ELECTRIC LOCO SHED

TRACTION MOTORS (DC series motor)

The traction motor is a dc series motor four pole or six pole forced ventilated
machine arranged for axle mounting on sleeve baring and supported on the
opposite by the resilient suspension unit, transverse movement is limited by the
flanges of axle. These motors are axle hung,
Nose suspended type and are provided with grease lubricated roller bearings for
armature as well as for suspension. Special provision has been made in design of
the motors to ensure the locomotive operates satisfactorily on flooded track, to
max. Flood level of 20 cm , above rail level.

Generally in locos there are six traction motors. Three motors per bogies and each
motor driving one axle directly through gears. The motors M1 to M6nare supplied
jointly by the two silicon rectifiers connected in parallel through contactors L1 an
L2. Each rectifier units RSI is connected to separate secondary winding TFP 1, 2
and the smoothing the current thus rectified in carried out by means of two
smoothing reactors SL1 and SL2.

The main parts of motors are given below

• Magnet frame armature and shields.

• Brush holders and brushes.
• Commutator
• Armature
• Stator
• Armature windings
• Field windings
• Inter poles
• Armature bearings
• Axle bearing

CHANGING THE DIRECTION BY REVERSER

The traction motor double reverser J1 and J2 which are pneumatically controlled
connected the field coils of the motors in such a way that these carry current in
one direction or in the other, thus enabling the locomotive to run in both direction
or in the other , thus enabling the locomotive to run in both directions . The shaft
of the reverser is connected with the servo motors each controlled by 2 electro
valves, each valve corresponding to a direction of running . these electro valves
are remote controlled from the driver desk by operating the reverser handle ‘ MPJ ‘
which has three position
· Position ‘F’ – loco moves forward.
· Position ‘0’ – handle can be extracted electro valves de energized and
reverser remains in the occupied position.
· Position ‘R’ – Loco moves in reverse direction

SPEEDOMETER:
Speedometer is used in the locos as the measuring device for speed and also for
many analytical and practical applications where the speed plays the major role.
The speedometers are classified into two types namely
• Cab 1 - RECORDER
• Cab 2 – INDICATOR

Cab 1- RECORDER:
These are recording type speedometers. This not only indicates the speed but also
record the speed taken at every instant. This recording process can also be done
by Analog and Digital type. In analog type of speedometers consist of Rolled type
Charts. Rolled type charts were the first type of recorders that has been used to
calculate the speed of the loco. These sheets are of wax type and the recording
process gives the information about the speed. It is also known as SPEED-TIME
distance recorder. But finding exact speed here is very difficult.
Rolled type charts have been replaced by digital speedometers as they have many
drawbacks as compared to the digital types of speedometers. Digital
speedometers are also known as pulse type speedometers. It has a pulse
generator which produces the necessary waveform for the corresponding signal
which could be detected by digital type optical sensors which detects the
necessary change in speeds and other process. Here the core disc comprises of 60
segments which usually works on the stepper motor. Operating Voltage is given as
9V . They are used in 12 wheels of the locos where the specified operations work
on. These 12 wheels are connected to 6 axles where these axles are connected to
the fork. Ultimately the speed of the loco is calibrated through this axle which is
connected to the stem. Here the recorder has 1 power supply board and stepper
motor drives. The input voltage which is given to the input of the stepper motor is
110 V DC supply.
These were advanced to microprocessor based speedometers. They manipulate
and store the speed for each and every second. The recording of data is done with
the help of the devices known as registers which is present in the form of disc.
Here the disc is of two types which could be said namely Internal Disc and External
Disc. The former type is used in majority of purposes while the latter is used under
unfavorable conditions. Here the capacity of internal is 2 MB and external disc is
4MB.Microprocessor based speedometers are used to find the current consumed
and saved which could also be the factor to determine the efficiency of the driver.
It also has an over speed LED and error LED, where the error LED works under
faulty conditions. When the sensor fails the speedometer does not work.

Cab 2 - INDICATOR:
CAB 2 is used for indicating purposes and recording could not be done in these
types of speedometers.
Companies manufacturing Speedometers
Autometer, Telpro, Medha and Laxven

Mechanical Type Signal connector

The 5V signal is stepped up to 9V through a transformer. This 9V is amplified to
60V. This 60V is passed to a synchronous motor. This series type synchronous
motor shaft is connected to the speedometer.

