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Table of Contents
Abstract..3
Introduction4
Problem Definition.8
S.M.A.R.T. Objectives...8
Constraints.9
Strategies..10
Keepers 12
Experimentation...14
Conclusion17
References....19
VEGETABLES LOADED WITH TOXIC METALS 3
Abstract
Wastewater irrigation is being practiced extensively in the outskirts of the Lahore city by
urban farmers to grow vegetables. Lack of fresh water availability for irrigation and deep
groundwater levels are found to be the main drive for farmers to use this easily available
cheap but low-quality water. A huge amount of heavy metals is present in this wastewater,
which comes from the untreated disposal of industrial effluents in the citys drainage
network. Wastewater discharge regulations are not implemented strictly, therefore there are
no strong checks for industrial units regarding the quality of water which is discarded into
city drains. On the other hand, there is no regulation to stop the farmers from using this water,
which ultimately causes a big problem of heavy metals transfer to food chain i.e., vegetables.
Heavy metals intake is severely hazardous to human health as it directly affects vital organs
and brain development. Long term heavy metals ingestion through food might also cause
cancer. The DOCS Key approach was used to find a comprehensive solution to the problem.
Firstly, the problem was defined precisely. Three main objectives were articulated
accordingly, including establishing a non-formal venture with leading NGOs to gain a firm
Health ministry for the formulation of new laws for farmers using wastewater for irrigation.
A considerate analysis of constraints led to effective strategy making stage and strategies
were further evaluated for their relevance to objectives at Keepers stage. Fine tuning of
strategies was completed by experimentation using PERT and CPA matrix. In the last phase
of problem-solving process, implementation was executed in virtual space and all three
Introduction
developing countries are still trying to figure out firm grounds to raise massive awareness in
their masses regarding this silent culprit (Hezbullah et al, 2016). Pakistan, the second largest
country in South Asia, is largely prone to contamination due to heavy metals especially in
food, drinking water, and soil (Waseem et all, 2014). Use of industrial wastewater to grow
Lahore is the second largest city in Pakistan with 6.3 million people living in the
metropolitan. Every year the city accommodates a surge of new inhabitants moving from
neighboring small towns and cities in search of better job opportunities and living standard
(Hasan, 2010). This gives rise to the citys ever-growing food requirement and the semi-
urban outskirts of Lahore have been transformed into vegetable farming hubs. These farms
need a constant supply of irrigation water in order to meet high demands from the city.
Pakistan is standing on the verge of water scarcity, and per capita water availability has
declined from 1,299 m3 to 1,003 m3 in a decade (1996 to 2010) and it is further predicted to
decline and reach 700m3 in next fifteen years (Murtaza and Zia, 2012).
Although a vast irrigation system exists in the peripheries of Lahore, however, due to
massive urbanization (which is causing the blockade of tertiary canals) and tedious cut-offs,
farmers find it difficult to receive their share of water for vegetable farms (Qureshi and Syed,
2014). Though most farmers rely on electric tube well pumps to supplement this need, yet
over-exploitation and receding groundwater levels along with frequent power breakdowns
have made this relatively costly for them to use groundwater (Mahmood et al, 2013). In this
sparseness, wastewater drains next to farm boundaries serve farmers as a reliable alternative
VEGETABLES LOADED WITH TOXIC METALS 5
source of irrigation and helps them to keep running their farms by spending less and getting
more water.
