Circuit Theory - Solved Assignments - Semester Spring 2008

Solution of Assignment 1(Spring 2008)
CIRCUIT THEORY (PHY301)

MARKS: 35
Question #1:
We have usually two sources of electricity Main & Batteries. Here you are given some
every day home items categories these in such a way, so that we may understand which
one is operated from Main which from Batteries and those operated from both sources.
I) Clock II) Kettle III) Light Bulb IV) Radio V) Dishwasher VI) Mobile Phone VII)
Fridge.
Solution
1. Clock can run on both mains electricity & batteries.
2. The kettle uses mains electricity.
3. Light bulb uses mains electricity.
4. Radio can run on both mains electricity & batteries.
5. Dishwashers use mains electricity.
6. Mobile phone can run on batteries but charge up using mains electricity.
7. Fridge uses mains electricity.
Question #2:
Find V1 & V2 through the following circuit given below .Draw the circuit diagram of
each step otherwise you will lose your marks. Write each step of the calculation to get
maximum marks and also mention the units of each derived value
Question #3:
Find total current I passing through circuit shown below. Draw the circuit diagram of
each step otherwise you will lose your marks. Write each step of the calculation to get
maximum marks and also mention the units of each derived value
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Assignment 2(Spring 2008)

(Solution)
MARKS: 50
Due Date: 05/05/2008
Q.1.
You are given the circuit in Fig (A), Fig (B) & Fig (C).
a) You will find out node voltages V1,V2,V3 for each diagram.
b) You will find out currents IA,IB,IC& ID for each diagram.
OM
c) You will also find out VA,VB,VC for each diagram.
From this study, state what you have learned about changing Reference Node in Nodal Analysis.
Note: Draw and labeled complete circuit diagram otherwise you will lose your marks. Write each step of
C
the calculation to get maximum marks and also mention the units of each derived value.
N S.
IA
U AL
RT
VI
Sol.
Part (A):
VIRTUALIANS.Com is a new name of VUPages.com

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Write KCL equations at V1.
V1 − V2 V1 − V3
+ -3=0
2 4
2 V1 - 2 V2 + V1 - V3 -12 = 0
OM
3 V1 - 2 V2 - V3 = 12 ________ (1)

V2 − V1 V2 − V3
C
V2
+ + =0
2 8 4
S.
-4 V1 + 7 V2 - V3 = 0 ________ (2)

V3 − V2 V3 − V1
+ + 2 IA = 0
N
8 4
IA
We know
V1 − V2
IA = ______ (A)
2
AL
V3 - V2 +2 V3 -2 V1 + (2 I A )8 = 0 _______ (B)
Put (A) in (B)
V3 - V2 +2 V3 -2 V1 + 8 V1 -8 V2 = 0
U
6 V1 -9 V2 +3 V3 = 0 _______ (3)
RT
Solving (1),(2) and (3) simultaneously

V1 = 4.0V ; V2 =2.4V and V3 = -2.4V
V1 − V2
VI
IA = = 1.2 A
2
V −V 7.2
IB = 1 3 = = 1.8A
4 4
V −V 2.4 + 2.4
IC = 2 3 = = 0.6A
8 8
V
I D = 2 = 0.6A
4
Now For VA V1 − V3 = VA
VA = V1 − V3 =4.8-(-2.4)
VA =7.2V

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For VB VB = V2 − V3 =2.4-(-2.4)
VB =4.8V
For VC VC = V1
VC =4.8V
Part (B)
C OM
S.
V1 V1 − V3
+ -3 = 0
2 4
N
2 V1 + V1 - V3 =12
IA
3 V1 - V3 =12 ----------- (1)

AL
V2
+3-2 I A = 0
4
V1
IA =
U
2
V2 V1
RT
+3-2( )=0
4 2
V2 +12-4 V1 = 0
VI
V2 -4 V1 = -12 ------------- (2)
V3 V3 − V1
+ +2 I A = 0
8 4
V
IA = 1
2
V3 V3 − V1 V1
+ +2( )=0
8 4 2
V3 +2 V3 -2 V1 +8 V1 = 0

