SWGSTAIN Reference List by Group Sept 2013

SCIENTIFIC WORKING GROUP ON BLOODSTAIN PATTERN ANALYSIS
Bibliography Project
Bloodstain Pattern Analysis
SWGSTAIN Research Subcommittee
Updated September 16, 2013
Contents
Preface .......................................................................................................................................................... 4
Aging Blood ................................................................................................................................................... 5
Biomechanics ................................................................................................................................................ 6
Case Studies .................................................................................................................................................. 6
Clothing and Fabric ....................................................................................................................................... 8
Environmental ............................................................................................................................................... 9
Equipment ................................................................................................................................................... 10
Expiratory Blood.......................................................................................................................................... 10
Firearms ...................................................................................................................................................... 11
Fluid Dynamics Blood ............................................................................................................................... 13
Fluid Dynamics Other ............................................................................................................................... 16
Health and Safety ........................................................................................................................................ 28
High Speed Video ........................................................................................................................................ 28
Human Blood Substitutes ........................................................................................................................... 29
Impact Patterns........................................................................................................................................... 29
Legal ............................................................................................................................................................ 31
Non English ................................................................................................................................................. 32
Other Patterns ............................................................................................................................................ 33
Overview Articles ........................................................................................................................................ 34
Pathology .................................................................................................................................................... 38
Photography and Documentation .............................................................................................................. 39
Math and Physics ........................................................................................................................................ 41
Reconstruction ............................................................................................................................................ 43
2
Scientific Theory.......................................................................................................................................... 45
Searching and Enhancement ...................................................................................................................... 46
Sequencing .................................................................................................................................................. 50
Software ...................................................................................................................................................... 50
Target Surface ............................................................................................................................................. 51
Training ....................................................................................................................................................... 52
Transfer Patterns ........................................................................................................................................ 53
3
Preface
This bibliography is a list of bloodstain pattern analysis (BPA) literature that has been collected by the
Scientific Working Group on Bloodstain Pattern Analysis (SWGSTAIN) Research Subcommittee. The
