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2
Matter - Vocabulary
Chemistry
Science that describes matter its properties, the
changes it undergoes, and the energy changes that
accompany those processes
Matter
Anything that has mass and occupies space.
3
Natural Laws
Law of Conservation of Mass
Law of Conservation of Energy
Law of Conservation of Mass-Energy
Einsteins Relativity
E=mc2
4
States of Matter
Solids
5
States of Matter
Solids
Liquids
6
States of Matter
Solids
Liquids
Gases
7
States of Matter
9
States of Matter
Illustration of changes in state
requires energy
10
Chemical and Physical Properties
Chemical Properties - chemical changes
rusting or oxidation
chemical reactions
Physical Properties - physical changes
changes of state
density, color, solubility
Extensive Properties - depend on quantity
Intensive Properties - do not depend on
quantity
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Physical Change
During a physical
change, chemical
composition does
not change.
Heating liquid
water to make
gaseous water
(steam)
Chemical Change
density = mass/volume
What is density?
Why does ice float in liquid water?
14
Density and Specific Gravity
density = mass/volume
What is density?
Why does ice float in liquid water?
H C
H
H
H H2O(l) H2O(s) H
H C
H H
15
Density and Specific Gravity
SP1: Calculate the density of a substance
if 742 grams of it occupies 97.3 cm3.
1 cm 1 mL 97.3 cm 97.3 mL
3 3
density m
V
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Density and Specific Gravity
SP2: Suppose you need 125 g of a
corrosive liquid for a reaction. What
volume do you need?
liquids density = 1.32 g/mL
You do it!
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Density and Specific Gravity
SP2 Suppose you need 125 g of a
corrosive liquid for a reaction. What
volume do you need?
liquids density = 1.32 g/mL
m m
density V
V density
18
Density and Specific Gravity
SP2 Suppose you need 125 g of a
corrosive liquid for a reaction. What
volume do you need?
liquids density = 1.32 g/mL
m m
density V
V density
125 g
V 94.7 mL
1.32 g mL 19
Density and Specific Gravity
density(substance)
Specific Gravity
density( water)
Waters density is essentially 1.00 at room T.
Thus the specific gravity of a substance is
very nearly equal to its density.
Specific gravity has no units.
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Density Density at 20C
Substance d (g/mL)
mass ethanol 0.789
Volume water 0.998
magnesium 1.74
d= m aluminum 2.70
V
titanium 4.50
copper 8.93
lead 11.34
mercury 13.55
gold 19.32
Water, copper and mercury
Short Quiz 1:
A piece of metal has mass = 215.8 g. It is
placed into a measuring cylinder and it
displaces 19.1 mL of water. Identify the
metal. Density at 20C
Substance d
(g/mL)
magnesium 1.74
aluminum 2.70
titanium 4.50
copper 8.93
lead 11.34
mercury 13.55
gold 19.32
Heat and Temperature
Heat and Temperature are not the same thing
T is a measure of the intensity of heat in a body
3 common temperature scales - all use water as
a reference
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Heat and Temperature
Heat and Temperature
are not the same thing
T is a measure of the
intensity of heat in a
body
3 common temperature
scales - all use water as
a reference
24
Heat and Temperature
MP water BP water
Fahrenheit 32 oF 212 oF
Celsius 0.0 oC 100 cC
Kelvin 273 K 373 K
25
Relationships of the Three
Temperature Scales
Kelvin and Centigrade Relationships
K C 273
o
or
o
C K 273
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Relationships of the Three
Temperature Scales
Fahrenheit and Centigrade Relationships
180 18 9
1.8
100 10 5
o
F 1.8 o C 32
or
F 32
o
o
C
1.8
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Heat and Temperature
SP3: Convert 211oF to degrees Celsius.