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6 V1 +3 V3 = 0
V1 =2.4V ; V2 =-2.4V ; V3 =-4.8V

V
I A = 1 =1.2A
2
V − V 2.4 + 4.8
IB = 1 3 = =1.8A
4 4
V 4.8
IC =- 3 = =0.6A
8 8
V 2.4
I D =- 2 = =0.6A
4 4
For VA
OM
VA = I B x 4= 1.8 x 4 = 7.2V
For VB
VB =8 IC = 4.8V
C
For VC
V1 − V3 - V2
S.
=0
V3 = V1 − V2 = 2.4-(-2.4) =4.8V
Part (C) N
IA
U AL
RT
VI
V1 − V2 V1 − V3 V1
+ + =0
4 8 2
2 V1 -2 V2 + V1 - V3 +4 V1 = 0
7 V1 -2 V2 - V3 = 0 ------------- (1)

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V2 − V1
+ 3 -2 I A = 0
4
V1
Where IA = -
2
V2 − V1 V1
+3-2(- )=0
4 2
V2 - V1 +12+4 V1 = 0 -------------- (2)
V3 − V1 V3
+ +2 I A = 0
OM
8 4
V
Where IA = - 1
2
V3 − V1 V3
C
V1
+ +2(- )=0
8 4 2
S.
V3 − V1 +2 V3 − 8V1 = 0
9V1 + 3V3 = 0 ------------ (3)
Solving eq (1), (2) and (3) simultaneously
N
V1 = -2.4V , V2 =-4.8V and V3 =-7.2V
IA
V 2.4
I A =- 1 = =1.2A
2 2
V (−7.2)
I B =- 3 =- =1.8A
AL
4 4
V − V −2.4 − (−7.2)
IC = 1 3 = =0.6A
8 8
U
V − V −2.4 + 4.8
ID = 1 2 = =0.6A
4 4
RT
For VA VA = I B x4=1.8x4=7.2V
For VB VB = I C x8=0.6x8=4.8V
VI
For VC VC = - V2 = -(-4.8)= 4.8V

Overall summary
Part (A) Part (B) Part (C)

4.0V 2.4V -2.4V
V1
2.4V -2.4V -4.8V
V2
-2.4V -4.0V -7.2V
V3
1.2A 1.2A 1.2A
IA
1.8A 1.8A 1.8A
IB
0.6A 0.6A 0.6A
IC
0.6A 0.6A 0.6A
ID

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7.2V 7.2V 7.2V

VA
4.8V 4.8V 4.8V
VB
4.8V 4.8V 4.8V
VC
Conclusion:
Changing Reference nodes, changes the reference node voltages. However, all
currents and voltages across elements remain the same.
OM
Q.2.
Use nodal analysis to find Current Ib in the network given below. Write each step of the calculation to get
maximum marks and also mention the units of each derived value.
C
N S.
IA
U AL
Sol.
RT
Write KCL equations at Vx.
Vx − 24V Vx Vx − 60 I b
+ + =0
VI
250 50 150
3 Vx -72+15 Vx -300 I b =0 ---------- (I)
24 − Vx
Ib = ------------(A)
250
Put A in (I)
So,
24 − Vx
23 Vx -300( ) = 72
250
23 Vx - 28.8 +1.2 Vx = 72
24.2 Vx = 100.8
Vx = 4.165V

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24 − Vx
Ib =
250
24 − 4.165
=
250
=79.3mA
Q.3.
First Identify and label each node in the network. Use nodal analysis to find voltage at each node in the
network given below. Draw and labeled complete circuit diagram otherwise you will lose your marks. Write
each step of the calculation to get maximum marks and also mention the units of each derived value.
C OM
N S.
IA
Sol.
First we will identify nodes and labeled them,

U AL
RT
VI

V1 − 12 V1 − V2 V1
+ +3+ =0
2 8 4
4 V1 -48+ V1 - V2 +24+2 V1 = 0
4 V1 - V2 = 24 ----------- (A)