literature was located within scientific journals, newsletters, technical reports, books, web pages,
theses, conference papers, law reports and magazines. The nine hundred titles have been placed
into twenty-nine groups and are listed alphabetically within each group. There are duplicate references
within the various groups. This is not to be considered a complete list on the topic of BPA. This list will
be updated periodically on the SWGSTAIN web site.
The research subcommittee would like to acknowledge the contributions from the SWGSTAIN
membership, the Midwest Forensics Resource Center, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the Institute
of Environmental Science and Research, Trent University and the Ontario Provincial Police for their
support with this project.
SWGSTAIN Research Subcommittee
4
Aging Blood
1. Aikman, R.L. and D.R. Foran, Nucleic Acid Based Methods for Assessing the Age of Bloodstains, in
60th Anniversary Meeting of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences2008: Washington, D.C.
2. Anderson, S., et al., A Method for Determining the Age of a Bloodstain. Forensic Science
International, 2005. 148: p. 37-45.
3. Anderson, S.E., G.R. Hobbs, and C.P. Bishop, Multivariate analysis for estimating the age of a
bloodstain. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 2011. 56(1): p. 186-193.
4. Andrasko, J., The estimation of age of bloodstains by HPLC analysis. J Forensic Sci, 1997. 42(4): p.
601-7.
5. Bauer, M., S. Polzin, and D. Patzelt, Quantification of RNA degradation by semi-quantitative
duplex and competitive RT-PCR: a possible indicator of the age of bloodstains? Forensic Science
International, 2003. 138(1-3): p. 94-103.
6. Bremmer, R.H., et al., Forensic quest for age determination of bloodstains. Forensic Sci Int, 2012.
216(1-3): p. 1-11.
7. Bremmer, R.H., et al., Age estimation of blood stains by hemoglobin derivative determination
using reflectance spectroscopy. Forensic Sci Int, 2011. 206(1-3): p. 166-71.
8. Edelman, G., et al., Identification and age estimation of blood stains on colored backgrounds by
near infrared spectroscopy. Forensic Sci Int, 2012. 220(1-3): p. 239-44.
9. Edelman, G., T.G. van Leeuwen, and M.C. Aalders, Hyperspectral imaging for the age estimation
of blood stains at the crime scene. Forensic Sci Int, 2012. 223(1-3): p. 72-7.
10. Fujita, Y., et al., Estimation of the Age of Human Bloodstains by Electron Paramagnetic
Resonance Spectroscopy: Long-term Controlled Experiment on the Effects of Environmental
Factors. Forensic Science International, 2005. 152: p. 39-43.
11. Guo, K., S. Achilefu, and M.Y. Berezin, Dating bloodstains with fluorescence lifetime
measurements. Chemistry, 2012. 18(5): p. 1303-5.
12. Hanson, E.K. and J. Ballantyne, A blue spectral shift of the hemoglobin soret band correlates with
age (time since deposition) of dried bloodstains. PLoS ONE, 2010. 5(9): p. 1-11.
13. Hesselink, W.F., Blood Tracks in the Criminological Practice. Ztschr. angew. Chem., 1931. 44(31):
p. 653-655.
14. Hortola, P., SEM Analysis of Red Blood Cells in aged Human Bloodstains. Forensic Science
International, 1992. 55: p. 139-159.
15. Kind, S.S., D. Patterson, and G.W. Owen, Estimation of the age of dried blood stains by a
spectrophotometric method. Forensic Science, 1972. 1(1): p. 27-54.
16. Kind, S.S. and M. Watson, The estimation of blood stain age from the spectrophotometric
properties of ammoniacal blood stain extracts. Forensic Science, 1973. 2(0): p. 325-332.
17. Kish, P.E. and G. Hall, A 12-Day Study Evaluating the Durability of Bloodspatters on Shoes, in
American Academy of Forensic Sciences1999: Orlando, Florida.
18. Laber, T.L. and B.P. Epstein, Substrate Effects on the Drying Time of Human Blood. Journal of the
Canadian Society of Forensic Science, 2001. 34(4): p. 209-214.
19. Li, B., et al., The estimation of the age of a blood stain using reflectance spectroscopy with a
microspectrophotometer, spectral pre-processing and linear discriminant analysis. Forensic
Science International, 2011. 212(1-3): p. 198-204.
20. Li, B., et al., The estimation of the age of a blood stain using reflectance spectroscopy with a
microspectrophotometer, spectral pre-processing and linear discriminant analysis. Forensic Sci
Int, 2011. 212(1-3): p. 198-204.
5
21. Matsuoka, T., T. Taguchi, and J. Okuda, Estimation of bloodstain age by rapid determinations of
oxyhemoglobin by use of oxygen electrode and total hemoglobin. Biol Pharm Bull, 1995. 18(8): p.
1031-5.
22. Rajamannar, K., Determination of the age of bloodstains using immunoelectrophoresis. J
Forensic Sci, 1977. 22(1): p. 159-64.
23. Sakurai, H., et al., Dating of human blood by electron spin resonance spectroscopy.
Naturwissenschaften, 1989. 76(1): p. 24-25.
Biomechanics
1. Chadwick, E.K.J., et al., Biomechanics of Knife Stab Attacks. Forensic Science International, 1999.
105: p. 35-44.
2. Miller, S.A. and M.S. Jones, Kinematics of Four Methods of Stabbing: a Preliminary Study.
Forensic Science International, 1996. 82: p. 183-190.
3. O'Callaghan, P.T., et al., A Novel Approach to Forensic Investigation: Three-Dimensional
Kinematic and Kinetic Motion Analysis. Journal of Clinical Forensic Medicine, 2001. 8: p. 49-53.
