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The poultry industry has been persistently growing in the past years, this is because
of the rapid increase in population. According to the world livestock population statistics of
1987, the population of chicken was estimated to be 9.445 billion. The development in
poultry considerably is more advanced than any other species of livestock in relation to
agriculture particularly in the areas of the nutrition, genetic improvements, disease control,
management and organization of the dietary requirements. Until now the poultry is
considered to be the bedrock of the economy. The meat is widely consumed in other places
of the world; it has been in a constant demand and an excellent source of protein as well as
the B-complex vitamins with much lower cholesterol and saturated fats meeting the protein
However, despite with these new innovations, the free-living parasites never cease
to pose threat to the industry. Especially in large scale sectors, where the control of this
parasites is always been a problem. The importance of controlling disease in poultry farm
needs no justification; it does indeed affect the enterprise either directly or indirectly in
tropical and subtropical countries of the world. It is also a great problem of poultry
Thirteen plants species were used as anthelmintic and nine were used to combat
worm infestation in livestock and these include Carica papaya, Allium satirum, Areca
(Mundy and Murdiati, 1991) and the anthelmintic efficacy of C. papaya latex in poultry
However, very limited data were available on the efficacy of papaya as dewormer.
Thus, the study was conducted to determine the efficacy of papaya seeds as dewormer on
native chicken. The result of this study will provide useful information on the anthelmintic
gallinae and Capillaria spp.infection in chickens. Furthermore, this will help the local
farmers, to improve their income by reducing production cost and lessen mortality.
The main objective of the study is to evaluate the different levels of papaya seeds
1. Determine the effective dosage of powdered papaya seeds that will expel the least
2. Identify the different parasites that will be expelled from the different levels of
This study was conducted at the Poultry project, MSU-Main, Marawi City on the
month of December 2016 to January, 2017.
2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
for its edible fruit. The papaya plant is tree-like, usually branch and has hollow stems and
petioles. The leaves are palmate lobed, spirally arranged and clustered at the growing tip of
the trunk. Papaya trees can be male, female or hermaphrodite and the type of inflorescence
produced is reflective of this. Male trees produce many flowers on long, pendulous panicles
while female trees produce either solitary flower of clusters of a few flowers which are
yellow-green in color. Hermaphrodite trees produce bisexual flowers. The papaya fruit is a
large fleshy berry with smooth green skin that ripens to yellow or orange. The flesh of the
fruit is thick and succulent and ranges in color from yellow to red or orange. The fruit
contains many black wrinkled seeds. Papaya trees range in height from 210 m (6.633 ft)
and can live for up to 25 years. Plantations are usually replaced every 3 years to ensure
http//www.plantvillage.org).
Papaya, a tropical plant believed to have originated in southern Mexico and Central
cultivated for its edible ripe fruit; its juice is a popular beverage, and its young leaves,
shoots, and fruits are cooked as a vegetable. The fruits are a source of flavoring used in
candies, jellies, preserves, and ice cream. Shallow cuts on the surface of fully grown but
unripe fruits cause a milky sap or latex to ooze that is collected, dried, and termed crude
papain. Papain has many industrial uses, as well as milk-clotting (rennet) and protein-
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digesting properties. Nearly 80% of American beer is treated with papain, which allows the
beer to remain clear upon cooling. Papain is most commonly used commercially in meat
Papaya has been used widely in folk medicine for many ailments: the juice for
warts, corns, cancers, tumors, and thickened skin; the roots or their extracts for cancers of
the uterus, syphilis, the tropical infection, hemorrhoids, and to remove mineral concretions
in the urine; the unripe fruit as a mild laxative or diuretic, and to stimulate lactation, labor,
or abortion; the ripe fruit for rheumatism and alkalinizing the urine; the seeds for intestinal
worms or to stimulate menstruation or abortion; the leaves as a poultice for nervous pains
and elephantoid growths, or smoked for asthma relief; and the latex for psoriasis,
particular and neuromuscular coordination are the major targets sites of action of
inhibiting energy metabolism and by affecting motor activity of the parasites, as developed
by in vitro studies (Ravindra M.G et al., 2007). Benzyl isothiocyanate is the chief or sole
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Papain, also known as papaya proteinease I, is a cysteine protease enzyme present
in leaves, fruits and seeds of papaya seeds of papaya (C. papaya) and mountain papaya (
polypeptide chain with 3 disulfide bridges and sulfuhydryl group necessary for activity
of enzyme which is responsible for digestio of nematodes cuticle. (Bauri et al., 2015).
