IOANA SASU- BOLBA

___________________________________________________

Legal Terms in English - English for Law Students

-Manual de studiu individual pentru studenii de la frecven redus-

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 IOANA SASU-BOLBA

Legal Terms in English

English for Law Students
-Manual de studiu individual-

Vol.1

2016

CUPRINS
MODULUL I

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1.1.INTRODUCERE..................................................................................5
1.2. Obiectivele i competenele unitii de nvare...................................5

Unitatea de nvare 1

1.1.Irregular Verbs; English Tenses (Present, Past, Future)

1.1.2.Present/PastTense,Forms,ExercisesAffirmative,Negative,
Interrogative9

Unitatea de nvare 2
English Tenses

2.1 Present Perfect/ Past Perfect, Forms (Affirmative, Negative Interrogative)

2.1.2.Present Perfect, Exercises
(Affirmative)13
2.1.3.Present Perfect, Exercises (Negative,
Interrogative)19

Unitatea de nvare 3
Grammar

3.1.Modal Verbs, Forms,

Exercises20

Unitatea de nvare 4
Grammar

4.1. Active and Passive Voice, Forms, Use..26

4.1.1.Active Voice, Characteristics...27

Unitatea de nvare 5
Grammar

5.1.EnglishTenses..27
5.2. Passive Voice, Characteristics, Tenses
Active /Passive Voice, Exercises...29

Unitatea de nvare 6
Exercises

6.1 Various Exercises..........................................................................................32

6.1.1. English Tenses: The Conditional .34

Unitatea de nvare 7
Legal Expressions

7.1 Elemente suplimentare:

7.1.2. Some Legal Terms and Juridical Expressions .... 36

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 7.1.3. Various Grammar Exercises ....................................................45

MODULUL 2

Unitatea de nvare 1
English Texts

1.1. From America

1.1.2..A Couple of Crazy Laws .55
1.2. Exercises (Legal Terms) ..57

Unitatea de nvare 2
English Texts

2.1. Three Men in a Boat by Jerome K.Jerome

A Weeks Voyage Round the Coast58
Dialogue: Ordering a Meal ..60
2.2. Exercises (Tenses)..64
The Possessive Genitive67

Unitatea de nvare 3
Legal Terms

3.1 Exercises (Legal Terms) .70

3.2. Law and Order (Expressions) .72

Unitatea de nvare 4
English Texts

4.1. Mistakes We Often Make..73

Unitatea de nvare 5

5.1. An Encounter with Lawyers.75

5.1.2..Exercises 77

Unitatea de nvare 6
Legal Texts

6.1 In Court .80

6.1.2. Exercises .82

Unitatea de nvare 7
Exercises - Revision

7.1. Various Exercises 85

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 INTRODUCERE

Disciplina Limba englez este nscris n planul de nvmnt n cadrul disciplinelor

umaniste. Regimul disciplinei este obligatoriu, studenii alegnd ntre limba francez
i cea englez. Nivelul este unul intermediar.

Suportul de curs prezentat mai jos se adreseaz studentilor din anul I i II FR. El este
menit s le ofere studenilor date eseniale despre ceea ce urmeaz s se discute n
cadrul orelor de limba englez, precum i posibilele subiecte pentru examen.

Materialul didactic inclus acoper perfect cele 14 uniti semestriale din Programa de
nvmnt, doar c, spre deosebire de alte materii, n acest caz selectarea va fi fcut
i n funcie de nivelul cunotinelor fiecrui grup de studeni n parte, dup o testare
prealabil.

Pentru o bun desfurare a procesului de nvmnt studenii trebuie s in seama

de urmtoarele indicaii: conform Programei, n Semestrul I se vor trata problemele
eseniale de gramatic ntotdeauna nsoite de exerciii (aa cum sunt prezentate n
curs). n Semestrul II, accentul cade pe texte interpretare lexical, vocabular juridic,
din nou mpreun cu exerciiile aferente.

Diferena dintre anul I i II este vizibil numai n cazul textelor. Astfel, n anul I se
vor studia textele cuprinse sub titlul Section 2; n anul II, textele din Section 3.

Obiectivele cursului

Cursul i propune aprofundarea cunotinelor de limba englez dobndite n liceu,

precum i dezvoltarea competenelor de comunicare n limba englez, prin nsuirea
structurilor gramaticale i a lexicului de specialitate din domeniul dreptului. Scopul
cursului este, prin urmare, acela de a da posibilitatea studentului s citeasc, s
neleag, s traduc corect i s comenteze textele de specialitate, precum i s
susin o conversaie pe teme profesionale sau generale, s poat scrie un comentariu,
s-i nsueasc elemente de coresponden juridic, s traduc sau s redacteze acte
juridice. Cursul urmrete dobndirea unei autonomii relative a studentului privind
nelegerea oral i scris i accesul la valorile culturii i civilizaiei engleze. Aceste
obiective presupun o selecie a textelor care s acopere, n primul rnd, ramurile
dreptului. Textele alese sunt din domeniul dreptului public i al celui privat, n cea
mai mare parte, iar celelalte se refer la cultura i civilizaia englez. O importan
deosebit este acordat lexicului, insistndu-se asupra mbogirii sale prin
introducerea unor dialoguri ntre studeni pe teme date. Problemele de gramatic
(axate n special pe verb i expresii idiomatice) sunt abordate att din punct de vedere
teoretic, dar mai ales din punct de vedere practic. Sunt revzute cunotinele de baz
i sunt mbogite cu unele noi, necesare mai ales construciilor gramaticale ale

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discursului juridic englez, cu referire special la diferenele existente ntre diverse
sisteme juridice (britanic, american) vis-a-vis de cel romnesc; exerciiile alese sunt
diverse i au un grad de dificultate mediu i avansat. Exerciiile de retroversiune i
de traducere sunt folosite att pentru aprofundarea cunotinelor de gramatic, ct i
pentru nsuirea lexicului. Conversaiile sunt utilizate des, alegndu-se att subiecte
din domeniul dreptului, ct i subiecte de interes general. La sfritul semestrului este
prevzut o recapitulare a cunotinelor de lexic i de gramatic prin exerciii diverse
i un test de verificare a acestora.

Competene conferite

Dup parcurgerea cursului, studentul va dobndi urmtoarele competene

specifice disciplinei:

1. Cunoatere l nelegere (cunoaterea i utilizarea adecvata a noiunilor specifice

disciplinei)

- nsuirea termenilor de specialitate

- nelegerea textelor de specialitate

2. Explicare i interpretare (explicarea i interpretarea unor idei, proiecte, procese,

precum i a coninuturilor teoretice i practice ale disciplinei)

- Comentarea unor texte de specialitate

- Explicarea noiunilor de gramatic

3. Instrumental - aplicative (proiectarea, conducerea i evaluarea activitilor

practice specifice; utilizarea unor metode, tehnici i instrumente de investigare i de
aplicare)

- Tehnici de traducere i retroversiune

- Deprinderea de munc individual (prin traduceri de specialitate)

- Conversaie pe o tem dat

4. Atitudinale (manifestarea unei atitudini pozitive i responsabile fa de domeniul

tiinific/ cultivarea unui mediu tiinific centrat pe valori i relaii democratice/
promovarea unui sistem de valori culturale, morale i civice/ valorificarea optima i
creativa a propriului potenial n activitile tiinifice/ implicarea n dezvoltarea
instituional i in promovarea inovaiilor tiinifice/ angajarea in relaii de
parteneriat
cu alte persoane - instituii cu responsabiliti similare/ participarea la propria
dezvoltare profesional)

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- Atitudine pozitiv i responsabil fa de domeniul juridic

- Promovarea valorilor interculturale

- Deprinderi de autoevaluare i autocorectare prin aplicarea unor tehnici de lucru

specifice

Resurse i mijloace de lucru

Cursul va fi accesibil studenilor n format online. Ei vor primi la cursuri i copii

xerox cu exerciii sau teste sau vor folosi manualul pe care l ntrebuineaz studenii
de la zi care este mai complex.

Structura cursului

Cursul este compus din 7 uniti de nvare care acoper materia pentru un
semestru de studiu. Fiecare Unitate de nvare presupune 2 ore, ceea ce reprezint 14.
14+ 14= 28 ore/an

Modulul 1

Unitatea de Irregular Verbs; English Tenses (Present, Past, Future)

nvare 1
Unitatea de Present Perfect/ Past Perfect, Forms (Affirmative, Negative
nvare 2 Interrogative)

Unitatea de Modal Verbs, Forms

nvare 3

Unitatea de Active and Passive Voice, Forms, Use

nvare 4

Unitatea de English Tenses

nvare 5

Unitatea de Various Exercises

nvare 6

Unitatea de Some Legal Terms and Juridical Expressions

nvare 7

Modulul 2

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Unitatea de From America
nvare 1
A Couple of Crazy Laws

Unitatea de Three Men in a Boat by Jerome K. Jerome

nvare 2
A Weeks Voyage Round the Coast

Unitatea de Exercises (Legal Terms)

nvare 3
Law and Order

Unitatea de Mistakes We Often Make

nvare 4

Unitatea de An Encounter with Lawyers

nvare 5
Exercises

Unitatea de In Court
nvare 6
Exercises

Unitatea de Exercises Revision

nvare 7
Various Exercises

Teme de control

Cursul este interactiv, verificrile se fac pe parcurs, n timpul semestrului. n afar de

aceast modalitate singura verificare este examenul.

Bibliografie

Folosind suportul de curs, studenii nu mai au nevoie de alt bibliografie, exceptnd

situaiile speciale cnd se pot folosi de cri elaborate de ctre vorbitori nativi de
limba englez i, uneori de dicionare. n acest sens recomandm:

1. Sasu-Bolba, Ioana, To Tell the Truth and Nothing but the Truth, English for
Law Students, Editura NapocaStar, Cluj-Napoca,2016 ISBN 978-973-647-812-3
(volumul se gsete la Biblioteca facultii).

2. Ioana Sasu-Bolba, Justice for All, English for Law Students, Editura Napoca
Star, Cluj, 2016 ISBN 978-606-690-400-1

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3. C.E. and J.M. ECKERSLEY, A Comprehensive English Grammar,
LONGMANS, GREEN & CO.Ltd., London, 1969.

Metoda de evaluare

Examenul final se susine att sub form scris, ct i oral. 70% din nota final este
reprezentat de evaluarea final ; 20% - testarea continu pe parcursul semestrului i
10% activitatea din timpul seminariilor. Lucrarea scris va cuprinde un text de
specialitate (de comentat, de rezumat sau necesit rspunsuri la ntrebri legate de
text), o traducere, o retroversiune i 2 exerciii de gramatic.