Case Studies
1. The case of Sion Jenkins
2. The Forensic Aspects of the Velevska Murders in Detective Inspector Scott Whyte1994.
3. Barnes, D., Intermittant Projected Bloodstains. International Association of Bloodstain Pattern
Analysts News, 1998. 14(2): p. 6-8.
4. Bettilyon, A.D., Homicide vs. Suicide: A Bloodstain Study, in International Association of
Identification Meeting1996: Greensboro, North Carolina.
5. Bettilyon, A.D., Case Presentation: "Reconstruction of a Domestic Homicide", in International
Association of Identification Meeting1997.
6. Bettilyon, A.D., Bloodstain Pattern Analysis in Homicide Cold Case Investigations, in Cold Case
Homicides: Practical Investigative Techniques, R.H. Walton, Editor 2006, CRC Press/Taylor &
Francis Group: Boca Raton, Florida. p. 463-476.
7. Black, J.P., Contradiction of Suspect's Statements Using Bloodstain Analysis, in International
Association for Identification2002: Las Vegas, Nevada.
8. Block, M. and M. Gaynor, Case Presentation: "Bloodstains Tell a Different Tale", in International
Association of Identification Meeting1997.
9. Burnett, B.R., J.M. Orentes, and M.L. Pierson, An Unusual Bloodstain Case. Journal of Forensic
Sciences, 1997. 42(3): p. 519-523.
10. Byard, R.W., D. Veldhoen, and J.D. Gilbert, Blood spatter interpretation in cases of fatal
hemorrhage from ruptured varicose veins 2006, Forensic Science Centre: Adelaide, Australia
11. Cortner, G.V., Crime Scene Reconstruction: A Case of Blood Stain Interpretation Five Years After
the Crime Occurred. Tieline, 1986. 11(1): p. 50-55.
12. Det. Lt. Paonessa, N., Bloodstains of Gettysburg: The Use of Chemiluminescent Blood Reagents
to Visualize Bloodstains of Historical Significance. International Association of Bloodstain Pattern
Analysis News, 2008(March).
6
13. Englert, R., Pulverised Bright Green Threads and High Velocity Blood Spatter unravel the Mystery
of a Crime: a Homicide case study with no Body. International Association of Bloodstain Pattern
Analysts News, 1996. 12(1): p. 15.
14. Fraser, G.N., A Murder in Moncton. Journal of the Canadian Society of Forensic Science, 2001.
34(4): p. 205-208.
15. Gutierrez, S., Bloodstain pattern analysis and the Kennedy assassination.
16. Hesselink, W.F., Blood Tracks in the Criminological Practice. Ztschr. angew. Chem., 1931. 44(31):
p. 653-655.
17. Karger, B., et al., Bloodstain pattern analysis--casework experience. Forensic Sci Int, 2008. 181(1-
3): p. 15-20.
18. Kish, P.E. and H.L. MacDonell, Bloodstain Pattern Interpretation in Serial Murder Cases. Journal
of the Canadian Society of Forensic Science, 1995. 28(4): p. 244.
19. Kohne, J.S., The Effects of Air Current on High Velocity Impact Spatter. ?, ?
20. Little, C., Three homicides prosecuted sucessfully with the help of a fluoresceine blood detecting
process, 2002, Santa Cruz Sheriff's Office.
21. Maberry, J.M., Documentation of Bloodstain Pattern Evidence is Critical in Obtaining Relevant
Reconstruction of a Crime Scene, Drug Enforcement Administration, South Central Laboratory:
Dallas, Texas.
22. MacDonell, H.L., Reconstruction of a Homicide. Law & Order, 1977. 25: p. 26-31.
23. MacDonell, H.L., Beverley Isn't Here, We See Her Face No More, Neville Knew it Wasn't H2O, He
Used..... Journal of the Canadian Society of Forensic Science, 1990. 23(4): p. 133.
24. MacDonell, H.L., Report on the beating of Mrs. Pamela McLeod-Lindsay, 1991: Corning, New
York.
25. MacDonell, H.L., Another Confusing Bloodstain Pattern. International Association of Bloodstain
Pattern Analysts News, 2004. 20(3): p. 11-15.
26. MacLean, B., K. Powley, and D. Dahlstrom, A Case Study Illustrating another Logical Explanation
for High Velocity Impact Spatter. Journal of the Canadian Society of Forensic Science, 2001.
34(4): p. 191-195.
27. Miller, M.T., Eyewitnesses, Physical Evidence, and Forensic Science: A Case Study ofState of
North Carolina v. James Alan Gell. Victims & Offenders, 2008. 3(2-3): p. 142-149.
28. Murphy, G.K., "Beaten to Death" An Autospy Series of Homicidal Blunt Force Injuries. The
American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, 1991. 12(2): p. 98-101.
29. Noedel, M., Non-replenishing Blood Drip Trails, in IABPA Annual Conference2004: Tucson,
Arizona.
30. Petricevic, S. and D. Elliot, Bloodstain Pattern Reconstruction - a Hammer Attack. Journal of the
Canadian Society of Forensic Science, 2005. 38(1).
31. Rinehart, D.J., Computers vs Strings- 2 Cases in Point. Association for Crime Scene
Reconstruction, 2000.
32. Ristenbatt, R.R., III and R.C. Schaler, A Bloodstain Pattern Interpretation in a Homicide Case
Involving an Apparent 'Stomping'. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 1995. 40(1): p. 139-145.
33. Ristenbatt, R.R. and R.C. Shaler, Author's Response to MacDonell, H.L. Journal of Forensic
Sciences, 1995. 40(6): p. 929-930.
34. Rob, S.J., A trial attorney's primer on blood spatter analysis, 1988, Department of the Army
Pamphlet 27-50-188.
35. Sweet, M.J., Postmortem Bloodshed Caused By Body Position and Lividity I.A.B.P.A Newsletter,
2006(June).
7
36. Wolson, T.L., DNA Analysis and the Interpretation of Bloodstain Patterns. Journal of the
Clothing and Fabric

