Uso de Biomasa para Generacin de Calor

Combustin Directa

Combustible de Biomasa: Corn cobs

Calor de Combustin: 18.8 MJ/kg
Disponiblidad diaria: 200 kg/da
Eficiencia del Horno: 80.0%
Calor generado: 3,008.0 MJ/da

Generacin de Vapor en Caldera

Combustible de Biomasa: Aceite de maiz

Calor de Combustin: 37.8 MJ/kg
Densidad: 915 kg/m3
Disponiblidad diaria: 250 l/da
Eficiencia Caldera: 80.0% (combustible/vapor) Subregion 1 (subcooled liquid)
Presin de trabajo: 760 kPa T (K) p (N/m^2)
Temperatura de Entrada: 20 C 293.15 760000
Temperatura de Vapor: 200 C Subregion 2 (superheater steam)
Entalpa de entrada: 84.6 kJ/kg T (K) p (N/m^2)
Entalpa de salida: 2,840.8 kJ/kg 473.15 760000
Calor requerido: 2,756.3 kJ/kg
Calor disponible de Biomasa: 6,917.4 MJ/da
Vapor Generado: 2,509.7 kgvapor/da
1 (subcooled liquid)
v (m^3/kg) h (J/kg) s(J/kg K) c1 s1 e1 q b Y Z
0.0010013 84573.2024 296.136443 0.3158687 2.733714 1.2061141 0.4528812 0.034358 0.7647787 1.7358197
2 (superheater steam)
v (m^3/kg) h (J/kg) s(J/kg K) c2 s2 e2 q b X bi(q)
0.27521007 2840842.28 6842.29499 86.817055 63.163039 40.513777 0.7309594 0.034358 1.2279765 1.0857966
Y'
0.0590653

bi*(q) s21 s22 s231 s232 s24 zB1 zB2

-5.935403 63.756696 -0.593632 3.365E-05 3.6E-08 -1.203E-15 -5.655838 -1.51E-09
Uso de Biomasa para Generacin de Electricidad

Generadores que utilizan biogs

Microturbina Motor-Generador
Capstone Capstone IR Elliot IR I-Power
CR30 CR65 MT70 TA100 MT270 ENI 65
Potencia (kW) 30 65 70 100 250 65
Heat Rate LHV (kJ/kWh) 12872 11606 12418 13035 12007 12856
Fuel Flow LHV (kJ/h) 386150 754365 869261 1303522 3001634 835640
LHV Biogs (kJ/m3) 18469 18469 18469 18469 18469 18469
Flujo de Biogs (m3/h) 20.9 40.8 47.1 70.6 162.5 45.2
Eficiencia Elctrica (%) 28.0 31.0 29.0 27.6 30.0 28.0
Recuperacin de Calor (kW) 0.0 74.0 100.0 172.0 352.0 135.0
Precio (usd) $39,000 $71,420
Con Recuperacion de Calor $85,000 $100,000 $180,000 $300,000 $64,000
Precio (usd/W) $1.30 $1.10 $1.43 $1.80 $1.20 $0.98

Consumo de Energa Energa Demanda

kWh kWmax
Ene 11,623 41.9
Feb 9,513 35.0
Mar 7,484 39.1 Datos consumo 4 aulas en Universidad Don Bosco
Abr 4,903 37.0
May 10,019 27.8
Jun 9,339 15.8
Jul 10,036 28.1
Ago 8,941 47.7
Sep 10,569 54.4
Oct 10,431 56.1
Nov 8,703 42.0
Dic 7,992 36.2
Anual 109,553 56.06

De acuerdo a la Demanda Mxima Anual, se requiere una capacidad de al menos: 56 kW

