Accepted Manuscript

An Experimental Investigation on Heat Transfer Capability of Mg (OH)2/

MWCNT-Engine Oil Hybrid Nano-Lubricant Adopted as an Automotive Cool-
ant and Lubricant

Amin Asadi, Meisam Asadi, Alireza Rezaniakolaei, Lasse Aistrup Rosendahl,

Somchai Wongwises

PII: S1359-4311(17)32023-9
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2017.10.074
Reference: ATE 11272

To appear in: Applied Thermal Engineering

Received Date: 26 March 2017

Revised Date: 6 October 2017
Accepted Date: 9 October 2017

Please cite this article as: A. Asadi, M. Asadi, A. Rezaniakolaei, L. Aistrup Rosendahl, S. Wongwises, An
Experimental Investigation on Heat Transfer Capability of Mg (OH)2/MWCNT-Engine Oil Hybrid Nano-Lubricant
Adopted as an Automotive Coolant and Lubricant, Applied Thermal Engineering (2017), doi: https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2017.10.074

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 1

An Experimental Investigation on Heat Transfer Capability of Mg

(OH)2/MWCNT-Engine Oil Hybrid Nano-Lubricant Adopted as an
Automotive Coolant and Lubricant
Authors affiliation:

Amin Asadi (Corresponding author), Email: Ams@et.aau.dk, Aminasadi64@gmail.com

Department of energy technology, Aalborg University, Pontoppidanstraede 111, DK-9220

Aalborg, Denmark
Tel: +45-93562275
Meisam Asadi (Corresponding author), E-mail: Meisamasadi91@gmail.com

Young researchers and Elite Club, Semnan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Semnan, Iran

P. O. Box: 35196-97951
Tel: ++98-23-33654040
Alireza Rezaniakolaei; E-mail: Alr@et.aau.dk
Department of energy technology, Aalborg University, Pontoppidanstraede 111, DK-9220
Aalborg, Denmark
Lasse Aistrup Rosendahl: E-mail: Lar@et.aau.dk
Department of energy technology, Aalborg University, Pontoppidanstraede 111, DK-9220
Aalborg, Denmark
Somchai Wongwises, Email: somchai.won@kmutt.ac.th

Fluid Mechanics, Thermal Engineering and Multiphase Flow Research Lab. (FUTURE),
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkuts University of
Technology Thonburi, Bangmod, Bangkok, Thailand

Abstract
The major objective of the present study is to investigate the heat transfer capability of Mg
(OH)2/MWCNT- engine oil hybrid nano-lubricant. First, the effects of temperature and Solid
volume fraction on the dynamic viscosity and thermal conductivity of Mg (OH)2/MWCNT-
engine oil hybrid nano-lubricant have been experimentally investigated. The experiments have
been conducted in various temperatures (25 C, 30 C, 35 C, 40 C, 45 C, 50 C, 55 C, and 60
C ) and solid concentrations (0.25 %, 0.5 %, 0.75 %, 1 %, 1.5 %, and 2 %). Based on the
 2

measurements, it is found that the studied nano-lubricant showed Newtonian behavior in all the
studied temperatures and solid concentrations. Furthermore, the experimental results indicated
that the dynamic viscosity of the nano-lubricant increases with an increase in solid concentration
while it decreases with an increase in temperature. The thermal conductivity of the nanofluid
showed increasing trend as the solid concentration and temperature increased. The minimum and
maximum enhancement were about 13 % and 50 %, respectively. Based on experimental data,
two new trustworthy correlation to predict the dynamic viscosity and thermal conductivity of the
nano-lubricant has been proposed. Finally, the heat transfer capability of the nanofluid has been
investigated in both the internal laminar and turbulent flow regimes and it is found that the
studied nanofluid can be advantageous in heat transfer applications.

Keywords: Heat transfer capability, Thermal conductivity, Dynamic viscosity, Solid

concentration, Temperature, New correlations

1. Introduction
Nanofluids, for the first time, have been introduced by Choi [1] as a suspension of nano-sized
particles into conventional fluids such as water, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, oil, and so
forth. Since their thermal performance is much higher than those conventional fluids, their
applications have been widely developed in recent decade [2-15]. A comprehensive review on
heat transfer, viscosity, and applications of nanofluid has been published by Azami et al. [16],
Bashirnezhad et al. [17], and Devendiran et al. [18], respectively.