There are eight main wastewater drains flow across the metropolitan consisting of a
network of more than 200 km in length. These drains were originally designed for carrying
excess storm water and to dispose of in rivers, however, due to dormant environmental
legislation, industries also started dumping their untreated wastewater in these drains (Hamid
et al 2013). There are mainly six major type of industries operational in Lahore including
leather processing, steel, pharmaceutical, textile, agricultural chemicals, synthetic paint, food
(dairy and poultry), and paper mills (IPD, 2008). Saleemi (1990) reported about 1,121
industrial units established without prior planning in the premises of Lahore. More than 600
steel plants and iron foundries were found as major contributors of Iron (Fe), Lead (Pb), and
Cadmium (Cd) in wastewater drains. Total wastewater produced annually in Lahore is 287
million cubic meter out of which 0.01% is treated before adding to the drainage network
toxic metals including Lead (Pb), Manganese (Mn), Chromium (Cr), Cobalt (Co), Copper
(Cu), Nickel (Ni), Cadmium (Cd), and Zinc (Zn), which are hazardously above the
Figure 1. Heavy metal concentration in wastewater of Lahore City comparison with FAO
irrigation water quality standards; far beyond compliance (Mahmood, Malik 2013).
VEGETABLES LOADED WITH TOXIC METALS 6
Vegetables can easily absorb heavy metals present in soil with their roots and these
metals are amassed in edible portions, which is consumed by humans. Even at low
concentrations, these elements are transported to plant cells by the uptake of water during
transpiration (Yang et al, 2009 & Jolly et al, 2013). Common-use vegetables irrigated with
wastewater in Lahore city, such as tomatoes, cauliflowers, and carrots were found highly
contaminated with Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, Ni, and Cd. The presence of metals in these
vegetables was significantly above the safe limits defined by FAO (Khan et al, 2013). Some
other daily-use vegetables such as okra, bitter gourd, spinach, pumpkin, and eggplant were
also found carrying high concentrations of several heavy metals (Farid et al, 2003).
Turnip and spinach available in vegetable markets of Lahore were analysed by Ronaq
et al. (2005) and they declared these vegetables unfit for consumption due to traces of
noxious metals. Bashir et al (2009) analysed samples of green chili and gourd grown in
wastewater-irrigated soil in the surroundings of Lahore. They found all those samples above
threshold limits of safety, and edible parts of analysed vegetables were contaminated with
heavy metals i.e., Cd, Ni, Cr, and Cu. Akram et al (2014) conducted detailed analyses of
different wastewater irrigation sites in Lahore and found a large uptake of heavy metals in
vegetables. Mint and spinach were found highly contaminated with Fe and Mn, while carrots
were laden with Cu and Zn. Leafy vegetables such as spinach, coriander, and cabbage were
found more prone for deposition of these toxic elements present in irrigation water. Tuber
vegetables such as carrots, turnips, and radishes were also more contaminated in comparison
to fruit vegetables.
These metals tend to accumulate in the body and pose long-term effects. Serious
health hazards have been observed among those people who are frequently ingesting toxic
metals through food or water. Long-term intake of contaminated vegetables could develop
chronic depositions inside kidneys and liver, which could cause an imbalance in vital organs
VEGETABLES LOADED WITH TOXIC METALS 7
functions (WHO, 1992 and Jarup, 2003). Cd causes intestinal complications in the human
body and also impair kidney, liver, nervous system and heart (Cooke and Johnson, 1996)
while Pb has been found adversely inhibiting the neurological systems and causing severe
birth defects and disorders. (Abadin et al., 2007). Pb also dampens the brain development in
children (Ekong et al 2006). Chromium targets the reproductive parts and urinary system and
also causes harm to the cardiovascular system (Costa and Kelin, 2006). Heavy metals such as
Ar, Cd, Cr, Br, and Ni are known for causing mutations in body cells and they are considered
carcinogenic (Goyer et al 2004). Even though Cu and Zn have a beneficial role in human
health, however, these elements could cause serious damage to human health, when the
permissible limits are crossed. For instance, Copper can damage the liver and digestive
system if taken in excess quantity whereas overdose of Zinc can meddle with human immune
the reasons behind this water pollution dilemma in Pakistan (Ziai, K.H. 1999). Moreover,
there is no law as such which talks about the eco-friendly and safe use of wastewater for
agriculture and industries. On the other hand, industries do not get any inducements for
incorporating in-situ wastewater treatment before dumping into the drains (Murtaza and Zia
2012). No law effectually stops farmers from using wastewater for vegetable farming and
neither Environmental Protection Department (EPD) nor municipal authorities consider this
as a problem to be taken care of under their jurisdiction (Malik, 2013). In addition, the Food
Control Authority, Water and Sanitation Authority, Irrigation and Agriculture departments
are also reluctant to tackle this problem since there is a lack of legislative backing for them.