F 32
o
o
C
1.8
211 32
o
C
1.8
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Classification of Matter
Substance
matter in which all samples have identical
composition and properties
Elements
substances that cannot be decomposed into
simpler substances via chemical reactions
Elemental symbols
found on periodic chart
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Classification of Matter
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Classification of Matter
Name Symbol Name Symbol Name Symbol
Aluminum Al Fluorine F Oxygen O
Arsenic As Gold Au Phosphorus P
Argon Ar Germanium Ge Palladium Pd
Barium Ba Hydrogen H Platinum Pt
Bromine Br Iodine I Potassium K
Calcium Ca Iron Fe Silicon Si
Carbon C Lead Pb Silver Ag
Chlorine Cl Magnesium Mg Sodium Na
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Classification of Matter
33
Classification of Matter
Mixtures
composed of two or more substances
homogeneous mixtures
heterogeneous mixtures
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Classifying Matter: Substances & Mixtures
heterogeneous
properties vary from point to point.
may need a microscope to see variation.
Classify each of the following as an
element or a compound:
Physically
Heterogeneous matter: separable into
Homogeneous matter:
nonuniform composition uniform composition throughout
Physically
Substances: fixed separable into Solutions: homogeneous
composition; cannot mixtures; uniform compositions
be further purified that may vary widely
Chemically
separable into
Compounds: elements Elements: cannot be subdivided
united in fixed ratios by chemical or physical changes
Combine chemically
to form
Measurements
1 pm = 1 x 10-12 m ; 1 cm = 1 x 10-2 m
2008 Brooks/Cole
Some Common Unit Equalities
Length 1 kilometer = 0.62137 mile
1 inch = 2.54 cm (exactly)
1 angstrom () = 1 x 10-10 m
1 lb = 453. g
= 2.3 kg
2008 Brooks/Cole
Some Common Unit Equalities
A patients blood cholesterol level measured 165
mg/dL. Express this value in g/L
1 mg = 1 x 10-3 g ; 1 dL = 1 x 10-
1 L
mg 1 x10 x 1 dL
-3 g
165 x = 1.65 g/L
dL 1 mg 1 x10-1 L
2008 Brooks/Cole
Uncertainty and Significant Figures
2008 Brooks/Cole
Uncertainty and Significant Figures
Read numbers from left to right.
Count all digits, starting with the 1st non-zero digit.
0.00024030 significant
placeholders significant 5 sig. figs.
(2.4030 x 10-4)
2008 Brooks/Cole 46
Uncertainty and Significant Figures
Number Sig. figs. Comment on Zeros
2.12 3
4.500 4 Not placeholders. Significant.
0.002541 4 Placeholders (not significant).
0.00100 3 Only the last two are significant.
500 1, 2, 3 ? Ambiguous. May be placeholders or
may be significant.
500. 3 Add a decimal point to show they are
significant.
5.0 x 102 2 No ambiguity.
2008 Brooks/Cole 47
Significant Figures in Calculations
Addition and subtraction
Find the decimal places (dp) in each number.
answer dp = smallest input dp.
Add:
17.245 dp = 3
+ 0.1001 dp = 4
17.3451
Rounds to: 17.345 (dp = 3)
2008 Brooks/Cole 48
Significant Figures in Calculations
5.00 x 101 dp = 2
10=1 4
0.0672 xdp
4.9328 x 101
2008 Brooks/Cole 49
Significant Figures in Calculations
Multiplication and Division
Answer sig. fig = smallest input sig. fig.
2008 Brooks/Cole 51
Rules for Rounding
Round the following numbers to 3 sig. figs.
1st non-sig. 2nd non-sig. Rounded
Number digit digit Number
2.123 2.123 - 2.12
51.372 51.372 51.372 51.4
131.5 131.5 - 132.
24.752 24.752 24.752 24.7
24.751 24.751 24.751 24.8
0.06744 0.06744 - 0.0674
2008 Brooks/Cole 52
Rules for Rounding
Answer dp = 3.
92.803 is the significant result.
dp = 5 dp = 3 (5 sig. figs).
2008 Brooks/Cole 53
Rules for Rounding
To avoid rounding errors
Carry additional digits through a calculation.
Use the correct number of places in the final answer.
Note
Exact conversion factors:
(100 cm / 1 m) or (2H / 1 H2O)
Have an infinite number of sig. figs.
2008 Brooks/Cole 54
End of Lecture Unit No. 1
55
Outline
1. The Study Matter
2. States of Matter
3. Chemical and Physical Properties
4. Chemical and Physical Changes
5. Classification of Matter
6. Measurements
56
General Chemistry 1
LECTURE UNIT No. 1
Introduction to Chemistry