MODULUL I

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Unitatea de nvare 1
Grammar and Exercises

1.1.Irregular Verbs; English Tenses (Present, Past, Future)

1.2.Present/Past Tense, Forms, Exercises Affirmative, Negative, Interrogative
1,3 Special Finites, Forms (Affirmative, Negative, Interrogative) Exercises

The Verb

Note:

English verbs can be divided into regular and irregular verbs. Regular verbs get ed in Past
Tense and Past Participle. Irregular verbs have different forms for Past and Past Participle.

It seems easier for foreign speakers to learn the irregular verbal forms by heart!

1.1 Irregular Verbs1

Present Past Past Participle

be was, were been

become became become

begin began begun

blow blew blown

break broke broken

bring brought brought

build built built

burst burst burst

buy bought bought

catch caught caught

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Brought to you by the Purdue University Online Writing Lab.

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choose chose chosen

come came come

cut cut cut

deal dealt dealt

do did done

drink drank drunk

drive drove driven

eat ate eaten

fall fell fallen

feed fed fed

feel felt felt

fight fought fought

find found found

fly flew flown

forbid forbade forbidden

forget forgot forgotten

forgive forgave forgiven

freeze froze frozen

get got gotten

give gave given

go went gone

grow grew grown

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have had had

hear heard heard

hide hid hidden

hold held held

hurt hurt hurt

keep kept kept

know knew known

lay laid laid

lead led led

leave left left

let let let

lie lay lain

lose lost lost

make made made

meet met met

pay paid paid

quit quit quit

read read read

ride rode ridden

ring rang rung

rise rose risen

run ran run

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say said said

see saw seen

seek sought sought

sell sold sold

send sent sent

shake shook shaken

shine shone shone

sing sang sung

sit sat sat

sleep slept slept

speak spoke spoken

spend spent spent

spring sprang sprung

stand stood stood

steal stole stolen

swim swam swum

swing swung swung

take took taken

teach taught taught

tear tore torn

tell told told

think thought thought

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throw threw thrown

understand understood understood

wake woke (waked) woken (waked)

wear wore worn

win won won

write wrote written

Unitatea de nvare 2
English Tenses

2.1 English Tenses, Present Perfect/ Past Perfect, Forms (Affirmative, Negative
Interrogative)

2.1.2.Present Perfect, Exercises (Affirmative)

2.1.3.Present Perfect, Exercises (Negative,Interrogative)

2.1.English Tenses

The English tenses are approximately the same as Romanian ones. Still, there is a
major difference he who learns English should be aware of. Each English tense has
two aspects: a simple aspect (pointing to a usual, repeated action: e.g. John goes to
school every day; I have read the book - statement) and a continuous aspect (for an
action in development: e.g. John is going to school now; I have been reading for two
hours I havent finished yet, I did it without interruption and probably I am still
reading, etc.)

Note: There is no particular difference in the translation of the two aspects: John
merge la coal n fiecare zi and John merge la coal acum. A possible difference can
be made in simple past: John went to school John a mers la coal - usual, repeated
action; and John was going to school when I rang him up John mergea la coal
cnd l-am sunat.

Present Tense Past Tense Future Tense

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 Affirmative Affirmative Affirmative

Simple Present Tense Simple Past Tense Simple Future Tense

(usual, repeated action) (completed action) (future action)

Key-word: every day Key Words: ago, last KeyWords:next,

tomorrow

I study law I studied law I shall study law

You study law You studied law You will study law

He (she, it) studies law He (she, it) studied law He (she, it) will study law

We study law We studied law We shall study law

You study law You studied law You will study law

They study law They studied law They will study law

Negative Negative Negative

I dont study law I didnt study law I shant study law

You dont study law You didnt study law You wont study law

He (she, it) doesnt study He (she, it) didnt study He (she, it) wont study
law law law

We dont study law We didnt study law We shant study law

You dont study law You didnt study law You wont study law

They dont study law They didnt study law They wont study law

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Interrogative Interrogative Interrogative

Do I study law? Did I study law? Shall I study law?

Do you study law? Did you study law? Will you study law?

Does he (she, it) study Did he (she, it) study law? Will he (she, it) study law?
law?

Do we study law? Did we study law? Shall we study law?

Do you study law? Did you study law? Will you study law?

Do they study law? Did they study law? Will they study law?

Present Continuous Past Continuous Future Continuous

Affirmative Affirmative Affirmative

(action in development) (stress upon action) (stress upon action)

I am studying law I was studying law I shall be studying law

You are studying law You were studying law You will be studying law

He (she, it) is studying law He (she, it) was studying He (she, it) will be
law studying law

We are studying law We were studying law We shall be studying law

You are studying law You were studying law You will be studying law

They are studying law They were studying law They will be studying law

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 Negative Negative
I am not studying law I wasnt studying law
You arent studying law You werent studying law
He (she, it) isnt studying He (she, it) wasnt
law studying law
We arent studying law We werent studying law
You arent studying law You werent studying law
They arent studying law They werent studying law
Interrogative Interrogative
Am I studying law? Was I studying law?
Are you studying law? Were you studying law?
Is he (she, it) studying Was he (she, it) studying
law? law?
Are we studying law? Were we studying law?
Are you studying law Were you studying law?
Are they studying law? Were they studying?
Simple Present Perfect Simple Past Perfect
Affirmative Affirmative
Key Words: ever, never; yet, just, lately, since, for
I have studied law I had studied law She saidI should study
law
You have studied law You had studied law You would study law
He (she, it) has studied law He (she, it) had studied He (she, it) would study
law law
We have studied law We had studied law
You have studied law You had studied law
They have studied law They had studied law
Negative Negative
I havent studied law I hadnt studied law
You haven studied law You hadnt studied law
He hasnt studied law He hadnt studied law
We havent studied law We hadnt studied law
You havent studied law You hadnt studied law
They havent studied law They hadnt studied law
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Negative
I shant be studying law
You wont be studying law
He (she, it) wont be
studying law
We shant be studying law
You wont be studying law
They wont be studying
law
Interrogative
Shall I be studying law?
Will you be studying law?
Will he be studying law?
Shall we be studying law?
Will you be studying law?
Will they be studying..?
Simple Future in the
Past
Affirmative
(subordinate clauses)
We should study law
You would study law
They would study law
Negative
She said...I shouldnt study
law
You wouldnt study...
He wouldnt study...
We shouldnt study...
You wouldnt study...
They wouldnt study...
Interrogative Interrogative Interrogative

Have I studied law? Had I studied law? She asked: Should I study
law?
Have you studied law? Had you studied law? Would you study law?
Has he studied law? Had he studied law? Would he study law?
Have we studied law? Had we studied law? Should we study law?
Have you studied law? Had you studied law? Would you study law?
Have they studied law? Had they studied law? Would they study law?

Present Perfect Past Perfect Future in the Past

Continuous Continuous Continuous
Affirmative Affirmative Affirmative

I have been studying law I had been studying law

She said: I should be
studying law
You have been studying You had been studying You would be studying
law law law
He (she, it) has been He (she, it) had been He (she, it) would be
studying law studying law studying law
We have been studying We had been studying law We should be studying law
law
You have been studying You had been studying You would be studying
law law law
They have been studying They had been studying They would be studying
law law law

Negative Negative Negative

I havent been studying I hadnt been studying law I shouldnt be studying law
law
You havent been studying You hadnt been studying You wouldnt be studying
law law law
He hasnt been studying He hadnt been studying He wouldnt be studying
law law law
We havent been studying We hadnt been studying We shouldnt be studying
law law law
You havent been studying You hadnt been studying You wouldnt be studying
law law law
They havent been They hadnt been studying They wouldnt be studying
studying law law law

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 Interrogative Interrogative Interrogative

Have I been studying law? Had I been studying law? She asked: Should I be
studying law?
Have you been studying Had you been studying Would you be studying
law? law? law?
Has he been studying law? Had he been studying law? Would he be studying
law?
Have we been studying Had we been studying Should we be studying
law? law? law?
Have you been studying Had you been studying Would you be studying
law? law? law?
Have they been studying Had they been studying Would they be studying
law? law? law?

Simple Present Conditional Simple Past Conditional

Affirmative Affirmative

I should study law I should have studied law

You would study law You would have studied law
He would study law He would have studied law
We should study law We should have studied law
You would study law You would have studied law
They would study law They would have studied law

Negative Negative

I shouldnt study law I shouldnt have studied law

You wouldnt study law
He wouldnt study law
We shouldnt study law
You wouldnt study law
They wouldnt study law
You wouldnt have studied law
He wouldnt have studied law
We shouldnt have studied law
You wouldnt have studied law
They wouldnt have studied law

Interrogative Interrogative

Should I study law? Should I have studied law?

Would you study law? Would you have studied law?
Would he study law? Would he have studied law?
Should we study law? Should we have studied law?
Would you study law? Would you have studied law?
Would they study law? Would they have studied law?

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Present Conditional Continuous
Affirmative
I should be studying law
You would be studying law
He would be studying law
We should be studying law
You would be studying law
They would be studying law
Negative
I shouldnt be studying law
You wouldnt be studying law
He wouldnt be studying law
We shouldnt be studying law
You wouldnt be studying law
They wouldnt be studying law
Interrogative
Should I be studying law?
Would you be studying law?
Would he be studying law?
Should we be studying law?
Would you be studying law?
Would they be studying law?
(Present Perfect in Truth, p.50)
Past Conditional Continuous
Affirmative
I should have been studying law
You would have been studying law
He would have been studying law
We should have been studying law
You would have been studying law
They would have been studying law
Negative
I shouldnt have been studying law
You wouldnt have been studying law
He wouldnt have been studying law
We shouldnt have been studying law
You wouldnt have been studying law
They wouldnt have been studying law
Interrogative
Should I have been studying law?
Would you have been studying law?
Would he have been studying law?
Should we have been studying law?
Would you have been studying law?
Would they have been studying law?
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Unitatea de nvare 3
Grammar

3.1.Modal Verbs, Forms(Truth, p.33)

Exercises

Exercises

The following sentences are in Simple Present Tense Affirmative. Change them into
Simple Past and Future Affirmative; make the sentences interrogative and negative.
Pay attention to meaning and change them accordingly.

1. My father drives the car every day.

2. I see you later at home.

3. We meet very often, as we live close to one another.

4. John turns off the radio whenever it seems too loud to him.

5. He arrives there soon.

6. She closes the door.

7. They always ask difficult questions.

8. Tom usually pays in time.

9. Anne often brings food to the party.

10.We stay here till you come back.

11. These animals are dangerous.

Make the following sentences interrogative and negative:

1. Helen goes shopping every day.

2. He opened the door for the lady.

3. John is always here in time.

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4. I do my room every day.