There is also not sufficient awareness in the society regarding this issue, mainly due to food
poverty; people are less inclined to look into the origin of their daily-use vegetables and other
Problem Definition
solving process. Finding out the real problem, which is actually causing the undesirable
situation, is a challenge. Several techniques were used to form a clearly defined problem
outcome, which we will foresee once the problem has been solved. Since the problem of
industrial wastewater use has several components, there are multiple anticipations for this
regulations for the industry, and safe irrigation solutions for farmers needs as well. These
outcomes all together could change the current scenario and one could expect a toxic metals-
free vegetables supply in Lahore. Informal techniques such as Talking it out and Repeat
Why were used to dig deeper and explore all the aspects related to the existing problem. The
exploratory writing method helped to see clusters of small anomalies which accumulate
together to form a big problem. It was comprehended that there is not enough fresh water for
the farmers and the groundwater levels have gone deeper over the time. This leaves farmers
with no options but using industrial wastewater, which is also cheaper in comparison to
pumping from deep-water wells. On the consumer side, lack of awareness and no immediate
health hazards due to metal-laden vegetables was found to be the main reason of why nobody
cares. The refined problem was ultimately articulated as In Lahore City, farmers are
irrigating their vegetable crops with untreated wastewater which is resulting in negative
S.M.A.R.T. Objectives
By following DOCS Key approach, these objectives are specifically made to fix each
fraction of the problem. There is a measurable outcome after the completion of each sub-
objective. All defined tasks are realistic as they should be achievable to make ground for next
VEGETABLES LOADED WITH TOXIC METALS 9
tasks. No objective has been set which does not lie in the spectrum of reality. In addition, all
objectives are time-bound and they all fit tactically in a bigger timeline.
venture and this will be completed in 8 weeks time. The second objective is to approach
EPD to push them for re-implementing dormant laws of safe discharge of wastewater and this
Ministry with the aim of pursuing support for EPD within 4 weeks time window.
Agricultural and Health Ministries will be approached subsequently to push them for the
initiation of new legislation for farmers regarding the use of wastewater for irrigation. This
campaign on local cable TV and social media to raise public awareness is a prerequisite for a
final push in last week and it be continued until the new legislation bill is passed.
necessary support for the new law is the ensuing major objective which has been planned to
Association on board within 3 weeks time, as they would be highly affected by this law and
their concerns are needed to be included in the deliberation process. Consequently, the last
Constraints
allows us to have a deep understanding of certain things, which could slow down the
initiative. 5 Whats and 1 How technique was used to explore the constraints of our problem.
It starts from the possible financial constraints since there is no available funding to run the
campaign and total dependence is upon NGOs to fund the activities. Besides, this problem
VEGETABLES LOADED WITH TOXIC METALS 10
should be solved within a time-period of eight to twelve months and cannot be prolonged for
more than a year. On the other hand, legislation is also a big constraint, since no law exists to
stop farmers from using wastewater and the statutory process is time taking. In addition,
several industrial giants have strong representation in the provincial legislative assembly.
These people could create a lot of hindrances in the course of a new law making.
The lack of fresh water for irrigation and low ground water levels are also potential
constraints in the problem-solving process. Farmers have a due reason to use wastewater for
watering their crops in order to save themselves from going bankrupt. Physical boundaries
can also be seen as a constraint as our approach binds us to focus on Lahore city, though the
same practice of irrigation is being practiced in other big cities as well. There are several
assumptions which are being made to start the initiative, which includes absolute support
Strategies
Once we are done with setting our objectives and understanding the constraints, we
can move ahead towards the fourth element of DOCS KEY, which is making strategies.
