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Technology and Diagrams F2-6 /

SYLLABUS
CHAPTER 1: Resistors
CHAPTER 2: Capacitors
CHAPTER 3: Transformer and relays
CHAPTER 4: Diodes
CHAPTER 5: Transistors
CHAPTER 6: Thyristors and triac
CHAPTER 7: Regulated power supply
CHAPTER 8: Thermal analysis
CHAPTER 9: Technology of digital integrated circuits
CHAPTER 10: Study of some digital ICs
CHAPTER 11: Multivibrators
CHAPTER 12: Schmitt trigger
CHAPTER 13: NE555

List of Material Required

- lab coat (white)


- Multimeter
- Bread Board
- Soldering iron
- Desoldering pump
- solder

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CHAP 1: RESISTORS
Introduction
A resistor is an electrical component that limits or regulates the flow of electrical current in a
circuit. It can be classified in two categories: Fixed resistor (Carbon film, metal film and wire
wound) and Variable resistor (rheostat, potentiometer, photoresistor).
1. Fixed resistor
1. Definition and symbol
Fixed resistor is a resistor having a fixed, defined electrical resistance which is not adjustable.
Fixed resistors are the most commonly used resistors and in general one of the most used
electronic components.

SYMBOLE :

OHMS Law :

U = RI avec U la tension aux bornes de la rsistance sexprimant en Volt.

avec I le courant traversant la rsistance sexprimant en Ampre.

avec R la valeur de la rsistance sexprimant en Ohm.

Power Ratings :
Its the amount of heat that can be dissipated for an indefinite period of time without degrading
the performance of the resistor

P = U.I with P : the power rating in Watt (W).

U : The voltage across the resistor in Volts (V).

I : le courant traversant la rsistance.

On sait que U =RI donc P = RI2 .

On sait aussi que I = U/R donc P = U2/R .

P = power developed in watts (W)

I = current through resistor in amps (A) R = resistance of resistor in ohms ( )

V = voltage across resistor in volts (V)

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2. Nominal value
Its the reference value on the resistor measured in Ohms(). Resistor values are often written
on circuit diagrams using a code system which avoids using a decimal point because it is easy
to miss the small dot. Instead the letters R, K and M are used in place of the decimal point.
3. Resistor colour code
Resistor values are usually shown using coloured bands, each colour represents a number as
shown in the table. Most resistors have 4 bands:
The first band gives the first digit.
The second band gives the second digit.
The third band indicates the multiplier (number of zeros).
The fourth band shows the tolerance (precision) of the resistor but this may be ignored
for almost all circuits.

Color Black Brown Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Violet Grey white Gold Silver

1rst digit 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

2nd digit 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

multiplier 1 10 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 10-1 10-2

Tolrance 5 10
1 2 0.25 0.2 0.1
(%)

Ne Manger Rien Ou Jener Voil Bien Votre Grande Btise

Example:

This resistor has red (2), violet (7), yellow (4 zeros) and gold bands so its value is 270000
= 270k (usually shown as 270K on circuit diagrams).

Brown Black Red =

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4. Tolerance of resistors
The tolerance of a resistor is shown by the fourth band of the colour code. Tolerance is the
precision of the resistor and it is given as a percentage.
For example a 390 resistor with a tolerance of 10% will have a value within 10% of 390 ,
between 390 - 39 = 351 and 390 + 39 = 429 (39 is 10% of 390).
A special colour code is used for the fourth band tolerance:

silver 10%
gold 5%
red 2%
brown 1%
If no fourth band is shown the tolerance is 20%

Tolerance may be ignored for almost all circuits because a precise resistor value is rarely
required and where it is a variable resistor will usually be used.

