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Chapter Objectives
To develop a method for determining the moment of inertia and product of inertia
for an area with respect to given x- and y-axes.
To develop a method for determining the polar moment of inertia for an area
with respect to given x- and y-axes.
To a method for determining the moment of inertia with respect to a parallel axis.
To introduce the product of inertia and show how to determine the maximum and
minimum moments of inertia of an area (a.k.a. principal moments of inertia).
2. The moment of inertia about the y-axis may be determined using the following
equation.
Iy = x el 2 dA
To compute Iy, the strip (i.e the differential element) is chosen parallel to the
y-axis so that all points forming the strip are the same distance x from the
y-axis.
3. The polar moment of inertia may be determined using the following equation.
JO = r2 dA
10.1
The polar moment of inertia may be
determined from the rectangular
moments of inertia Ix and Iy by noting
that
r2 = x2 + y2
and that
JO = r2 dA
= (x2 + y2) dA = x2 dA + y2 dA
JO = Iy + Ix
10.2
(y )2 dA - represents the moment of inertia of area A with respect to
the centroidal x-axis; thus,
(y )2 dA = I x
2 dy y dA - represents the first moment of area A with respect to the
centroidal x-axis.
Since the centroid is located on the axis, the value of this
integral is zero:
y dA = y A = 0, since y = 0.
(dy)2 dA = (dy)2 A
Thus, Ix = I x + (dy)2 A
The moment of inertia (Ix) of an area about a parallel axis is equal to the moment
of inertia of that area about its centroidal axis ( I x) plus a transfer term [(dy)2 A].
This is known as the Parallel Axis Theorem.
For Iy, the parallel axis theorem is similar to the one developed for Ix.
Thus, Iy = I y + (dx)2A
10.3
Similarly, for an area A that has a moment of inertia Iy with respect to the y-axis,
the moment of inertia of a thin strip may be defined as Iy = ky2 A, and
ky = (Iy/A)
where
ky is known as the radius of gyration with respect to the y-axis.
Finally, for an area A that has a polar moment of inertia JO with respect to the x-
and y-axes, the polar moment of inertia of a thin strip may be defined as
JO = ko2 A, and
ko = (JO/A)
where
ko is known as the polar radius of gyration.
10.4
Examples Moments of Inertia for an Area by Integration
Applicable equation:
Ix = y el2 dA y el = y
dA = b dy
Solve for Ix, the moment of inertia with respect to the x-axis.
h h
Ix = y el2 dA = y2 b dy = b y2 dy
0 0
= b (y3/3) | 0
h
Ix = bh3/3
Thus, the moment of inertia of a rectangular area about its base is bh3/3.
10.5
Given: Rectangular area shown.
Applicable equation:
Ix = y el2 dA y el = y
dA = b dy
Solve for Ix, the moment of inertia with respect to the x-axis.
h/2 h/2
Ix = y el2 dA = y2 b dy = b y2 dy
h / 2 h / 2
Thus, the moment of inertia of a rectangular area about an axis through its
centroid is bh3/12.
10.6
Moment of Inertia by Alternative Analysis
The previous definition for moment of
inertia requires the use of parallel
elementary strips.
However, we can compute Ix and Iy using
the same elementary strip, one that is
perpendicular to the reference axis.
The moment of inertia with respect to the y-axis for the elemental area shown may
be determined using the previous definition.
Iy = x el 2 dA
where
x el = x
dA = y dx
Thus, Iy = x2 y dx
The sign ( + or - ) for the moment of inertia is determined based on the area.
If the area is positive, then the moment of inertia is positive.
If the area is negative, then the moment of inertia is negative.
The sign for x el or y el may be either positive or negative.
- In either case, ( x el 2) or ( y el 2) are used in the expression, and the result will
always be positive.
10.7
Examples Moment of Inertia of an Area by an Alternative Analysis
Applicable equations:
Ix = y el2 dA dA = x dy
Solve for Ix, the moment of inertia with respect to the x-axis.
h h
Ix = y el2 dA = y2 (b/h)(h y) dy = (b/h) y2 (h y) dy
0 0
h
= (b/h) (hy2 y3) dy = (b/h)(hy3/3 y4/4) | 0
h
10.8
Now solve for Iy, the moment of inertia with respect to the y-axis.
d Iy = (1/3) dy (x3)
h h
Iy = (1/3) x3 dy = (1/3) (b/h)3 (h y)3 dy = (1/3) (b/h)3 ( h y )3 dy
0 0
10.9
Given: The area shown.