It is proofed that the viscosity of working fluids has direct effect on Reynolds and Prandtl
numbers, which are two key parameters in heat transfer. Despite the importance of viscosity, it
was rarely the focus of the most published research papers and most of researchers just focused
on thermal conductivity and convective heat transfer coefficient. However, there are some
published research which investigated the viscosity of nanofluids and the affecting parameters
[19-31]. In recent years, a new innovative class of nanofluids, hybrid nanofluids, have been
introduced which are containing metallic/metal-oxide [32-36], and metal-oxide/carbon nanotubes
[37-40] particles.

One of the widely used working fluid in lubrication and coolant applications is engine oil. The
main responsibilities of engine oils would be decreasing the friction between moving parts,
 3

cooling the moving parts, preventing corrosion, and sealing and cleaning the engines [41].
Furthermore, thermal conductivity and viscosity of engine oils are two key parameters in
applications of them. In this regards, there are limited number of papers investigating the
rheological behavior of oil base nanofluids. Hemmat et al. [42] studied the dynamic viscosity of
MWCNT/SiO2 (20-80)-SAE40 hybrid nanofluid in different solid concentrations and
temperatures. Their results showed that the studied nanofluid exhibits Newtonian behavior over
the solid volume fractions up to 1 % while for higher solid volume fraction (1.5 % and 2 %) the
nanofluid showed non-Newtonian behavior. Aberomand et al. [43] conducted an experimental
study on dynamic viscosity and thermal conductivity of Silver-engine oil in different temperature
and solid concentration. Based on experimental data, they proposed a new correlation to predict
the dynamic viscosity of the nanofluid. In another experimental study, Asadi and Asadi [19]
investigated the effect of temperature and solid volume fraction on dynamic viscosity of
MWCNT/ZnO-engine oil nano-lubricant. They indicated that the nano-lubricant exhibits
Newtonian behavior over the studied range of temperatures (5 C to 50 C) and solid
concentrations (0.125 % to 1 %). They also proposed a new correlation to predict the dynamic
viscosity of the nano-lubricant. The dynamic viscosity of MWCNT/SiO2-engine oil in various
temperatures and solid concentrations has been experimentally studied by Afrand et al. [41].
They found that the nanofluid exhibits Newtonian behavior over the studied range of
concentrations and temperatures. Furthermore, based on experimental measurement, they
proposed a new correlation to predict the dynamic viscosity of the nanofluid. Ettefaghi et al. [44]
studied the thermal conductivity of the MWCNT-oil in a limited range of solid concentration and
at the temperature of 20 C. Their results indicated that the thermal conductivity of the nanofluid
increases as the solid concentration increased. They reported 20 % enhancement in thermal
conductivity of the nanofluid. In another experimental investigation, which is recently published,
Asadi et al. [45] studied the rheological behavior of MWCNT/MgO-SAE50 hybrid nano-
lubricant. They studied the effect of temperature and solid volume fraction on dynamic viscosity
of the nano-lubricant and found that the dynamic viscosity increased by increasing the solid
volume fraction in all the temperatures. They have also proposed a new correlation to predict the
dynamic viscosity of the nano-lubricant in the studied range of solid concentrations and
temperatures. The thermal conductivity and dynamic viscosity of the Cu-engine oil nanofluid has
been experimentally investigated by Aberomand and Jafarimoghaddam [46]. They conducted the
 4

experiments in different range of temperatures and solid concentrations and reported that the
thermal conductivity of the nanofluid enhanced by 31 % as the solid concentration and
temperature increased.

From what has been discussed, it is revealed that there is a limited number of investigations on
the rheological properties of oil-based nanofluids. Furthermore, to the best of the authors
knowledge, no comprehensive study has been performed on the heat transfer capability and
thermophysical properties of Mg (OH)2/MWCNT-engine oil hybrid nano-lubricant thus far.
Thus, in the present study, the effect of temperature and solid volume fraction on the dynamic
viscosity and thermal conductivity of Mg (OH)2/MWCNT-engine oil hybrid nano-lubricant has
been empirically investigated. The experiments have been performed in different range of
temperatures (form 25 C to 60 C) and solid volume fractions (form 0.25 % to 2 %).
Furthermore, two new correlations, based on empirical measurements, to predict the dynamic
viscosity and thermal conductivity of the studied nano-lubricant in terms of temperature and
solid volume fraction has been proposed. Finally, the heat transfer capability of the nanofluid in
both the internal turbulent and laminar flow regimes has been investigated for heat transfer
applications in automotive industry.