5. She has just arrived from London.

6. Mary has been reading ever since she woke up.

7. I had done my homework when he asked me to help him.

8. The sun rises at 7 oclock sharp.

9. They were afraid of being stung by a wasp.

10 You should be more careful.

11. He was locking the door when I saw him.

12. He walks his dog every day.

13. Helen does the shopping for us.

14, Jill had just entered the room, when her mother asked the time.

15. Ill try to do my best to make her come.

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Test 1 (Tenses)

1. You...wonderful today.

a. look

b. have been looking

c. will look

d. have looked

2. We...for two hours when we reached the clearing.

a. walked

b. had walked

c. had been walking

d. have been walking

3. What will you tell the Chief-Inspector when your turn...

a. will come?

b. has come?

c. comes?

d. have come?

4. It ..ten years since I havent seen her.

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a. was

b. is

c. had been

d. were

5. She talks as if sheall the answers.

a. knows

b. knew

c. had known

d. would know

Test 2 (Special Finites: be, have, do)

1. These verbs....difficult.

a. had

b. are

c. is

2. My aunt....awake.

a. has

b. does

c. is

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3. He....a new tennis racket.

a. was

b. has done

c. has

4. He.... only an apple for lunch.

a. had been

b. has had

c. had

5. ... they done their homework yet?

a. did

b. have

c. were

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26
Unitatea de nvare 4

4.1. Active and Passive Voice, Forms, Use

4.1.1. Active Voice, Characteristics,

4.1 Active and Passive Voice

Form of Passive

Subject + finite form of to be + Past Participle (3rd column of

irregular verbs)

Example: A letter was written.

4. Note: When turning a sentence from active into passive voice tense and aspect are
never changed.

Tense Active Voice Passive Voice

Simple Present The teacher opens the The window is opened by the
window teacher

Present Continuous The teacher is opening the The window is being opened by
window the teacher

Simple Past The teacher opened the The window was opened by the
window teacher

Past Continuous The teacher was opening The window was being opened
the window by the teacher

Simple Future The teacher will open the The window will be opened by
window the teacher

Future Continuous The teacher will be opening The window will be being
the window opened by the teacher

Simple Present The teacher has opened the The window has been opened by
Perfect window the teacher

Present Perfect The teacher has been The window has been being
Continuous opening the window opened by the teacher

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Simple Past Perfect The teacher had opened the The window had been opened by
window the teacher

Past Perfect The teacher had been The window had been being
Continuous opening the window opened by the teacher

Simple Present The teacher would open the The window would be opened
Conditional window by the teacher

Present Conditional The teacher would be The window would be being

Continuous opening the window opened by the teacher

Simple Past The teacher would have The window would have been
Conditional opened the window opened by the teacher

Past Conditional The teacher would have The window would have been
Continuous been opening the window being opened by the teacher

Unitatea de nvare 5

5.1.EnglishTenses

5.2. Passive Voice, Characteristics, Tenses

Active /Passive Voice (see: p.18)

Exercises

5.2 Exercise 1: Translate into English using passive wherever possible:

1. Cafeaua este adus de ctre o fat.

2. Scrisoarea fusese deja scris de ctre mama ei, cnd ea a sosit acas.

3. Bicicleta mea a fost furat de cineva.

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4. Cntecul ar fi fost cntat de altcineva.

5. Helen nu a fost vzut pe aici de secole.

6. Cntarul a fost adus de farmacist, deoarece nu mai era nimeni acolo.

7. Florile fuseser culese pentru a fi puse pe mese.

8. Premiul i-a fost acordat pentru ntreaga activitate.

9. Meciul a fost ctigat de echipa advers.

10.Diploma i-a fost nmnat ieri.

11.Nu a neles de ce nu-i fuseser adui i pantofii.

12.Masa a fost pus de sora mea.

13.Cartea ar fi putut fi scris de o femeie.

14.Casa a fost construit n 1920.

15.Strugurii vor fi culei n curnd.

29
Exercise 2: Turn the following sentences into the active voice:

1. Law acts when their property is injured or harmed.

2. The harm is criminalised in the Penal Code.

3 A basic distinction is generally made between law jurisdictions and systems using
common law.

4. To implement and enforce the law the military and police are vital.

5. The organs of the state are creatures created and bound by law.

30
Exercise 3: Rewrite the given sentences in Passive voice. Sometimes there are two
possible answers (two objects in the active sentence).

Do not use contracted/short forms.

Example:

Tim gave Lisa some flowers.

_______________________

Answer:

Some flowers were given to Lisa by Tim. or

Lisa was given some flowers by Tim.

1) They don't speak English in this shop.

2) Kevin asked Dennis a question.

3) Somebody built the house last year.

4) She gives him a box.

5) Max will look after him.

6) The waiter brought Fred a big steak.

7) Somebody broke into our bungalow last Friday.

8) The teacher told us a joke.

9) They will meet Doris at the station.

10) Michael has not sent me a text message.

31
32
Unitatea de nvare 6
Revision

6.1 Various Exercises

Exercises

Test2

1. Situation: Kathy wants to go to the movies but doesn't have any money.

"If" sentence: If Kathy _____ some money, she would go to the movies.

a. were have
b. would have
c. had

2. Situation: Joe is sleepy and would like to take a nap, but he can't because he's in an
important meeting.

"If" sentence: If Joe _____ in an important meeting, he would go home and take a
nap.

a. didnt
b. were
c. werent

3. Situation: Chuck isn't stupid, but he failed his midterm exam. Why? -- He didn't
study for it.

"If" sentence: If Chuck _____ , he probably wouldn't have failed his midterm exam.

a. had studied
b. werent stupid
c. might have studied

2
"If" Sentences Quiz 1 by Dennis Oliver, American Language and Culture Program, Arizona State
University; Here from: www.teachingenglish.ed

33
4. Situation: Jan wanted to go to Jim's party but she wasn't able to because she had to
work.

"If" sentence: If Jan _____ to work, she would've gone to Jim's party.

a. hadnt

b. didnt have

c. hadnt had

5. Situation: I'll try to give your message to Ted, but I'm not sure whether I'll see him
or not.

"If" sentence: If I _____ Ted, I'll give him your message.

a. will see

b. see

c. saw

6. Situation: I want to work outside today, but that won't be possible because it's
raining.

"If" sentence: If it _____ raining, I'd work outside today.

a. werent

b. didnt

c. hadnt been

7. Situation: Rex had to miss work today. Why? -- His wife and children were all sick
with the flu.

"If" sentence: Rex _____ miss work today if his wife and children hadn't all been sick
with the flu.

a. didnt have

b. wouldnt have had to

c. hadnt had to

8. Situation: I finished my work, but only because you helped me.

"If" sentence: I _____ my work if you hadn't helped me.

a. couldnt have finished

b. wasnt able to finish

34
 c. hadnt been able to finish

9. Situation: It's possible for you to do this quiz because you have a computer and
modem.

"If" sentence: It _____ possible for you to do this quiz if you didn't have a computer
and modem.

a. hadnt been

b. wasnt

c. wouldnt be

10. Situation: It wasn't possible to find this quiz on the WWW in 1994. It didn't exist
at that time.

"If" sentence: It _____ to find this quiz on the WWW in 1994.

a. wouldve been impossible

b. wouldnt be possible

c. had been impossible

Exercise: Translate into English:

1. Voi merge, dac voi gsi adresa.

35
2. Merg, dac am timp.

3. Ar cnta, dac ar ti cuvintele.

4. Ei ar rspunde, dac ar nelege ntrebarea.

5. Voicu s-ar fi dus la pia, dac ar fi tiut ce s cumpere pentru ei.

6. Curtea s-ar fi ntrunit dac nu aprea acea problem cu dovezile.

7. Ei nii i-ar fi adus aminte, dac-i aminteau la timp.

8. M-ai ajuta, dac ai avea ceva timp liber?

9. Dac nu sosesc la noi mine, nu putem ncepe.

10. Dac plou, ia-i umbrela mea!

36
Unitatea de nvare 7

7.1 Elemente suplimentare:

7.1.2. Some Legal Terms and Juridical Expressions

7.1.3.Various Grammar Exercises

Some Legal Terms and Juridical Expressions

Informal English (I): Idioms Relating to LAW and ORDER3

Above board (honestly, dincolo de orice dubiu) If a situation or business is described

as above board, it is open, honest and legal.

Ambulance chaser This terms refers to a lawyer who finds work by persuading
people injured in accidents to claim money from the person who caused the accident.

"Peterson & Scott are well-known ambulance chasers - that's how they make money!"

An accomplished fact (also: 'fait accompli') (e un fapt mplinit) Something that has
been done or completed, before those affected by it can intervene or change it, is
called an accomplished fact.

3
Brought to you from: www.learn-english-today.com/idioms/idiom...

37
Arm of the law (braul legii) This expression refers to the extent to which the
authority or power of the law extends.

The crooks in London know how it works. No one carries guns and no one resists the
police. Then a new gang appears that go one better. They dress as police and steal
from the crooks. This upset's the natural order of the police/criminal relationship and
the police and the crooks join forces to catch the IPOs (Impersonating Police
Officers), including an armoured car robbery in which the police must help the gangs
to set a trap. This is the wrong arm of the law that acts here.

Behind bars (n spatele gratiilor) Someone who is behind bars is in prison.

Behind Bars is an initiative involving Staffordshire Police and our colleagues in the
Criminal Justice System.

Its aim is simple: to keep Staffordshires communities updated about criminals aged
18 or more whove been jailed for six months or more at crown court.

The offenders featured may well have had a direct impact on the quality of life where
you or they live.

Thats why we think its important you can find out whats happened to them in court,
and be reassured that the criminal justice system - which includes the police, Crown
Prosecution Service, courts and Youth Offending Services - is working effectively on
your behalf throughout Staffordshire.

Beyond any reasonable doubt (dincolo de orice ndoial) This is a legal expression
which means that something is certain.

Remake of the 1956 film noir film "Beyond a Reasonable Doubt" in which a writer's
plan to expose a corrupt district attorney takes an unexpected turn.

In black and white (e scris negru pe alb) To say that something is in black and
white means that there is written proof of it.

38
 'Black and white construction contracts' is a newly coined phrase in the Chinese
construction industry that describes a project company signing two versions of a
contract with the contractor. A white contract is consistent with the winning bid,
which is submitted, registered and filed with the relevant authorities. A black contract
contains terms that are harsher on the contractor - i.e. lower contract price, longer
payment term, etc. Moreover, a black contract usually has an additional term that
provides it is the binding contract between the parties and the white contract should be
void and used only for "registration purposes". This prevalent practice has come under
the spotlight because of a few recent cases.4

Blow the whistle (a turna pe cineva) If you report an illegal or socially-harmful

activity to authorities, and give information about those responsible for it, you blow
the whistle or you are a whistle-blower.

Blowing the whistle to your employer5

If you are blowing the whistle on malpractice in the workplace you should strongly
consider making the disclosure to your employer. If you make a disclosure to your
employer it will help to make sure that your concerns are dealt with quickly and by
the right person.