5. Association of resistors
Resistors can be associated in series or in parallel to have a particular value.
1.5.1. Series association
1.5.2. Parallel association
6. Real resistor values
Resistors are not available with every possible value. The standard resistor values are based on
this idea and they form a series which follows the same pattern for every multiple of ten.
E6 series
10, 15, 22, 33, 47, 68,
Valeur de la srie E12 :
10 12 15 18 22 27 33 39 47 56 68 82
Valeur de la srie E24 :
10 11 12 13 15 16 18 20 22 24 27 30 33 36 39 43 47 51
56 62 68 75 82 91

7. Selection criteria
- The nominal value
- The maximum power
- The tolerance
- The construction

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2. Variable resistor
Variable resistor is a resistor whose electrical resistance value can be adjusted.
Variable resistors may be used as a rheostat with two connections (the wiper and just one end
of the track) or as a potentiometer with all three connections in use.
2.1.Potentiometer
A potentiometer, informally a pot, is a three-terminal resistor with a sliding or rotating contact
that forms an adjustable voltage divider .
his arrangement is normally used to vary voltage, for example to set the switching point of a
circuit with a sensor, or control the volume (loudness) in an amplifier circuit.
Symbol

2.2.Rheostat
A rheostat is a 2-terminal variable resistor. Rheostats are often used to vary current, for
example to control the brightness of a lamp or the rate of charging a capacitor.
symbol

3. other resistors
Power wirewound resistors
there are resistors that can handle a large amount of power, usually up to 50 watts.
Thermistors
A thermistor is a thermally sensitive resistor whose resistance value changes with changes in
operating temperature. There are either a negative or positive temperature coefficient.

Varistor

A varistor is a voltage dependent resistor (VDR). The resistance of a varistor is variable and depends
on the voltage applied.

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Photoresistor
Photoresistors (LDR) are resistors whose resistance values change according to the light
striking the surface of the resistor. In a dark environment, the resistance of a photoresistor is
very high, possibly several M, depending on the resistance rating of the specific photoresistor
in use. When intense light hits the surface, the resistance of the photoresistor drops dramatically,
possibly to as low as 400.

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CHAPTER 2: CAPACITORS

1. Definition and role


A capacitor is an electronic component that stores electric charge.
2. Types of capacitors
There are different types of capacitors, they can be fixed or variable. They are categorized
into two groups, polarized or non-polarized. Electrolytic and tantalum capacitors are polarized.
Most of the low value capacitors are non-polarized.

2.1.Polarized capacitors (>=1F)


2.1.1. Electrolytic Capacitors
These are the most widely used type of polarised capacitor and they are available in two
styles: radial with both leads at the same end and axial with leads at each end. Radial capacitors
tend to be a little smaller and cheaper.
Electrolytic capacitors are large enough to be clearly labelled with their capacitance, voltage
rating (see below) and polarity so they are usually easy to identify. Always take care to connect
electrolytic capacitors the correct way round because they may explode when reversed.
Voltage rating
Electrolytic capacitors have a voltage rating which can be quite low and it should always be
checked when selecting an electrolytic capacitor. If a project parts list does not specify a
voltage, choose a capacitor with a rating which is greater than the project's supply voltage. 25V
is a sensible minimum for most battery circuits.
2.1.2. Tantalum Bead Capacitors
Tantalum bead capacitors are polarised and have low voltage ratings like electrolytic capacitors.
They are expensive but very small and are used in special situations where their small size is
important.
2.2.Unpolarised capacitors (< 1F)
Small value capacitors are unpolarised and may be connected either way round.
Many small value capacitors have their value printed but without a multiplier, so you need to
use experience to work out what the multiplier should be.
For example 0.1 means 0.1F = 100nF.
Sometimes the multiplier is used in place of the decimal point:
For example: 4n7 means 4.7nF.

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2.3.Capacitor Number Code
A number code is often used on small capacitors where printing is difficult:
the 1st number is the 1st digit,
the 2nd number is the 2nd digit,
the 3rd number is the number of zeros to give the capacitance in pF.
Ignore any letters - they just indicate tolerance and voltage rating.
For example: 102 means 1000pF = 1nF (not 102pF)
472J means 4700pF = 4.7nF (J means 5% tolerance).

2.4.Capacitor Colour Code


A colour code was used on polyester capacitors for many years, it is now obsolete but colour-
coded capacitors may still be found.
The colours should be read like the resistor code, the top three colour bands giving the value in
pF. Ignore the 4th band (tolerance) and 5th band (voltage rating).
For example:
brown, black, orange means 10000pF = 10nF = 0.01F.
Note that there are no gaps between the colour bands, so two identical bands appear as a wide
band, for example:
wide red, yellow means 220nF = 0.22F.