2. Materials and methods:

2.1.Sample preparation:
In this study, applying two-step method, the samples of Mg (OH)2/MWCNT-engine oil (four
seasonal oil, Total quartz 9000 SN 5W50) hybrid nano-lubricant have been prepared in six
different solid concentrations (0.25 %, 0.5 %, 0.75 %, 1 %, 1.5 %, and 2 %) without using any
surfactant. The Mg (OH)2 (mean diameter 10 nm) and MWCNT nanoparticles (mean diameter
30 nm) have been used by the ratio of 85 % and 15 %, respectively. In order to produce a
uniform and long-time stable (at least 14 days) nanofluid, a magnetic stirrer has been used for 2
hours. Then, the nanofluids have been inserted into an ultrasonic processor (20 kHz, 1200 W) for
1 h. The ultrasonic processor has been widely used by researchers [47-52] and it is proofed that it
helps to break down the agglomeration of nanoparticles and paves the way to make a suspension
with excellent dispersion. Figure 1 shows the TEM image of Mg (OH)2 and MWCNT
nanoparticles.

2.2.Zeta potential analysis:

 5

The stability of nanofluids directly affected by the quality of nanoparticles dispersion in the base
fluid. One of the commonly used method by researchers is visual observation method which is
not precise. On the other hand, this method cannot be practical for the nanofluids which has dark
color (i.e. oil-based nanofluid). Zeta potential is one of the most reliable methods to investigate
the stability of nanofluids. This method has been widely used by researchers in the literature [46,
53-56]. Many researchers have discussed that the samples with the absolute Zeta potential value
less than 30 mV can be considered as unacceptable stability, the values between 30 mV and 45
mV own moderately acceptable stability, and the values higher than 45 mV exhibits excellent
stability [46, 48]. The absolute Zeta potential values of the prepared samples in different solid
concentrations has been clearly presented in Fig. 2. Based on this figure, it is crystal clear that
the prepared samples exhibit excellent stability even after two weeks.

2.3.Dynamic viscosity measurement:

Measuring the dynamic viscosity of the nanofluid in different temperatures (ranging from 25 C
to 60 C) and solid concentrations (ranging from 0.25 % to 2 %), a Brookfield cone and plate
viscometer (CAP2000+), which is supplied by Brookfield engineering laboratories of the US,
has been employed. In this study, the CPE-40 spindle and 2.4 cm 0.8 cone has been used. At the
beginning of each set of measurements, the viscometer has been calibrated using the base fluid
(engine oil 5W50) at the ambient temperature. More detailed information of the viscometer has
been presented in Tab. 1. It must be noted that, in the present investigation, based on
experimental data, the term relative viscosity has been defined as the ratio of dynamic
viscosity of the studied nano-lubricant (nf) to dynamic viscosity of the base fluid (bf).

2.4.Thermal conductivity measurement:

A KD2 Pro thermal property analyzer (Decagon Devices Inc., USA) has been employed to
measure the thermal conductivity of the studied nanofluid. This device has been widely used by
researchers in thermal conductivity measurement [57-60]. The device works based on transient
hot wire method. It must be noted that at the onset of each set of experiments, the device has
been calibrated by the glycerin supplied by the manufacturer. Moreover, the accuracy of the
device has been tested through measuring the thermal conductivity of water and comparing the
results with the data available in ASHRAE handbook [61] (Fig. 3). As can be seen in Fig. 3, the
 6

maximum difference between the measured data and those of ASHRAE handbook is less than
0.9 %. This is the way most of the researchers has been employed in the literature to prove the
accuracy of the experimental measurements [25, 62-64]. Furthermore, in order to set the
temperature of the samples uniformly, a hot water bath temperature has been employed. Fig. 4
shows a schematic view of the thermal conductivity set up. Based on the device user manual, in
order to minimize the errors resulted from the free convection, the probe (needle) of the device
must be kept vertically into the fluid during the measurements. In order to investigate the
repeatability of the measurements, each set of measurements have been repeated three times and
the mean values have been recorded. It must be noted that the interval between each
measurement was 15 minutes. Tab. 2 presents the detailed information of the KD2 Pro device.