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V2 − V1 V2 + 5V0
+ -3 = 0
8 1
V2 − V1 +8 V2 +40 V0 -24 = 0 -------------- (1)
But
V1 + V0 -12= 0
V0 = 12- V1 ---------- (2)
Put (2) in (1)
- V1 + 9 V2 +40(12- V1 )=24
-41 V1 +9 V2 = -450 ------------- (B)
Solving (A) and (B)
V1 = -10.91V , V2 =-100.36V
C OM
------ Good Luck -----
N S.
IA
U AL
RT
VI

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(Solution)
MARKS: 50
Due Date: 16/05/2008
Q.1.
First Identify and label each node in the network. Use nodal analysis to find voltage at each node in the
network given below. Draw and labeled complete circuit diagram otherwise you will lose your marks. Write
OM
each step of the calculation to get maximum marks and also mention the units of each derived value.
C
N S.
IA
Sol.
First we will identify nodes and labeled them,
U AL
RT
VI
Write KCL equations at the super node

V1 V2 V1−V3
1+ 2 V0 = + + ----------------- (1)
4 1 1
But V0 = V1 − V3

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Hence eq. (1) becomes

4=-8 V1 + 4 V2 -4 V3 +8 V3 + V1 +4 V1
4=-3 V1 + 4 V2 +4 V3 -------------------- (2)
Write KCL equations at node V3.
V3 10 − V3
2V0 + = V1 − V3 +
4 2
V3 V3 − 10 V3 − V1
+ + - 2V0 =0
4 2 1
4 V1 - V3 =20 --------------- (3)
At the super node constraint equation will be
V2 − V1 = 4 I 0 ------------- (A)
OM
V
But I0 = 3
4
Hence from constraint eq. we have
C
V2 = V1 + V3 -------------- (4)
Solving eq.(4) and (2) we get
S.
V1 +8 V3 =4 -------------- (5)
Solving eq. (5) and eq. (3) N
V3 = -0.12v
Put this value in eq.(3) we get
IA
V1 =4.97v
As
V2 = V1 + V3
AL
Putting values we get

V2 =4.85v
U
Q.2.
RT
Use Mesh analysis to determine Currents in each Mesh in the network given below. Identify and label
each mesh otherwise you will lose your marks. Draw and labeled complete circuit diagram. Write each
step of the calculation to get maximum marks and also mention the units of each derived value.
VI

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Sol.
First we will identify mesh and labeled them,
C OM
For mesh I
S.
-10-2 I x +10 I1 -6 I 2 =0
But
I x = I1 - I2 N
Hence,
10=-2 I1 +2 I 2 +10 I1 -6 I 2
IA
5=4 I1 -2 I 2 ------------- (1)
For mesh II
12+8 I 2 -6 I1 =0
AL
6=3 I1 -4 I 2 ----------- (2)

Solving (1) and (2)
U
I1 =0.8A , I 2 =-0.9A
RT
Q.3.
Use Mesh analysis to find Voltage Vx and Ix in the given network. Identify and label each mesh
otherwise you will lose your marks. Draw and labeled complete circuit diagram. Write each step of the
VI
calculation to get maximum marks and also mention the units of each derived value.

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Sol.
Now redraw above equation with current sources removed.
C OM
N S.
IA
KVL for super mesh
-50+ 10 I1 +5 I 3 +4 I X =0
AL
Note that
I x = I1
14 I1 +0 I 2 +5 I 3 =50 ---------------- (1)
U
Constraint equation at X:-

I 2 - I1 =3
RT
So, I1 - I 2 +0 I 3 =-3 --------------- (2)

Constraint equation at Y:-
Vx
I3 - I 2 = ------------------- (A)
VI
4
From the fig
Vx =2( I1 - I 3 )
Put in(A)
( I1 − I 3 )
I 2 +2 - I 3 =0
4
I 2 +0.5 I1 -0.5 I 3 - I 3 =0
0.5 I1 + I 2 -1.5 I 3 =0 --------------- (3)
Solving (2) and (3) we get
I1 =-2+ I 3
Put this value in eq.(1),we get
I 3 =4.10A