Horas de uso del Equipo diaria

Capstone Capstone Capstone Ingersoll-R. Capstone
1 CR30 2 CR30 1 CR65 1 MT70 1CR30,1CR65
30 kW 60 kW 65 kW 70 kW 95 kW
m /h:
3
20.9 41.8 40.8 47.1 61.8
Biogs Biogs
m3/mes m3/da horas/da horas/da horas/da horas/da horas/da
Ene 22500 726 24.0 17.4 17.8 15.4 11.8
 Feb 22500 804 24.0 19.2 19.7 17.1 13.0
Mar 22500 726 24.0 17.4 17.8 15.4 11.8
Abr 22500 750 24.0 17.9 18.4 15.9 12.1
May 22500 726 24.0 17.4 17.8 15.4 11.8
Jun 22500 750 24.0 17.9 18.4 15.9 12.1
Jul 22500 726 24.0 17.4 17.8 15.4 11.8
Ago 22500 726 24.0 17.4 17.8 15.4 11.8
Sep 22500 750 24.0 17.9 18.4 15.9 12.1
Oct 22500 726 24.0 17.4 17.8 15.4 11.8
Nov 22500 750 24.0 17.9 18.4 15.9 12.1
Dic 22500 726 24.0 17.4 17.8 15.4 11.8
Promedio 22500 740 24.0 17.7 18.1 15.7 12.0

acceso a 75 toneladas mensuales de basura municipal por 300 m3 de biogas por tonelada
https://blogs.iadb.org/agua/2014/05/16/sabes-cuanta-basura-generas-en-un-dia/
rsidad Don Bosco

Elliott Ingersoll-R. I-Power 30 60 65 70

1 TA100 1 MT270 ENI 65 Energa faltante por da (kWh/da)
100 kW 250 kW 65 kW Capstone Capstone Capstone Ingersoll-R.
70.6 162.5 45.2 1 CR30 2 CR30 1 CR65 1 MT70
Energa 30 kW 60 kW 65 kW 70 kW
horas/da horas/da horas/da kWh/da kWh/da kWh/da kWh/da kWh/da
10.3 4.5 16.0 Ene 11,623 10,903 10,582 10,468 10,544
 11.4 4.9 17.8 Feb 9,513 8,793 8,360 8,234 8,318
10.3 4.5 16.0 Mar 7,484 6,764 6,443 6,329 6,405
10.6 4.6 16.6 Abr 4,903 4,183 3,827 3,709 3,787
10.3 4.5 16.0 May 10,019 9,299 8,978 8,864 8,940
10.6 4.6 16.6 Jun 9,339 8,619 8,263 8,145 8,224
10.3 4.5 16.0 Jul 10,036 9,316 8,995 8,881 8,957
10.3 4.5 16.0 Ago 8,941 8,221 7,900 7,786 7,862
10.6 4.6 16.6 Sep 10,569 9,849 9,493 9,375 9,454
10.3 4.5 16.0 Oct 10,431 9,711 9,390 9,276 9,352
10.6 4.6 16.6 Nov 8,703 7,983 7,627 7,509 7,588
10.3 4.5 16.0 Dic 7,992 7,272 6,951 6,837 6,913
10.5 4.6 16.4

de biogas por tonelada

ras-en-un-dia/
 95 100 250 65

Capstone Elliott Ingersoll-R. I-Power

1CR30,1CR65 1 TA100 1 MT270 ENI 65
95 kW 100 kW 250 kW 65 kW
kWh/da kWh/da kWh/da kWh/da
10,506 10,595 10,507 10,580
8,277 8,374 8,277 8,359
6,367 6,456 6,368 6,441
3,749 3,840 3,749 3,826
8,902 8,991 8,903 8,976
8,185 8,276 8,185 8,262
8,919 9,008 8,920 8,993
7,824 7,913 7,825 7,898
9,415 9,506 9,415 9,492
9,314 9,403 9,315 9,388
7,549 7,640 7,549 7,626
6,875 6,964 6,876 6,949
Caractersticas de la Basura Municipal:
Composicin:
C 37.42% % en peso 37.42%
H 5.14% % en peso 5.14%
O 29.91% % en peso 29.91%
N 1.19% % en peso 1.19%
S 0.13% % en peso 0.13%
Cl 0.66% % en peso 0.66%
Ceniza 25.56% % en peso 25.56%
Humedad 24.10% % en peso
124.10% % en peso 100.00%

Valor calorfico (HHV): 15.48 MJ/kg

3,697 kcal/kg
6,655 Btu/lb

Valor calorfico (LHV): 15.48 MJ/kg

3,697 kcal/kg
6,655 Btu/lb
Biogs
Densidad Calor de Combustin
kg/m3 MJ/m3 MJ/kg
Biogs 1.095 22.3554 20.4237

