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Advanced Vibrations
After you have finished this lecture you will be able to do the following:
Harmonic Analysis
Fourier Series
Gibbs Phenomenon
Frequency Spectrum
Amplitude
F ( t ) = F ( t + nt )
Time
a0
x (t ) = + a 1 cos(wt ) + a 2 cos(2 wt ) + a 3 cos(3 wt ) + 2p
2 w=
+ b1 sin( w t ) + b2 sin(2 wt ) + b3 sin(3 wt ) + t
a0
x (t ) = + a1 cos ( wt ) + a2 cos ( 2wt ) + + b1 sin ( wt ) + b2 sin ( 2wt ) + ...
2 (1)
a0
= + {an cos ( n wt ) + bn sin ( n wt ) }
2 n =1
t t t
2 2 2
a0 = x ( t ) dt a n = x (t ) cos(n w t )dt bn = x (t ) sin(n w t )dt
t 0
t t
0 0
t 0 for m n
sin(m wt ) sin(n wt ) = t
for m = n 0
0 2
t 0 for m n
cos(m w t ) cos(n w t ) = t
for m = n 0
0 2
sin(m w t ) cos(n w t ) = 0
0
One Term
Two Terms
Three Terms
Four Term
Ten Terms
Twenty Terms
An anomalous behavior observed from a periodic function that is being represented by Fourier
series.
To determine the coefficients , and , we multiply Eq. (1) by cos and sin ,
respectively, and integrate over one period 2 , we obtain
2p / w t
w 2
a0 = x ( t ) dt = x ( t ) dt (2)
p 0
t 0
2p / w t
w 2
an = x ( t ) cos ( n wt ) dt = x ( t ) cos ( n wt ) dt (3)
p 0
t 0
2p / w t
w 2
bn = x ( t ) sin ( n wt ) dt = x ( t ) sin ( n wt ) dt (4)
p 0
t 0
4
t - 1, 0t t 2
F (t ) = t (E.1)
4 t
1 - t - , t 2t t
t
2
t t 2 t
4
2
a 0 = F ( t ) dt
2 t - 1 dt + 2 1 - 4 t - t dt = 0
t 0
a0 =
t t t t2 t 2
0
t t 2 t
4
2 2 t - 1 cos ( n wt )dt + 2 1 - 4 t - t cos ( n wt )dt
an = F ( t ) cos ( n wt ) dt an =
t t t t2 t 2
t 0 0
0, n even
= 8
- , n odd
n 2p2
8 2p 1
6p
1 10p
F (t ) = - cos t + cos t + cos t +
2
p
t 9
t 25 t
Also, e i wt + e -i wt and e i wt - e -i wt
cos wt = sin wt = (7),(8)
2 2i
e in wt + e -in wt e in wt - e -in wt
a0
x (t ) = + an + bn
2
2
2i
n =1
(9)
i ( 0 )wt a 0 ib0
in wt an bn
-in wt an bn
=e
2
- + 2 2
2 n =1
e - i + e
2
+ i
2
where 0
an - ibn and
an + ibn
Cn = C -n = (10)
2 2
n =-
t
an - ibn 1
Cn = = x ( t ) cos ( n wt ) - i cos ( n wt ) dt
2 t 0
t (12)
1
= x ( t ) e -in wt
dt
t 0
x (-t ) = -x (t )
x (t ) = bn sin n wt
n =1
x (-t ) = x (t )
a0
x (t ) = + an cos n wt
2 n =1
N
2
a0 =
N
xi
i =1
N
2 2n pti
an =
N
xi cos t
i =1
N
2 2n pti
bn = x i sin
N i =1 t
Solution
If denotes the vertical motion of the
pushrod, the motion of the valve, , can
be determined from the relation:
y(t ) x (t )
tan q = =
l1 l2
(E.1)
l 2
x (t ) = y(t )
l
where
1
t
y(t ) = Y ; 0t t (E.2)
t
With a period of t = 2p w
t
x (t ) = A ; 0t t (E.3)
t
Equation (E.3) is shown in the Figure. To compute the Fourier coefficients , and , we use
Eqs. (1) to (3): 2
2p / w
w 2p / w w 2p / w t w At
A dt =
p 0 p 0
a0 = x (t )dt = =A (E.4)
t p t 2 0
w 2p / w w 2p / w t
p 0 p 0
an = x (t )cos n wt dt = A cos n wt dt
t (E.5)
2p / w
Aw 2p / w A cos n wt wt sin n wt
=
pt 0
t cos n wt dt =
2
2p n 2
+
n
0
= 0, n = 1, 2, ..
w 2p / w w 2p / w t
bn = x (t )sin n wt dt = A sin n wt dt
p 0 p 0 t
2p / w (E.6)
Aw 2p / w A sin n wt wt cos n wt A
pt 0
= t sin n wt dt = + = , n = 1, 2, ..
2 2 n n p
2p n 0
A A A
x (t ) = - sin wt - sin 2wt - ...
2 p 2p (E.7)
A p 1 1
= - sin wt + sin 2wt + sin 3wt + ...
p 2 2 3
The first three terms of the series are shown plotted in the figure. It can be seen that the
approximation reaches the sawtooth shape even with a small number of terms
an = 0
0.1
0.1 -200
bn = 2 ( 10 ) 10 sin ( n10t )dt = cos ( 10n pt )
0 10n p 0
40 b
bn = = 1, n = 1, 3, 5,..
np n
bn = 0 n = 2, 4, 6,..
40 1 1
f (t ) = sin ( w1t ) + sin ( 3w1t ) + sin ( 5w1t ) +
p 3 5
pause(1/10);
end
http://www.sosmath.com/fourier/fourier1/fourier1.html
http://mathworld.wolfram.com/FourierSeries.html
http://www.fourier-series.com/fourierseries2/flash_programs/sin_cos/index.html
http://www.falstad.com/fourier/
http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/Classes/DE/FourierSeries.aspx
http://www.facstaff.bucknell.edu/mastascu/elessonshtml/Freq/Freq4.html
http://www.fourier-series.com/fourierseries2/fourier_series_tutorial.html
http://www.falstad.com/mathphysics.html
http://www.fourier-series.com/rf-concepts/flash_programs/decibel/decibels.html