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Put this value in eq.(1) we get

I1 =2.10
By putting I1 in eq.(2)
I 2 =5.1A
VX = 2(I1-I3)
= 2(2.11 -4.11)
= -4V
OM
------ Good Luck -----
C
N S.
IA
U AL
RT
VI

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(Solution)
MARKS: 40
Due Date: 28/06/2008
Q.1.
Find Vo by Superposition. Draw and label the circuit diagram of each step, otherwise
you will lose your marks. Write each step of calculation to get maximum marks, also
mention the units of each derived value.
C OM
Solution:
When only 12v source is acting:
N S.
IA
We replace 9v by short circuiting
U AL
RT
Now here 3k and 3k are in parallel so 1.5K and 6k are in series so 1.5+6=7.5kΩ
VI
3x 3
= 1.5 ΚΩ
3+3
7.5k and 3k are in parallel 7.5x3/7.5+3=2.14ΚΩ V2.14=12x2.14/3+2.14= 5v

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Since 2.14k is equivalent of parallel 3k and 7.5, so same 5v voltage drops across 3k so
Vo1= -5v (-ve sign is due to opposite polarity of Vo and 12v voltage source)
When 9v source is acting

alone:
We remove 12v and replace it by

short circuit, circuit will be as
OM
Method 1: 3k and 3k at right side are in parallel so
C
3x3/3+3=1.5ΚΩ
N S.
IA
AL
1.5k and 6k are in series, 1.5+6=7.5ΚΩ 7.5k and 3k are in parallel 7.5x3/7.5+3=2.14ΚΩ
U
RT
VI
By voltage divider rule, voltage across 2.14k is

V2.14=2.14x9/3+2.14
V2.14=3.74v
Since 2.14k is the equivalent of parallel 7.5k and 3k , same voltage drops across 7.5k
And 7.5 is the equivalent of series 6k and 1.5k, so voltage drop across 1.5 will be
V1.5=1.5x3.74/6+1.5=0.75v
As 1.5k is equivalent of parallel 3k and 3k , so same 0.75v will drop across required 3k.
Vo2=0.75v

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2nd method (by nodal analysis)
Vo across 3k can be find out by Nodal analysis method
By nodal analysis: Labeling nodes
OM
At node 1
C
Writing nodal equation at node 1
S.
V1/3+(v1-9)/3+(v1-v2)/6=0
2v1+2v1-18+v1-v2=0
5v1-v2=18…………….(1)
At node 2
Writing nodal equation at node 2
N
IA
V2/3+v2/3+(v2-v1)/6=0
2v2+2v2+v2-v1=0
-v1+5v2=0…………….(2)
Multiplying (2) by 5 and adding in (1) we get
AL
V2=0.75v As V2=Vo
Vo2=0.75v
U
By super position, Vo is due to combined effect of each 12v and 9v voltage source
i.e. Vo=Vo1+vo2
RT
V o= -5+0.75
Vo = -4.25v
VI
Q.2
Find Io by Source transformation. Draw and label the circuit diagram of each step,
otherwise you will lose your marks. Write each step of calculation to get maximum
marks, also mention the units of each derived value.

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Rearranging the circuit in straight form
Using source transformation, 3mA into voltage source
C OM
.
N S.
IA
4kΩ and 4kΩ are in series so
U AL
RT
Transform 12V , 8kΩ into 8kΩ in parallel with 1.5mA

VI
8kΩ , 10kΩ are in parallel

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Converting parallel 4.44k and 1.5mA into voltage source, we get 6.67v so
C OM
S.
Combining Voltage source, 12v- 6.67v=5.33v
N
IA
AL
Transforming 5.33v into current source

U
RT
VI
12kΩ , 4.44kΩ are in parallel
Current through 6k using Current division rule,
I o = 0.421 mA Answer