If you work for a small company, the right person to resolve you concerns may be the
director of the company.

You should check your employment contract to see if your company has a process to
help you make the disclosure. In some situations, your employer might adapt the
procedure, for example, to allow confidential disclosures.

Have a brush with (a avea atingere cu...) When you have a brush with something,
such as the law, you encounter or experience it briefly.

Burden of proof (sarcina probei) The burden of proof is the necessity imposed by
law to prove that what one says is true. A duty placed upon a civil or criminal
defendant to prove or disprove a disputed fact.

4
Website: www.freshfields.com By Lily Wei Zhou
5
Texts for discussion are taken from: http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com

39
Burden of proof can define the duty placed upon a party to prove or disprove a
disputed fact, or it can define which party bears this burden. In criminal cases, the
burden of proof is placed on the prosecution, who must demonstrate that the
defendant is guilty before a jury may convict him or her. But in some jurisdiction, the
defendant has the burden of establishing the existence of certain facts that give rise to
a defence, such as the insanity plea. In civil cases, the plaintiff is normally charged
with the burden of proof, but the defendant can be required to establish certain
defences.

Burden of proof can also define the burden of persuasion or the quantum of proof by
which the party with the burden of proof must establish or refute a disputed factual
issue. In criminal cases, the prosecution must prove the defendant's guilt Beyond a
Reasonable Doubt.

Judges explain the reasonable doubt standard to jurors in a number of ways. Federal
jury instructions provide that proof beyond a reasonable doubt is "proof of such a
convincing character that a reasonable person would not hesitate to act upon it in the
most important of his own affairs." State judges typically describe the standard by
telling jurors that they possess a reasonable doubt as to the defendant's guilt if, based
on all the evidence in the case, they would be uncomfortable with a criminal
conviction. In giving the reasonable doubt instruction, judges regularly remind jurors
that a criminal conviction imposes a variety of hardships on a defendant, including
public humiliation, incarceration, fines, and occasionally the Forfeiture of property.
Reasonable doubt is the highest standard of proof used in any judicial proceeding.

Catch somebody red-handed (a prinde pe cineva n flagrant) If a person is caught

red-handed, they are caught while they are doing something wrong or illegal.

Crack down on something If the authorities decide to crack down on something,

they enforce the law by taking severe measures to restrict undesirable or criminal
actions.

Daylight robbery (furt ziua n amiaza mare) The term 'daylight robbery' is used
when the price of something is thought to be much too high.

40
 Fair hearing When accused of wrongdoing, if someone gets a fair hearing, they get
an opportunity to present evidence or give their side of the story, usually in court.

A judicial proceeding that is conducted in such a manner as to conform to

fundamental concepts of justice and equality.

During a fair hearing, authority is exercised according to the principle of Due Process
of Law. Fair hearing means that an individual will have an opportunity to present
evidence to support his or her case and to discover what evidence exists against him
or her.

In Criminal Law, when an individual is arrested, a fair hearing means the right to be
notified of the charge being brought against him or her and the chance to meet that
charge.

In order for a hearing to be fair and comply with due process requirements, it must be
held before an impartial tribunal; however, a hearing can be unfair without any
intention that it be that way. A fair hearing must provide a reasonable opportunity for
an individual to be present at the designated time and place, during which time he or
she may offer evidence, cross-examine opposition witnesses, and offer a defense.
Formalities of a court action need not be strictly complied with in order for a
proceeding to be considered a fair hearing.

Get out of hand (a scpa de sub control) If a person or a situation gets out of hand,
they cannot be controlled any longer.

Hit and run (accident) (fug de la locul accidentului) When the driver of a vehicle
hits another vehicle without stopping to provide help, identification or insurance, and
fails to report the accident to the police, the collision is called a hit-and-run accident.

This means the crime of a driver of a vehicle who is involved in a collision with
another vehicle, property or human being, who knowingly fails to stop to give his/her
name, license number, and other information as required by statute to the injured
party, a witness, or law enforcement officers. If there is only property damage and no
other person is present, leaving the information attached to the damaged property may

41
be sufficient, provided the person causing the accident makes a report to the police.
Hit and run statutes vary from state to state. It is not a violation of the constitutional
protection against self-incrimination to be required to stop and give this information
since it is a report and not an admission of guilt. Some hit and run cases are difficult
to determine, such as the driver leaves the accident scene to go a block to his/her
house or the neighbourhood repair garage, and then walks back to the scene.

In trouble with the law (ai necazuri cu legea) If someone is in trouble with the law,
they are being questioned by the police in connection with something illegal or
criminal.

Also: Get on the wrong side of the law or Find yourself on the wrong side of the
law is to be in trouble with the police because you have done something illegal.

From last Monday, owners of fighting dogs who fail to control them in public could
find themselves on the wrong side of the law.

A law unto themselves (a-i face singur legea) If someone is a law unto themselves,
they do things their own way and ignore what is generally considered as acceptable.

Lay down the law (a face legea) Someone who lays down the law tells people very
forcefully and firmly what to do.

Case Law (jurispruden)

Statutes are the primary source of law, and the power to enact statutes is reserved to
elected lawmakers. However, judicial decisions also have the force of law. Statutes do
not cover every conceivable case, and even when a statute does control a case, the
courts may need to interpret it. Judicial decisions are known collectively as case law.
A judicial decision legally binds the parties in the case and also may serve as a law in
the same prospective sense as does a statute. In other words, a judicial decision
determines the outcome of the particular case and also may regulate the future
conduct of all persons within the jurisdiction of the court.

42
Murphy's law Referring to Murphy's law expresses a sentiment of bad luck and the
idea that if anything can go wrong, it will.

Null and void (nul i neavenit) Something which is null and void has no legal force
or is invalid.

Null and Void Ordinance

The Null and Void Ordinance was an Ordinance passed by the Parliament of England
on 20 August 1647. On the 26 July 1647 demonstrators had invaded Parliament
forcing Independent MPs and the Speaker to flee from Westminster. On 20 August,
Oliver Cromwell went to Parliament with an armed escort, following which the Null
and Void Ordinance was passed annulling all Parliamentary proceedings since the 26
July. Most of the Presbyterian MPs then retreated from Parliament leaving the
Independents MPs with a majority.

Paper trail (prob scris) If a person or organisation leaves a paper trail, they leave
evidence in writing or in document form that will serve as proof of their actions.

Fig. a series of records that is possible to examine to find out the sequence of things
that happen. (Typically: have ~; leave ~; make ~.)

The legal department requires all these forms so that there is a paper trail of all
activity.

Partner in crime (complice) A person who helps you to plan something dishonest or
unlawful is called your partner in crime. (This expression can be used jokingly as in
this example.)

Pervert the course of justice (obstrucioneaz justiia) If a person perverts the course
of justice, they tell a lie or prevent the police from finding out the truth about
something.

Rough justice (pedeaps nemeritat) Treatment or punishment that does not seem
fair, or is too severe, is called rough justice, especially if it is not legal. (i sumar al
hotrrii judectoreti); a punishment that is not fair or is too severe

New evidence suggests that the girls were given rough justice.

43
Signed, sealed and delivered (semnat i parafat) When an agreement, contract or
treaty is signed, sealed and delivered, all the legal documents have been signed.

Smoking gun (dovad de necontestat) A smoking gun is a piece of evidence or the

indisputable sign of someone's guilty. Informal: Something that serves as indisputable
evidence or proof, especially of a crime:

"There is no smoking gun or paper trail to [the CIA]" (Thomas Polgar).

Take the law into one's own hands (a-i lua legea n propriile mini: If, instead of
calling the police, you act personally against someone who has done something
wrong, you take the law into your own hands.

Toe the line (s te aliniezi regulamentelor) If a person toes the line, they obey the
rules and accept the principles of a person, group or organisation.

Note: We always say: In my opinion .... dup prerea mea....

and: According to somebody else....... According to me is INCORRECT

It also seems worth mentioning several English phrases which include the Romanian
verb a judeca. State which phrases actually refer to law and which to everyday
language.

a judeca aspru pe cineva judge ill of somebody

a judeca de la caz la caz judge each case on its own merits

a judeca drept hold the scales even

a judeca dup... judge by...

a judeca dup aparene judge by appearances/looks; judge

according to the label

a judeca favorabil pe cineva judge well of somebody

44
a judeca neprtinitor (drept) hold the scales even

a nu judeca omul dup suman = nu it is not the coat that makes the man
haina l face pe om

a judeca pe alii dup sine measure another mans foot by ones own
last

nu-i judeca pe alii dup tine dont judge the others by yourself

a judeca prea aspru pe cineva be too hard on somebody

a judeca pripit jump to a conclusion

a judeca un proces try a case

a judeca ru pe cineva = aspru judge ill of somebody

judecata (nu) i-a dat dreptate judgement went for/against the plaintiff
reclamantului

Judecata de Apoi the last day of judgement; doomsday; the

great account

judec i tu judge for yourself

judecnd dup... judging by...

a judeca dup elemente exterioare judge by externals

judecnd dup vorbele cuiva judging from what somebody says

45
Various Grammar Exercises

Exercise 1: Translate into English the following lawyer joke:

AVOCATUL: Cum s-a ncheiat primul dumneavoastr mariaj?6

MARTORUL: Prin moarte

AVOCATUL: i prin moartea cui s-a ncheiat?

MARTORUL: ncercai s ghicii!

Exercise 2: Replace the underlined words with phrases taken from law and order
(Some More Grammar):

1. There are no secret negotiations. Our dealings have always been legal.

2. "He fled to South America hoping to escape the police."

6
From the Book: Disorder in the American Court, here from:
http://www.scribd.com/doc/13408/What-People-say-in-Court

46
3. "If you hang around with that gang, you'll find yourself in prison in no time."

4. "The court established, obviously, that the man was innocent."

5. "It's an obligation. It's written clearly in your contract."

6. "He refused to report to his boss for fear of losing his job."

7. She was fired for reporting to the bank's mismanagement of accounts, but she then
sued the bank.

8. "He had a brief encounter with the law for speeding several years ago but has had a
clean record ever since."

9. "The necessity to prove lies with the claimant."

10. "The police arrived as the burglar was leaving the house. He was caught while
doing something wrong."

11. Tom was stealing the car when the police drove by and caught him while doing
something wrong.

12. Mary tried to cash a forged check at the bank, and the teller caught her while
doing something wrong.

13. "Following the increase in road accidents, it was decided to enforce the law on
speeding."

47
14. "$10 for an orange juice? That's price thought to be much too high!"

15. The citizens' group reported the street gangs by calling the police.

16. "I can guarantee that you will get an opportunity to defend yourself."

17. "During the student demonstration, things couldnt be controlled and several shop
windows were broken."

