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CONJUNCTIONS
_ Una conjuncin es una palabra que une o relaciona palabras, sintagmas u oraciones.
CONJUNCIONES COORDINADAS
-AND = Y, E - NOR = NI
Las conjunciones coordinadas son usadas para unir dos construcciones gramaticales
similares o de igual importancia, por ejemplo, dos palabras, dos sintagmas o dos
oraciones.
Ex. They were tired, for they had worked all day.
Cuando la conjuncin coordinada une dos verbos que tienen el mismo sujeto, no hace
falta repetir ese sujeto. Cuando el sujeto no sea el mismo, las oraciones coordinadas se
CONJUNCIONES CORRELATIVAS
- EITHER OR = O O
- NEITHER NOR = NI NI
- WHETHER OR = SI O
Las conjunciones correlativas son siempre usadas en parejas para mostrar la relacin
entre las ideas expresadas en las diferentes partes de la oracin. Ellas unen elementos
similares.
SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
DE QUE
UNTIL =HASTA QUE SO = ASI QUE
OPPOSITION CONDITION
ALTHOUGH = AUNQUE, SI BIEN IF = SI
THOUGH = AUNQUE UNLESS = A MENOS QUE
EVEN THOUGH = AUN AUNQUE ONLY IF = SOLO SI
WHEREAS = MIENTRAS QUE WHETHER = SI
WHILE = MIENTRAS EVEN IF = AUN SI, AUNQUE
IN CASE (THAT) = EN CASO DE QUE
subordinadas.
subordinada y esta a su vez puede ir tanto delante como detrs de la oracin principal.
Los conectores de este tipo son normalmente una sola palabra aunque tambin
encontramos algunos que estn formados por ms de una, pero estos siguen funcionado
- tiempo
- causa y efecto
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- oposiciones
- condicin
Recuerda poner siempre una coma al final de la oracin subordinada cuando esta
Ciertas palabras, como por ejemplo, after, before, since o until pueden
Ex. We are going out to eat after we finish taking the test.
Ex. Since we have lived in Atlanta, we have gone to every exhibit at the High Museum.
ADVERBIOS CONECTORES
- BUT = PERO
- NEVERTHELESS = NO OBSTANTE
- FURTHERMORE = ADEMS
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- LIKEWISE = IGUALMENTE
- MOREOVER = ADEMS
- STILL = PERO
- BESIDES = ADEMS
Los adverbios conectores se usan a menudo para mostrar la relacin entre las ideas
Los adverbios conectores son similares a las conjunciones y ambas se usan para
algunos aspectos.
2._ El adverbio conector es separado del resto de la oracin por comas, mientras que la
mientras que los adverbios conectores se pueden localizar tanto al comienzo, en el medio
Ex. His visit was unexpected. Nevertheless, I was pleased to see him.
LINKING WORDS
_ Las conjunciones son empleadas para enlazar entre s las palabras y / o las oraciones.
_ Las conjunciones son simples si estn formadas por una sola palabra, y compuestas si
PURPOSE
- TO = A, hacia
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- IN ORDER TO = Para
- SO AS TO = Para
TO + infinitivo
_ Se usa TO + infinitivo para expresar propsito, para decir porque nosotros hacemos
algo.
Ex. Most people work to earn money. (La mayora de la gente trabaja para ganar dinero)
Ex. We went to the library to get some books. (Nosotros fuimos a la biblioteca para coger
algunos libros)
IN ORDER TO / SO AS TO + infinitivo
Ex. The Government took these measures in order to reduce crime. (El Gobierno tom
Ex. The staffs are working at weekends so as to complete the project in time. (El personal
_ IN ORDER NOT TO
_ SO AS NOT TO
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Ex. Melanie was hurrying in order not to miss her bus. (Melanie se dio prisa para no
perder el autobs)
Ex. The staffs are working at weekends so as not to delay the project. (El personal esta
NOT: *She was hurrying not to miss her bus. (esta mal)
SO THAT + clause
Ex. Bill wears thick socks in bed so that his feet dont get cold. (Bill lleva gruesos
Ex. Dora is going to leave class early so that she can go to the dentist. (Dora va a salir de
Ex. We took an umbrella so that we wouldnt get wet. (Nosotros cogimos un paraguas para
no mojarnos)
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diferentes, nosotros no podemos usar el infinitivo de propsito to; nosotros tenemos que
usar so that
Ex. Helen played the piano to entertain her friend. (Helen toc el piano para entretener a
sus amigos)
Ex. Helen played the piano so that everyone else could dance. (Helen toc el piano para
_ Es igual que so that pero es menos comn y menos formal que este.