2.5.Real capacitor values (E3 and E6 series)


Like resistors, capacitors are not available with every possible value
E3 series
The E3 series has 3 values for each multiple of ten: 10, 22, 47
E6 series
The E6 series has 6 values for each multiple of ten: 10, 15, 22, 33, 47, 68,
The E3 series is the one most frequently used for capacitors because many types cannot be
made with very precise values.

3. Variable capacitors
Variable capacitors are mostly used in radio tuning circuits and they are sometimes called
'tuning capacitors'. They have very small capacitance values, typically between 100pF and
500pF.
Trimmer capacitors

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Trimmer capacitors (trimmers) are miniature variable capacitors. They are designed to be
mounted directly onto the circuit board and adjusted only when the circuit is built.

4. Capacitance
Capacitance is measured in farads, symbol F, but 1F is very large so these prefixes (multipliers)
are used to show smaller values:
(micro) means 10-6 (millionth), so 1000000F = 1F
n (nano) means 10-9 (thousand-millionth), so 1000nF = 1F
p (pico) means 10-12 (million-millionth), so 1000pF = 1nF

4.1.charge and Energy stored


The amount of charge (Q) stored by a capacitor is given by:
Charge, Q = C V
When they store charge, capacitors are also storing energy (E):
Energy, E = QV = CV
Q = charge in coulombs (C)
C = capacitance in farads (F)
V = voltage in volts (V)
E = energy in joules (J)

4.2.Capacitive reactance
Capacitive reactance (Xc) is a measure of a capacitor's opposition to AC (alternating current).
1
Capacitive reactance, Xc =
2fC
Xc = reactance in ohms ()
f = frequency in hertz (Hz)
C = capacitance in farads (F)
4.3.Capacitors in Series and Parallel
The combined capacitance (C) of capacitors connected in series is given by:
1 1 1 1
= + + + ...
C C1 C2 C3
The combined capacitance (C) of capacitors connected in parallel is:
C = C1 + C2 + C3 + ...

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5. Uses of Capacitors
Capacitors are used for several purposes:
Timing - for example with a 555 timer IC controlling the charging and discharging.
Smoothing - for example in a power supply.
Coupling - for example between stages of an audio system and to connect a
loudspeaker.
Filtering - for example in the tone control of an audio system.
Tuning - for example in a radio system.
Storing energy - for example in a camera flash circuit.

TP1:
- Presentations of tools material and equipment
- Test and measure the value of resistor and capacitor
- Wiring a circuit on breadboard and measure current and voltage

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CHAPTER 3: TRANSFORMERS AND RELAYS
1. Inductors
1.1.Definition
Inductor is a passive electronic component that stores energy in the form of magnetic field
1.2.Types of inductors
- Coupled inductors
- Multi-layer inductors
- Ceramic core inductor
- Molded inductors

2. Transformers
2.1.Definition
A transformer is a static machine used for transforming power from one circuit to another
without changing frequency.
2.2.Types of transformer
- Power transformer : use to step up or step down the voltage
- Pulse transformer : Specialized small-signal transformer used to transmit digital signaling
while providing electrical isolation
- Auto transformer: has one winding that is tapped at some point along the winding.
- Audio transformer: Audio transformers are those specifically designed for use in audio
circuits to carry audio signal

2.3.Technological construction and symbol


The input coil is called the primary and the output coil is called the secondary. There is
no electrical connection between the two coils, instead they are linked by an alternating
magnetic field created in the soft-iron core of the transformer. The two lines in the middle of
the circuit symbol represent the core.
2.4.Selection criteria
- Input voltage
- Output voltage
- Apparent power
- Output current

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3. Relay
3.1.Definition and symbol
A relay is an electrically operated switch.
3.2.Construction and operation

Current flowing through the coil of the relay creates a magnetic field which attracts a lever and
changes the switch contacts. The coil current can be on or off so relays have two switch
positions and most have double throw (changeover) switch contacts as shown in the diagram.

