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2 Answers
5 Public Followers
Naveen Sharma, studied at National Institute of Technology, 2,249 Views
Tiruchirappalli
Last Asked Feb 9, 2016
Answered Feb 10
Edits
1. Openness

The openness of a computer system is the characteristic that determines whether the
system can be extended and re-implemented in various ways.The openness of
distributed systems is determined primarily by the degree to which new resource-
sharing services can be added and be made available for use by a variety of client
programs.

2. Security

Many of the information resources that are made available and maintained in
distributed systems have a high intrinsic value to their users.Their security is
therefore of considerable importance. Security for information resources has three
components: condentiality, integrity, and availability.

3. Scalability

Distributed systems operate eectively and eciently at many dierent scales,

ranging from a small intranet to the Internet. A system is described as scalable if it
will remain eective when there is a signicant increase in the number of resources
and the number of users.

4. Failure handling

Computer systems sometimes fail. When faults occur in hardware or software,

programs may produce incorrect results or may stop before they have completed the
intended computation. Failures in a distributed system are partial that is, some
components fail while others continue to function. Therefore the handling of failures
is particularly dicult.

5. Concurrency
Both services and applications provide resources that can be shared by clients in a
distributed system. There is therefore a possibility that several clients will attempt to
access a shared resource at the same time. Object that represents a shared resource in
a distributed system must be responsible for ensuring that it operates correctly in a
concurrent environment. This applies not only to servers but also to objects in
applications. Therefore any programmer who takes an implementation of an object
that was not intended for use in a distributed system must do whatever is necessary
to make it safe in a concurrent environment.

6. Transparency

Transparency can be achieved at two dierent levels. Easiest to do is to hide the

distribution from the users. The concept of transparency can be applied to several
aspects of a distributed system.

a) Location transparency: The users cannot tell where resources are located

b) Migration transparency: Resources can move at will without changing their

names

c) Replication transparency: The users cannot tell how many copies exist.

d) Concurrency transparency: Multiple users can share resources automatically.

e) Parallelism transparency: Activities can happen in parallel without users

knowing.

7. Quality of service

Once users are provided with the functionality that they require of a service, such as
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quality of the
service provided. The main nonfunctional properties of systems that aect the
quality of the service experienced by clients and users are reliability, security and
performance. Adaptability to meet changing system congurations and resource
availability has been recognized as a further important aspect of service quality.

8. Reliability

One of the original goals of building distributed systems was to make them more
reliable than single-processor systems. The idea is that if a machine goes down, some
other machine takes over the job. A highly reliable system must be highly available,
but that is not enough. Data entrusted to the system must not be lost or garbled in any
way, and if les are stored redundantly on multiple servers, all the copies must be
kept consistent. In general, the more copies that are kept, the better the availability,
but the greater the chance that they will be inconsistent, especially if updates are
frequent.

9. Performance

Always the hidden data in the background is the issue of performance. Building a
transparent, exible, reliable distributed system, more important lies in its
performance. In particular, when running a particular application on a distributed
system, it should not be appreciably worse than running the same application on a
single processor. Unfortunately, achieving this is easier said than done.

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Karthik Kumar Viswanathan, writes Code

Updated Feb 26, 2016
Nothing prevents a Distributed Operating System from existing, except high costs of
fast I/O pipes.
One day I'd like to see people use quantum entanglement for instantaneous
replication.
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