Biogs de
Frmula Relleno Digestor
Composicin del Biogs Qumica Sanitario Anaerbico
Metano (% vol) CH4 40 - 60 55 - 70
Dixido de Carbono (% vol) CO2 20 - 40 30 - 45
Nitrgeno (% vol) N2 2 - 20 0-2
Oxgeno (% vol) O2 <1 <1
Hidrocarburos pesados (% vol) CnH2n+2 <1 0
cido sulfdirco (ppm) H2S 20 - 200 100 - 500
Amoniaco (ppm) NH3 0 80 - 100
Compuestos orgnicos voltiles (% vol) 0.25 - 0.50 0

Produccin de Biogs

Ganado Ganado
Unidades Aves Puercos Vientres Engorda Lechero
Peso Promedio Kgw 1.9 59 589.7 399.3 567.3
Generacion de Biogas m /Kgw-da
3
0.0041 0.00195 0.0027 0.00189 0.00252
m /da
3
0.0078 0.1151 1.5922 0.7547 1.4296

Calor
Combustin
MJ/kg
Catle 15.73
Hogs and pigs 16.99
Sheep and lambs 17.82
Chickens 13.53
Commercial broilers 13.53
Turkeys 13.49

Granjas Porccolas
Slidos Slidos
Peso Cantidad Estancia Manure Totales Voltiles Biogs Biogs
Etapa kg/etapa No. Anim. das/etapa kg PB/da kg/da kg/da kg/da m3/da
Gestacin 180 0 114 0 0 0 0 0
Maternidad 4 0 21 0 0 0 0 0
Pre-Destete 9 0 28 0 0 0 0 0
Destete 20 0 28 0 0 0 0 0
Engorda 80 18,000 133 91,296 9,038 7,746 5,089 4,649
TOTAL 18,000 91,296 9,038 7,746 5,089 4,649
Caractersticas del Gas Sinttico:
Composicin:
C 37.42% % en peso 37.42%
H 5.14% % en peso 5.14%
O 29.91% % en peso 29.91%
N 1.19% % en peso 1.19%
Cl 0.13% % en peso 0.66%
S 0.66% % en peso 0.13%
Ceniza 25.56% % en peso 25.56%
Humedad 24.10% % en peso 24.10%
124.10% % en peso
Valor calorfico (HHV): 15.53 MJ/kg 15.48 MJ/kg
3,710 kcal/kg
6,678 Btu/lb

C + O2 ---> CO2 (exotrmica)

C + H2O ---> CO + H2 (endotrmica)
C + 2H2 ---> CH4 (exotrmica)
C + CO2 ---> 2CO (endotrmica)
CO + H2O ---> CO2 + H2 (exotrmica)
CnHm + nH2O ---> nCO + (n + 1/2 m) H2 (endotrmica)
CH4 + H2O ---> CO + 3H2 (endotrmica)
Produccin de Biocombustibles

Bio-
Combustible l/ha
Maize etanol 172
Soybean biodiesel 446
Rapeseed biodiesel 1,190
Jatropha sp. biodiesel 1,892
Oil palm biodiesel 5,950
Algae/cyanobacteria biodiesel 59,000
Calor de Combustin de Biomasa
LHV HHV HHV Densidad
(MJ/kg) (MJ/kg) (MJ/Nm ) (kg/m3)
3