3. Results and discussion:

3.1.Dynamic viscosity
3.1.1. Newtonian Behavior of nanofluid:

There are many debates on rheological behavior of nanofluids by researchers whether they are
Newtonian or Non-Newtonian fluids. For instance, while Kabelac and Kuhnke [65] reported that
the viscosity of Al2O3 nanofluid shows a trend directly depend on shear rate, Prasher et al. [66]
indicated that the viscosity of such a nanofluid is independent from shear rate. On the other
hand, the Prandtl and Reynolds number are affected by the dynamic viscosity of the nanofluid,
which have certain effect on heat and mass transfer and pumping power. In the present study, the
dynamic viscosity of the nanofluids has been measured at different rotational speeds (shear
rates). The dynamic viscosity of the nanofluid with respect to rotational speed in different
temperatures and at the solid concentration of 0.25 % has been shown in Fig. 5. It can be seen
that the variation of dynamic viscosity of the nanofluid over the studied range of rotational
speeds is negligible. Thus, it can be concluded that the studied nanofluid exhibits Newtonian
behavior. This behavior is similar in all the studied solid concentrations and temperatures.

3.1.2. Comparison between experimental data and theoretical models:

There are many theoretical models, proposed by different researchers, to predict the dynamic
viscosity of suspensions containing nanoparticles. In this study, two commonly used models
(Wang et al. [67] and Batchelor [68]) have been selected to predict the dynamic viscosity of the
 7

studied nano-lubricant. The Wang et al. and Batchelor model are presented in equation 1 and 2,
respectively.

nf (1 7.3 123 2 )bf (1)

nf (1 2.5 6.2 2 )bf (2)

Where nf represents the dynamic viscosity of nanofluid, bf is dynamic viscosity of base fluid,

and is the solid volume fraction of nanoparticle. Fig. 6 shows the comparison between
experimental data and predicted values by the theoretical models. As can be seen, neither of the
models are able to predict the dynamic viscosity of the studied nanofluid within the acceptable
range of accuracy.

3.1.3. Effect of temperature and solid concentration:

The variations of dynamic viscosity of Mg (OH)2/MWCNT-engine oil hybrid nano-lubricant
versus solid concentration in different temperatures have been displayed in Fig. 7A. As can be
seen, the dynamic viscosity of the studied nano-lubricant increased as the solid volume fraction
increased in all the temperatures, which is in accordance with the previously published studies
[41, 69-71]. This increase is more noticeable in lower temperatures ( 40 C) compared to those
higher. It is shown that adding nanoparticles to the base fluid enhanced the viscosity of the base
fluid which is resulted from the interactions between oil molecules and nanoparticles. Increasing
the solid concentration of the particles in a constant value of a fluid would increase the
possibility of arising agglomeration which is resulted from the Van der Waals forces among the
particles. These agglomerations would prevent the movement of base fluids layers on each other
and it leads to increase the viscosity of the fluid [41]. Fig. 7B shows that the relative dynamic
viscosity of the nano-lubricant increased as the temperature increased in all the studied solid
concentrations. It is interesting to note that the minimum and maximum enhancement in the
dynamic viscosity was well under 5 % and 50 %, respectively, which occurred at the temperature
of 25 C and 60 C and solid concentrations of 0.25 % and 2 %, respectively.

Fig. 8 shows the variation of the dynamic viscosity with respect to temperature in different solid
concentrations. As it can be clearly seen, the dynamic viscosity decreased as the temperature
 8

increased. The main cause of this decrease in dynamic viscosity would be the weak interaction
between the molecules which is resulted from the increase of temperature [41].

3.1.4. Proposed Correlation:

As it is proofed that the theoretical models are not able to predict the dynamic viscosity of the
studied nano-lubricant in thorough precise manner (section 3.1.2.), the lack of having a
correlation, which can be easily used in various applications, to predict the dynamic viscosity of
this nano-lubricant is felt. In this study, based on the experimental data, a new correlation in
terms of Solid volume fraction () and temperature (T) has been proposed as follows:

nf
1604 256.8 24.73 3 1.615 T 2 0.07343 T 2 83.2 T 7.389 T
bf (3
0.01123 T 3 74.19 2 )

This correlation is able to predict the dynamic viscosity of the studied nano-lubricant in the
studied rang of temperatures and solid concentrations. In order to proof the accuracy of the
proposed correlation, the deviation analysis has been performed using the equation 4.

nf nf
Dev Exp . Pr ed .
100(%)
nf Exp.
(4)


Figure 9 shows the margin of deviation with respect to solid volume fraction in different
temperatures. As it can be seen, the maximum deviation of the correlation is approximately 6.5
%.