Ex. She stayed at work late in order that / so that she could complete the report. (Ella se
FOR or TO
_ Se puede usar FOR con un nombre para decir porque nosotros hacemos algo.
Ex. The whole family have gone out for a bike ride. (Toda la familia ha salido para dar una
vuelta en bici)
Ex. Why dont you come over for coffee? (Porque no vas por un caf?)
_ Para hablar sobre el propsito de una cosa o para definirlo, usamos tanto
Ex. This machine is used to cut plastic. ( Esta maquina se usa para cortar plstico)
Ex. This machine is used for cutting plastic. ( Esta maquina se usa para cortar plstico)
_ Pero no usamos FOR + verbo -ing para hablar sobre una accin especfica.
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Ex. I put the heater on to keep the plants warm. ( Yo encend el calentador para mantener
NOT: *I put the heater on for keeping the plants warm. (esta mal)
** Para enfasis **
- SO = tan, tanto
_ Nosotros usamos SO MANY / MUCH (THAT) y SO FEW / LITTLE (THAT) con nombres
para enfatizar.
Ex. I bought so many books (that) I couldnt carry them all. (Yo compr tantos libros que
Ex. There were so few people in the theatre (that) the actors didnt perform well.
(Haba tan poca gente en el teatro que los actores no representaron bien)
Ex. There is so much rain at the moment (that) we hardly ever go out. ( Hay tanta lluvia en
Ex. We have so little free time (that) we dont match television. ( Nosotros tenemos tan
Ex. The trainers were so cheap that I bought two pairs. ( Los zapatos de deportes eran tan
Ex. It was such a good film that I saw it twice. (Fue una pelcula tan Buena que yo la vi
dos veces)
Ex. I like Tom and Ann. They are such nice people. ( Me gusta Tom y Ana. Ellos son gente
muy simptica)
- TOO = Demasiado
TOO + Adjetivo : Esto sugiere una dificultad y que algo no se puede hacer. Significa
Ex. It was too far to walk so we took a taxi. (Esto era demasiado lejos para caminar as que
cogimos un taxi)
Ex. Little Tom is not old enough to walk to school. ( El pequeo Tom no es lo suficiente
- SUCH = suficiente
Ex. There are too many people in the class. ( Hay demasiada gente en la clase)
Ex. There are too few books. ( Hay demasiado pocos libros)
- ENOUGH = suficiente
Ex. There is too much food into the fridge. ( Hay demasiada comida en el frigorfico)
- BECAUSE = Porque
- SO = As que
Ex. Tim didnt feel well, because he had eaten fifteen ice-creams. (Tim no se sinti bien
Ex. Tim didnt feel well, as / since he had eaten fifteen ice-creams. (Tim no se sinti bien
Ex. Tim had eaten fifteen ice-creams, so he didnt feel very well. (Tim haba comido 15
Ex. He just had to apologise, seeing that he knew hed made a mistake. ( El tuvo que
** Oraciones de resultado**
- EVENTUALLY = Finalmente
Se puede expresar resultado con una linking phrase como as a result o con una
Ex. Two metres of snow fell during the night. As a result, several main roads were blocked.
( se usara so en el ingls hablado). (Dos metros de nieve cayeron durante la noche, por
Ex. It started raining while we were having our picnic, and eventually we decided to go
decidimos ir a casa)
Ex. Kate and Tim waited for the bus for a long time, and in the end they took a taxi. (Kate
y Tim esperaron el autobs por un largo tiempo y al final ellos cogieron un taxi)
CONTRAST
- BUT = Pero, sino
Ex. Maria felt ill, but she went to school. (Mara se sinti enferma pero ella fue al colegio)
Ex. Maria went to school although she was ill. ( Maria fue al colegio aunque ella estaba
enferma)
Ex. Maria felt ill, but she went to school anyway. ( Maria se sinti enferma pero ella fue al
Ex. Maria felt ill, but she still went to school. ( Maria se sinti enferma, pero aun as ella
fue al colegio)
Ex. Although Maria was ill, she went to school anyway. ( Aunque Maria estaba enferma,
Ex. Maria felt ill, yet she went to school. ( Maria se sinti enferma, sin embargo ella fue al
colegio)
- THOUGH = Aunque
Se puede usar EVEN THOUGH para un contraste ms fuerte, para dar ms nfasis.
Ex. Even though you dislike Jessica, you should try to be nice to her. (An cuando a ti te
en esa posicin.
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Ex. Though / Although I liked the sweater, I decided not to buy it. (Aunque me gusto el
Ex. I liked the sweater, I decided not to buy it, though.(Me gusto el jersey, aunque decid
no comprarlo)
determinada.