1. Adair, T.W., Casting Two-Dimensional Bloody Shoe Prints from Concrete, Fabric, and Human
Skin: A Review of Several Methods with Recommendations. International Association of
Bloodstain Pattern Analysts News, 2005. 21(1): p. 4-8.
2. Adolf, F., The Structure of Textiles, in Forensic Examination of Fibres, J. Robertson and M. Grieve,
Editors. 1999, CRC Press: Boca Raton, Florida.
3. Bradley, D., Spectrometry Aids "New and Improved", in Today's Chemist2001. p. 23-24,26.
4. Ferriugia, K.J., et al., Chemical enhancement of footwear impressions in blood on fabric-part
1:protein stains, 2010: University of Strathclyde.
5. Haag, L.C., A Method for Improving the Griess and Sodium Rhodizonate Tests for GSR Patterns on
Bloody Garments. Southwestern Association of Forensic Scientists Journal, 1991. 13(1): p. 13-18.
6. Ishihama, K., et al., High Incidence of Blood Exposure due to Imperceptible Contaminated
Splatters during Oral Surgery. Journal of Oral and Maxillfacial Surgery, 2008. 66(4): p. 704-710.
7. Karger, B., S.P. Rand, and B. Brinkmann, Experimental Bloodstains on Fabric from Contact and
from Droplets. International Journal of Legal Medicine, 1998. 111(1): p. 17-21.
8. Leonas, K.K., Using LSCM to Study the Barrier Effectiveness of Textiles used in Medical Protective
Apparel. Microscopy Microanalysis, 2004. 10(2).
9. Leonas, K.K. and R.S. Jinkins, The Relationship of Selected Fabric Characteristics and the Barrier
Effectiveness of Surgical Gown Fabrics. American Journal of Infection Control, 1997(25): p. 16-
23.
10. McQuisten, F., The photographic enhancement of bloodstain patterns on dark fabric., 2006. p.
37.
11. Messler, H., Untersuchungen ber den Einflu textiler Spurentrger auf die Blutspur, in Faculty of
Forensic Medicine1980, Kln University.
12. Messler, H., G. Berghaus, and G. Dotzauer, Der Einflu textiltechnischer Gren eines
Spurentrgers auf das Erscheinungsbild einer Blutspur Kriminalistik und forensische
Wissenschaften, 1981. 44: p. 125-137.
13. Middlestead, C. and J.I. Thornton, Sensitivity of the luminol test with blue denim. Journal of
Forensic Sciences, 2010. 55(5): p. 1340-1342.
14. Perkins, M., The Application of Infrared Photography in Bloodstain Pattern Documentation of
Clothing. Journal of Forensic Identification, 2005. 55(1): p. 1-9.
15. Reed, C.M. and N. Wilson, The Fundamentals of Absorbency of Fibres, Textile Structures and
Polymers. I: The Rate of Rise of a Liquid in Glass CapiIlaries. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 1993. 26: p.
1378-1381.
16. SA, F.S., The recognition of expirated bloodstain patterns on fabrics, 2007.
17. Saleh, M.A., et al., Penetration of Household Insecticides through different types of Textile
Fabrics. Chemosphere, 1998. 36(7): p. 1543-1552.
18. Sgt. Veldhoen, D., Disposable Mannequins - An Alternative for Clothing Examinations. I.A.B.P.A
Newsletter, 2006(June).
8
19. Simoncic, B., Rozman, V., Wettability of Cotton Fabric by Aqueous Solutions of Surfactants with
Different Structures. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 2007.
292(2-3): p. 236-245.
20. Slemko, J.A., Bloodstains on fabric: the effects of droplet velocity and fabric composition Journal
of Slemko Forensic Consulting, 1999.
21. Slemko, J.A., Bloodstains on Fabric: The Effects of Droplet Velocity and Fabric Composition.
International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts News, 2003. 19(4): p. 3-11.
22. Smit, B., Photomicrography and Fluid Dynamics relating to Bloodstains on Fabric., 2008, The
University of Auckland: Auckland.
23. Tronnberg, R., E. Silenieks, and K. Both, The recognition of expirated bloodstain patterns on
cotton fabrics, F.S. SA, Editor 2007, Government of South Australia: Adelaide.
24. van Stratton, M.J. and T.J. Griffin, Examination of Bloodstained Clothing, in Rocky Mountain
Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts2002.
25. Warrick, P., Identification of Blood Prints on Fabric using Amido Black and Digital Enhancement.
Journal of Forensic Identification, 2000. 50(1): p. 20-31.
26. White, B., Bloodstain Patterns on Fabrics: The Effect of Drop Volume, Dropping Height and
Impact Angle. Journal of the Canadian Society of Forensic Science, 1986. 19(1): p. 3-36.
Environmental