18. " Running from the place of an accident deserves serious punishment."

19. "The suspect has often been questioned for something done illegally."

20. The gangs were getting very bad. It was definitely time to report it.

21. "They're against discipline and allow their children complete freedom they do it
their own way."

22. "The volunteers helped in a disorganised way. They needed someone to tell firmly
what to do."

23. "We've tried to prepare for every possible incident, but remember the bad luck..."

24. "The contract was declared as not having legal force."

25. "The police found evidence in writing which leads to the author of the hoax."

26. "Sam helped me to plan the crime. He hid my son's new bicycle until his
birthday."

48
27. "The suspect was accused of trying to prevent the police from finding out the
truth

28. "The way the player was treated by the media was not a legal punishment."

29. "It is hoped that the agreement will be ready and sent before the end of the week."

30. "The fingerprints the thief left on the door-handle were indisputable evidence that
enabled the police to arrest him."

31. "Instead of calling the police, he acted personally and confronted the youth who
had stolen his son's scooter."

32. "If you want to stay in this school, you'll have to learn to obey the rule."

49
Exercise 3: Translate into English paying attention to the underlined phrases. 7Also
make use of the following words: police station, intoxicated (drink-driving), cause an
accident, orderly, in the opposite direction, hit and run accident, declaration, under
these circumstances, get preventive detention, head of the police station, promptitude.

Brbatul a fost cu greu adus la Secia de poliie, seara, pe la ora 21. S-a constatat fr
dificultate c acesta era n stare de ebrietate. Poliistul care l-a adus a spus c
provocase un accident grav, izbindu-se de o main care venea regulamentar pe
contrasens. Dup producerea accidentului, brbatul intenionase s fug de la locul
accidentului. Era deci accident cu fug.

Dou persoane au murit n accidentul de main. oferul, pe lng c era beat, era
stpnit de violen i se pare c era dependent de a conduce cu vitez mare, ciocnirea
fiind foarte puternic. Pernele de salvare (perne care erau umplute cu aer) nu au
funcionat.

Poliistul a mai spus c, odat prins, brbatul de abia putea vorbi. El prea s aib
mari dificulti n exprimare. Pus s scrie o declaraie, textul lui era complet lipsit de
sens. n aceste condiii, brbatul a fost arestat preventiv.

n cele din urm, eful Seciei de poliie a fost mndru de atitudinea subalternului su
i l-a felicitat pentru promtitudinea cu care a rezolvat cazul.

Exercise 4: Translate into Romanian paying attention to the underlined words (use of
Subjunctive):

7
In solving this exercise have a look at the Grammar Section [Informal English (II)].

50
1. Under these circumstances, it is only natural that the judge should postpone the
trial.

2. It is absolutely necessary that evidence should be collected first.

3. They handed the papers to the advocate so that he might start the investigation.

4. The judge signed the document lest it should be against the law.

5. She was extremely unhappy and did all her best so that she might not be considered
a partner in crime.

6. He wished they wouldnt have accused him of perverting the course of justice.

Exercise 5: Translate into English paying attention to grammar rules:

1. Nu este ciudat ca houl s fi scpat, dei poliia este pe urmele lui?

2. Nu se poate ca ea s m fi dezamgit!

3. El intenioneaz s aduc noi probe n dosar pentru a fi considerat nevinovat.

4. Pn la nti septembrie ei au terminat de investigat crima. Se va putea da verdictul.

5. Ceilali spun doar mine ce au de spus n acest caz.

51
Exercise 6: Fill in the blanks with the correct Future Tense:

1. If I get the evidence, I (hand) it over to the lawyer at once.

2. The judge (be) very pleased, if he can act as soon as possible.

3. We hoped the jury (come to an agreement) soon and gave the verdict.

4. Jan wished the trial (take place) in January.

5. I wished the plaintiff (find) a better lawyer, if he wants to win.

6. I didnt steal the money, inspector. If I had stolen it, I (not sit) here.

52
Exercise 7: Here is what William Shakespeare said about law. Comment upon the
text:

We must not make a scarecrow8 of the law,

Setting it up to fear the birds of prey,

And let it keep one shape, till custom make it.

Their perch9 and not their terror. (Measure for Measure)

Exercise 8: Rephrase the following sentences keeping the original sense:

1. He doesnt visit you because you never ask him to come.

If you ____________.

2. I was disappointed to learn that I lost the case.

I hoped but unfortunately_________ .

3. Contrary to our expectations, the workers didnt call off the strike.

We expected that_ but they didnt.

8
Sperietoare de ciori.
9
Prjin, stinghie, fig. sprijin.

53
4. Well blow up the plane if you dont let us go,threatened the terrorists.

The terrorists threatened they_____________.

5. I am too old to apply for that job.

If I _______________ .

Exercise 9: Turn into the Passive Voice:

1. The judge decided to postpone the meeting.

2. The stenographer put down everything the witness said.

3. The workers didnt succeed to clean the streets properly when all those people who
were on strike left.

4. They couldnt offer enough evidence, as there was not enough time left.

5. He asked for an answer but nobody seemed eager to give any.

6. The guardians brought the defendant in court.

7. The workers didnt call off the strike.

8. I handed over all the evidence to the lawyer so that he might help me.

9. Tom decided to blow the whistle to his boss.

10. The terrorists threatened that they would blow up the plane.

54
Exercise 10: Translate into Romanian paying attention to the legal terms:

A significant number of attorneys are employed at the various levels of government.

Some work for State attorneys general, prosecutors, and public defenders in criminal
courts. At the Federal level, attorneys investigate cases for the U.S. Department of
Justice and other agencies. Government lawyers also help develop programs, draft
and interpret laws and legislation, establish enforcement procedures, and argue civil
and criminal cases on behalf of the government.

55
MODULUL 2

Unitatea de nvare 1

2.1.From America
A Couple of Crazy Laws

2.1.2. Exercises (Legal Terms)

From America

A COUPLE OF CRAZY LAWS IN in U.S.A.

What are Laws?10

Laws are what keep people from doing things to harm themselves or others. They are
good to have in place. There are some laws however that are outdated, questionable
and very hilarious.

Funny old laws that are still on the books11 can bring a chuckle, especially when you
consider that they once had a purpose and were enforced. Many of the funniest old

10
Source: http://www.didyouknow.org/laws.htm; Created on: August 15, 2009 Last Updated:
September 17, 2009

11
Funny old laws that are still on the books by Bob Schmidt, Created on: August 15, 2009 Last
Updated: September 17, 2009, www.funnylaws.com .

56
laws deal with an America in her youth, whose change over the past 200 years is
easily demonstrated.

NEBRASKA

The people in Omaha are protected from germs by the law that prohibits the same
bow to be used by different people.

NEW MEXICO

Teachers have to be able to speak English in New Mexico.

NEW JERSEY

The birds in New Jersey are taken care of, it is the law that cats wear three bells so
that birds will know where they are at all times. Tweety would have loved that law.

1. germ microb, bacterie; bow- arc, arcu, curcubeu, fund;

2. can could - modal verb showing physical possibility; as a modal verbl, it hasnt
all the tenses; therefore, besides the usual forms of can (Simple Present, Simple Past,
Present Conditional, Past Conditional), the phrase be able to is used: They will be able
to reach the peak; The judge has been able to solve the action;

3. Tweety is a proper name, but it comes from the verb to tweet, -ed, -ed - (despre
psri, a ciripi), and also tweet, tweet! cirip, cirip!

VERMONT

On Sunday it is against the law for a woman to walk down the street unless her
husband is walking behind her at least twenty paces with a musket on his shoulder.

57
VIRGINIA

In Virginia bathtubs must be installed in the yard because it is illegal to put a tub in
the house. That must conflict with some kind of public nudity law. Politicians are
above the law in Virginia. A statue in Virginia prohibits bribery or corrupt practices
by anyone except for candidates.

WISCONSIN

In Wisconsin they do not promote group bathing. It is against the law for more than
one person to be in a tub at a time.

1. unless dac nu, numai dac if not + vb. in the affirmative: Jim will miss the bus
unless he hurries; musket flint;

2. bribery mit, mituire; be above the law a fi mai presus de lege;

3. to promote, -d,-d a ncuraja, a promova: Singing here is not promoted; but he was
promoted reader a fost avansat la gradul de confereniar;

Exercise 1: Remember the following words and phrases related to law vocabulary:

laws which are on the books legi scrise take somebody to court a da n judecat

be in court a fi n tribunal in open court edin public

court case/ action litigiu it is prohibited that este interzis s...

the law states/says that legea spune c... the law requires that... legea cere ca...

it is against the law este mpotriva legii to enact a law a promulga o lege

be above the law a fi mai presus de lege bribery is prohibited mita este interzis

58
Exercise 2: Fill in the blanks using do or make as required by the meaning:

1. I can do without that evidence. It is no longer necessary.

2. To make friends is an unusual behaviour for a thief.

3. Each lawyer is supposed to do justice.

4. The witness became pale and made for the door.

5. To win the trial a judge should do his homework carefully.

Exercise 3: Translate the sentences above into Romanian.

Exercise 4: Build up sentences of your own using the words store, change ang hang.

Unitatea de nvare 2
Legal Tets

2.2. Three Men in a Boat by Jerome K.Jerome

A Weeks Voyage Round the Coast

2.2.1. Exercises (Tenses)

2.2.2. The Possessive Genitive

THREE MEN IN A BOAT

By Jerome K.Jerome

A Weeks Voyage round the Coast12

A young man went for a weeks voyage round the coast, and before they started, the
steward came to him to ask whether he would pay for each meal as he had it, or for all
the meals beforehand.

The steward recommended the latter course, as it would be so much cheaper. He said
he would have to pay two-pounds-five for the whole week. He said for breakfast there

12
Ibidem, p.8-10.

59
would be fish. Lunch was at one, and consisted of four courses. Dinner at six: soup,
fish, poultry, salad, sweets, cheese, and dessert. And a light meat supper at ten.

The young man decided to pay two-pounds-five (as he was a hearty eater) and did so.

Lunch came. He didnt feel so hungry as he thought he should, and so ate a bit of
boiled beef, and some strawberries and cream. He thought a good deal during the
afternoon, and at one time it seemed to him that he had been eating nothing but boiled
beef for weeks, and at other times it seemed to him that he had lived on strawberries
and cream for years.

At six, they came and told him that dinner was ready. The announcement aroused no
enthusiasm within him, but he felt that there was some of that two-pounds-five to be
worked off, and he held on to ropes and things and went down. A pleasant smell of
onions and hot ham, mixed up with fresh fish and greens, greeted him at the bottom of
the ladder. Then the steward came up with an oily smile and said:

What can I get you, sir?

Get me out of this, was the reply.

And they ran him up quickly, and propped him over the leeward, and left him.

