Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
e. g . C L A S S I T I C A T IO N
R E G I O N A L E X P E R I E N C E , S P T,
D. REVISE ? t c . . .
g. IN SA PRO L ITE S
B. CORRELATIONS
P R E SE N T IN D E X L I N E A R ?
vBI.
T E S T S M I S L E A D I N G S IN G L E - P A R A M E T E R ?
/
OBSE RVATI ON I N T U I T I O N S F R O M
" f u n d a m e n t a l !1
4 of W E L L - BEHAVED JOBS
\ 1* 1 PARAMETERS
PROTOTYPE ^ NOT O B S E R V E D
7
W HEN ? ? F E W C O R R E L A T IO N S
C A S E S A . PRESCRIPTIONS
,B2.
A.I. PRESCRIPTIONS
C O M P U T A T I ONS
3.1
ANALYSIS -
SYNTHESIS
'e .g . IN S IT U ,
C O M P L E M E N T A R Y ,
M O D E L - P R O T O T Y P E
C. DECISION.'
A. 2 P R E S C R I P T I ONS
ACCEPT OR
REJECT AND e VISUALIZATION
F i g . 2
index tests lead to widely erroneous predic dominantly on highly simplified correlations
tions of behavior (de Mello, 1972) . using SPT values. Shallow foundations are
assumed firstly: the implicit correlations
Similarly, in many a design-prescription type are with coefficients of subgrade reaction
A (such as involved in establishing allowable ks , t/m2 per cm of settlement of a 0.8 m
footing pressures based on SPT), or even of diameter plate load test, even though appear
type A2 (such as involved in applying a ing to establish a nominal F value with
factor of safety with regard to load test regard to failure. What are the applicable
failure pressure or load, in establishing the scale relationships? How significantly do
allowable design values) the inexorable correlations and scale relationships vary
recognition arises that design acceptability with meticulous soil classification? No
in step C cannot be conditioned by factors of trouble has been experienced, up to footings
safety on failure, but must be proven with of dimensions of about 50 m2, although
regard to limiting settlement acceptances (de hundreds or thousands of buildings have been
Mello 1969) . Although most salient cases of put up doubtless under such prescriptions
failure (catastrophic) are concerned with a crudely applied.
physical model of real failure, most revi
sions of design to within acceptability are If the presumed settlements are anticipated
imposed on account of settlement and dif to be unacceptable, and the designer resorts
ferential settlement acceptance criteria, of to piles or piers, the principal prescrip
relatively indefinite boundaries. Present tions have been with respect to establishing
serious limitation in our knowledge has to do base or point allowable bearing pressure on
with the many parameters implicit in any the basis of cone penetrometer CPT point
given statistical universe of experience resistance q c , assuming no lateral friction
transcribed in over-simplified prescriptions on the pier: also, with respect to estimating
or correlations that met early requirements lengths to which precast concrete piles will
of first-order approximation. Corresponding penetrate in order to permit (with F =1.5) an
ly the principal "failures" (purposely used allowable load equivalent to that permitted
in inverted commas to signify a technical by the allowable concrete compressive stress.
K.O., an unacceptable performance) occur when The interference of lateral friction may be
one (a) fails to recognize the statistical incorporated in the rule-of-thumb suggestion
dispersion implicit (hopefully to be explic- for piles, but in piers the routine should
ited) in any correlation or prescription, take its toll because of the absurdity,
and (b) principally when one transfers principally because full friction develops at
satisfactory practices from one region or about 5 to 10 mm of settlement irrespective
type of structure to another, without appro of diameter of pier and base. But is not the
priate adjustments. principal variation, presently left to quali
tative intuitions, that of so-called EXECU
In the light of such reasoning, it appears TION EFFECTS?
worthwhile exemplifying with some of the
shamefully unsophisticated routine correla Finally, with regard to establishing damage
tions and prescriptions that were established criteria, it is my fear that the "start" of
in Sao Paulo around 1945-55 and are in very tensile cracking is, and will always be,
wide use, apparently with no overt complaint, elusive, not only because of great variations
except when an entirely different condition, of multiple intervening factors, but princi
of statistical universe, is at stake. Even pally because it is always much more dif
an improvement in a sampling, testing, or ficult to determine a certain "starting con
computing method may introduce temporary dition" (e.g. of initial stresses, etc.) than
trouble until the adjustment coefficients to determine the rate change of crack width
within the closed cycle of EXPERIENCE are with change of differential settlement.