Petroleum 42.7
Hardwood (Poplar) 19.5
Softwood (Pine) 19.6
Grass (Switchgrass) 17.1
Crop Residue (Corn Stover) 16
Almond shells/Pranus dulcis 19.8
Almond hulls/Pranus dulcis 20
Beech wood/Fagus orientalis 19.6
Hazelnut shells/Corylus avellena 19.5
Oak wood/Quersus predunculata 19.8
Oak bark/Quersus predunculata 22
Olive pits/Olea europaea 22
Olive husk/Olea europaea 21.8
Pistachio shells/Pistocia vera 19.9
Rice straw/Oryza sativa 18.7
Spruce wood/Picea orientalis 20.5
Switchgrass/Panicum virgatum 19.9
Wheat straw/Triticum aestivum 19.3
No. 2 diesel fuel 43.4 815
Sunflower oil 39.5 918
Cottonseed oil 39.6 912
Soybean oil 39.6 914
Corn oil 37.8 915
Opium poppy oil 38.9 921
Rapeseed oil 37.6 914
Cottonseed 39.4
Poppyseed 39.6
Rapeseed 39.7
Safflower seed 39.5
Sunflower seed 39.6
Sesame seed 39.4
Linseed 39.3
Wheat grain 39.3
Corn marrow 39.6
Castor 37.4
Soybean 39.6
Bay laurel leaf 39.3
Peanut kernel 39.5
Hazelnut kernel 39.8
Walnut kernel 39.6
Almond kernel 39.8
Olive kernel 39.7
Fisher-Tropsch Diesel 47.1 783.6
Hydrogen 12.8
Methane 39.9
Ethane 70.4
Propane 101.7
Butane 132.4
Carbon monoxide 12.7
Trees
Oak 19.2
Bamboo 19.23
Birch 20.3
Beech 20.7
Oak bark 20.36
Pine 21.03
Fiber
Bagasse 19.25
Buckwheat hulls 19.63
Coconut shells 20.21
Green algae
Chlorella 26.98
Seed oils
Linseed 39.5
Rape 39.77
Cottonseed 39.77
Amorphous carbon 33.8
Paraffinic hydrocarbon 43.3
Crude oil 48.2
Orchard prunings 13.64
Secondary wood 15.45
Almond shells 17.78
Cotton stalks 12.76
Bark 10.5 - 12.1
General wood wastes 10.5 - 15.1
Sawdust, shavings, and sanderdust 10.5 - 17.6
Bagasse 8.4 - 15.1
Peat 9.2 - 11.7
Coffee grounds 11.3 - 15.1
Nut hulls 17.2 - 18.8
Rice hulls 12.1 - 15.1
Corn cobs 18.4 - 19.2
 Calor de Combustin
Peso Densidad MJ/m3
No. Substancia Frmula Molecular (kg/m3) HHV LHV
1 Carbn C 12.01
2 Hidrgeno H2 2.02 0.0853 12.1261 10.2461
3 Oxgeno O2 32.00 1.3553
4 Nitrgeno (atm) N2 28.01 1.1916
5 Monxido de Carbno CO 28.02 1.1860 11.9921 11.9921
6 Dixido de Carbno CO2 44.01 1.8739
Series Parafnas
7 Metano CH4 16.04 0.6801 37.7700 34.0049
8 Etano C2H6 30.07 1.2861 66.7791 61.0803
9 Propano C3H8 44.09 1.9149 96.5171 88.8025
10 n-Butano C4H10 58.12 2.5342 125.6763 115.9916
11 Isobutano C4H10 58.12 2.5342 125.3815 115.6969
12 n-Pentano C5H12 72.15 3.0500 149.6533 138.3876
13 Isopentano C5H12 72.15 3.0500 149.3128 138.0471
14 Neopentano C5H12 72.15 3.0500 148.8233 137.5576
15 n-Hexano C6H14 86.17 3.6422 177.6200 164.4802
Series Olefnas
16 Etileno C2H4 28.05 1.1888 59.8246 56.0614
17 Propileno C3H6 42.08 1.7784 87.0687 81.4387
18 n-Buteno C4H8 56.10 2.3710 115.0088 107.5030
19 Isobuteno C4H8 56.10 2.3710 114.3636 106.8577
20 n-Penteno C5H10 70.13 2.9664 142.9643 133.5736
Series Aromticas
21 Benzeno C6H6 78.11 3.3014 139.6369 134.0081
22 Tolueno C7H8 92.13 3.8946 167.5977 160.0879
23 Xyleno C8H10 106.16 4.4907 194.8082 185.5117
Gases Miscelneos
24 Acetileno C2H2 26.04 1.1167 55.8522 53.9482
25 Naftaleno C10H8 128.16 5.4208 218.1702 210.6680
26 Alcohol Metlico CH3OH 32.04 1.3552 32.3353 28.5779
27 Alcohol Etlico C2H5OH 46.07 1.9485 59.6480 54.0100
28 Amonia NH3 17.03 0.7310 16.4362 13.5764
29 Azufre S 32.06
30 Sulfuro de Hidrgeno H2S 34.08 1.4590 24.0848 22.1844
31 Dixido de Sulfuro SO2 64.06 2.7762
32 Vapor de Agua H2O 18.02 0.7622
33 Aire 1.2262
Otros
34 Petrleo crudo 865 38489
35 Gasolina 720 34859
36 Querosina 790 37627
37 Turbosina 790 37627
38 Diesel 840 38529
39 Combustleo 970 41868
40 Gas Natural Seco 0.7526 38.5630
41 Gas Lquido Propano 550 25503