For the next four days he lived a simple and blameless life on thin captains biscuits (I
mean that the biscuits were thin, not the captain), and soda-water; but, towards
Saturday he went in for weak tea and dry toast, and on Monday he ate chicken broth.
He left the ship on Tuesday, and as it steamed away from the landing stage he gazed
after it regretfully.

There she goes, he said, there she goes, with two pounds worth of food on board
that belongs to me and that I havent had.

(From Three Men in a Boat, by Jerome K. Jerome)

60
Dialogue

Ordering a Meal

Is this table free waiter?

Im sorry, sir, these two tables have just been reserved by telephone, but that over
theres free.

What a pity! We wanted to be near the dance-floor. Still, it doesnt matter, well take
it...the menu, please.

Here you are, sir.

Well, lets see. What would you like to have, darling?

Oh, I dont want much to eat, Im not very hungry, I think Ill have ox-tail soup and
fried plaice with chips.

Hm, Im rather hungry. Im afraid, Im as hungry as a horse, as they say. Ill start
with some hors-doeuvre.

And to follow?

A steak with baked potatoes and peas.

Will you have anything to drink, sir?

Well, bring me half a pint of beer.

What about you, darling?

Well, I dont care for beer, but I will have a glass of sherry.

Very good. What sweet would you like?

Ill have fruit salad.

So will I. And well have two coffees, please.

Black or white?

White, please.

Waiter, the bill, please.

Very well, sir. Here you are. Thank you very much, sir.

Thank you.

61
Explanations

1. a weeks voyage is a phrase that includes a possessive case structure (a voyage

that lasts for a week. Remember that besides for persons (see table), the possessive
case is also used in the case of nouns denoting measurement, time or space, or
quantity:

a weeks holiday; two days wages; a years absence; an hours time; todays post;
yesterdays news; a stones throw; a hairs breadth; a shillings worth; etc.

2. latter The irregular adjective little less least (puin, mai puin, cel mai puin
valoros) is used as follows: less is used with uncountable nouns; fewer with countable
nouns: He has spent less time on his work than he ought to have done.There are fewer
boys than girls in my class.

On the other hand, least means without value: Last but not least (ultimul, dar nu cel
mai puin important); at least cel puin; There are at least twenty students here.

The latter means the second of two and is contrasted with former: He studied French
and German. The former language he speaks very well, but the latter one only
imperfectly (prima limb din dou o vorbete f. bine, dar a doua o vorbete
imperfect).

Latest means the most recent, the last up to the present: Have you read Mircea
Crtrescus latest book? (cea mai recent).

The last has the meaning of final: The Tempest was probably the last play that
Shakespeare wrote (Shakespeare died, so he cannot write any other play) (see the
table).

3. Pay attention to the words desert and dessert. They are homophones, that means
they are spelled differently but are both pronounced /diz:t/. The former means to
leave (a prsi), the latter desert.

4. Think of the following pairs of words:

difficult easy

62
 heavy light

They are antonyms, but also almost synonyms (greu uor). Still, we say: A difficult
exercise/ task/question; but: A heavy handbag / suitcase. Consequently, we will say:
An easy exercise/task/homework; but: A light handbag/ suitcase.

5. In English there is a difference between the name given to animals as beings, and
the name given to their meat. Thus:

animal meat

ox/cow beef

calf veal

swine/pig pork

sheep mutton

also: flesh (carnea) meat (carnea animalului ca aliment)

animalului viu)

6. Berry is the name given to small seedy fruit: holly berries ( bot. ilice). Other
berries are:

strawberries (cpuni/fragi)

blackberries (mure)

gooseberries (agrie)

7. Other another: other may be an adjective or a pronoun. As an adjective it is

invariable; as a pronoun it is countable and has the plural form others. When preceded
by the indefinite article (an) , they are written as one word another. The other
(singular) means the second of two:

He held a sword in one hand and a pistol in the other. One of my brothers is named
Richard, the other is named Frederick.

The other(s) means the remaining one(s): We got home at six oclock, but the others
didnt get back till about 8 oclock.

63
Other(s) may simply mean different or additional: There are other ways of doing this
exercise.

Another means an additional one: His hostess offered him another cake; it also
means a different one: The point of this pencil is broken. Can you lend me another,
please?

8. To live -d -d means to have existence as a plant or animal. Be alive (a fi viu) is

more usual. As a phrasal verb, it may be followed by adverbial particles, such as: live
through experience and survive: He has lived through two wars; live sth. down
live in such a way that scandal is forgotten: He hopes to live down the scandal caused
by divorce proceedings;

live up to put ones faith into practice: He didnt live up to his reputation;live on
have as a living: It seemed to him that he had lived only on strawberries and cream.

9. To arise arose arisen means to come into existence or come to notice: A

new difficulty has arisen; Before they could start a mist arose; it may also mean to
result from Serious obligations may arise from the proposed clause (also see table for
rise rose risen).

10. The verbs to see, look, watch, glare, stare, gaze, gape, peep and goggle belong to
the same family, that of the verb to see, but having slightly different meanings and,
therefore, being used in different contexts. Thus, leaving apart see and look for some
other time, watch means to see if all is well: keep watch (look out for danger); Watch
what I do and how I do it; usually we watch something in movement, we being in a
static position: Watch TV; watch a football game; watch ones time (wait for the right
time); watch out!(be careful). To glare means to stare angrily or fiercely: During the
quarrel, they stood glaring at each other (a se uita suprat, sever). To gaze + at/on (a
se uita int la...): What are you gazing at? (i a se holba). To stare implies the idea of
wonder (mirare): She was staring into the distance; He gazed at the scene with staring
eyes. To gape on/ upon (a se uita cu gura cscat) is also used as gape for/after
meaning to want something with all ones heart: She actually gapes after that dress.
To goggle means to roll the eyes about or at something (a-i da ochii peste cap): He
goggled at her in surprise; hence: goggled eyes having prominent or rolling eyes.

11. Worth means having a certain value: I paid only 3$ for this car but its worth
much more; possessing: Whats the old man worth?He died worth a million pounds;
giving a satisfactory return for This book is worth reading (cartea merit s fie citit).

64
Exercises

1. Build 5 sentences using: a weeks holiday; years absence, yesterdays news;

todays post; an hours time.

2. Translate into Romanian, finding the Romanian equivalent of:

to have ones hair cut; to tear ones hair; to lose ones hair;

not to turn a hair; to split hairs; his hair stands on end;

not to touch a hair of somebodys head; within a hairbreadth of death.

3. Translate into English paying attention to the appropriate phrases and expressions:

1. Nu tia ce s fac mai nti: s mearg s se tund sau s-i spele maina.

2. l speria faptul c, odat cu trecerea timpului, ncepea s cheleasc.

3. Trecea de la o extrem la cealalt; sau sttea impasibil sau i smulgea prul din
cap.

4. i plcea s despice firul n patru.

5. Cnd a vzut ce se petrecuse acolo, i s-a fcut prul mciuc.

6. A cerut ca fiicei sale s nu i se mite nici mcar un fir de pr din cap.

7. Jim a fost foarte bolnav anul trecut. Doctorii i-au spus c a fost la un pas de moarte.

4. The adjective in brackets at the beginning of each of the following sentences is

compared irregularly. Insert in the blank spaces its appropriate form.

1. (good or well) I say, you do look brown and... Yes, ive just returned from the ...
holiday Ive ever had.

65
2. (good or well) I say, that stew looks... Yes, it smells... too, dont you think?
Lets try and see if it tastes as... as it smells.

3. (bad or ill) Gorgonzola cheese smells... but tastes delicious. I agree, but it
always makes me... I had some on board while crossing the Channel, with the...
possible results. It was very rough, and after the mishap, some person with an evil
mind accused me of being the... for drink!

4. (little) Of the two evils, let us choose the... I dont think it matters in the... which
alternative you accept; there is... to choose between them.

5. (little) Noble birth is of... account than solid worth.

6. (near) Of the two versions I think yours is... the truth.

7. (near) Can you direct me to the... post-office? Yes, it is just over the road,...
door to that bakers.

8. (much, many) Do the French eat...bread? Yes, ... than we do. Do they eat...
...? ...people have remarked about it to me.

9. (far) How... is it from here to London? Twenty miles by train; by road it is...

10. (late, latter) Johns and Brown are two important members of the community; the
former is the village postman and the... the police constable.

11. (old) My wife has three brothers, all... than she. The..., George, is a bishop.

12. (up) Keep a stiff... lip in adversity.

13. (in)The only real happiness comes from... peace.

14. (out) Please take the... care of this bracelet.

15. (out) Journeys into... space are already possible.

5. Put into the singular: men, women and children; roofs; cherries; wives; feet; teeth;
potatoes and vegetables; intelligent students; trousers; hippopotami in rivers.

6. Change the following sentences into simple past affirmative, interrogative and
negative:

1. I ride my bicycle.

2. John lights the fire.

3. My grandfather smokes a cigar.

66
4. They travel by train.

5. Mary drives her own car.

6. Her car looks very well.

7. You finish your homework quickly.

8. Jill opens the window in her bedroom.

9. Jake bends over the window.

10. My sister feels ill this morning.

7. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of the verbs live and arise.

1. The old people died but the young people ... on in the village.

2. A new difficulty has ... Call on us if the need should...

3. Obstacles never... if you are careful.

4. He is... now only on fruit and salad as he keeps a diet.

5. What I can tell you about her is that she... like a saint.

8. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of the verbs stare, glare, gaze, gape
and goggle:

1. The magician ... deep into my eyes, trying to hypnotise me.

2. When I told him what had happened, he looked at me with a bewildered ...

3. Pay attention! This is a ... blunder. People will get angry with you.

4. What are you... at? Have you never seen a ghost before?

5. The old woman was... in the distance.

6. The frogs eyes seemed to be... out of its head.

7. She actually ... on the letter as if she didnt believe it was true.

9. Translate the sentences above into Romanian.

67
10. Build up a dialogue having the theme Meals. Use the following words and
expressions:

whether he would pay, pay for each meal, would be so much cheaper, for lunch, to
consist of four courses, a light meat supper, a heavy eater, tastes differ, to live a
simple life, toast and butter, a cup of tea, soup, wash the dishes, lay the table, put
napkins and plates, fork, spoon, knife, salt and pepper, unfold the tablecloth, invite
friends to dinner, dinner is ready!prepare good meals, orange juice with ice, some
salad to begin with, an excellent meal for the meat course,what about soup? to be
hungry and thirsty, on the menu, cold dishes, how much is your bill?

The Possessive (Genitive) Case Apostrophe s

You may hear someone say something like The mother of the bride, but it could
equally be; The brides mother.

However, the possessive pattern (s) is generally used when indicating a relation of
ownership or association with a person, rather than a thing.

Add s: usually for persons

Singular:

Mandys brother John plays football.