Microprocessor Type
This works both on voltage and current. It comprises of a junction from where is
passed through the master and then to the slave.

STATIC INVERTER (SIV)

The three phase 25 KV current is converted to single phase with the help of this
inverter. From converter 380 V enters the transformer which steps up 380 V to 415
V. This voltage is again converted to 110 V AC with the help of the potential
transformer. Similarly the 300 A current is stepped down to 5A with the help of the
current transformer. The output of the potential transformer is reduced from 110 V
AC to 6V AC. This process is done using a signal conditioning box. And hence the
final output are 0.1 A and 6V.

The operation of SIV stars when the input is given as 830V where the AC voltage is
converted into DC by a rectifying unit where they comprise of 2 thyristors and a
step down transformer which steps down from 830V to 750V AC. Here the output
AC voltage comes from the 415V. Earlier days Arno convertors are used but it had
many drawbacks as the sound produced is more. More input given to the Arno may
be undesirable. It also causes problem for producing a stable output voltage. 830V
in SIV are used in express and mail trains. Here the SIV comprises of 4 units. These
are namely:
• Filter circuit
• AC choke
• DC choke
• Thermo switch
 • Heat sensor
• Battery charger (inbuilt)

Cooling of SIV is done through three phase fans. Here the output voltage produced
is 415 V stable, compared to Arno which is unstable. The IGBT could reduce that
415 V further to 110 V.Filter circuit is used as a protector of circuit from
overheating. 6 IGBTs are used and the faults are recorded and displayed in a
specialized electronic display device known as SIV display where the input limit is 9
to 30 KV. 5 lamps are used here. If the input is out of range that is below 9 KV or
above 30 KV. The SIV gets tripped. Earth fault can also be a factor for tripping SIV.
The three types of motors used are:
• Compressor motors
• Blower motors
• SIV motors
Input voltage or current comprises of two sensors. LEDs produce the
corresponding signals known as green (if the cord is good), red (if the card has
problem). Further internal fault will lead to moving of the loco to the shed. Zero
current transformer is connected to the input side of the SIV. In the power supply
card thyristors are used. The fans that are used in cooling are Clurting fans.

WORKING OF SIV:
The input of 760/830/860V, 50 Hz nominal supply is moved to isolating unit which
converts the three phase to the single phase and the AC supply is converted into
DC through a rectifying unit. The transmission of DC signals is done from rectifying
to inverting unit where the DC is converted into AC. Finally the inverting unit
moves to blowers. Here the SIBCOS converters are used. And a battery charging
unit is present.

FLASHING UNIT
Compact flash card is used in the recorder. There are 5 types of cards.
• Power supply card
• Communication card
• Energy card
• CPU card
• Interface card
The flashing unit is also known as signaling unit. The communication is done
through the operation of the LED. Hence the flash works on LED. Altos and
Matsushi are the two companies which provide the flashing unit. The constitution
of the flashing unit is as follows. 2 filaments are used. The transistor operates on
the dropping voltage of 110 V and the corresponding dropping resistance is
produced. Auto flash works on dynamic braking. The two modes of operation used
here are: Main mode and Standby mode

FAULT DIAGNOSTIC CONTROL SYSTEM:

• Digital Input card
• Digital output card
• Analog input card
• Interface card
• CPU card
• Power supply
These are the 6 types of cards used in FDCS is used in the locos for analyzing the
faults.
There are 8 digital input cards where are the 8 are interchangeable. The 8 inputs
produce 5 output cards. Under unfavorable conditions, analog input card is used.
This card is also known as redundant card or spare card. For interfacing purpose,
interfacing card is used. Two CPU cards which are used as a microprocessor unit.
Power supply card which are present in pair, they are used in the time of failure.
The system is isolated using a specialized type of electronic device known as
optocouplers. All of them posses feedback. Dot Matrix display shows the output
and operation.
FDCS comprises of a microprocessor control, 16 input channels which works on
110 V produces the corresponding output voltage of 5V. FDCS is connected to 6
traction motors and 6 auxiliary motors.
ISCU are intelligent signal controlling unit which are used as detectors. That is
when analog card fails the loco trips. Similarly when CPU card fails, the loco
doesn’t work. These are operated through compressors and blowers, which are
connected to the input and output cards. USB is connected to the CPU card where
external disc is fitted.