Densidad Calor de Combustin

Combustible kg/m3 MJ/m3 MJ/kg
Hidrgeno 0.0853 10.2461 120.0754
Metano 0.6801 34.0049 55.5334
Carbn Mineral 1400 29308 20.9340
Petrleo crudo 865 38489 44.4964
Gasolina 720 34859 48.4159
Querosina 790 37627 47.6287
Turbosina 790 37627 47.6287
Diesel 840 38529 45.8681
Combustleo 970 41868 43.1629
Lquido Propano - lquido (Veran 531 26424 49.7625
Lquido Propano - lquido (Invier 515 25772 50.0424
Lquido Propano - gas (Verano) 1.952 97.13 49.7625
Lquido Propano - gas (Invierno) 1.893 94.73 50.0424
Gas Natural Seco 0.7526 38.1532 50.6976
Biogs 1.0946 22.3554 20.4237
Calor de Combustin
MJ/kg
HHV LHV
32.7804 32.7804
142.1073 120.0754

10.1111 10.1111

55.5334 49.9975
51.9234 47.4924
50.4022 46.3736
49.5928 45.7711
49.4765 45.6548
49.0671 45.3734
48.9554 45.2617
48.7949 45.1012
48.7670 45.1594

50.3255 47.1598
48.9578 45.7921
48.5065 45.3408
48.2344 45.0687
48.1948 45.0291

42.2961 40.5911
43.0334 41.1052
43.3800 41.3099

50.0138 48.3088
40.2469 38.8629
23.8602 21.0876
30.6126 27.7190
22.4855 18.5732
9.2575 9.2575
16.5077 15.2051

44.4964
48.4159
47.6287
47.6287
45.8681
43.1629
51.2422
46.3683
Derived Functions

Subregion 1 (subcooled liquid)

T (K) p (N/m^2) v (m^3/kg) h (J/kg) s(J/kg K) c1 s1 e1 q b
473.15 20000000 0.00113869 860427.563 2302.95885 0.3592084 21.259224 12.270717 0.7309594 0.9041591

Saturation Line (subcooled side)

Ts(K) ps(N/m^2) vf(m^3/kg) hf(J/kg) sf(J/kg K) c1 s1 e1 q b
473.15 1554880 0.0011565 852370.963 2330.65984 0.3648254 21.514939 12.15582 0.7309594 0.070293

Subregion 2 (superheater steam)

T (K) p (N/m^2) v (m^3/kg) h (J/kg) s(J/kg K) c2 s2 e2 q b
623.15 10000000 0.02242089 2925765.83 5948.87215 7.0728351 54.915616 41.724888 0.9626912 0.4520796

Saturation Line (superheater side)

Ts(K) ps(N/m^2) vg(m^3/kg) hg(J/kg) sg(J/kg K) c2 s2 e2 q b
473.15 1554880 0.12716005 2790939.63 6427.76425 40.11358 59.336396 39.802107 0.7309594 0.070293

Liquid-Vapor (moisture)
Ts(K) ps(N/m^2) vf(m^3/kg) hf(J/kg) sf(J/kg K) c1 s1 e1 q b
473.15 1554880 0.0011565 852370.963 2330.65984 0.3648254 21.514939 12.15582 0.7309594 0.070293

Saturation Pressure, f(Ts)

Ts(K) ps(N/m^2) q bk(q)
473.15 1554880 0.730959 0.070293

Specific Isobaric Heat Capacity, f(T), Subregin 1

T (K) p (N/m^2) cp(J/g K) f1 q b Y Z Y' Y''
473.15 1.01E+05 4.50521877 41.588869 0.7309594 0.0045796 0.5456208 1.1821466 -1.204766 -1.964015

Altitude = 0 m snmm Patm = 101325 N/m^2 0.101325 MPa

1.01325 bar
1 atm
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Y Z Y'
0.5456208 1.248962 -1.204766

Y Z Y' bk(q)
0.5456208 1.187263 -1.204766 0.070293

X bi(q) bi*(q) s21 s22 s231 s232 s24 zB1 zB2

1.0288885 0.7475192 3.0158436 57.812325 -2.78872 0.138623 0.003046 0.00015166 -11.14177 -0.000122