1. Adair, T.W., et al., The Use of Luminol to Detect Blood in Soil One Year After Deposition.
2. Adair, T.W., et al., Detecting Blood Patterns in Soil with Luminol Two years after Deposition.
3. Beard, K.V. and H.T. Ochs, Wake-excited Raindrop Oscillations. Annalen der Meterologie, 1988.
25: p. 7-8.
4. Brady, T. and J. Tigmo, Extreme Temperature Effects on Bloodstain Pattern Analysis.
5. Clark, B.S. and G.D.G. Sr, Bloodstain Pattern Analysis After a Fire: Effects of Heat and Flame on
Reconstruction and Interpretation, in A Paper Presented at the American Academy of Forensic
Sciences 53rd Annual Meeting2001: Seattle, Washington.
6. Creamer, J.I., et al., A comprehensive experimental study of industrial domestic and
environmental interferences with the forensic luminol test for blood. Luminescence, 2003.
2003(4): p. 193-198.
7. Cullen, S., A. Otto, and P.N. Cheetham, Chemical enhancement of bloody footwear impressions
from buried substrates. Jounral of Forensic Identification, 2010. 60(1): p. 45-86.
8. Fujikawa, A., L. Barksdale, and D.O. Carter, Calliphora vicina (Diptera: Calliphoridae) and their
ability to alter the morphology and presumptive chemistry of bloodstain patterns. Journal of
Forensic Identification, 2009. 59(5).
9. Fujikawa, A., et al., Changes in the morphology and presumptive chemistry of impact and pooled
bloodstain patterns by Lucilia sericata (Meigen) (Diptera: Calliphoridae). J Forensic Sci, 2011.
56(5): p. 1315-8.
9
10. Gifford, W.D.L., Bloodstain Survival in Water. International Association of Bloodstain Pattern
Analysts News, 1999. 15(2): p. 1-6.
11. Larkin, B.A.J. and C.E. Banks, Preliminary Study on the Effect of Heated Surfaces Upon Bloodstain
Pattern Analysis. Journal of Forensic Sciences (Wiley-Blackwell), 2013. 58(5): p. 1289-1296.
12. Stirman, B., et al., Alternation of expirated bloodstain patterns by Calliphora vicina and Lucilia
serciata (Diptera:Calliphoridae) through ingestion and deposition of artifacts Journal of Forensic
Sciences, 2011. 56(S1): p. S123-S127.
13. Tomash, M.C., A Preliminary Study: How Fire may affect Crime Scene Bloodstains. International
Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts News, 1995. 11(3): p. 23-34.
14. Tontarski, K.L., et al., Chemical enhancement techniques of bloodstain patterns and DNA
recovery after fire exposure. Journal of Forensic Science, 2009. 54(1): p. 37-48.
15. Xiao, R., et al., Distinguishing bloodstains from botanic stains using digital infrared photography.
Equipment
1. Bradley, D., Spectrometry Aids "New and Improved", in Today's Chemist2001. p. 23-24,26.
2. Carter, A.L., Bloodstain Pattern Analysis with a Video Camera and a PC Computer. International
3. Carter, A.L. and P. Laturnus, Bloodstain Pattern Analysis with a Computer, in Forensic Evidence in
Canada G. Chakyo and E.D. Gulliver, Editors. 1999, Canada Law Book: Aurora, Ont. p. 443-453.
Expiratory Blood
3. Carter, G.S., A Consideration of Coughed or Spat-out Blood, 1996, The Forensic Science Service.
4. Christman, D.V., "Expirated Bloodstain Patterns", 1991. p. 1-5.
5. Denison, D., et al., Forensic implications of respiratory derived blood spatter distributions.
6. Donaldson, A., et al., Using oral microbial DNA analysis to identify expirated bloodspatter. Int. J.
Leg. Med., 2010. 124: p. 569-576.
7. Emes, A., Expirated Blood - A Review. Journal of the Canadian Society of Forensic Science, 2001.
34(4): p. 197-203.
8. Haberda, A Special Type of Bloodstain 1914: Vienna.
9. James, S.H., P.E. Kish, and P. Sutton, Bloodstain Patterns Produced by Arterial and Expiratory
Mechanisms, 2003.
10. Kettner, M., F. Ramsthaler, and A. Schnabel, "Bubbles"-A spot diagnosis. Journal of Forensic
Sciences, 2010. 55(3): p. 842-844.
11. Power, D.A., et al., PCR-based detection of salivary bacteria as a marker of expirated blood. Sci
Justice, 2010. 50(2): p. 59-63.
12. Schroter, R.C., R v. Sion Jenkins 2004: London.
10
Firearms
1. Betz, P., et al., Frequency of Blood Spatters on the Shooting Hand and of Conjunctival Petechiae
following Suicidal Gunshots Wounds to the Head. Forensic Science International, 1995. 76: p. 47-
53.
2. Buck, U., et al., 3D bloodstain pattern analysis: Ballistic reconstruction of the trajectories of
blood drops and determination of the centres of origin of the bloodstains. Forensic Science