TRANSFORMERS:
The 25 KV single phase AC power supply of OHE is fed to the winding of regulating
transformer through main bushing. The winding is equally divided into 32 taps.
These taps are connected to tap changer. The main parts used in transformers are:
• Graduator
• SMGR (Switched Mode Graduator)

CORE AND WINDINGS:

By changing the taps of the regulating auto transformer (LEG 1) the voltage to the
fixed ration step down transformer (LEG 2 and 3) is varied. Thus in turn varies the
voltage across the traction motors through silicon rectifier. The core assembly is
held together by a welded frame structure. This is simple but rigid in construction
and rigid to constant vibration in service. The core oil assembly is cover mounted.
i.e., suspended from the top cover. Directed flow pipes for cooling of the winding
are provided below the coil assembly.

OIL CONSERVATOR:
Conservator is provided on the transformer to a space for expansion and
contraction of oil on the account of the variation of the temperature during service.
It is also used to prevent oil in the oil from the direct contact with atmosphere and
protect oil from deterioration. A ‘Pressure Relief Device’ is provided at the top of
the conservator; adjacent is a overflow chamber which discharges the oil down
underneath locomotive’s body. The oil pump and cooler are connected to the
conservator through a venting tube. Hence the PRD operates in this manner. The
conservator is fitted with silica gel breather.

POLARITY:
Regulative windings of secondary are subtractive, and the regulative windings of
auxiliaries are subtractive.

TRANSFORMER TANK:
The tank is made up of good quality mild steel and it is rectangular in shape. The
various bushings are taken out on the tank cover. This gives a dimensionally
compact tank which can be mounted on the frame of he locomotive.

TAP CHANGER (GRADUATOR)

The tap changer is directly built on to the transformer. The tapings of the
transformers are bought out and arranged in circular fashion on an insulated
contact plate. There are to rows of contact segments which are aligned on outer
and inner circles of the contact plate. An arm which is known as selector arm is
driven by shaft at the center of the contact plate. Two rollers are situated at the
edge of the selector arm. These rings are provided in front of the contact plate.
The center shaft which extends outside the tap changer casing is driven by an air
servomotor known as SMGR. The design of the air servo motor is such that once
the selector arm begins its movement, it can be stopped only at the required tap
(not in between two taps). The connection between the inner or outer ring to the
transformer is being established by means of CGR contactor.

CONTROL OF TAP CHANGER BY MICROPROCESSOR

The servo motor which drives the graduator is controlled by electro valves VE1 and
VE2 for progression and regression respectively. These electro valves are remote
controlled from driver desk by the master controller MP. The master controller
hand wheel MP has 4 position 0, --, + and N. When MP is placed on ‘+’ VE! Will be
energized and progression will take place. When MP is placed on ‘0’ VE2 will be
energized and regression will take place. ‘—‘position is used for notch by notch
regression and N shows the neutral position. Position ‘—‘and ‘+’ are unstable
position, if the hand wheel is released in such position it is returned to N by spring
force. If P is placed on 0 the tap changer regresses to ‘0’ notch at a time.

RECTIFIER

In electric loco mainly two silicon rectifier blocks RSI 1 and RSI 2 are provided for
converting AC to DC. They are bridge connected. Continuous current retting of
each block is 1000 amps. Each rectifier blocks are provided with set of tells tale
fuses. Each rectifier bridge consists of four arms and each arm carries four fuses.
In case of puncturing of silicon diode in a particular block, the main fuse melts and
the corresponding tell tale fuse also melts which causes the micro switch to
operate. By closing of micro switch, the related relay will be energized which make
glows respected pilot lamp in cab 1 and cab 2 the defective block or arm can be
curtained by visual inspection of rectifier cabinet . The melted tell tale fuse can be
identified by the black button projecting out. The maintenance of the rectifier is
limited to an inspection every three months to check whether the cell is screwed
tightly in to position. Any dirt which may have accumulated in the rectifier must be
removed by using a rag and brush. It should be specially observed that the
protecting cover of each cell is always clean. If a protecting cover becomes brittle
or is no longer tightly fitted to the cell casing, this cap must be replaced.