reset. But one need not despairingly await Tension cracking is obviously much conditioned
for new cases for proving a new procedural by the weakest link concept of statistics of
cycle, since if we are honest with ourselves, extremes. And incidentally hairline cracks
case-histories may be reanalyzed as if under are negligible and may be classed as accept
Lambe1s (1973) type A prediction. And the able or even desirable, ... like the advan
only excuse for such a presentation is to tage of having measles as a child. There
draw on other such, from within the files of upon, the principal concern need not be that
routine case-histories of design organiza of predicting or attempting to record the
tions . onset of hairline cracking, but the quantifi
cation of crack propagation. A useful
Most of the correlations and prescriptions expedient may be to introduce weakened sec
very simply summarized in Fig. 3 are of common tions in wall panels to be used as fuse-plugs
knowledge. What is the experience with their for early indication for start of monitoring
use? For instance, Terzaghi and Peck's on rates of changes. It is suspected that
allowable a values referred to SPT would be some existing criteria may suffer significant
type A prescriptions. A typical A.I. prescrip revision if we extrapolate backwards curves
tion is such as would limit the allowable of rates of change of cracks vs. differential
bearing pressure on footings to the pc value settlements.
(preconsolidation pressure).
Dr. Burland has very well summarized these
The principal point is to summarize a routine points and our principal deficiencies, and
procedure of design decision (preliminary) it is my hope that we may draw on the vast
based on simple prescriptions relying pre
cellar of statistical experience from un-
E XAMPLES
1- CORRELATIONS
2-PRESCRIPTION A
BJ-0-) FDR VERY ROUGH SETTLEMENT ESTIMATE, SEDIMENTS (SO PAULO, ROUTINE CONCRETE BUILDINGS, etc )
Cc =0,009 ( Wl - 10 % ) * p % 2.1- Ist STEP FOOTING HYPOTHESIS
c/pc 50,115 + 0 ,0 0 3 43 P I - ?% OF ECONOMIC INTEREST IF (fall ^1,6
A
nd
/.from c s f ( S P T ) can get pc ond OCR 2 1.1- fa ll ~qf/F ASSUMING F 73 MAINTAINS SMALL -f and A f
\
b-)FOR VERY ROUGH INDICATIONS ON STRENGTH e.g. EMPIRICAL SPT or VsPT - I ^ (Tall kg/cm1 SPT
5 3
CLAYS f =0 s c SS SPT/8 ? kg/cm2
2.1.2- ESTIMATE SETTLEMENTS
also S P T ~ 4 ,3 + 3,6 c + 1,8 z ? Z in m
(Sao Poulo, c f . Mello 1971 ) a) from kt. SCALE relationthipt ?
B.3-ANY IN USE P
Fig. 3
published routines. that there are substantial differences in the
soil profile on a scale of a few millimeters,
REFERENCES which accounts for the erratic distribution
of the preconsolidation pressure, Refer-
de Mello 1969, Vllth ISSMFE Conf., Mexico ring back to Fig. 1, it is clear that using
the average and dispersion of pc in a layer
de Mello 1971, IVth PANAM Conf., Puerto Rico several meters thick is not appropriate
because each value of pc is associated with a
de Mello 1972, Illrd Southeast Asian Conf., different value of the overburden pressure
Hong Kong (pQ ) and the net increase in pressure (Ap).
In principle, a statistical analysis is pos
de Mello 1977, Rankine Lecture, Geotechnique, sible but the scale of layer thicknesses must
Sept. 1977. often be far thinner than is customary in a
conventional statistical approach.
Chairman Kantey
Chairman Kantey
Panelist: J. Trofimenkov
--- tV/SA--
k y !i V>K<
$0,10.16
^ <r* T r^0iC^f
Kl K>
Lime
columns
i s s w ^
^ jf ii y } tt+ ^ /V i
Soft clay
% KrtisiStf
15
Depth,m
-8 0
-9 0
-*100
( kN)
600 -
500 S Q 2000
<
400 O
300 1000
200
I 00
0
100
-200 0 1.0 2.0 30
M EAN S E T T L E M E N T ( in.)
