Electrostrictive materials

Robert E. Newnham, and Qichang Xu

Citation: The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 85, S61 (1989);
View online: https://doi.org/10.1121/1.2027067
View Table of Contents: http://asa.scitation.org/toc/jas/85/S1
Published by the Acoustical Society of America

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The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 85, S61 (2005); 10.1121/1.2027068
 :4S

V4. Electrostrictivematerials. Robert E. Newnham and Qichang Xu (Materials ResearchLaboratory,

PennsylvaniaStateUniversity, University Park, PA 16802)

Two typesof electrostrictive materialswill be described:(1) relaxorferroelectricswith diffusephase

transitions,and (2) antiferroelectric
ceramicswith a field-inducedferroelectricphase.Transducersmadefrom
relaxorferroelectricssuchasleadmagnesium niobate(PMN) andleadzincniobate(PZN) areoperatedabove
Tc in a broadtransitionrangecharacterized bythepresence of nanometer-sizemicrodomains that impartlarge
electromechanical couplingcoefficients to the ceramic.Theserelaxormaterialsshowno piezoelectric effect
underacdrivebecause of the absenceof any net spontaneous polarization,but microdomainfluctuationsgive
risetolargeelectrostrictive
strains( 10- 3) withnohysteresis.
Underdcbias,PMN ceramics showpiezoelec-
tric d33coefficients
as largeas 1500pC/N, three timesthoseof PZT. The secondtype of electrostrictive
transducerisbasedona field-induced phasechangefrom an antiferroelectric
structureto a ferroelectricphase.
Ceramicsin the PbZrO3-PbTiO3-PbSnO 3 ternarysystemare usedasbistabletransducers for digitalmotions
whereshape-memory hysteresiscanbean advantage.Other usesfor electrostrictive
transducers includeadap-
tiveopticsystems,micropositioners, andsmarttransducersin whichthesizeof thepiezoelectric coefficient
can
be adjustedwith a dc biasfield.

10:10

VS. Rare earth magnetostrictive

materials.Arthur E. Clark (White Oak Laboratory,Naval SurfaceWarfare
Center,SilverSpring,MD 20903-5000)
The rareearthelements Tb andDy possess thelargestknownmagnetostrictions by far (nearly1% ). While
thesegiantmagnetostrictions arecurrentlyavailableonlyat cryogenictemperatures, magnetostrictive strains
ashighas0.3% havebeenobtainedat roomtemperature in compounds of therareearths.In thispresentation,
focuswill be on the recentlydevelopedTerfenol-D compoundspreparedby free standingzone (FSZ) and
modifiedBridgman(MB) techniques. Becausenearbalanceof the magneticanisotropycan be achievedin
thesecompounds,hugemagnetostriction "jumps" can occur. During thesejumps, energyis transformed
betweenan internalmagneticstateto an externalmechanicalstatecausinglargespontaneous magnetostric-
tions.Specialemphasis in thepresentation
will beon:( 1) magnetostrictiveproperties
at lowandhightempera-
tures,(2) dependence of the magnetization and magnetostrictionon externalstress,(3) preparationtech-
niquesand growth morphologyof the highly magnetostrictive compounds,(4) Delta E effect,and (5)
theoreticalmodels.Recentdesignsof low-losstransducermodulesusinghigh-strainrare earth alloyswill be
presented.[Work supported by theNSWC InternalResearch ProgramandtheOfficeof NavalTechnology. ]

10:35

V6. Silicontransducertechnology.W. S. Henrion (Triton Technologies,

Inc., 1301Capitalof TexasHighway
South, Austin, TX 78746)

The useof integratedcircuittechnologyto build mechanicalstructuresby the useof siliconmicromachin-

ing hasgainedwide acceptance for somesensortypesover the past 10 years.The principalapplicationfor
siliconmicromachininghasbeenfor pressuretransducersusedin the automotiveandmedicalmarkets.The use
of siliconmicromachining technologyin acousticalsensorshasbeensomewhatlimited,althoughsomemicro-
phonesand accelerometers havebeenbuilt usingthis technology.This paperwill reviewthe micromachining
technologies with specificapplicationto the acousticsand accelerationsensors.Exampleswill be givenfor
microphones,accelerometers, and pressuretransducerswith the material processtechnologyusedfor their
manufacture.Projectionsare madeof future trendsin siliconmicromachiningtechnologyfor acoustictrans-
ducers.The electronicinterfaceto theseacousticand accelerationtransducers are explored.

ContributedPapers

11:00 intrinsicpropertyofthematerialbutdepends onthedistance ofthesound

sourcefrom the material.In this paper,an expression for the spherical
V7. The spherical wave absorptioncoefficient of a patch of material.
waveabsorption coefficient
of a finite-sizepatchis derived(in the cylin-
Matthew A. Nobile (IBM AcousticsLaboratory, Department C18, dricalcoordinatesystemconsidered, thepatchiseithera circularor annu-
Building704, P.O. Box 950, Poughkeepsie,
NY 12602) lar disk). As will beshown,thisquantitycanbeapproximatedexperimen-
tally from measurements of the reflectioncoefficient at severaloblique
Recently,
theconcept
ofa spherical
waveabsorption
coeffiient,O,phe,., anglesoverthe surfaceof the sampleusingthe two-microphone transfer
was introduced [M. A. Nobile, Proc. NOISE-CON 88, 567-572 (1988) ] function method in a hemianechoicenvironment [ an extensionof M. A.
to accountfor the fact that when sphericalwavesare incidentupon an Nobile, Proc. NOISE-CON 87, 611-616 (1987)]. This can be the basis
acousticalmaterial,the absorptioncoefficient
is not the sameasit would for a simplifiedmethodof comparingthe absorptive
propertiesof two
be under(lessrealistic)plane-wave
incidence.
In fact,a,phe
r is not an materials.

$61 J. Acoust.Soc.Am.Suppl.1, Vol.85, Spring1989 117thMeeting:

Acoustical
Societyof America $61