3.3.Symbol

The relay's switch connections are usually labelled COM, NC and NO:

COM = Common, always connect to this, it is the moving part of the switch.
NC = Normally Closed, COM is connected to this when the relay coil is off.
NO = Normally Open, COM is connected to this when the relay coil is on.

3.4.Choosing a relay
You need to consider several features when choosing a relay:
1. Physical size and pin arrangement
If you are choosing a relay for an existing PCB you will need to ensure that its
dimensions and pin arrangement are suitable. You should find this information in the
supplier's catalogue or on their website.
2. Coil voltage
The relay's coil voltage rating and resistance must suit the circuit powering the relay
coil. Many relays have a coil rated for a 12V supply but 5V and 24V relays are also
readily available. Some relays operate perfectly well with a supply voltage which is a
little lower than their rated value.
3. Coil resistance
The circuit must be able to supply the current required by the relay coil. You can use
Ohm's law to calculate the current:

supply voltage
Relay coil current =
coil resistance

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For example: A 12V supply relay with a coil resistance of 400 passes a current of 30mA. This
is OK for a 555 timer IC (maximum output current 200mA), but it is too much for most ICs
and they will require a transistor to amplify the current.

4. Switch ratings (voltage and current)


The relay's switch contacts must be suitable for the circuit they are to control. You will
need to check the voltage and current ratings. Note that the voltage rating is usually
higher for AC, for example: "5A at 24V DC or 125V AC".
5. Switch contact arrangement (SPDT, DPDT etc)
Most relays are SPDT or DPDT which are often described as "single pole changeover"
(SPCO) or "double pole changeover" (DPCO). For further information please see the
page on switches.

3.5.Protection diodes for relays

Transistors and ICs must be protected from the brief high voltage produced when a relay coil
is switched off.

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CHAP 4 : DIODES

1. Definition
The diode is a semiconductor device which permits electrical charge (current) to flow in
only one direction.

2. Constitution
A diode is made from semiconducting materials. It has two terminals, called the anode and the
cathode.
3. Symbol

.a). Basic structure

Current can flow easily from anode to cathode.

4. Operation principle
To bias a diode, you apply a dc voltage across it.
Forward bias is the condition that allows current through the pn junction.

Reverse bias is the condition that essentially prevents current through the diode.

5. Voltage- current Characteristic of a diode


Characteristic for Forward Bias
When a forward-bias voltage is applied across a diode, there is current. This current is called
the forward current and is designated IF.

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0.7 is the point at which the barrier potential is overcome and current increases drastically

Characteristic for Forward Bias


When a reverse-bias voltage is applied across a diode, there is only an extremely small
reverse current (IR) through the pn junction. With 0 V across the diode, there is no reverse
current. As you gradually increase the reverse-bias voltage, there is a very small reverse current
and the voltage across the diode increases. When the applied bias voltage is increased to a value
where the reverse voltage across the diode (VR) reaches the breakdown value (VBR), the
reverse current begins to increase rapidly

The Complete V-I Characteristic Curve


Combine the curves for both forward bias and reverse bias, and you have the complete V-I
characteristic curve for a diode

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6. Different types of diode
6.1.Rectifier diode
Rectifier diodes are used in power supplies to convert alternating current (AC) to direct
current (DC), a process called rectification. They are also used elsewhere in circuits where a
large current must pass through the diode.
All rectifier diodes are made from silicon and therefore have a forward voltage drop of 0.7V.
Exemple of rectifier diode

Maximum Maximum Reverse


Diode
Current Voltage

1N4001 1A 50V

1N4002 1A 100V

1N4007 1A 1000V

1N5401 3A 100V

1N5408 3A 1000V

6.2.ZENER diode
Zener diodes are used to maintain a fixed voltage. They are designed to 'breakdown' in a
reliable and non-destructive way so that they can be used in reverse to maintain a fixed
voltage across their terminals.
a. Zener Diode I-V Characteristics