0 0.5 1.0
M EAN S E T T L E M E N T (in .) PILE S-2, D = 23 ft, B = 7.5 ft
PILE S1, D=23 ft (belled out)
3000
TOTAL
2 50 0
2000
1500-
z
o
<
o 1000
100
0 = 16"
Fig. 4 M eas u r e d dist rib uti ons of skin resistance in clay (after
Am eri can Railway En gin e e r i n g Association, 1951)
6 4 H - p i l e s B P 14 6 4 H - p i l e s B P 14
o f l50tons 150 tons
. min. N = 6 0
d is in t e g r a t e d r o c h ove N = 74
V-IIO__
276m
MSL<
XX
XX
100m
XX 118 rr\
i X
67 m
,1
( S)
( a) ( b)
M a x im u m d i f f e r e n t i a l
s e t t l e m e n t o f s h e l l (c m )
S (m m )
20 40 60 80 100
_<lu
' K i (F s l) M a x im u m s e t t l e m e n t o f s h e l l (c m )
Se
Fig. 14 Oil storage tanks on cohesive
F s1
(l) soil, MIZUSIMA
(2)
Chairman Kantey
SEVEN BUILDINGS
DRAMM5A1, M O R M Y
Chairman Kantey
Panelist Broms
K. Preiss (Israel)
Fig. 3 REFERENCES
The authors p res ent a typical case of a pile One of the above three approaches will d e t e r
having a ultimat e bear ing capacity Q u = Q l end mine the m a x i m u m allowable load. If this is
+ Q u shaft = 145 + 20 = 165 tons and being less than the curren tly applied load in the
subjected to a drag load Pn = 65 tons. Based local area, mea sur es to reduce the drag may
on these values, the authors calculate an have to be introduced, for instance, b itumen
allowable pile load, P a , usi ng a safety coating of the pile to reduce the drag. The
factor of 1.7 on Q u and 1.1 on P n as follows: three approaches can then again be used to
dete rmi ne the length of pile to coat to reach
- 1.1 P an economic optimum.
^end + ^shaft
REFEREN CE
Chairman Kantey
^
I
Torstensson, B - A . , 1975. "Pore pre ssu re s ou n d
ing instrument". P r o c . Spec. Conf. on in situ
ir
---- f/ : I ! M ea sur e m e n t s of Soil Properties. ASCE /
Raleigh, N.C./Ju ne 1-4.
Chairman Kantey
S . Thorburn (U.K.)
OINIQ j i f i m i a i m I j i j i a i s i o i n i o J I F I MI A I MI J I J IAIS
1975 1976 1977 Mr. Chairman, it m a y save time if we project
the first slide whi le I m ake a very brief
Fig. 3 Re sul t of loading test at Porto introduction. Dr. B urland me nt i o n e d the im
Tolle, Italy. Geodrains, 3 m spacing. portance of regional studies, and it m a y be
The settle men t curve shows that the of interest to the memb ers here to k no w that
drains, in spite of the det eri ora tio n structural engine ers in the United Ki ngd om
of the filter paper, are fully effective are studying the interface pr ob l e m wh i c h e x
after 2 years, cf Hansbo, 1977 ists between the structural e ngi nee r and the
geotec hni cal engineer. The p rob l e m m a y be
Fig. 4 shows the result of the loading test defi ned as the diffe ren ce betw een the p r e
at Sk-Edeby. C o mpa ris ons of m eas u r e d and dict ed or design p erformance and the actual
theoretical settlement curves show that in performance.
this case the G eod rai ns are fully effective
Could I have the first slide, please. In
N
order to resolve this problem, long-te rm
studies are being made of the p erf ormances A 7.5mm.
I Omm.
of buildings founded on well known geological
deposits. One such study involves the p e r
formances of bu ildings founded on the al l u
vi u m of the River Clyde, and this slide
indicates the general geolo gic al sequence
whi ch con sists of laminated silty clay, silt
and un ifo rm fine sand. The static cone re
sistances are also shown on this slide.
I 15mm.
20mm.
LAMINATED
SILTY CLAY
WITH CLAYEY- LAMINATED
SILT AND SILTY CLAY
SILT PARTINGS WITH CLAYEY-
SILT AND
SILT PARTINGS
11.00- LAMINATED -
12.00 SILTY CLAY
13.00 WITH LAYERS-
=5 14.00 OF CLAYEY MAGNET
O 15.00 3.
SILT AND SILY -
CC 16 .0 0 - LAMINATED
O GREY SILT WITH LAMINATED
17.00-
SILTY CLAY
OCCASIONAL-
o 18.00
THIN LAYERS
WITH LAYERS
19.00 OF CLAYEY-
20.00 OF SILTY CLAY SILT AND
SILT
CO 21.00-
L 22.00
2 3 .0 0 -
2 4 .0 0 -
2 5 .0 0 - Slide 4
2 6 .0 0 -
X 2 7 .0 0 -
soil makes the gr eat est c o n tr ibu tio n to the
h- UNIFORM
2 8 .0 0 -
FINE SAND
se ttlement of structures, and B.R.E. ma gne t
CL 2 9 .0 0 -
Ld ex t e nso met ers were installed in boreholes
O 3 0 .0 0 -
31.00-
bene ath fiv e-storey buildin gs founded on re
32.00- inforced concrete slab foundations. You will
33.00 ob serve from the me asu r e m e n t s that the depth
34.00-
35.00
of soil whi c h con tributes to the settlement
36.00 is about one and a half times the wid t h of
MUDSTONE
37.00 the structure.
