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Kamran Dawood, Bora Alboyaci*, Mehmet Aytac Cinar** and Olus Sonmez***
Abstract Transformers are one of the most precious elements of the electric power system. Stability
and reliability of the electric power network mainly depend on the working of the transformer.
Leakage reactance of the transformer is one of the important factors and accurate calculation of the
leakage reactance is necessary for the transformer designers and electric distributors. Leakage
reactance of the transformer depends on the geometry of the transformer. There are many different
methods for the calculations of the leakage reactance however mostly are usable when the axial heights
of the high voltage and low voltage windings are equal. When the axial heights of high voltage and
low voltage windings are asymmetric most of the analytical methods are not reliable. In this study, a
new analytical method is introduced for the calculation of the leakage reactance. Fourteen different
transformers are investigated in this study and four of them are presented in this paper. The results of
the new analytical method are compared with the experimental results. Other analytical and numerical
methods are also compared with this new method. Results show that this method is more reliable and
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accurate as compared to the other analytical methods. The maximum relative error between short-
circuit test and proposed method for these fourteen transformers was less than 2.8%.
in
Keywords: Energy method, Finite element method, Leakage reactance, Transformer
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1. Introduction Flux elements method
Roth method
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numbers of the transformers installed in a power system, Leakage reactance can be calculated by using image
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loss minimization studies gain great importance [1]. technique. In image technique mutual and leakage reactance
Calculation of the leakage reactance is one of the important is calculated by employing magnetic potential to the image
parameter for the designing of the transformer. of every turn of the winding [3, 4]. The efficiency of this
There are several methods for the calculation of the method highly depends on the current of the image
conductor. Main drawback of the imaging technique is
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1921
Copyright The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/
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A New method for the Calculation of Leakage Reactance in Power Transformers
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of synchronous machines [10]. Numerical techniques using
FEM are accurate, but it needs special software and ample
time [10-12]. Another drawback of the FEM is defining
boundaries conditions effectively [13-15].
In this paper, a new analytical method is introduced for in
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the calculation of the leakage reactance. This method is
accurate for both symmetric and asymmetric windings. A
good approximation of the distributions transformer can be Fig. 2. Power loss curve of the core material
obtained by using this method. Fourteen different power
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*H w
g
1 e C + D+ E
KR = 1 (4)
* Hw
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C+D+E
proposed analytical method. These two methods are DHL = Mean diameter of LV and HV coil.
commonly used by transformer designers and these are Vs = Rated secondary voltage per phase
most accurate analytical expressions. AL = Average length of LV and HV coil
Leakage reactance can be calculated by using Eq. (1) [6].
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http://www.jeet.or.kr 1923
A New method for the Calculation of Leakage Reactance in Power Transformers
* D4 * D4 * D3 * D3
4
4 * o
LLV HV = (13)
H HVeq + H LVeq
2
2
Fig. 7. Diameter dimensions of the transformer TurnsHv
L = ( LLV + LHV + LLV HV ) * (14)
3
Leakage reactance can be calculated by using Eq. (15)
A *
( ) o
LLV = 2LV (8)
* H LVeq 2 * * f * L
X = *100 (15)
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4 Zb
in
Where, 0 is the permeability constant and ALV is the
area of the LV winding. Using figure 7 Eq. (8) can be 6. FEM Based Reactance Calculation
rewritten as
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FEM is a numerical method which can be used for the
* D3 * D3 * D2 * D2 solutions of engineering and mathematical physics
4
4 * o problems such as thermal conductivity, electromagnetic,
LLV = (9) and magnetostatic problems. In this study, leakage
2
* H LVeq
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calculated by using Eq. (9) Stored energy is obtained from FEM and then energy is
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4 In FEM, magnetic energy of the magnetic field in each
part can be calculated by using Eq. 17 and Eq. (18)
Where, AHV is the area of the HV winding. Using figure
1
7 Eq. (10) can be rewritten as Wm = 2 .B.H dV
V
(17)
* D5 * D5 * D4 * D4 1
* o
LHV
=
4
4
(11)
Wm =
2
A.J dV
V
(18)
2 * H HVeq
4 Where magnetic field strength is
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As shown in Table 1 four different transformers with
different power ratings are selected randomly from the
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examined transformers. All of fourteen transformers are
examined with proposed method and the maximum error
between proposed method and short-circuit test was less
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than 2.8%. External excitation circuit of transformer-3 is
shown in Fig. 10. Leakage reactance of the transformers by
using different methods is presented in table 2.