Instead of having a pre-set outcome in mind, our guidelines allow us to use exaggeration and
serendipity techniques to develop multiple strategies to achieve our goals. Twenty strategies
were made for each objective, which allowed us to bring all raw ideas on board and to see
how our uninterrupted thinking could help us in solving the environmental problem.
An exclusive strategy could be do nothing and see if the problem gets resolved on its
own. The first practical set of strategies has been formed to contact with NGOs working on
environmental problems in Lahore city. One possible strategy is to ask help from friends to
set up links with NGOs. Getting in touch with NGOs by sending them emails is also a viable
VEGETABLES LOADED WITH TOXIC METALS 11
strategy. Moreover, contacting them by phone, visiting universities to ask professors for help,
and visiting World Wildlife Fund (WWF) office for any possible support are also included in
Next set of strategies has been developed to bridging the gap between EPD and
environmental ministry in order to revive dormant environmental laws. The first possible
strategy is to focus on environmentally concerned people in EPD who could act as a catalyst
to get desirable results. Winning their trust with fine interpersonal skills and by showcasing
dedication towards finding a sustainable solution for the wastewater irrigation problem could
be a next interlinked strategy. A special atmosphere would be created during meetings so the
EPD officials may speak out about their limitations and the dire need of resources.
Environmental Minister by letting him know regarding the possible involvement of some
members of the legislative assembly in this initiative. As a part of the strategy, the minister
disposal laws.
Speaking loudly for the need of new legislation for farmers using wastewater for
irrigation is the drive for the next course of strategies. A proactive approach to educating
Health and Agriculture Ministries regarding the seriousness of the problem and the need for
circulate a memo regarding the permissible limits of heavy metals in vegetables. Health
Ministry would be persuaded to publish data on chronic health issues caused due to the intake
of heavy metals in Lahore city. Media will be used as a key for spreading the word in the city
regarding the adverse effects of toxic metals in vegetables. All possible channels i.e., Cable
Convincing ten PLA members to push agricultural and health ministers to initiate the
new legislation process is also a key strategy to pave the way for our problem-solving
approach. NGOs will be using their links and influence in this regard. Regional Farmers
Association would be contacted with the help of NGOs links in the agriculture sector and
they would be asked to share their concerns regarding the suggested legislation. A seminar on
the need for new legislation would be arranged later. Agriculture and Environmental
Ministers, and PLA members along with president of Regional Farmers Association would
be invited to give their views. A post-seminar press conference would be arranged to put
Keepers
A creative approach has been used in previous sections to develop strategies and to
place them in order as one-step elicits the next stride. Nevertheless, the how-to-guide
emphasizes a systematic approach to analyse the strengths and weaknesses of the strategies.
Apparently, this will be the beginning of a firm decision-making process and in DOCs KEY,
it has been denoted by K, which stands for keepers. Evaluative criteria has been framed to
check how well-harmonised these strategies are with the goals we have set, to solve the
problem. The weighted evaluation method has been used to assess the effectiveness of each
strategy. This is a quantitative approach in which each criterion holds a numeral from one to
ten, which represents its importance. Later, each strategy is appraised to meet listed criteria
and scores are assigned accordingly. These scores are multiplied by the importance and each
category gets an accumulated score, hence all strategies can be compared on a uniform scale.
low implementation cost, less time needed to execute, few personal/ political connections
required for execution, short meetings are required, moderate level of coordination is
required, modest brain storming is involved, small travelling distance, limited data collection,
VEGETABLES LOADED WITH TOXIC METALS 13
and information required, modest level of interpersonal skills required, and modest level of
Several improvements were made to level up the strategies and to do the fine tuning.
Though DOCS KEY approach suggests dropping weak strategies at this point, but in our
case, most of the strategies were interconnected except for the multi-strategy approach to
contact NGOs. However, all of these strategies are placed in a keepers box as they will be
virtually implemented in the test-run stage. Results from the weighted evaluation were
analysed graphically as well. This helped to visualize the performance of several strategies in
one plot and it was easy to pinpoint the weak points and the room for improvement as well.
