REMEMBER IODINE IS DIBASIC SO ALWAYS MULTIPLE ITS Ar BY 2!

Definitions---
CONJUGATE base: the species formed when a WEAK ACID donates a proton.

Standard enthalpy change of formation: the energy released or required when

1 mole of the compound is formed from its CONSTITUENT elements under
standard conditions of 298K and 1 bar.

Observations for adding aq NH3 gradually to solution of Cu2+ ---

NH3 undergoes HYDROLYSIS in water TO FORM OH-. When a small amt of NH3 is
added, a blue ppt of Cu(OH)2 is formed.
Addition of EXCESS NH3 causes formation of the MORE STABLE deep blue
[Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+ complex ion through a LIGAND-EXCHANGE REACTION.
The reaction LOWERS THE CONCENTRATION OF CU2+(aq) CAUSING Cu(OH)2 TO
DISSOLVE.
EQUILIBRIUM POSITION (1) SHIFTS TO THE LEFT and the IONIC PRODUCT OF
Cu(OH)2 FALLS BELOW ITS SOLUBILITY PRODUCT.

By considering why CO2 is not liberated at the anode, deduce the by-product
produced at the anode.
K2CO3 is produced as ACIDIC CO2 reacts with ALKALINE KOH.

Describe the reaction of Mg and Ca with water, giving appropriate equations

with state symbols.
Mg reacts slowly with hot water, effervescence observed and a white ppt is
formed
Mg(s) + H2O(l) --> MgO(s) + H2(g)
Ca reacts rapidly with cold water, effervescence is observed and a colourless
solution forms.
Ca(s) + H2O(l) --> Ca(OH)2(s) + H2(g)
What I may already forgot:
1: Shape of around carbon atoms in alkene- trigonal planar (sp2)
2: C=C bond is less than 2 x the energy required to break a C-C bond -> bond
weaker than bond since side-on overlap of orbitals is less effective than head-
on overlap of orbitals
3: geometrical isomerism-2 diff groups on each carbon w restricted rotation
about C=C bond (or triple bond or in cycloalkanes)
4: does not occur in cycloalkenes as trans isomer will experience high RING
strain, too unstable to exist -> both substituents must be on the same side of
C=C bond
5: Cis isomer is generally less stable than trans isomers due to greater STERIC
strain between 2 alkyl groups (quantified by comparing enthalpy change of
combustion where cis isomer has greater enthalpy- since its product would be
more stable)
6: Cis isomer has higher BP than trans isomer due to it being slightly polar and
hence have pd-pd forces that's stronger than the id-id forces btwn trans
molecules
7: C=C bond have high electron density that attracts electrophile, an electron-
deficient species
8: Electron-withdrawing groups like Cl atom attached to one of the carbons
involved in the pi bond will decrease electron density of the pi bond thus
making it less susceptible to electrophilic attack.
Alkyl group are electron-donating, hence they form more stable carbocations by dispersing
the positive charge- lowers Ea of slow step?? Or is forming a more stable carbocation (i.e. Tertiary
carbocation which has 3 electron donating alkyl groups) means a more exothermic rxn and thus
more heat released which then increases KE of the particles for rxn thus increasing rate??