3. Burnett, B.R., Detection of Bone and Bone-Plus-Bullet Particles in Backspatter from Close-Range
Shots to Heads. Journal of Forensic Science, 1991. 36(6): p. 1745-1752.
4. Davidson, P.L., et al., Physical components of soft-tissue ballistic wounding and their involvement
in the generation of blood backspatter. J Forensic Sci, 2012. 57(5): p. 1339-42.
5. Davidson, P.L., et al., Physical Components of Soft-Tissue Ballistic Wounding and Their
Involvement in the Generation of Blood Backspatter*. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 2012. 57(5):
p. 1339-1342.
6. Diaczuk, P.J., et al., A New Experimental Model for Evaluating Mechanisms of Gunshot Spatter,
in Abstracts from the 99th Semianual Seminar of the California Association of Criminalists2002,
CAC News. p. 33.
7. Groe Perdekamp, M., et al., Experimental simulation of reentry shots using a skin-gelatine
composite model. International Journal of Legal Medicine, 2009. 123(5): p. 419-425.
8. Haag, L.C., A Method for Improving the Griess and Sodium Rhodizonate Tests for GSR Patterns on
Bloody Garments. Southwestern Association of Forensic Scientists Journal, 1991. 13(1): p. 13-18.
9. Kabaliuk, N., et al., Blood drop size in passive dripping from weapons. Forensic Sci Int, 2013.
228(1-3): p. 75-82.
10. Karger, B., R. Nusse, and T. Bajanowski, Backspatter on the Firearm and Hand in Experimental
Close-Range Gunshots to the Head. The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology,
2002. 23(3): p. 211-213.
11. Karger, B., et al., Backspatter from Experimental Close-Range Shots to the Head I-
Macrobackspatter. International Journal of Legal Medicine, 1996. 109: p. 66-74.
12. Karger, B., et al., Backspatter from Experimental Close-Range Shots to the Head II-
Microbackspatter and the Morphology of Bloodstains. International Journal of Legal Medicine,
1997. 110: p. 27-30.
13. Kleiber, M., D. Stiller, and P. Wiegand, Assessment of shooting distance on the basis of
bloodstain analysis and histological examinations. Forensic Science International, 2001. 119(2):
p. 260-262.
14. Kneubuehl, B.P. and M.J. Thali, The Evaluation of a Synthetic Long Bone Structure as a substitute
for Human Tissue in Gunshot Experiments. Forensic Science International, 2003. 138: p. 44-49.
15. Kohne, J.S., The Effects of Air Current on High Velocity Impact Spatter. ?, ?
16. Kunz, S.N., H. Brandtner, and H. Meyer, Unusual blood spatter patterns on the firearm and hand:
A backspatter analysis to reconstruct the position and orientation of a firearm. Forensic Sci Int,
2013. 228(1-3): p. e54-7.
17. MacDonell, H.L. and B.A. Brooks, Detection and Significance of Blood in Firearms. Legal Medicine
Annual, 1977: p. 185-199.
18. Perdekamp, M.G.V., B., et al., Tissue defect at the Gunshot Entrance Wound: What happens to
the Skin? Int J. Legal Med., 2005. 119: p. 217-222.
11
19. Pex, J.O. and C.H. Vaughan, Observations of High Velocity Bloodspatter on Adjacent Objects.
Journal of Forensic Sciences, 1987. 32(6): p. 1587-1594.
20. Pizzola, P.A., et al., A Critical Assessment of the Phenomenon of Gunshot Backspatter., in 40th
Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences1988: Philadelphia, PA.
21. Plattner, T., et al., Gunshot Residue Patterns on Skin in Angled Contact and Near Contact
Gunshot Wounds. Forensic Science International, 2003. 138(3): p. 68-74.
22. Pollak, S. and M.A. Rothschild, Gunshot injuries as a topic of medicolegal research in the
German-speaking countries from the beginning of the 20th century up to the present time.
Forensic Science International, 2004: p. 201-210.
23. Settles, G.S., et al., Full-Scale High-Speed Schlieren Imaging of Explosions and Gunshots, Gas
Dynamics Lab, Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering Department, Penn State University, PA
Transportation Security Lab, US Transportation Security Administration, W.J. Hughes Technical
Centre, Atlantic City, NJ: PA.
24. Settles, G.S., et al., Full-Scale High-Speed "Edgerton" Retroflective Shadowgraphy of Explosions
and Gunshots, in Proceedings of PSFVIP-5: 5th Pacific Symposium on Flow Visualisation and
Image Processing2005: Australia.
25. Stephens, B.G. and T.B. Allen, Back Spatter of Blood from Gunshot Wounds - Observations and