My teachers name is ...

Lynnes web site kept growing larger and larger.

Plural:

(Add the apostrophe to regular plural forms)

Examples:

The girls room is very nice.

The Smiths car is black.

Add s to irregular plural forms:

Examples:

The childrens books are over there.

Mens clothes are on the third floor.

68
If there are multiple nouns, add an s only to the last noun:

Example:

Peter and Johns mother is a teacher.

There are, as ever, exceptions to this rule. When a group of people or animals gets
involved

Example:

The members forum.

The dogs tail.

Peoples names that end in s you can write () or (s).

Example:

Charles job was on the line.

or

Charless job was on the line.

Possessive Case, Some Further Situations13

You may still hear someone say something like The mother of the bride, but it
could equally be; The brides mother.

However, the possessive pattern (s) is generally used when indicating a relation of
ownership or association with a person, rather than a thing.

Example:

13
http://www.learnenglish.de/ grammar

69
Lynnes web site kept growing larger and larger.

There are, as ever, exceptions to this rule. When a group of people is involved or
animals.

Example:

The members forum.

The dogs tail.

Singular and plural nouns that dont end in s take -s.

Example:

Lynnes web site.

Plural nouns that end in s take an apostrophe ( ).

Example:

The girls dresses.

Peoples names that end in s you can write () or (s).

Example:

Charles job was on the line.

or

Charless job was on the line.

Note: In English, there is a difference between a possessive pronoun and possessive

adjective. The adjective determines a noun. In English, it stands in front of the noun it
determines. You may see the possessive adjective in the first column below. The

70
pronoun replaces a noun. It stands alone. The possessive pronoun can be seen in the
column on the right.

E.g. This is my book. This book is mine.

Possessive Adjective/Pronoun

Possessive

Lynnes Lynnes

My Mine

Your Yours

His His

Her Hers

Its Its

Our Ours

Their Theirs

Whose Whose

For example:

This is Lynnes web site.

Have you seen her book?

I think its hers.

Unitatea de nvare 3

3.1. (Exercises Legal Terms)

Exercise 1: Introduce possessive cases into each of the following sentences wherever
possible and make the necessary changes:

71
1. That book belongs to my sister.

2. Those careless visitors left the door of the gate open.

3. That house belongs to John Mayer.

4. November 1st, the Day of All Saints, is called ..... in England.

5. The Cathedral of St.Giles is the principal church in Edinburgh.

6. The picture represents John Mayer.

7. The picture is also his.

8. The rod belongs to the fisherman over there.

9. The Tom-cat belongs to my wife.

10.Nobody took the cover of the book.

Exercise 2: Give the English correct form of the Romanian noun in brackets:

1. My (pyjamaua) were left in the bathroom.

2. My (pantaloni) are being cleaned.

3. (Cri) are played each evening.

4. (Politica) have never interested me.

5. (Vetile) is good.

6. The clergy (este) generally dressed in black.

7. The police (a prins) the thief.

8. The sheep (sunt) in the field.

9. Measles (este) a catching disease.

10.(Informaiile) is correct.

Exercise 3: Give the singular form of the following nouns:

books pencils judges politics

72
 farmers trousers billiards Lord-justice

wives children oxen jokes

teeth men news leaves

Exercise 4: Build up sentences with the English words mentioned above (Exercise 3).

Exercise 5: Translate into English:

1. Pantalonii albatri sunt cei mai frumoi.

2. Informaoole au fost corecte.

3. Cntarul este stricat.

4. Ai grij s nu iei oreion. Este o boal contagioas.

5. Sfarturile sale m-au speriat de moarte.

Law and Order

Null and Void Ordinance

The Null and Void Ordinance was an Ordinance passed by the Parliament of England
on 20 August 1647. On the 26 July 1647 demonstrators had invaded Parliament
forcing Independent MPs and the Speaker to flee from Westminster. On 20 August,
Oliver Cromwell went to Parliament with an armed escort, following which the Null
and Void Ordinance was passed annulling all Parliamentary proceedings since the 26
July. Most of the Presbyterian MPs then retreated from Parliament leaving the
Independents MPs with a majority.

Paper trail (prob scris) If a person or organisation leaves a paper trail, they leave
evidence in writing or in document form that will serve as proof of their actions.

Fig. a series of records that is possible to examine to find out the sequence of things
that happen. (Typically: have ~; leave ~; make ~.)

73
The legal department requires all these forms so that there is a paper trail of all
activity.

Partner in crime (complice) A person who helps you to plan something dishonest or
unlawful is called your partner in crime. (This expression can be used jokingly as in
this example.)

Pervert the course of justice (obstrucioneaz justiia) If a person perverts the course
of justice, they tell a lie or prevent the police from finding out the truth about
something.

Rough justice (pedeaps nemeritat) Treatment or punishment that does not seem
fair, or is too severe, is called rough justice, especially if it is not legal. (i sumar al
hotrrii judectoreti); a punishment that is not fair or is too severe

New evidence suggests that the girls were given rough justice.

Signed, sealed and delivered (semnat i parafat) When an agreement, contract or

treaty is signed, sealed and delivered, all the legal documents have been signed.

Smoking gun (dovad de necontestat) A smoking gun is a piece of evidence or the

indisputable sign of someone's guilty. Informal: Something that serves as indisputable
evidence or proof, especially of a crime:

"There is no smoking gun or paper trail to [the CIA]" (Thomas Polgar).

Unitatea de nvare 4

4.1. Mistakes We Often Make

Mistakes We Often Make

The following expressions include nouns that act unusually as far as their use is
concerned, such as news that always has a plural form but is followed by the verb in
the singular. Read and translate carefully:

Take the law into one's own hands (a-i lua legea n propriile mini: If, instead of
calling the police, you act personally against someone who has done something
wrong, you take the law into your own hands.

74
Toe the line (s te aliniezi regulamentelor) If a person toes the line, they obey the
rules and accept the principles of a person, group or organisation.

Note: We always say: In my opinion .... dup prerea mea....

and: According to somebody else....... According to me is INCORRECT

It also seems worth mentioning several English phrases which include the Romanian
verb a judeca. State which phrases actually refer to law and which to everyday
language.

a judeca aspru pe cineva judge ill of somebody

a judeca de la caz la caz judge each case on its own merits

a judeca drept hold the scales even

a judeca dup... judge by...

a judeca dup aparene judge by appearances/looks; judge

according to the label

a judeca favorabil pe cineva judge well of somebody

a judeca neprtinitor (drept) hold the scales even

a nu judeca omul dup suman = nu it is not the coat that makes the man
haina l face pe om

a judeca pe alii dup sine measure another mans foot by ones own
last

nu-i judeca pe alii dup tine dont judge the others by yourself

a judeca prea aspru pe cineva be too hard on somebody

a judeca pripit jump to a conclusion

a judeca un proces try a case

a judeca ru pe cineva = aspru judge ill of somebody

75
judecata (nu) i-a dat dreptate judgement went for/against the plaintiff
reclamantului

Judecata de Apoi the last day of judgement; doomsday; the

great account

judec i tu judge for yourself

judecnd dup... judging by...

a judeca dup elemente exterioare judge by externals

judecnd dup vorbele cuiva judging from what somebody says

Unitatea de nvare 5

5.1. An Encounter With Lawyers

5.1.2.Exercises

AN ENCOUNTER WITH LAWYERS

THERE ARE NO HONEST LAWYERS

A lawyer named Impos Syble was shopping for a tombstone. After he had made his
selection, the stonecutter asked him what inscription he would like on it.

"Here lies an honest man and a lawyer," responded the lawyer.

76
"Sorry, but I can't do that," replied the stonecutter. "In this state, it's against the law to
bury two people in the same grave. However, I could put `here lies an honest lawyer'."

"But that won't let people know who it is!" protested the lawyer.

"Sure it will," retorted the stonecutter. "People will read it and exclaim, "That's
impossible!"

Explanations

1. DO, DID, DONE and MAKE, MADE, MADE are synonyms, still, there is a
difference between them. Do is usually followed by abstract nouns. We say: do
good/harm/evil/justice/ones best (a face tot ce poi)/exercises/gymnastics/ ones
homework; but also do the shopping/washing/ones hair/the room. Make is usually
followed by concrete nouns. We say: make a bed (being a carpenter)/a dress/a cake
but also: make friends (a-i face prieteni) /peace. We use it as a phrasal verb as well:
make up a story (invent) /ones face (a se machia).

2. STONE is a noun that has more than one meaning when in expressions, or
compound words, such as: a heart of stone; within a stones throw (la o arunctur de
piatr rom. de b foarte aproape); to leave no stone unturned (a te face luntre i
punte); the saying a rolling stone gathers no moss (omul nestatornic nu prinde cheag);
The Stone Age (Epoca de piatr); be stone-blind (cu desvrire orb); be stone-broke
(lefter); stone-deaf (cu desvrire surd); stone mason (pietrar) where from masonry;
stone oil (iei, petrol); stone-roofed (cu acoperi de piatr); vb. throw stones at sb.

3. ANSWER and RESPOND are both verbs and nouns and are, to a certain extent,
synonyms. Answer is the general term: What shall I answer?; Have you answered the
letter?It can be found in expressions such as; answer the door (when somebody
knocked); answer back (impolitely interrupt especially when being scolded); This
plan has not answered (was not successful); respond means answer, but also implies a
psychological reaction to something: Respond to a speech of welcome (take an
attitude to it); When Tom insulted Mr. Green, he responded with a kick; the illness
quickly responded to treatment.

77
4. RETORT answer back quickly wittily or angrily (riposta, replica): Its entirely
your fault, he retorted. One retorts insult for insult; retort an argment upon
somebody; retort ones accusers (accuse them in turn).

Exercises

Exercise 1: Comment upon the meaning of the title. Do you agree with it?

Exercise 2: Fill in the blanks using do and make wherever necessary:

1. The judge could not give a straight answer but was decided, however, to ... justice.

2. He refused to say anything unless he was allowed to speak to his lawyer, in spite of
the jurors attempt to ...peace.

3. The accused tried hard to prove that he ...no harm to anybody.

4. It was decided that all those in prison ... physical exercises during their break
outside.

5. This barrister is not very skilful at ... speeches. Its a pity.

Exercise 3: Translate into Romanian:

1. The lawyer Mr.Green had taken was both very clever and lived only within a
stones throw from the Court.

78
2. The lawyer had to admit that there was something in what the defendant kept
saying.

3. Judgements made in criminal cases can usually be appealed to a higher court which
can either overturn or uphold a lower court ruling.