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3. Using superposition
a) Determine the short-circuit current, that is, the current flowing through a wire
with zero ohm connected between a-b.
b) Determine the open-circuit voltage, that is, the voltage between a-b with the short
removed.
OM
Solution:
We know superposition theorem is applicable to independent source and if
circuit contains dependent source, we apply superposition theorem without removing or
C
changing dependent source.Therfor in this circuit we calculate required values due to
S.
effect of 10A current source without removing dependent voltage source of 2Vx.
(a) To find short circuit current Isc , first of all we assign node voltage. As Vx of 5Ω is
directly attached to node1 so node voltage of it is Vx and same Vx drops across node2.so
N
IA
U AL
Writing node equations Vx/5+(Vx-2Vx)/20+Vx/10=10

RT
4Vx+Vx-2Vx+2Vx=200
5Vx=200
Vx=40v
VI
As Isc=Vx/R=40/10
Isc =4A
(b)
Finding open circuit voltage

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Vx/5+(Vx-2Vx)/20=10
3Vx=200
Vx=200/3
Vx=66.7v
As Voc=Vx so Voc=66.7v
…………………….Good Luck………………….
C OM
N S.
IA
U AL
RT
VI

(Solution)
MARKS: 30
Due Date: 10/07/2008
Q.1.
Use Thevenin’s theorem to find Vo in the network given below.
Show each step of calculation otherwise you will lose your marks. Draw and label the
circuit diagram of each step and also mention the units of each derived value.
Solution:
Finding Vth: To find Vth we remove RL , so circuit will be
Vth will be voltage drop across 2kΩ and 12v.

As current flowing through 2k is 2mA so
V2k=2kx2mA
V2k=4v
Now Vth=V2k+12v
Vth=4+12
Vth= 16v
Calculating Rth
To find Rth we short circuit voltage source and open circuit current
source
Adding series 1k and 1k and
Rearranging the circuit we have
2KΩ branch is in parallel with the short circuited branch. so we can neglect that 2KΩ
branch therefore Rth=2kΩ
Thevenin’s theorem circuit for the given circuit is,
From this Voltage across 2KΩ Resistor is

Q.2.
Use Norton’s theorem to find Io in the network given below.

Show each step of calculation otherwise you will lose your marks. Draw and label the
circuit diagram of each step and also mention the units of each derived value.
Sol:
We have to find Io through 2kΩ so according to Norton theorem we follow these steps
Finding IN:
We short circuit the load resistance of 2k.
Converting the current source to voltage source
V2 = (3k)(2m) = 6V
IN = I1 + I2
Finding Rth:
To find RN short the voltage source and open the current source.
3k and 3k in series and in parallel to 6k
RN = 6k || (3k+3k)
The Norton's equivalent circuit will be
Using current divider rule
Q.3.
How narrow and wider layer is produced in semiconductor .Do you think narrow or
wider depletion region in semiconductor cause more barrier voltage, give reason.
Answer: 5
If the semiconductor is in forward bias and the applied voltage is greater than the barrier potential
the electrons in the N region are repelled by negative terminal of the battery and moves towards
the junction similarly the holes in P-region moves towards the junction .Majority charge carriers
are cross the junction and the minority charge carriers are attracted by the battery. in this case
depletion layer is decrease. Then the barrier potential is nearly zero. Similarly the semiconductor
is connected in reverse bias then the depletion is increases and barrier voltage is increases the
barrier voltage depends on the temperature of the junction, nature of semiconductor and doping
concentration.
When semiconductor in forward bias, the depletion area is narrowed. the same but
opposite can be said about reverse bias the depletion region is wider and the potential
barrier is increased. At equilibrium potential barrier is V0 in FW barrier is V0-Vfw for
RB potential barrier is V0+Vr if the potential barrier is lowered then the electric field is
lowered and so is the transition region. the same can be said backwards since the
transition region is narrower this might yield to lower barrier potential. if its wider it
might yield a higher potential barrier
------ Good Luck -----