In the power networks, there are many power
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Transformer 1 2 3 4
Power (kVA) 4000 5000 1250 900
Primary voltage (kV) 35.75 31.5 34.5 10
Secondary voltage (kV) 10.5 11 0.4 0.52
Ratings
Primary current (A) 64.6 91.64 12.08 30
Secondary current (A) 126.98 151.52 1,804.37 999.26
Frequency (Hz) 50 50 50 50
Material M5 M5 M5 M5
Core
Nominal Flux Density 1.75 1.72 1.65 1.74
Material Copper Copper Copper Copper
Windings HV Turns 733 499 2,390 735
LV turns 373 288 16 21
Connection Type YNd11 YNd11 Dyn11 Dyn11
Case 1 1 2 2
http://www.jeet.or.kr 1925
A New method for the Calculation of Leakage Reactance in Power Transformers
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side was short-circuited and HV voltage side was energized and asymmetric axial heights of the winding. For many
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by grid voltage. To minimize the effect of the temperature conditions, accuracy of this method is higher than the
short circuit test is performed rapidly. accuracy of the FEM method, however FEM also need
Fig. 11 shows the relative error in the results of the more processing time and special software. This formula
different transformer with respect to the short-circuit test can be adapted by many transformer manufactures to
results. Results of the proposed method are closer as calculate the inductance and leakage reactance easily and
compare to the other results. Highest difference between accurately.
the short-circuited test and these transformers is
approximately 2.75%, however, calculation of the leakage
reactance from the proposed method is simple and easier Acknowledgements
compare to the other methods.
The authors would like to thank Sonmez Transformer
Company (STS) of Turkey for providing financial support.
8. Conclusion
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eering and Technology, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 1290-1295, [16] Indrajit Dasgupta, Power Transformer Quality
2014. Assurance: New Age International, 2009.
[2] Naderian Jahromi, Jawad Faiz and Hossein Mohseni,
A Fast Method for Calculation of Transformers
in [17] Saadat Jamali Arand, Karim Abbaszadeh, The Study
of Magnetic Flux Shunts Effects on the Leakage
Reactance of Transformers via FEM, Majlesi
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Leakage Reactance using Energy Technique, IJE
Transactions B, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 41, April 2003. Journal of Electrical Engineering, vol. 4, no. 3,
[3] D. J. Wilcox, W. G. Hurley, and M. Conlon, September 2010.
Calculation of self and mutual impedances between [18] Shon, Chae-Hwa; Yi, Sang-Hwa; Lee, Heun-Jin;
section of transformer windings, IEE Proceedings Kang, Dong-Sik, Study on the transfer functions for
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C-Generation, Transmission and Distribution, vol. detecting windings displacement of power trans-
136, no. 5, pp. 308-314, September 1989. formers with impulse method, Journal of Electrical
[4] De Leon, Francisco, and Adam Semlyen, Efficient Engineering and Technology, vol 7, no. 6, pp. 876-
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[6] Shrikrishna V. Kulkarni, and S. A. Khaparde, degree from the Usman Institute of
Transformer engineering: design and practice: CRC technology, Hamdard University, Paki-
Press, 2004. stan in 2013. Currently he is doing
[7] Malcolm. Waters, The Short-circuit Strength of Power M.Sc. degree in electrical engineering
Transformers:[With Illustrations.]. Macdonald, 1966. from the University of Kocaeli, Turkey.
[8] L Rabins, Transformer reactance calculations with His current research interests involve
digital computers, Transactions of the American modeling and simulation of the
Institute of Electrical Engineers, Part I: Communi- electrical machines, power quality, transformers and electric
cation and Electronics, vol. 75, no. 3, pp. 261-267, vehicles.
1956.
[9] Peter P. Silvester and Ronald L. Ferrari, Finite
elements for electrical engineers: Cambridge Uni- Bora Alboyaci He received the B.Sc.
versity Press, New York, 1990. degree in electrical engineering from
[10] Shima, Kazuo, Kazumasa Ide, and Miyoshi Takahashi, the Technical University of Yildiz,
Finite-element calculation of leakage inductances Istanbul, in 1995 and the M.Sc. and
of a saturated salient-pole synchronous machine Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering
with damper circuits, IEEE Transactions on Energy from the University of Kocaeli, Kocaeli,
Conversion, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 463-470, (2002). Turkey, in 1998 and 2001, respectively.
[11] Branislaw Tomczuk, Analysis of 3-D Magnetic Since 2011, he has been Assoc.
Fields in High Leakage Reactance Transformers, Professor at the University of Kocaeli. From 2007 to 2009,
http://www.jeet.or.kr 1927
A New method for the Calculation of Leakage Reactance in Power Transformers
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the Technical University of Yildiz,
Istanbul in 2009 and the M.Sc. degree
from Istanbul Technical University in
2012. He is currently Ph.D. candidate
and working as R&D director in in
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Sonmez Transformer Company. His
areas of interest include transformers and reactors design,
modelling and simulation and thermal modelling.
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