Experimental Simulation. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 1983. 28(2): p. 437-439.
26. Stone, I.C., Characteristics of Firearms and Gunshot Wounds as Markers of Suicide. American
Journal of Forensic Medicine & Pathology, 1992. 13: p. 275-280.
27. Taylor, M.C., et al., The effect of firearm muzzle gases on the backspatter of blood. International
Journal of Legal Medicine, 2010: p. 1-12.
28. Thali, M.J., Body Models in Forensic Ballistics: Reconstruction of a Gunshot Injury to the Chest by
Bullet Fragmentation after Shooting through a Finger. Forensic Science International, 2001.
123(1): p. 54-57.
29. Thali, M.J., et al., The Dynamic Development of the Muzzle Imprint by Contact Gunshot: High-
Speed Documentation Utilizing theSkinSkullBrain Model. Forensic Science International,
2002. 127: p. 168-173.
30. Thali, M.J., et al., A Study of the Morphology of Gunshot Entrance Wounds, in connection with
their Dynamic Creation, utilizing the Skinskullbrain model. Forensic Science International,
2002. 125: p. 190-194.
31. Thali, M.J., et al., The Skinskullbrain model: a New Instrument for the Study of Gunshot
Effects. Forensic Science International, 2002. 125: p. 178-189.
32. Thali, M.J., et al., A High-Speed Study of the Dynamic Bullet-Body Interactions produced by
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SWGSTAIN Reference List by Group Sept 2013

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SCIENTIFIC WORKING GROUP ON BLOODSTAIN PATTERN ANALYSIS

Aging Blood ................................................................................................................................................... 5

Case Studies .................................................................................................................................................. 6

Clothing and Fabric ....................................................................................................................................... 8

Fluid Dynamics Blood ............................................................................................................................... 13

Fluid Dynamics Other ............................................................................................................................... 16

Health and Safety ........................................................................................................................................ 28

High Speed Video ........................................................................................................................................ 28

Human Blood Substitutes ........................................................................................................................... 29

Non English ................................................................................................................................................. 32

Other Patterns ............................................................................................................................................ 33

Overview Articles ........................................................................................................................................ 34

Photography and Documentation .............................................................................................................. 39

Math and Physics ........................................................................................................................................ 41

Searching and Enhancement ...................................................................................................................... 46

Target Surface ............................................................................................................................................. 51

Transfer Patterns ........................................................................................................................................ 53

SWGSTAIN Research Subcommittee

Clothing and Fabric

Fluid Dynamics Other

Health and Safety

High Speed Video

Human Blood Substitutes

Photography and Documentation

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