Applicable equations:
Ix = y el2 dA dA = (a x) dy
Define dA in terms of y.
dA = (a x) dy = (a - y ) dy
First, solve for Ix, the moment of inertia with respect to the x-axis.
b b
Ix = y el2 dA = y2 (a - y ) dy = (a y2 y5/2) dy
0 0
= a b3/3 (2/7) b1/2 b3 Format the solution in the form f (a, b3)
= a b3/3 (2/7) a b3 b = a2, a = b1/2
= 7 a b3/21 6 a b3/21
Ix = a b3/21
Next, solve for Iy, the moment of inertia with respect to the y-axis.
Iy = x el2 dA cannot be used with a horizontal element.
d Iy = (1/3) dy x3 must be used with a horizontal element.
However, the expression d Iy = (1/3) dy x3 is only valid when the bases of all the
elemental rectangular areas touch the reference axis.
10.10
The area may be considered as the difference between the two areas shown
below.
- The moment of inertia with respect to the y-axis for Area 1, the rectangular
area, is
Iy1 = ba3/3
- The moment of inertia with respect to the y-axis for Area 2 is
Iy2 = (1/3) x3 dy Since y = x2, then x3 = y3/2
b
= (1/3) y3/2 dy
0
10.11
Given: The area shown.
Applicable equations:
Ix = y el2 dA dA = (x1 x2) dy
First, solve for Ix, the moment of inertia with respect to the x-axis.
4 4
Ix = y el2 dA = y2 (y y2/4) dy = (y3 y4/4) dy
0 0
Ix = 12.8 in4
Next, solve for Iy, the moment of inertia with respect to the y-axis.
Iy = x el2 dA cannot be used with a horizontal element.
d Iy = (1/3) dy x3 must be used with a horizontal element.
The area may be considered as the difference between the two areas shown
below.
10.12
Iy = Iy1 - Iy2 = 4 (43)/12 - (1/3) x3 dy
4 4
= 4 (4)3/12 (1/3) (y2/4)3 dy = 21.33 (1/3) (y6/64) dy
0 0
Iy = 9.14 in4
10.13
10.4 Moments of Inertia for Composite Areas
The moment of inertia of an area made up of several common shapes may be
obtained using formulas given for each of the shapes and adding the appropriate
transfer terms to determine the moment of inertia about the desired axis.
= bh3/12 + (h/2)2 b h
= bh3/12 + bh3/4
Ix = bh3/3
If the moment of inertia with respect to an axis is known, the centroidal moment
of inertia may be determined using the Parallel Axis Theorem.
= b h3/12 b h3/18
I x = b h3/36
10.14
For composite areas, the summation of centroidal moments of inertia and plus the
summation of transfer terms will equal the total moment of inertia for the entire
area.
For the moment of inertia with respect to the x-axis, the moment of inertia
may be found as follows.
Ix1 = I x1 + ( y 2A) 1
Ix2 = I x2 + ( y 2A) 2
Then summing the moments of inertia for each part of the composite area
Ix = Ix1 + Ix2 +
Ix = I x1 + ( y 2A) 1 + I x2 + ( y 2A) 2 +
or
Ix = I x i + y i2Ai
Similarly, for the moment of inertia with respect to the y-axis, the moment of
inertia may be found as follows.
Iy1 = I y1 + ( x 2A) 1
Iy2 = I y2 + ( x 2A) 2
Then summing the moments of inertia for each part of the composite area
Iy = Iy1 + Iy2 +
Iy = I y1 + ( x 2A) 1 + I y2 + ( x 2A) 2 +
or
Iy = I y i + x i2Ai
10.15
Example Moments of Inertia for Composite Shapes
Find: Ix and Iy
Part Ai xi yi Ai x i Ai y i A i x i2 A i y i2 I xi I yi
1 27.00 - 1.50 1.50 - 40.50 40.50 60.75 60.75 182.25 20.25
2 27.00 - 5.00 0 - 135.00 0 675.00 0 121.50 54.00
3 28.27 2.55 2.55 72.09 72.09 183.83 183.83 71.15 71.15
4 - 6.28 - 3.00 - 0.85 18.84 5.34 - 56.52 - 4.54 - 1.74 - 6.28
75.99 - 84.57 117.93 863.06 240.04 373.16 139.12
The moments of inertia with respect to the x- and y-axes are determined as
follow.
Ix = I xi + y i2Ai = 373.16 + 240.04 = 613.20 in4
The centroidal moments of inertia for the composite area are determined as
follows.
I x = Ix y 2A = 613.20 (1.55)2 75.99 = 430.63 in4
10.16
Given: The cover-plated beam shown.
Find the location of the centroid (which corresponds with the neutral axis).
Use the bottom of the bottom flange as the reference axis.
y = y i Ai/Ai = 31.7 (29.8/2) + 1(18)(29.8 + 1.0/2)
31.7 + 1(18)
= 472.33 + 545.40
49.7
y = 20.48
10.17
10.5 Product of Inertia for an Area
The product of inertia is defined by the following equation.