Slide 1 Thank you very much, Mr. Chairman.
tioned yet, except in private discussion, is
that it seems to me there is a vast overempha
Thank you, Sam. I now have an extremely dif sis on redeposited soils, the soft clays, and
ficult task. I don't know how it is possible I think this is possibly because they are
to summarize in a few minutes the very wide easy to work with, that there is a bit more
range of subjects that have been covered, not homogeneity in them than in the residual soils
only in the State of the Art Report but in which cover at least 90 to 95 percent of the
the panel discussion and the comments that practicing engineer's work. And I think if
we've had from the floor. these two messages come out of the two ses
sions that we've had today, we will have
To me, two overriding messages have come achieved the objects of this panel, and cer
through, certainly up to this point in this tainly our State of the Art Report.
conference. The one is the vital need to get
back to practice, as emphasized so very well It reminds me to thank you all for your pa
by Victor de Mello, and to get away from this tience and endurance, and to thank in particu
drive for ever-increasing theory, and more lar the panel for the contribution they have
theory, and refinements of theory. made and to declare this session closed.
u a t io n o f t h a t lo w e r l i m i t is o b ta in e d th ro u g h th e T h is d is c u s s io n d e a ls w it h th e e v a lu a t io n o f th e Ska-
kn o w le dg e o f th e maximum i n d i v id u a l b lo c k s iz e , w h ich Edeby t e s t r e s u lt s w it h r e s p e c t to th e band shaped
is s u p p lie d by o u r c o m p u te r m o d e l. The s tr e n g th v a r i a d r a in s (Hansbo and T o rs te n s s o n , S e s s io n 2 ) . The men
b ility wi- t h in th e ro c k -m a ss is th e re fo re a v a ila b le , tio n e d a u th o r s assume th e G e o d ra in to have an e q u iv a
lent sand drain diameter of 5 cm, and using this valent sand drain diameter to use for the Geodrain.
value they evaluate that the drains mobilize a c - If the Ska-Edeby results would be evaluated with
8 2
value of 1.2 x 10 m /s. In comparison, the results this value, the results would be a smaller c,-value
n
from the area with the 18 cm sand drains, placed at than presented by the authors and probably quite
the same spacing, are evaluated to mobilize a c - close to that of the sand drain result.
-8 2
value of 0.9 x 10 m /s.
Determining the equivalent sand drain diameter, as
The Geodrains in Ska-Edeby were installed with very based on the free surfaces, provides a means of
crude equipment, far inferior to the modern flat low theoretically comparing different types of equal
disturbance mandrels. Therefore, it is surprising width band shaped drains with each other, which
that they should have shown such good effects in means is lacking when using the approach of total
comparison with the sand drains, as indicated by the surfaces.
higher c -value,
h
REFERENCE
The evaluated c,-value depends very much on the
h Windisch, S.J. and Soulie, J., 1970:
mentioned assumed value of the equivalent drain dia
"Technique for study of granular materials"
meter. The authors mention that the equivalent dia
Proc. ASCE, Vol. 96, SM4, pp. 1113-1126.
meter corresponds to the diameter of a sand drain
with the same circumference area. However, the
2 E. H o r v a t ( N e t h e r l a n d s ) and
Geodrain gross area of 20 cm /cm corresponds to a
C. van der Veen ( N e therlands)
circumference of cylinder with a diameter of 6.4 cm,
not 5 cm stated by the authors. Still, this mathe
Answer on the Discussions Concerning
the Contribution "Negative Skin
matically adjusted value is not the correct equiva Friction and Safety Analysis of
Piles"
lent drain diameter.
Ill. Regarding the expected remarks of The settlement coefficients f.S.M.V in each
"KTTMD' formula
case v/e obtain with STEINBRJNN2R's
Dr. Begeman and Mr. Heijnen (they were
not granted an opportunity of an oral (1934) by superposition of 4 part-areas r
discussion) the following can be stated. with the following formula (for m=oo):
a) In our suggestion the real safety is
not decreased, only the components
determining the safety are < V br
Z ;arctan
re-grouped! S .U .V -1 Z: -cr
b) Our suggestion is based on
observations made on the behaviour
of a large number of buildings and ( c r- a r M + a T
other constructions in Rotterdam and + b Y-Lnl C^+ Q ^ M - a r
Amsterdam, as well as the result of
recalculation of foundations,
taking into account the (observed
and measured!) much larger negative 'cr- b r M + bT
skin friction than that wich was M - b r
Ml
Cr + tV
assumed during the design in the
past.
with
C
c u.v.W
ly= S M-V-y
a I m V k N ].