3.2.Thermal conductivity:
3.2.1. Effect of temperature and solid concentration:
The trend of thermal conductivity of the studied nanofluid versus temperatures in all the studied
solid concentrations has been presented in Fig. 10. As can be seen, the thermal conductivity of
the nanofluid increase as the solid concentration increased. This increasing trend has been similar
in all the studied temperatures. However, the based fluid (oil) showed different trend; the thermal
conductivity decreased as the temperature increased, which is in accordance with the previously
published papers [46, 54].
 9

Fig. 11 shows the relative thermal conductivity of the studied nanofluid with respect to
temperature and solid concentration. It can be clearly seen that the relative thermal conductivity
increases as the temperature and solid concentration increased, which is in accordance with the
previously published literature [46, 54, 72, 73]. This increase could be due to the fact that
increasing the temperature leads to increase the random collisions among the particles and also it
increases the Brownian motion. It is also interesting to note that the minimum and maximum
enhancement in thermal conductivity of the nanofluid is well under 13 % and 50 % which took
place at the temperature of 25 C and 60 C and solid concentrations of 0.25 % and 2 %,
respectively.

Since the motor oils main responsibility is to cooling down the different moving parts of engine,
it can be recommended to use this nanofluid at the temperature of 60 C and solid concentration
of 2 % in cooling applications since it showed the highest thermal conductivity enhancement.

3.2.2. Proposed correlation:

Many theoretical models to predict the thermal conductivity behavior of various nanofluids have
been thus far proposed by researchers in the literature [74-81], but it has been proofed that none
of these theoretical models are able to predict the thermal conductivity of all nanofluids [2, 26,
82, 83]. Thus, in the present study, an attempt has been made to propose a new accurate
correlation to predict the thermal conductivity of the studied nanofluid in terms of temperature
and solid concentration. The proposed correlation is as follows:

knf 0.159 (0.003)T (1.1112) (5)

Fig. 12 proofs the accuracy of the proposed correlation. The maximum deviation of the
proposed correlation is well under 2 %, which shows the precision of the correlation in the
studied range of temperatures and solid concentrations.

3.3.Heat transfer performance:

The dynamic viscosity and thermal conductivity behavior of the nanofluid has been carefully
investigated in the previous sections. On the other hand, the most important objective of the
present study is to evaluate the heat transfer performance of the nanofluid. The possible
advantage of using this nanofluid instead of the pure oil in the heat transfer applications can be
 10

investigated in both the internal laminar and turbulent flow regimes. For the internal laminar
flow regime, it can be calculated using the enhancement ratio of viscosity to that of thermal
conductivity which is suggested by Prasher et al. [66]:

C ( nf bf ) / bf
(6)
Ck (knf kbf ) / kbf

They indicated that for the ratio less than 4 (C/Ck4), the nanofluid could be considered as a
beneficial fluid in heat transfer applications. The evaluation of heat transfer performance of the
studied nanofluid has been presented in Fig. 13. It can be seen that in all the temperatures and
solid concentrations, the ratio is less than 4. Thus it can be concluded that using this nanofluid
could bring certain advantages in heat transfer applications compare to that of the base fluid.

The advantage of using this nanofluid instead of the base fluid in internal turbulent flow regime
can be investigated based on the Mouromtseff number [84] as follows:

0.8 k 0.67 c0.33

Mo p
(7)
0.47

Where , , cp, and k represent density, dynamic viscosity, specific heat capacity and thermal
conductivity, respectively. For the ratio of Mo number higher than 1, the nanofluid considered as
advantageous fluid in heat transfer applications. Therefore, higher Mo number indicates better
heat transfer capability of the fluid. In order to estimate the density of a hybrid nanofluid, based
on the law of mixture, Takabi and Salehi [85] proposed a correlation as follows:

nf (1 P ) bf p,11 p,2 2 (8)

They also proposed a correlation to estimate the specific heat capacity of hybrid nanofluids as
follows [85]:

(1 ) nf cbf p ,11c p ,1 p ,2 2c p ,2
cnf (9)
nf
Fig. 14 shows the evaluation of heat transfer capability of the nanofluid in internal turbulent flow
regime. As can be seen, the ratio of the Mo number in all the studied solid concentrations and
temperatures is higher than 1 which shows the capability of the studied nanofluid in heat transfer
applications as a coolant fluid.
 11

4. Conclusion:
In the present study, the heat transfer capability of Mg (OH)2/MWCNT- engine oil hybrid nano-
lubricant has been experimentally investigated in different range of temperatures and solid
concentrations. Furthermore, the effect of temperature and solid concentration on dynamic
viscosity and thermal conductivity of the nano-lubricant has been studied. The experiments
carried out in the temperatures ranging from 25 C to 60 C and solid concentrations ranging
from 0.25 % to 2 %. Based on the experimental measurements, the followings can be concluded:

The studied nano-lubricant showed Newtonian behavior in all the studied solid
concentrations and temperatures.
The dynamic viscosity of the nano-lubricant increased with an increase in the solid
volume fraction of nanoparticles while it showed decreasing trend as the temperature
increased. The maximum enhancement took place at the Solid volume fraction of 2
% and temperature of 60 C by less than 50 %.
The thermal conductivity of the nanofluid showed increasing trend as the solid
concentration and temperature increased. The minimum and maximum enhancement
was about 13 % and 50 % at the first and last solid concentrations and temperatures,
respectively.
Based on the experimental measurements, two new trustworthy correlation to predict
the dynamic viscosity and thermal conductivity of the nano-lubricant, with the
maximum deviation of 6.5 % and 2 %, respectively, have been proposed.
Based on the dynamic viscosity and thermal conductivity behavior of the nanofluid,
the heat transfer capability of the nanofluid in cooling applications in automotive
industry has been evaluated in both the internal laminar and turbulent flow regimes.
The results showed that using this nanofluid would be advantageous in cooling
applications in automotive industry compared to the base fluid, pure oil.

Acknowledgement

The fifth author acknowledges the support provided by the "Research Chair Grant" National
Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), the Thailand Research Fund (TRF),
and King Mongkuts University of Technology Thonburi through the KMUTT 55 th Anniversary
Commemorative Fund.
 12

Nomenclature Subscripts
K: Thermal conductivity bf: Base fluid
Cp: Specific heat capacity nf: Nanofluid
Mo: Mouromtseff number p: Particle
: nanoparticles volume fraction
Greeks
: Density
: Shear stress
: Shear strain
: Dynamic viscosity

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 14

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 16

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 18

Figures:

A B
Fig. 1 TEM image of (A) Mg (OH)2, and (B) MWCNT nanoparticles.

60
Absolute Zeta potential (mV)

58

56

54

52

50

48
0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.5 2
Solid concentration (%)

After preparation 1st week 2nd week

Fig. 2 Absolute Zeta potential values of the prepared samples

 19

Fig. 3 Comparison between the thermal conductivity of water measured by KD2 Pro instrument
and those of ASHRAE handbook [61]

Fig. 4 Schematic view of thermal conductivity set up

 20

Fig. 5 Dynamic viscosity versus shear rate at Solid volume fraction of 0.25 %.

Fig. 6 Comparison between experimental data and theoretical model.

 21

Fig. 7 Relative dynamic viscosity versus (A) Solid volume fraction in different temperatures (B)
temperature in different solid concentrations.
 22

Fig. 8 Variations of dynamic viscosity of the MWCNT/Mg (OH)2-engine oil hybrid nano-
lubricant versus temperature in different solid concentrations.

Fig. 9 Margin of deviation of the proposed correlation

 23

Fig. 10 Thermal conductivity versus temperatures in different solid concentrations

 24

Fig. 11 Relative thermal conductivity with respect to solid concentration and

temperature

Fig. 12 Margin of deviation of the proposed correlation for thermal conductivity

 25

Fig. 13 Evaluation of heat transfer performance of Mg(OH)2-MWCNT-motor oil hybrid

nanofluid in laminar flow regime

Fig. 14 Evaluation of heat transfer performance of Mg(OH)2-MWCNT-motoroil hybrid

nanofluid in laminar flow regime Turbulent
 26

Tables:

Table 1 Key information of Brookfield cone and plate viscometer

Range of working Measuring

Accuracy Speed Repeatability Torque range
temperature range
5-1000 797-7, 970
5-75 C 2% 5% 0.3-1028 c.P
RPM dyne.cm

Table 2 Specifications of KD2 Pro thermal analyzer device

Measurement speed 2 min

5 % Thermal
Accuracy
conductivity/Resistivity
3.0 V CR2-type lithium-ion
Power
battery
Operating
Controller: 0 to 50 C
environment
Sensor: -50 to 150 C

Range of measurement 0.1 to 2 W/m. C

Needle length: 60 mm
Sensor Needle diameter: 0.9 mm
Cable length: 72 cm
 27

The nanofluid showed Newtonian behavior in all the temperatures and concentrations
Dynamic viscosity of the nanofluid increased as solid concentration increased
Dynamic viscosity of the nanofluid decreased as temperature increased
Thermal conductivity increased as the solid concentration and temperature increased
Nanofluids Heat transfer capability was investigated in different flow regimes