For instance, the strategy of spreading the word by using local cable TV and social media
makes a low score in cost category since it requires a reasonable amount of money to pay to
TV channels and to those who will be working on the social media front. In addition, cost
category has a high importance of 9 and this strategy will definitely need a recheck to bring it
The strategy of winning the trust of EPD officials demands a high level of
interpersonal and technical skills while the strategy of convincing PLA members for their
support can be managed by modest interactive skill since politicians have different motives
than EPD people. However, to convince PLA members several lengthy meetings are required
while EPD officials can be dealt even in short meetings. Though this kind of challenges
The strategies planned to contact with NGOs also have different scores on weighted
evaluation methods scale. For instance, asking help from friends did not do well in Time and
Personal Connections category while visiting professors to ask help would require a lot of
commuting so this strategy is scoring low in the travel category. Getting in touch with NGOs
by email requires less time and cost, nevertheless, this strategy has a very low likelihood of
VEGETABLES LOADED WITH TOXIC METALS 14
Experimentation
The DOCS KEY approach also suggests using project management tools such as
Program Evaluation Review Technique (PERT) and Critical Path Analysis in order to find
out any pitfalls in our time management and strategic scheduling. It helped us to review our
strategies with respect to tasks coordination and organizing before we move towards
implementation. At the experimentation stage, use of PERT and CPA tools allowed us to
make adjustments in the occurrence order of our plans. We were able to calculate the time
required to execute our strategies in virtual space and the longest paths required for execution
were compared with the shorter ones. Bottlenecks (delay-inducing activities) were
highlighted and a restructuring was done in order to shorten the critical path and where
possible, avoidance was opted. For instance, the first set of strategies to contact with NGOs
working in environment sector showed bottlenecks when calling all friends and screening
friends with reliable connection with NGOs were compared in a CPA matrix. The strategy of
calling all friends was dropped since it will take more time and it was decided only to
At this stage, our environmental problem-solving initiative is just a step away from
implementation. We have all fine-tuned strategies in our hand and at this stage; we can push
them forward for virtual experimentation. Doing nothing will never make a situation better so
this strategy fails during experimentation. There are optional strategies for getting in touch
with NGOs. Looking for some well-connected friends and seeking their help to set up
meetings with NGOs officials seems to be more practical. Contacting them in individual
capacity would not be much helpful as it is less likely to get a response from them in a short
time. Visiting universities seeking help from professors is also very time taking. The WWF
VEGETABLES LOADED WITH TOXIC METALS 15
office might be a good place to find some contacts of NGOs working in the environmental
sector but they cannot influence them to work on a wastewater irrigation problem.
To complete the sub-objectives of our first objective, three large NGOs were
finalized, who were ready to work on wastewater irrigation problem. Consents were
documented and a non-formal cooperation deed was signed to support the venture with
The next strategy is to bridge the gap between the EPD and environmental ministry.