Ixy = x y dA
Parallel-Axis Theorem
For Ixy, the parallel axis theorem is similar
to the ones previously developed for Ix and
I y.
Ixy = x y dA
= (dx + x ) (dy + y ) dA
= dx dy dA + dx y dA
+ x dy dA + x y dA
= dx dy dA + x y dA
Ixy = dx dy A + I xy
where,
dx y dA = dx y dA = dx y A = 0, since y = 0
x dy dA = dy x dA = dy x A = 0, since x = 0
x y dA = I xy
10.18
Example Product of Inertia by Integration
Ixy = I xy + x y A, so I xy = Ixy - x y A x el = x
y el = (y1 + y2)
Define dA and y el in terms of x.
First, solve for Ixy, the product of inertia with respect to the x- and y-axes, using
a vertical element.
3
Ixy = x el y el dA = x [ (3x + x3/3)] (3x x3/3) dx
0
3 3
= x (9x2 x6/9) dx = (9x3 x7/9) dx
0 0
A = 6.75 in2
3 3
x (3x x3/3) dx = (3x2 x4/3) dx | 0 = (3x3/3 x5/15) dx | 0
3 3
x A =
0 0
10.19
3 3
yA = [ (3x + x3/3)] (3x x3/3) dx = (9x2 x6/9) dx
0 0
y A = 23.14 in3
Alternatively, solve for Ixy, the product of inertia with respect to the x- and y-
axes, using a horizontal element.
dA = (x2 x1) dy
x el = (x2 + x1)
y el = y
Define dA and x el in terms of y.
dA = (x2 x1) dy = ( 3 3y - y/3) dy
9
Ixy = x el y el dA = 0
( 3 3y + y/3) y ( 3 3y - y/3) dy
9 9
= y [(3y)2/3 y2/9] dy = (2.08 y5/3 y3/9) dy
0 0
10.20
10.6 Moments of Inertia for an Area about Inclined Axes
For the area and the x- and y-
axes shown, the moments of
inertia and the product of
inertia are defined by the
following equations.
Ix = y2 dA
Iy = x2 dA
Ixy = x y dA
We now propose to determine the moments and product of inertia Iu, Iv, and Iuv of
the same area by rotating the original axes about the origin through an angle .
Observe the following relationships between the x and y distances and the u
and v distances.
u = x cos + y sin
v = y cos x sin
10.21
Principal Moments of Inertia
Two values for moment of inertia are of special interest, that is, the maximum and
minimum moments of inertia, called the principal moments of inertia.
To find the maximum moment of inertia, take the first derivative of
Iu = (Ix + Iy) + (Ix Iy) cos 2 Ixy sin 2 with respect to .
The results of this operation are as follows.
Imax,min = (Ix + Iy) {[(Ix Iy )/2]2 + Ixy2 }
tan 2 = - 2 Ixy/(Ix Iy)
Also note the following relationship.
Ix + Iy = Imax + Imin
These values of Imax and Imin are called the principal moments of inertia of the
area with respect to the origin.
These values are found only by rotating the axes through the specified point (in
this case, the origin).
For a different reference point (that is, a point different from the origin),
there may be a larger moment of inertia, but that is not the concern here.
If the x- and y-axes had their origin located at the centroid of the area, then the
maximum and minimum moments of inertia I max and I min could be found for a set of
axes rotated about the centroid of the area.
These axes are referred to as the principal centroidal axes of the area.
The moments of inertia are referred to as the principal centroidal moments of
inertia of the area.
10.22
Examples Principal Moments of Inertia
Part Ai xi yi A i x i2 A i y i2 Ai x i y i I xi I yi I xyi
1 1.50 - 1.25 1.75 2.34 4.59 - 3.28 0.031 1.125 0
2 1.50 0 0 0 0 0 1.125 0.031 0
3 1.50 1.25 - 1.75 2.34 4.59 - 3.28 0.031 1.125 0
4.50 4.68 9.18 - 6.56 1.187 2.28 0
Ix = Ixi + Ai y i2 = 1.187 + 9.18 = 10.37 in4
Solve for Iu using = 37.7; Iu must equal 15.45 in4 or 1.89 in4.
Iu = (Ix + Iy) + (Ix Iy) cos 2 Ixy sin 2
= (10.37 + 6.96) + (10.37 6.96) cos 2(37.7) + 6.56 sin 2(37.7)
= 8.67 + 0.43 + 6.35
Iu = 15.45 in4 MAX
10.23
Given: Area shown.
(Extend previous example.)
Part Ai x i y i I xyi
1 - 60.75 0
2 0 40.50
3 183.83 - 21.38
4 - 16.01 0
107.07 19.12
10.24
b) Find I max and I min
I xy = Ixy x y A = 126.19 (- 1.11) (1.55) 75.99
I xy = 256.93 in4
10.25