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b. Zener Diode Regulator

The resistor, RS is connected in series with the zener diode to limit the current flow through the
diode with the voltage source, Resistor RS is selected so to limit the maximum current flowing
in the circuit.
With no load connected to the circuit, the load current will be zero, ( IL = 0 ), and all the circuit
current passes through the zener diode which in turn dissipates its maximum power. Also a
small value of the series resistor RS will result in a greater diode current when the load
resistance RL is connected and large as this will increase the power dissipation requirement of
the diode so care must be taken when selecting the appropriate value of series resistance so that
the zeners maximum power rating is not exceeded under this no-load or high-impedance
condition.
Application Example
A 5.0V stabilised power supply is required to be produced from a 12V DC power supply input
source. The maximum power rating PZ of the zener diode is 2W. Using the zener regulator
circuit above calculate:
a). The maximum current flowing through the zener diode.

b). The minimum value of the series resistor, RS

c). The load current IL if a load resistor of 1k is connected across the zener diode.

d). The zener current IZ at full load.

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c. Zener Diode Standard Zener Voltages

BZX55 Zener Diode Power Rating 500mW

2.4V 2.7V 3.0V 3.3V 3.6V 3.9V 4.3V 4.7V

5.1V 5.6V 6.2V 6.8V 7.5V 8.2V 9.1V 10V

11V 12V 13V 15V 16V 18V 20V 22V

24V 27V 30V 33V 36V 39V 43V 47V

BZX85 Zener Diode Power Rating 1.3W

3.3V 3.6V 3.9V 4.3V 4.7V 5.1V 5.6 6.2V

6.8V 7.5V 8.2V 9.1V 10V 11V 12V 13V

15V 16V 18V 20V 22V 24V 27V 30V

33V 36V 39V 43V 47V 51V 56V 62V

c. Zener Diode Clipping Circuits


Diode clipping and clamping circuits are circuits that are used to shape or modify an input AC
waveform (or any sinusoid) producing a differently shape output waveform depending on the

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circuit arrangement. Diode clipper circuits are also called limiters because they limit or clip-off
the positive (or negative) part of an input AC signal.

Square Wave Signal

6.3.The Varactor diode

In electronics, a varicap diode, varactor diode, variable capacitance diode, variable


reactance diode or tuning diode is a type of diode designed to exploit the voltage-
dependent capacitance of a reversed-biased pn junction. A major application of varactors is in
tuning circuits. For example, VHF, UHF, and satellite receivers utilize varactors. Varactors are
also used in cellular communications.

6.4.The Schottky diode

Schottky diodes are high-current diodes used primarily in high-frequency and fast-switching
applications. They are also known as hot-carrier diodes.

7. LED and photodiode


7.1.LED
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light source. It is a pn
junction diode, which emits light when activated.

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LED Biasing The forward voltage across an LED is considerably greater than for a silicon
diode. Typically, the maximum VF for LEDs is between 1.2 V and 3.2 V, depending on
the material. Reverse breakdown for an LED is much less than for a silicon rectifier diode
(3 V to 10 V is typical).

7.2.Photodiode

A photodiode is a semiconductor device that converts light into current. The current is
generated when photons are absorbed in the photodiode.

TP:

- Test a diode
- Single phase rectifier
- Measure current and voltage true a diode
- stabilizer

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CHAPTER 5: TRANSISTOR

1. Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT)

1.1.Definition
A transistor is a semiconductor device that controls current between two terminals based
on the current or voltage at a third terminal. It is used for amplification or switching of electrical
signals.

1.2.Bipolar Junction Transistor structure


The BJT is constructed with three doped semiconductor regions separated by two pn
junctions. The regions are named the emitter, the base, and the collector and each is connected
to a lead. There are two types of BJT (NPN and PNP)

b) Symbol
a) Basic structure
1.3.BJT biasing
For normal operation as amplifier, the base-emitter junction is forward biased and the base
collector junction is reverse-biased.

1.4. BJT current


IE=IC+IB
Ic=.IB

1.5.Collector characteristic curves

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The collector characteristic curves are a family of curves that show how collector current varies
with the collector-emitter voltage for a given IB.
The curves are divided into three regions:

The saturation region occurs when the base-


emitter and the base-collector junctions are
both forward biased.

The active region is after the saturation region.


This is the region for operation of class-A
operation.