^ 1 v.V
lo.i
[UN/m 2].
1 V .V + l0 .V + ^ w . V
REFERENCE
Steinbrenner, W. (1934), Tafeln zur Setzungs-
berechnung. Strasse
A fa u l t y c o n s t r u c t i o n c ou l d h a v e a f f e c t e d the re s u l t T h e In te r n a t i o n a l A d m i n i s t r a t i o n and C o n f e r e n c e C e n t e r
of p il e 2. T he s e a l i n g of the a n n u l a r spa c e of this o f the U n i t e d N a t i o n s in Vi e n n a is a tipical e x a m p l e
p i l e w a s l ea k y a nd c o n c r e t e c r e p t into the fr ee space. w h e n e x a m i n i n g the b e a r i n g b e h a v i o u r o f e l e m e n t s of
W i t h the h e l p o f n u m e r o u s small bo r in g s , one b e si de s d e e p fo u n d a t i o n s . T h e t o w er s , w h i c h ha ve the sa me st ar
a n o t h e r , the s p ace w as c l e a n e d again. It is p o s s i b l e l i k e layout, are a r r a n g e d a r o u n d a c e n t r a l l y l o c at ed
t ha t th e r e was still a c o n t a c t b e t w e e n the two s u r c o n f e r e n c e h a l 1.
faces r e s u l t i n g in h ig h s h a f t f r i c t i o n v al ue s of
pi l e 2. T h e r e f o r e the res ul ts of p il e 2 are to be T he subsoil c o n s i s t s o f fill and a s a n d g ra ve l f o r m a
t aken ca u ti o u s l y . As rega r ds p i le 4 the r e s ul t s are t io n n e a r the s u r f a c e and t h e u n d e r l y i n g o f a l t e r n a
to be tak en as c o r r e c t up to a s e t t l e m e n t o f 5 cm, t in g l ayers o f V i e n n e s e tegel (c la y - s i l t ) and m i d d l e
b e y o n d w h i c h a few d i f f i c u l t i e s wi t h the load in g sand. The t h i c k n e s s as well as the p r o p e r t i e s of t h e s e
system were encountered. l ayers varies. (Fig.l)
T h e f o u n d a t i o n s o f t he t ow e rs w e r e p l a n n e d a c c o r d i n g
to the e x p e r t o p i n i o n s o f P r o f e s s o r B o r o w i c k a , Vien na ,
a nd P r o f e s s o r Ve d er , Graz. The f o u n d a t i o n e l e m e n t s are
Fig. 1. Punching Coefficient for Short Piles all approx. 25 m ' d e e p a nd a r r a n g e d a c c o r d i n g to loads.
in Cohesionless Layered Soil Th e loads w e r e d i s t r i b u t e d by m e a ns o f a 3 to 4 m e t e r
t hi c k h e a d plate. T he d e e p f o u n d a t i o n w a s c o n s t r u c t e d g r o u p o f the central c or e and for t ha t o f the s ta i r
u n i f o r m l y and c o n s i s t s o f g ro up s of d i a p h r a g m wall to w er s ( F i g . 3).
p a n e l s ( F ig .2)
In o r d e r to m o r e a c c u r a t e l y d e t e r m i n e the lo ad b e a r i n g
b e n a v i o u r of d i a p h r a g m wall g r ou ps , p r e s s u r e g auges
w e r e b u i l t into several d i a p h r a g m wall e l e m e n t s of the
f o u n d a t i o n s o f T o w e r Al. The g a u g e s w e r e i n s t a l l e d at
t he p a n e l ' s b a s e a n d 2 . 5 m u n de r t he h ea d p late. The
p r e s s u r e ga u g e s are Glotzl type and h y d r a u l i c a l l y
o p e r at ed .
B as e r e s i s t a n c e r os e p r o p o r t i o n a l l y w i t h i n c r e a s i n g
load; its p o r t i o n of load t r a n s f e r e n c e v a r i e d b e t w e e n
30% a nd 35%; thus sk i n f r i c t i o n a m o un ts to 6 5 % to 70%.
Total s e t t l e m e n t of the indivi d ua l f o u n d a t i o n e l e m e n t s
is c l e a r l y b e l o w the a l l o w a b l e li mit v a l u e of 50 mm.
In o n l y o n e i n s t a n c e w e r e a l l o w a b l e d i ff e r e n t i a l
s e t t l e m e n t s m i n i m a l l y e x ce ed e d.