ARNO CONVERTER

Arno converter is a device which convert single phase AC in to three phase AC. The
three phase supply needed for the three phase induction motors which used in
blowers, exhausters an oil pumps. To supply three phase power to three phase
induction motors arno converter is used. Arno converter is rotating device
technical data of arno converter. Due to the voltage variation the speed of the arno
is also varies so the output three phase supply is not constant but varies with the
OHE voltage which is not desired. Due to this reason now a days arno converter
are replaced by solid state static converter unit which is known as SI unit.

NAME PLATE DETAILS

Single Phase Input 3 phase output

 150KVA 120KVA
380 V 380V
395 A 190 A

1435 RPM
CYCLES: 50

There are 13 auxiliary motors in a locomotive. All of them are squirrel cage motors.
They are used for cooling purposes, couple of them are used for traction motors
and also used in transformers for cooling and pumping the oil. 3 of them are used
in compressors for breaking. One in front and other in rear.

RELAY
Relay Specifications in Locomotives
LOCOMOTIVE CURRENT SETTING
TRANSFORMER LT HT
RATING
WAM 4 6P 4000/5 A 4.0 A
3600 A
WAP 4/WAG 7 4000/5 A 5.0 A
4000 A
WAM 4/WAP 1 125 A 80 A
WAG 5A/WAG 7 160 A 130 A

Relays are of many types. They are namely

• Electrical relays
• Air Flow Relays
• Safety Relays
• Time Delay Relays
• Current Differential Relays
• Functional Relay

The Safety Relays are used for high voltage, current and earthing purpose.
The safety relays are of four types namely

• AC Current Relay
 • AC Voltage Relay
• DC Voltage Relay
• DC Current Relay

Time delay relay is used in energizing auxiliary motors and also in starting of
motors. Interval Relays works for repeated action. Functional relay is used
for sequence of operations. All the control circuits works on 110 V.
The secondary voltage of current transformer is connected to the relay and
tension is set to the spring. The magnetic field which is present inside the
relay circuit attracts according to the setting of the tension in the spring.
The ohmic value of current relay is 0.03 ohms.
The ohmic value of voltage relay is 1800 ohms.
These relays are manufactured by Secheron , Geneva.
The Goods locomotive contains 3 more extra relays compared to passenger
locomotives for regenerative braking. Armature is applied and when the
current increases the regenerative braking system acts.
The Goods locomotives contain 10 relays whereas the passenger locos
contains 7 relays. Extra relays are there to synchronize two locos. Relays can
be used to show the fault in the second locomotive also. This process is
known as GROUP LAMPING. 54 interlocks are necessary for this purpose.

DJ (CIRCUIT BREAKER)
The high voltage circuit breaker DJ is special type of electro pneumatic contactor
mounted on the roof of the loco. The electrical equipment of the loco is connected
to or disconnected from the OHE by means of the circuit breaker. it is designed to
open the circuit rapidly about 0.03 compressed air apart from operating the
breaker acts as a means of extinguishing the arc also.
It is of two types namely
• Air Blast Circuit Breaker
• Vacuum Circuit Breaker

AIR BLAST CIRCUIT BREAKER:

It consists of
• Closing Coil
• Holding Coil
• Opening Coil
The air blast circuit breaker works with the supply above 17.5 KV and below 30 KV
and operates a 10 kg/cm2 pressure. The operation is normally between 22.5 KV
and 25 KV.110 V battery DC supply on LT is present. Valve will open and system
will then operate. To connect and disconnect 25 KV his type of battery is used.
VACUUM CIRCUIT BREAKER:

Mostly the air blast type circuit breaker is used as a DJ is electric traction but now a
days OCB are replaced by the vacuum circuit breaker due to the following
advantages
• Less maintenance
• Space saving
• Greater reliability
• Simplified control
• Quiet in operation
It consists of a reservoir which has 5.2 Kg/cm2 pressure. Then it comprises of a
micro filter which filters the moisture and the dust particles. Molecules leaves are
the ones which absorbs the moisture. Vacuum cylinders are made of porcelain.

BVAC:
It is the latest model among the CBs used in the present day locomotives. These
circuit breakers consists of power electronic devices which are not present in the
previous Air Blast Circuit Breakers and the Vacuum Circuit Breakers. This BVAC
works under 4.6 kg/cm2 pressure. These types of circuit breakers are tested even
at 40 KV.