4. Only barristers have the right to address the judges bench directly on the clients
behalf.

79
Exercise 4: Complete the following sentences. Most of the missing words are
prepositions:

1. Everybody thought he wasnt guilty, but the court found ... him.

2. The judge found ... the defendant/plaintiff, although everybody thought he was
guilty.

3. Cant you find it ... your heart to lend him the money he needs to pay the lawyer.

4. The judge decided to continue the matter that had been ... dormant.

5. In case she gets arrested, Im sure she will get very worked ... and will lose
...temper easily.

6. The Investigation Committee was set ... to look ... the cause of the plane crush.

7. He lost his driving license after he ran ... a child, because he was driving too fast
and couldnt stop in time.

8. She saw ... him when he pretended to be a policeman.

9. He pretended that he was not frightened, but his staring eyes gave the truth .... .

10. The court will hand ... their decision on Monday.

Exercise 5: Use answer, respond and retort in the following sentences:

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1. Youll have to ... for each charge (cap de acuzare) before indictment (punere sub
acuzare).

2. The defendants ... was considered to be malicious (cu rea intenie).

3. When charged with murder, he did not ...

4. That lawyer is well-known for his appropriate punishments (pedepse adecvate), and
diligent behaviour, but last week, while in court, he repeatedly ... to anything said
there.

5. Everybody was astonished when to the prosecution witness(martor al acuzrii)

words he ... with a laugh.

6. The jurors in American courts have to give quick ...s whether the person is guilty or
not guilty.

Exercise 6: Explain the pun (jocul de cuvinte) in this short text about the lawyer and
the stone cutter.

Unitatea de nvare 6

6.1 In Court

6.1.2. Exercises

IN COURT

Husband: I got in and saw my wife naked, on the bed. The window was open. I
looked out of the window and saw a guy in pants, running. I took the bedside table
and flung it at him.

Wife: It was awfully warm. I took off my clothes and opened the window.
Suddenly, I saw my husband coming in angrily and, without a word, taking the bed
side table and throwing it out of the window.

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Victim: Im a sportsman. I run on that route every morning. I turned my head and
saw a bedside table flying towards me.

Witness: I dont even know why Im here. I was just standing still

on the bedside table.

Explanations

1. LOOK, - ED, - ED is a regular verb, and part of the family of verbs related to the
verb to see (stare, gaze, peep).

to see saw, seen is the general verb use ones power of seeing: A person sees, hears
and feels simultaneously; I can see a tree in front of the window; it may also have the
meaning of to understand: You have to walk carefully here as it is slippy Well, I
see; to stare, /ed, /ed means to have a fix look, with wide open eyes (a se holba):
Why are you staring at me like this?; to gaze, /ed, /ed implies a long, steady look:
What are you gazing at?(a privi fix la); to peep, /ed, /ed a short, quick look, often
secret: The full moon peeped from behind the clouds. In this context, look means to
direct ones eyes towards (a privi la): Look at this beautiful painting; but look is also
a phrasal verb, changing its meaning according to the adverbial particles it is used
with: look after take care of: Look after the baby till Im back, please; look for
search for, seek: Im looking for my glasses; but: I dont know his telephone number
by heart. I have to look it up in the telephone directory; look like resemble: He
looks like his father; look up to to praise: Mary looks up to her former teachers;
look down on despise: He is both proud and selfish and looks down on everybody;
look in pay a short visit: Look in on your way home.

2. TAKE, TOOK, TAKEN is an irregular verb and a phrasal verb as well. Its original
meaning hold, lay hands on: Take the book from the table; take a man by the hand;
take somebody to ones arms (a mbria); take-home wages salar net; take after
resemble: John takes after his mother as boys usually do; take to heart a pune la
inim: Dont take everything to heart!; take off (of clothes) undress ( a se dezbrca):
Take off your shoes, its muddy today; (of planes) a decola: Our plane takes off at 5
oclock sharp; take up raise: take up the pen from the floor; take out remove: How
can I take out these stains?

3. FLY, FLEW, FLOWN (a zbura) is an irregular verb. Some of its meanings are: to
fly high be ambitious, have high goals: Jim is very proud, but he also is flying high;
to be in a hurry: She flew to meet her brother at the station; to send somebody flying
a izgoni pe cineva: The lawyer sent his drunken client flying. Note: Pay attention
not to confuse fly with flee, -d,-d a fugi, a prsi o ar: Because of hardships, they
decided to flee from Romania in 1977; and flow, -ed, -ed a curge: The Danube flows

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into the Black Sea; flout (despre legi) a nclca, a nu respecta: It is dangerous to
flout the law!

Also remember: fly-by-night firm - firm nesolvabil care apare i dispare peste
noapte; flying squad trup de intervenie rapid; fly-posting afiaj ilegal;

4. Note: avoid confusion between STAND, STOOD, STOOD and STAY, STAYED,
STAYED. The former means keep an upright position: We had to stand all the way
back in the bus; Stand up, please; but it is also used in expressions, such as: My hair
stood on end (with terror) mi s-a fcut prul mciuc; It stands to reason that...- Im
certainly right in saying that...; be situated: The dishes stand on the top shelf; If you
are naughty again, youll be stood in the corner dac mai eti ru, vei fi pus la col;
move to and remain in a certain position: Stand aside!; The policeman ordered us to
stand back. The latter verb (stay) means to remain in a certain position or condition:
Stay indoors till I come back!; Stay where you are; remain where one is placed stay
put; but also: stay ones hunger satisfy for a time; a stayer animal or person able
to stay.

Exercises

Exercise 1: The verb take is also part of various expressions. Here are some of them.
Read them carefully and then build up sentences of your own using them properly:

take advantage of taking into account take ones chance

( a folosi ceva n avantajul) (a lua n consideraie) (a-i ncerca norocul)

take hold of taking a dislike to take a fancy to

(a pune mna pe) (a nu putea suferi) (a ndrgi)

take heed take an interest in taking place

(fii atent) (a avea grij de, a se interesa) ( a avea loc)

take pride in taking a seat take sb.s word

( a fi mndru de) ( a ocupa loc) (a crede pe cuvnt)

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Exercise 2: Complete the following sentences using see, look, stare, gaze and peep:

1. They all ....with astonishment.

2. The book I was looking for was .... me in the face. (be right in front)

3. Stop ...ing round.

4. She was so anxious to see what will happen that she couldnt help ...ing through the
keyhole.

5. .... before you leap (avoid acting hastily).

6. When she married a solicitor, she .... down at the office girls she had worked with.

7. Wont you ..? in next time you are in town?

8. Jill perfectly .... like her twin-sister. You can never tell the difference between
them.

9. Cant you .... what I mean?

10. Looking out of the window from here, one can ...the ocean.

11. She was ... into the distance.

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12. .... up at the ceiling and down at the floor.

Exercise 3:

1. He ... to see what would happen to that injured woman.

2. A chair will not ... on two legs only.

3. I can ... only a few minutes.

4. Im too busy to ... .

5. .... still while I take your photograph.

6. Wont you ... for supper?

7. I cannot .... rude people and naughty children.

8. Hes a man who never ... aside when theres something that needs doing.

9. I wish the lid would ... put instead of springing up every time.

10. He ... looking over my shoulder.

Exercise 4: Answer the following questions using words from the text above:

1. Where does the action take place?

2. Who are the characters involved in the action?

3. What does the husband tell the lawyer?

4. What did the wife say?

5. Why is the sportsman the victim?

6. What did the witness say?

7. Who should be considered guilty in this story?

8. If you were to change the title of this story, what would you call it?

9. Why do you think it has the title At Court?

10. Could you think of a similar happening?

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Unitatea de nvare 7

7.1.Various Exercises

Remember what you have learned in connection with phrasal verbs:

Exercise : Lets practice some of the meanings of the verb live. Read the examples
below carefully. Build up sentences of your own:14

LIVE FOR = something extremely important to you

John lives for surfing. He goes nearly every day.

LIVE IN = live in the place you work

My sister -in-law has a live-in maid.

LIVE IT UP = have a good time; celebrate

14
From: http://www.advanced-english-grammar.com/phrasal-verb-live.html

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Some people really like to live it up on the weekends.

LIVE OFF = A. survive or exist on something B. use savings

A. I could live off these things they are so good!

B. After paying for his operation he had little money to live off.

LIVE ON = A. money used for basic needs B. not forgotten

A. You lost all the money? What are we going to live on this month?
B. Though he's no longer with us, his memory will live on with all of us.

LIVE OUT = A. fulfil a desire or fantasy B. stay somewhere until you are dead

A. I was able to live out my dream of visiting New Zealand.

B. The racehorse lived out his final days eating green grass and running free in the
hills.

LIVE THROUGH = experience; survive hard times

My father-in-law lived through the German occupation during WWII.

LIVE TOGETHER = stay in the same place without marrying

They lived together for two years before they got married.

LIVE UP TO = meet expectations

Most children can't live up to their parents expectations.

LIVE WITH = A. made to accept something unpleasant

He had to live with the fact that the accident he caused killed three people.

Explanations

1. law of criminal procedure legea de procedur penal

2. There are a series of words which are false friends for the Romanian speaker of
English, such as:

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legal - juridic Choose the legal profession!

regulate a reglementa The law regulates the modes of action

criminal - penal When a criminal offence has been reported...

trial - proces The evidence was preserved for a possible trial.

process procedur, aciune The criminal process commenced by investigating

n justiie the circumstances.

3. try a suspected offender where try as a legal term means to examine and
determine judicially, as a cause; determine judicially the guilt or innocence of (a
person) a cerceta judiciar dac inculpatul suspect este vinovat sau nu.

4. convicted offenders inculpai condamnai; to convict a condamna

5. challenge the legality of conviction where challenge means a contesta; a contesta

legalitatea condamnrii.

6. litigation litigiu, proces, caz

7. allocation repartizare

8. civil-law countries ri de drept civil

common-law countries- ri de drept comun

9. offence - infraciune

10. the police carry out arrests, searches (percheziii) and seizures (sechestrri.

11. prosecutor procuror, acuzator, reclamant

12. conduct criminal investigations a efectua, organiza

13. petty offences delicte minore

14. lay justices judectori neprofesioniti

15. panel of two or three judges where panel means comisie; o comisie format din
doi sau trei judectori; lay judge judector neprofesionist

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Exercise2: Comment on the following statements related to criminal procedure:

- better protection of the rights of the accused

- the accused is entitled to counsel

- provision (clauz) for the state to pay for defence

- right of appeal against criminal convictions

- preliminary hearings

- capital punishment

Exercise 3: The Criminal Procedure is only a branch from what we know as Trial
Procedure. In any trial there are steps to be followed till the case can be closed. Define
each one below and see whether they are arranged in the order they occur:

1. Jurisdiction

2. Pleading

3. Welfare of children

4. Practice

5. Presentation of witnesses

6. Documentation

7. Physical proof

8. Individuals

9. Corporate bodies

10. Civil procedure

11. Evidence

12. Appeal

13. Criminal procedure

14. Registration

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