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(Solution)
MARKS: 25
Due Date: 25/07/2008
Q.1.
A germanium junction diode with n=2 has v=0.3v, conducts at 2mA.Find the voltage
drop at i=10mA and i=20mA.
Solution:
OM
v 2 - v1 = nVT ln( i 2 i1 )
v1 = 0.3V
C
i1 = 2mA
S.
and
n =2 N
thus
v 2 = v1 + nVT ln( i 2 i1 )
IA
for
i 2 = 10mA
AL
VT = 25 mV=0.025 volts
v 2 = 0.3 + 2x0.025ln(10/2)
v 2 = 0.3 + 2x0.025ln(5)
U
v 2 = 0.3 + 2x0.025x1.60
RT
v 2 = 0.3 + 2x0.025ln(5)
v 2 = 0.38v
VI
For
i 2 = 20mA
v 2 = 0.3 + 2x0.025ln(20/2)
v 2 = 0.3+ 0.05x2.30
v 2 = 0.41v

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Q.2.
For the circuit shown in the figure below, both diodes are identical, conducting 10mA at
0.7V and 50mA at 0.8V. Find the value of R for which V=80mV
C OM
S.
Sol.
N
IA
U AL
RT
VI
D1, conduct 10mA at 0.7V and D2 50mA at 0.8V

We know that lni2/i1 = V2-V1/nVT
nVT = V2-V1 / ln (i2/i1)
= 0.8-0.7 / ln5 = 0.0625
From the above figure
i1+ i2 = 10mA -------- (I)
V = Ri1
Where V=80mV=0.08v
0.08 = Ri1 -------- (II)
V1/0.0625
i1 = Is e -------- (A)

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i2 = Is e V2/0.0625 ---------- (B)

where, V2= V1 + 0.08 put this value in (B)
i2 = Is e (V1 + 0.08)/0.0625
= Is eV1 /0.0625 (e0.08/0.0625)
From (A) we have
i2 = i1 3.59
From eq(I) we have,
i1 + 3.59i1 = 10
i1 = 10/4.59 = 2.17mA
From eq (II) we have,
R = 80mV/ 2.17mA = 36.72Ω
OM
Q.3. A circuit shown in the figure below has values V1=150Vac, and RL= 10KΩ. What
is the peak load current for the circuit?
C
N S.
IA
Solution:
AL
The input voltage is given an rms value of 150 v. We convert it into peak voltage
V1(pk) = V1 (rms) / 0.707
= 150Vac / 0.707
U
V1(pk) = 212.16 Vpk

RT
Now, the load voltage and current are found, after finding peak voltage as:
V2(pk) = N 2 /N1 V1(pk)
= (2/6)(212.16 Vpk )
VI
V2(pk) = 70.72Vpk
Finally, the load voltage is found as:
VL(pk) = V2(pk) - VF
= 70.7 - 0.7
VL(pk) = 70Vpk
And peak load current will be:
I L(pk) = VL(PK) /R L
= 70 Vpk /10k
I L(pk) = 7mA pk

(Solution)
MARKS: 30
Due Date: 06/08/2008
Q.1.
(a) Determine the dc voltage and current values for the circuit shown in the figure below
also mention the units of each derived value.
Solution:
We are given the 20Vac rated transformer, the peak secondary voltage is found as
V2(pk) = 20/0.707
=28.28Vpk
The peak load voltage is now found as
VL(pk) = V2 – 1.4
VL(pk) = 28.28 – 1.4
VL(pk) =26.88Vpk
Now dc load voltage is found as
Vave = 2VL(pk)/Π
=2(26.88)/3.14
Vave =17.12 Vdc
Finally the dc load current is found as
Iave = Vave/RL
= 17.12/15k
Iave = 1.14mA
(b) What is the difference between filter and clipper?
FILTERS:
The filters are used in power supplies to reduce the variations in the rectifier
output signal. A clipping circuit consists of linear elements like resistors and
non-linear elements like junction diodes or transistor and capacitor.
CLIPPERS:
The main function of the clippers are clip off a portion of the input signal without
distorting the remaining part of the alternating waveform. here are varieties of diode
networks called clippers that have the ability to clip off a portion of the input signal without
distorting the remaining part of the alternating waveform. The half wave rectifier studied earlier is
a simplest form of diode clipper. Depending on the orientation of the diode, the positive or
negative region of the input signal is “clipped” off. A clipping circuit consists of linear
elements like resistors and non-linear elements like junction diodes or transistor, but it
does not contain energy-storage elements like capacitors
Q.2 With the sine wave signal input of Fig (a), find the shape of the output signal V O in
the biased series clipper of Fig (b). What would happen if battery connections were
reversed? Also draw the shape of out signal.
Solution:
First we will take the positive half signal of the input single. The diode become short as it
is forward biased and no current will flow till Vg exceeds the opposing battery of 10V.
By this, we can see that only the upper part of the positive single voltage will passes
through the clipper circuit and appears as Vo across the R.
The diagram of this flow is depicted below.
The negative signal will be clipped off in this circuit.
The inverse configuration of the battery is shown below.
Reverse biased case:

By reversing, during the positive half cycle of signal, the voltage across R will be sum of
single voltage and the battery voltage. This is shown below
The peak lower portion of the signal will be clipped off due to the battery during the
negative input of the half cycle.
(b) Describe the function of LED, voltage doubler and transistor.

Function of LED:
The main functions of LED’s are diodes that will emit light when biased properly.
ight-emitting diode (LED) are widely used as indicator lights on electronic
devices and increasingly in higher power applications such as flashlights and
area lighting. An LED is usually a small area (less than 1 mm2) light source,
Voltage doublers
A doubler is an electronic device that doubles the frequency of an input signal. Doublers are
occasionally used in wireless communications to obtain transmission frequencies higher than
those normally possible for a given circuit design.
Transistor
A transistor is a three terminal semiconductor device commonly used to amplify or switch
electronic signals. The transistor is the fundamental building block of computers, and all other
modern electronic devices. Some transistors are packaged individually but most are found in
integrated circuits.

Circuit Theory - Solved Assignments - Semester Spring 2008

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Solution of Assignment 1(Spring 2008)

CIRCUIT THEORY (PHY301)

Assignment 2(Spring 2008)

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Write KCL equations at V1.

Write KCL equations at V2.

Write KCL equations at V3.

Solving (1),(2) and (3) simultaneously

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Write KCL equations at V2.

V2 -4 V1 = -12 ------------- (2)

Write KCL equations at V3.

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V1 =2.4V ; V2 =-2.4V ; V3 =-4.8V

Write KCL equations at V1.

Write KCL equations at V2.

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For VC VC = - V2 = -(-4.8)= 4.8V

Part (A) Part (B) Part (C)

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7.2V 7.2V 7.2V

Write KCL equations at Vx.

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First we will identify nodes and labeled them,

Write KCL equations at V1.

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Assignment 3(Spring 2008)

Write KCL equations at the super node

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Hence eq. (1) becomes

Putting values we get

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6=3 I1 -4 I 2 ----------- (2)

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Now redraw above equation with current sources removed.

Constraint equation at X:-

So, I1 - I 2 +0 I 3 =-3 --------------- (2)

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Put this value in eq.(1) we get

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Assignment 4(Spring 2008)

7.5k and 3k are in parallel 7.5x3/7.5+3=2.14ΚΩ V2.14=12x2.14/3+2.14= 5v

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When 9v source is acting

We remove 12v and replace it by

By voltage divider rule, voltage across 2.14k is

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2nd method (by nodal analysis)

Vo across 3k can be find out by Nodal analysis method

By nodal analysis: Labeling nodes

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Rearranging the circuit in straight form

Using source transformation, 3mA into voltage source

Transform 12V , 8kΩ into 8kΩ in parallel with 1.5mA

8kΩ , 10kΩ are in parallel

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Transforming 5.33v into current source

12kΩ , 4.44kΩ are in parallel

Current through 6k using Current division rule,

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Writing node equations Vx/5+(Vx-2Vx)/20+Vx/10=10

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