The breakdown region is after the active


region and is is characterized by rapid increase
in collector current. Operation in this region
may destroy the transistor.

1.6.BJT as an amplifier
Amplification is the process of linearly increasing the amplitude of an electrical signal
and is one of the major properties of a transistor.

1.6.1. Common emitter amplifier


In a common-emitter amplifier, the input signal is applied to the base and the output is taken
from the collector. The signal is larger but inverted at the output.
The bypass capacitor increases voltage
gain.

Formular:

Av (Voltage gain) = Vout/ Vin

Vout= Ic.R

1.6.2. Common collector amplifier

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In a common-collector amplifier, the input signal is applied to the base and the output is taken
from the emitter. There is no voltage gain, but there is power gain.
Ai= Ie /Is
Ai = Rin(tot) / RE

1.6.3. Common base amplifier

Ai= 1

Ap=Av

1.7.As witch

BJTs are used in switching applications when it is necessary to provide current drive to a load.
In switching applications, the transistor is either in cutoff or in saturation

In cutoff, the input voltage is too small to forward-bias the transistor. The output (collector)
voltage will be equal to VCC. In switching applications, the transistor
is either in cutoff or in saturation

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Conditions in Cutoff
As mentioned before, a transistor is in the cutoff region when the base-emitter junction is not
forward-biased. Neglecting leakage current, all of the currents are zero, and VCE is equal to
VCC.

Conditions in Saturation
when the base-emitter junction is forward-biased and there is enough base current to produce a
maximum collector current, the transistor is saturated. The formula for collector saturation
current is

Since V CE(sat) is very small compared to VCC, it can usually be neglected. The minimum
value of base current needed to produce saturation is

2. FET

The field-effect transistor (FET) is a voltage controlled device where gate voltage controls drain
current. There are two types of FETs: the JFET and the MOSFET.

2.1.JFET
2.1.1. Constitution and symbol

JFETs (junction FET) have a conductive channel with a source and drain connection on
the ends. Channel current is controlled by the gate voltage.

a). Basic structure b) Symbol

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2.1.2. JFET Biasing and characteristic

The JFET is always operated with the gate-source pn junction reverse-biased.

Value of VDS at which ID becomes constant is the pinch-off voltage.


Value of VGS at which ID becomes zero is the cutoff voltage, VGS(off ).
IDSS is drain current when VGS 0.

2.1.3. JFET Forward Transconductance

The forward transconductance (transfer conductance), gm, is the change in drain current
(dID) for a given change in gate-to-source voltage (dVGS) with the drain-to-source voltage
constant.

2.1.4. JFET as amplier

Common drain amplifier


Common source amplifier

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2.2.MOSFET

The MOSFET (Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET) differs from the JFET in that it has an
insulated gate instead ( la place de) of a pn junction between the gate and channel.

2.2.1. MOSFET as a switch

3. THE UNIJUNCTION TRANSISTOR (UJT)

The term unijunction refers to the fact that the UJT has a single pn junction
3.1.Structure and symbol

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3.2.Equivalent circuit
rB1, represents the internal dynamic resistance of the
silicon bar between the emitter and base 1,

rB2 , represents the dynamic resistance between the


emitter and base 2.

rBB= interbase resistance

rBB = rB1 + rB2

when divice is biased VrB1 = (rB1 / rBB) VBB

3.3.Standoff Ratio

The ratio rB1/rBB is a UJT characteristic called the intrinsic standoff ratio and is
designated by (Greek eta).

The value of emitter voltage that causes the pn junction to become forward biased is called
Vp (peak-point voltage) and is expressed as VP = VBB + Vpn

3.4.Functioning and V-I characteristic


- As long as VEB1 < (VrB1 +Vpn), IE=0 UJT is off
- When VEB1 reaches Vp , IE begins and UJT is ON.; rB1 decrease suddenly which
cause a rapid increasing of IE while VEB1 decreasing
- The minimum value of VEB1 when UJT conduct is called Valley voltage (Vv)

3.5.A UJT application


The UJT can be used as a trigger device for SCRs and triacs. Other applications include
nonsinusoidal oscillators, sawtooth generators, phase control, and timing circuits.