In the experimentation stage, it was realized that finding environmentally concerned people
working in EPD would be tough for us. But after some extensive meetings with the EPDs
provincial office team, the concerned people would obviously show interest in our cause. The
NGOs officials working on this task already know likewise from their experience about
genuinely concerned persons in that office. Next strategy will be to win their trust and this
would be orchestrated by showing our sincerity and high level of determination to solve this
problem. Thinking optimistically, we assume that we have won their trust and they are ready
to tell the real reasons behind all those dormant laws regarding industrial wastewater
disposal. Those issues will be listed down and EPD officials will be assured that their name
will not be mentioned anywhere. With this practice, we now understand that this matter is
way more complicated because there are many influential industrial giants in the city who
keep the EPD from doing their job by pulling strings of politicians sitting in power. In
In the next stage of our experiment, a meeting with Environmental Minister scenario
has been created. The plan will be to convince the minister to help EPD with funds and
human resources to ensure the strict implementation of wastewater disposal law. Since the
minister is a politician and he might be under influence of some industrial groups, he will be
swayed by the claim of huge support from PLA members. In addition, our plans to speak
VEGETABLES LOADED WITH TOXIC METALS 16
loudly on local media will be shared with him. The minister knows these three large NGOs
and he knows that the public has always appreciated their eco-friendly activities, moreover,
he would expect a pressure from his fellow politicians sitting in the PLA as well, apparently
Our next strategy includes a decisive step towards a formulation of a new legislation
for farmers so that they can only use wastewater for irrigation when it meets some certain
quality standards. This includes an extensive coordination in the team to push agriculture and
experimenting with this strategy, it was realized that the role of using electronic and print
media will be inevitable. Though we have planned to approach the health and agriculture
ministry at the first go, it is might possible that they do not consider our environmental
problem-solving initiative seriously. This strategy will be restructured and will be started
with an expansive media campaign. NGOs media cell will be helping us to do all the
advertisement in local newspapers and cable channels. The social media page will be handled
by our team as it needs recent updates and live videos as well. PLA members will be
approached then and will be asked to join us for discussions during local channels prime
time. For politicians, its free publicity and most of them will be lured to come and show how
much they are concerned for the health of citizens of Lahore. The good thing about this
restructured strategy is that maybe we do not even need to convince or explain to them the
whole story of heavy metal transmission from wastewater to vegetables. Thats how we will
be able to remove a bottleneck of long explanations from our activities, which was
After developing a certain public perception and having PLA members on our side,
this will be the time to approach health and agriculture ministry officials. They know what is
happening in the city lately and may be metals-laden vegetables is a topic of hot discussion
VEGETABLES LOADED WITH TOXIC METALS 17
nowadays. By this time, we are not the only ones who are talking about this environmental
problem, other news anchors have also jumped into this and started having a similar
discussion in their talk shows for the sake of higher target rating points (TRPs). The
agriculture ministry will circulate a memo regarding wastewater quality standards for
irrigation and the health ministry will publish data about those patients who fell sick due to
agriculture sector and they will be asked to share their concerns regarding this newly
suggested legislation. An initial repulsion is expected by them nonetheless they would have
to pacify their arguments since its in the media now and they are the one who are doing it
wrong. On the positive side, they will be convinced that it is their chance to highlight their
actual problem of water shortage, so their voice could be heard at a large forum and this will
A big awareness seminar will be arranged and all relevant ministers, including the law
Minister and Urban Farmers Association president, will be invited as chief guests to share
their views. The PLA members will also give talks and our team will keep emphasizing on
the demand of new legislation. A press conference will be arranged after this seminar and
ministers will be asked when they will initiate the process of new legislation making. Hence,
under the pressure of media and such an effective media campaign, ministers will announce
that they will draft the new bill and will present it in legislation assembly. Since we have
several PLA members on our side, there will be less disagreement for the bill at the stage of
voting.
Conclusion
The DOC's KEY approach provided a systematic way to visualize the issue of
wastewater irrigation from an optimistic problem solvers view. Though this problem has
VEGETABLES LOADED WITH TOXIC METALS 18
been successfully solved on just a virtual plane, yet it allowed us to experience the actual
problem-solving process. A deep insight has been gained by analyzing all the possible
strategies, strengths and weaknesses were examined and it helped us to perform pre-
implementation fine tuning. Prior knowledge of the political, social, and administrative setup
of the city proved to be a great asset for the problem-solving team. A holistic and integrated
approach was developed and exercised which allowed all stakeholders to interact with each
other at a public forum. Moreover, societys awareness through media made this a burning
issue which developed enough pressure on politicians, technocrats, and farmers to agree upon
a fair solution. It is hoped that this manuscript could be used as an expedient guideline to
solve the actual problem of the wastewater irrigation in the Lahore city.
VEGETABLES LOADED WITH TOXIC METALS 19
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