X bi(q) bi*(q) s21 s22 s231 s232 s24 zB1 zB2

1.2279765 1.0857966 -5.935403 60.707008 -1.369814 0.0010427 2.698E-06 -3.161E-12 -3.570388 -1.11E-07

Y Z Y' bk(q) vg(m^3/kg) hg(J/kg) sg(J/kg K) c2 s2 e2

0.5456208 1.187263 -1.204766 0.070293 0.12716005 2790939.63 6427.76425 40.11358 59.336396 39.802107

Z' Z'' f2 f3 f4 f5 f6 f7
-3.0963726 -6.5590033 -9336.6171 9281.8907 -2.108507 0.0002095 -7.37E-06 -0.061562
bk(q)
0.070293

X bi(q) bi*(q) s21 s22 s231 s232 s24 zB1 zB2

1.2279765 1.0857966 -5.935403 60.707008 -1.369814 0.0010427 2.698E-06 -3.161E-12 -3.570388 -1.11E-07
Value of the Constants
Numerical Values of the Primary Constants
Subregion 1 Subregion 2 Subregions 3 and 4 Subregion 4
A0 = ### B0 = ### C00 = ### D30 = ###
A1 = ### B01 = ### C01 = ### D31 = ###
A2 = ### B02 = ### C02 = ### D32 = ###
A3 = ### B03 = ### C03 = ### D33 = ###
A4 = ### B04 = ### C04 = ### D34 = ###
A5 = ### B05 = ### C05 = ### D40 = ###
A6 = ### B11 = ### C06 = ### D41 = ###
A7 = ### B12 = ### C07 = ### D42 = ###
A8 = ### B21 = ### C08 = ### D43 = ###
A9 = ### B22 = ### C09 = ### D44 = ###
A10 = ### B23 = ### C010 = ### D50 = ###
A11 = ### B31 = ### C011 = ### D51 = ###
A12 = ### B32 = ### C012 = ### D52 = ###
A13 = ### B41 = ### C11 = ###
A14 = ### B42 = ### C12 = ###
A15 = ### B51 = ### C13 = ###
A16 = ### B52 = ### C14 = ###
A17 = ### B53 = ### C15 = ###
A18 = ### B61 = ### C16 = ###
A19 = ### B62 = ### C17 = ###
A20 = ### B71 = ### C21 = ###
A21 = ### B72 = ### C22 = ###
A22 = ### B81 = ### C23 = ###
a1 = ### B82 = ### C24 = ###
a2 = ### B90 = ### C25 = ###
a3 = ### B91 = ### C26 = ###
a4 = ### B92 = ### C27 = ###
a5 = ### B93 = ### C28 = ###
a6 = ### B94 = ### C31 = ###
a7 = ### B95 = ### C32 = ###
a8 = ### B96 = ### C33 = ###
a9 = ### b= ### C34 = ###
a10 = ### b61 = ### C35 = ###
a11 = ### b71 = ### C36 = ###
a12 = ### b81 = ### C37 = ###
b82 = ### C38 = ###
C39 = ###
C310 = ###
C40 = ###
C41 = ###
C50 = ###
C60 = ###
C61 = ###
 C62 = ###
C63 = ###
C64 = ###
C70 = ###
C71 = ###
C72 = ###
C73 = ###
C74 = ###
C75 = ###
C76 = ###
C77 = ###
C78 = ###

Derived Constants
Numerical Values of Derived Constants
a0 = 0 Tc1 = 647.3 K
a1 = 0 pc1 = 22120000 N/m^2
b2 = ### vc1 = 0.00317 m^3/kg
qt = ### pc1vc1 = 70120.4 J/kg
q1 = ### pc1vc1/Tc1 ### J/kg K
q2 = ### L0 = ###
q3 = ### L1 = ###
i1 = ### L2 = ###
b1 = ###
bt= ###
 z
Saturation Line Boundary between Subregions 2 a m N(m) n=1 n=2 n=3
k1 = ### L = ### 1 2 13 3
k2 = ### 2 3 18 2 1
k3 = ### 3 2 18 10
k4 = ### 4 2 25 14
k5 = ### 5 3 32 28 24
k6 = ### 6 2 12 11
k7 = ### 7 2 24 18
k8 = ### 8 2 24 14
k9 = ###
 x
J(m) l=1 l=2 m
1
2
3
4
5
1 14 6
1 19 7
2 54 27 8