Ex. Even if Tom doesnt speak Spanish, I think he should still visit Madrid. ( Aunque Tom
WHILE y WHEREAS se pueden usar en la lengua formal para comparar dos hechos
Tanto WHILE como WHEREAS van seguidos de una oracin, (sujeto + verbo)
Ex. While some experts expect the Government to win the election, most believe that the
opposition will win. (Mientras que algunos expertos esperan que el gobierno gane las
Ex. I prefer city life, whereas John prefers country life. ( Yo prefiero la vida de ciudad,
- DESPITE = A pesar de
- IN SPITE OF = A pesar de
Ellos son seguidos por un nombre o un sintagma nominal y tambin puede ir seguido
de un verbo en -ing y esta forma en -ing del verbo acta como un nombre aqu.
Ex. Despite her illness, Maria went to school. (A pesar de su enfermedad, Maria se fue al
colegio)
NOT: Despite she felt ill, Maria went to school. (esta mal)
Ex. Despite being ill, Maria went to school. (A pesar de estar enferma, Maria fue al
colegio)
Ex. In spite of her illness, Maria went to school. ( A pesar de su enfermedad, Maria fue al
colegio)
Ex. In spite of being ill, Maria went to school.(A pesar de estar enferma, Maria fue al
colegio)
Nosotros podemos usar IN SPITE OF THE FACT (THAT) en la misma forma que
Ex. Im no better in spite of the fact that Ive taken the pills. (Yo no estoy mejor a pesar del
Ex. Maria was ill. However, she went to school. (Maria estaba enferma. Sin embargo, ella
fue al colegio)
NOT: However she was ill, Maria went to school.( esta mal)
el ingls formal.
Ex. Television has many advantages. It keeps us informed about the latest news, and also
provides entertainment in the home. On the other hand, television has been blamed for the
violent behaviour of some young people. (La televisin tiene muchas ventajas. Nos
Por otro lado, la televisin ha sido culpada por el comportamiento violento de algunos
jvenes)
Ex. His visit was unexpected. Nevertheless, I was pleased to see him. (Su visita fue
OTHER CONECTORS
Ex. We will be late unless we hurry. ( Nosotros llegaremos tarde a menos que nos demos
prisa)
Ex. Dont tell Sue what I said if she doesnt ask you. ( No le cuentes a Sue lo que yo te dije
si ella no te pregunta)
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Ex. You can use my car as long as / so long as you drive carefully. (Tu puedes usar mi
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Ex. Travelling by car is convenient provided / providing (that) you have somewhere to
park. (Viajar en coche es conveniente con tal de que tu tengas algn lugar para aparcar)
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Ex. Providing she studies hard, she will pass the exam. (A condicin de que ella estudie
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IN CASE se usa tambin con oraciones que expresan una condicin. Se usa para decir
Ex. We will buy some more food in case Tom comes. (Nosotros compraremos algo ms de
Ex. I dont want to go out tonight in case Ann phones. (Yo no quiero salir esta noche en
Ex. I drew a map for Sarah in case she couldnt find the house. (Yo dibuje un mapa para
Ex. In case of fire, please leave the building as quickly as possible. (En caso de fuego, por
- WHEN = Cuando
Cuando nosotros hablamos del futuro, se puede usar tanto el presente (es lo ms
Ex. When I leave school, Im going to train as a teacher. (Cuando yo salga del colegio,
Ex. After Ive qualified, Ill probably teach. (Despus de yo haberme preparado,
probablemente ensear)
Es muy frecuente usar tanto el presente como el presente perfecto despus de estas
Ex. Im going to get married as soon as I find / Ive found the right man. ( Yo voy a
Pero cuando es importante dejar claro que una accin terminar antes de que la
Ex. I dont want to settle down until Ive travelled a lot. (Yo no quiero establecerme hasta
Usamos TILL o UNTIL cuando hablamos sobre una actividad o situacin que
Ex. I had to work till 7.15. (Yo tuve que trabajar hasta las 7.15) --- TILL = prep..
Ex. Ben had to wait until 9.15. (Ben tuvo que esperar hasta las 9.15) --- UNTIL = prep.
Ex. He had to wait until Zoe was ready. (El tuvo que esperar hasta que Zoe estuvo listo)
- AS IF = Como si
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- AS THOUGH = Como si
Ex. You look as if / as though you havent slept. (Tu pareces como si no hubieras dormido)
Ex. Tom sounded as if / as though he was worried. (Tom suena como si estuviera
preocupado)
Ex. It looks like Sandra isnt coming. (Parece como si Sandra no fuera a venir)
Tambin se usa AS IF con otros verbos para decir como alguien hace algo.
Ex. He ran as if he was running for his life.(El corri como si estuviera corriendo por su
vida)
Ex. I dont like Norma. She talks as if she knew everything. (A mi no me gusta Norma. Ella