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Transistor Construction
There are two types of transistors:
pnp
npn
pnp
npn
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Transistor Operation
With the external sources, VEE and VCC, connected as shown:
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Currents in a Transistor
IE = IC + IB
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Common-Base Configuration
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Common-Base Amplifier
Input Characteristics
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Common-Base Amplifier
Output Characteristics
This graph demonstrates
the output current (IC) to
an output voltage (VCB) for
various levels of input
current (IE).
I CO = I CBO
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Operating Regions
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Approximations
I I
C E
Base-emitter voltage:
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Alpha ()
Ideally: = 1
I C = I E + I CBO
In reality: is between 0.9 and 0.998
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Transistor Amplification
Assume Ri and Ro from input & output
characteristic curves
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CommonEmitter Configuration
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Common-Emitter Characteristics
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Common-Emitter Amplifier Currents
Ideal Currents
IE = I C + I B IC = I E
Actual Currents
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Beta ()
represents the amplification factor of a transistor. ( is
sometimes referred to as hfe, a term used in transistor modeling
calculations)
In DC mode:
IC
dc =
IB
In AC mode:
IC
ac = V CE = constant
IB
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Beta ()
Determining from a Graph
2.7 mA
DC = V CE = 7.5
25 A
= 108
Both values are usually reasonably close and are often used interchangeably
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Beta ()
= =
+1 1
I C = IB I E = ( + 1)I B
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CommonCollector Configuration
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CommonCollector Configuration
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Operating Limits for Each Configuration
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Power Dissipation
Common-base:
PCmax = VCB I C
Common-emitter:
PCmax = VCE I C
Common-collector:
PCmax = VCE I E
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Transistor Specification Sheet
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Transistor Specification Sheet
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Transistor Terminal Identification
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