numbers:
Comparing the boundary layer thickness to theoretical equations, the correlation is apparent: (download this excel worksheet)
tant Heat Flux:
The results for a constant heat flux of 300 W/m2 are shown below. The procedure for this problem is exactly the same as the constant wa
temperature, except when defining loads, the wall temperatures are replaced with constant heat flux:
Temperature Distribution:
eated Starting Length Constant Wall Temperature:
The modeling for an unheated starting length is slightly different from the above example. Assume an unheated starting length of 0.25 m,
heated length of 0.5 m, and again an unheated region of 0.25 m and a constant wall temperature of 50 C. All other parameters are the sa
Instead of creating 1 rectangle for the model, we will create 3 connected rectangles like this (the first rectangle represents the initial unhe
region of .25 m. The second rectangle is the .5 m heated region. The third rectangle is the 2nd .25 m unheated region):
After creating these three areas, you must glue the connecting lines together. Go to Preprocessor>-Modeling-
>Operate>Booleans>Glue>Areas and select the three areas. Click OK.
Meshing this model is slightly different to get the same results. For the top and bottom lines you must select an 'Element edge length' o
The three vertical lines get the same 50 element divisions with a ration of 10. Make sure to use flip bias on any meshed lines with a ratio
are backwards. Your meshed lines will now look like this:
Goto Preprocessor>Meshing>Mesh>Areas>Free and the meshed area will look like this:
The loading of the problem is exactly the same as before. The Loads will look like this:
Solving the problem gives the following temperature distribution:
Unheated Starting Length Constant Wall Heat Flux:
Assume the same configuration as the previous problem, except this time the wall condition is a constant heat flux of 300 W/m2. All other
parameters are the same.
The modeling procedure is the same as the unheated starting length constant wall temperature problem above, except the contant tempe
loading is replaced with constant heat flux loading.
Temperature Distribution:

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About ANSYS

Why use it?

ANSYS in the Professional World:

Generic Steps to Solving any Problem in ANSYS:

Define Material Properties

Present the Results

Specific Capabilities of ANSYS:

Laminar or Turbulent Flows

Typical quantities of interest in a magnetic analysis are:

Magnetic flux density

Sonar - the acoustic counterpart of radar

Changing the Model:

Changing Boundary Conditions and Constraints

IMPORTANT: Convert all dimensions and forces into SI units.

Basic Outline of the Problem:

Click on ANSYS 6.1in the programs menu.

Go to the ANSYS Utility Menu.

We need to define material properties for aluminum.

Fill in 180 for Thermal conductivity. Click OK.

SELECTING ELEMENT TYPE:

DIVIDING THE TOWER INTO ELEMENTS:

BOUNDARY CONDITIONS AND CONSTRAINTS

Next, we apply the convective boundary conditions.

Go to ANSYS Main Menu>Solution>Analysis Type>New Analysis.

Listing the results.

You can also plot the displacements and stress.

Basic Outline of the Problem:

Click on ANSYS 6.1 in the programs menu.

Modeling the Structure:

In the window that comes up, select Material>New Material

Apply Constant Temperature

Apply Heat Generation and Heat Absorption

The next step is to add heat generation to the composite block.

Once that is complete, the block should look like this:

Go to ANSYS Main Menu>Solution>Analysis Type>New Analysis.

Modification / Plotting the Results:

This is the Final Solution

Problem Description: Read this

Basic Outline of the Problem:

Click on ANSYS 6.1 in the programs menu.

These values are

Modeling the Structure:

Go to the ANSYS Utility Menu (the top bar)

Check the Cartesian and Grid Only buttons

In the window that comes up choose Thermal>Conductivity>Isotropic.

Boundary Conditions and Constraints:

Apply Convection (Base)

Apply Constant Temperature (Right side)

Apply Heat Flux (Left Side)

Insulated Surface (Top)

Apply Heat Generation

The next step is to add the constraint of heat generation.

Go to ANSYS Main Menu>Solution>Analysis Type>New Analysis.

Modification / Plotting the Results:

This is the Final Solution

Changing Boundary Conditions and Constraints

Using ANSYS will allow you to output the temperature distribution in an

Click on ANSYS 6.1 in the programs menu.

Modeling the Structure:

Go to the ANSYS Utility Menu (the top bar). Click Workplane>WP

Check the Cartesian and Grid Only buttons

Please note in this Create Areas,

Now you have created the points to make the block.

Please note that the order in