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Homework

a- Revision
1. Name the two types of BJTs according to their structure.
2. The BJT is a three-terminal device. Name the three terminals.
3. What separates the three regions in a BJT?

4. What are the bias conditions of the base-emitter and base-collector junctions for a
transistor to operate as an amplifier?
5. Which is the largest of the three transistor currents?
6. Is the base current smaller or larger than the emitter current?
7. Is the base region much thinner or much wider than the collector and emitter regions?
8. If the collector current is 1 mA and the base current is 10 A, what is the emitter current?

9. What is amplification?
10. How is voltage gain defined?
11. Name two factors that determine the voltage gain of an amplifier.
12. What is the voltage gain of a transistor amplifier that has an output of 5 V rms and an input
of 250 mV rms?

13. When a transistor is used as a switch, in what two states is it operated?


14. When is the collector current maximum?
15. When is the collector current approximately zero?
16. Under what condition is VCE VCC?
17. When is VCE minimum?

b- Quiz : T / F

1. A bipolar junction transistor has three terminals.


2. The three regions of a BJT are base, emitter, and cathode.
3. For operation in the linear or active region, the base-emitter junction of a transistor is
forwardbiased.
4. Two types of BJT are npn and pnp.
5. The base current and collector current are approximately equal.
6. The dc voltage gain of a transistor is designated bDC.
7. Cutoff and saturation are the two normal states of a linear transistor amplifier.
8. When a transistor is saturated, the collector current is maximum.
9. DC and hFE are two different transistor parameters.
10. Voltage gain of a transistor amplifier depends on the collector resistor and the internal ac
resistance.
11. Amplification is the output voltage divided by the input current.
12. A transistor in cutoff acts as an open switch.

GNETCHEJO PATRICK JUVET 2017 28


Technology and Diagrams F2-6 /

Exercises

1-Let us consider the circuit of figure 1: calculate:

- The base current


- The collector current
- Voltage across resistor and Vc

2 - Let us consider the circuit of figure 2

a). If the switch is at position A, what will the drain current be, and
why?
b). If the switch is at position B, and the gate supply voltage is of
sufficient value to cause cutoff, what will the drain current be, and
why?
c). What is the voltage from the drain to the source for the two switch
positions?

3 - Let us consider the circuit of figure 3


A..What effect does IB1 have on transistor Q1?
B. What effect does turning Q1 ON have on
* Collector current IC1?
* Collector voltage VC1?
C. What effect does the change to VC1 covered in the previous question
have on
* The base voltage of Q2?
* Transistor Q2 (that is, is it ON or OFF)?
D. Where does the current through R3 go?
E. In this circuit is the lamp on or off?

JFET Biasing
4. An n-channel self-biased JFET has a drain current of 12 mA and a source resistor. What is
the value of VGS?
5. Determine the value of RS required for a self-biased JFET to produce a VGS of when ID=5
mA.
6. Determine the value of RS required for a self-biased JFET to produce ID =2.5 mA when
VGS=-3V
7. IDSS =20 mA and VGS(off)=-6V for a particular JFET.
(a) What is ID when VGS =0 V?
(b) What is ID when VGS= VGS(off)?
(c) If VGS is increased from -4V to -1V does ID increase or decrease?
8. For each circuit in Figure 4, determine VDS and VGS.

MOSFET Digital Switching


9. What is the output voltage of a CMOS inverter that operates with VDD=5 V, when the
input
GNETCHEJO PATRICK JUVET 2017 29
Technology and Diagrams F2-6 /
is 0 V? When the input is 5 V?
10. For each of the following input combinations, determine the output of a CMOS NAND gate
that operates with VDD=3.3 V.
(a) VA =0 V, VB =0 V
(b) VA=3.3 V, VB =0 V
(c) VA=V, VB=3.3 V
(d) VA=3.3 V, VB=3.3 V
11. Repeat Problem 39 for a CMOS NOR gate.
12. List two advantages of the MOSFET over the BJT in power switching.

Figure 3

Figure 1
CMOS Nand gate

Figure 2
Figure 4

CMOS NOR gate


CMOS inverter

GNETCHEJO PATRICK JUVET 2017 30

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