Related Studies
The anthelmintic efficacy of the aqueous and crude extract of Carica papaya seeds
was studied in Isa Brown commercial layers infected naturally with nematodes. The faecal
egg counts showed a remarkable and significant reduction in the levels of the identified
helminths. The reduction in faecal egg counts was more pronounced with the aqueous
extract than crude extract administered. The effects of the C. papaya seed extracts in this
study therefore showed that C. papaya extracts can serve as a source of chemical substance
for use in the development of effective anthelmintic agents (Ameen, et al., 2011).
eradicating/checking worm burden in poultry due to the identified limitations against the
use of conventional anthelmintics. Oven dried ground latex of pawpaw was the
medicament used in treating the birds at 16 weeks following artificial helminth infestation.
From the results obtained, it was confirmed that the anthelmintic potential in Carica
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papaya latex used in the experimental flock was responsible for the varying helminth egg
The cost of Ethnobotanical Anthelmintic per kg is PhP 70.00 while the Commercial
Dewormer is PhP 1,200.00. This project is part of the research program entitled
Development of Sustainable Production System for the Darag Chicken (Gallus gallus
Experiment was carried out to assess the efficacy of ethanolic extract of papaya
(Carica papaya) and neem (Azadirachta indica) plant seeds on Ascaridia galli infectivity
in broiler chicken. The FEC post treatment values of treated groups were significantly
(P>0.05) decreased as compared to the untreated group. It was concluded that the ethanolic
extract of both the papaya and neem was effective in controlling the Ascaridia galli
infection in chicken. However, papaya extract was found more effective than neem (S.
The present study has been realized in the farm protein for all (PPT) located in
Tori Sogbe in the Atlantique-Littoral province, from May to June 2011. The situation
before the treatment is identical with the groups. The 300 hens have been separated into 6
groups of 50 hens which have been differently treated: The group 0, group of witness
receives no treatment. Treatment 1 (2.5g/L of citrate of piprazine solution) for the group
1; treatment 2 (2.5g/L of papaya seeds solution) for the group 2 ; treatment 3 (2g/L of
papaya seeds solution) for group 3 ; treatment 4 (3g/L of papaya seeds solution) for group 4
; treatment 5 (4g/L of papaya seeds solution) for group 5. At state 1, it is to say before the
treatment, the average quantity of the Eggs Per Gram (EPG) are statistically the same. In
other words, the situation before the treatment is identical with the 6 groups. After the
6
treatment, they have noticed a difference highly significant between the treatments with an
efficiency rate of -50% for the witness group ; 80% for the treatment 1 ; -14% for the
treatment 2 ; 4% for the treatment 3 ; 16% for the treatment 4 and 65% for the treatment 5.
In conclusion, we can retain that papaya seeds, no matter what is their dosage, have
reduced significantly the number of EPG comparing to the witness group. But that
reduction remains lower than the one of citrate of piprazine. Moreover, the more the
dosage of papaya seed increases, the more the reduction of Ascaridia galli parasitical eggs
Expreimental infection with 1000 infective eggs in chicken was studied. There was a
significant, strong correlation between the percentage decrease in EPG counts and a single
dose of papaya latex 20% given to the birds (r=0.98: PH 0.05). There was also a very high,
negative correlation between adult A. galli. Numbers recovered from the experimental birds
and the single doses of papaya latex 20% (r=0.996; P=0,067). A single dose of 1,447.89 mg
of papaya latex 20% completely freed the birds from the parasite while the untreated,
infection controls harboured a mean number of 50 adult wormsndang (Purwati and Simon
Fajimi and Taiwo ( 2005) stated that papain is capable of digesting bacteria and
Carica papaya locally known as papaya. Papain is the substance that is found in
Carica papaya which can reduce helminth infestation in poultry. Anthelmintic property can
be obtained for chicken by feeding 50 papaya seeds (De Padua et al., 1999).
7
Papaya also found as an anthelmintic against other helminths (Satrija et al,, 1994; Murdiati
et al., 1997; Lamtiur, 2000; Fajimi et al., 2001; Rahman, 2002) rather than Ascaridia galli.
The efficacy of the combined dewormer was evaluated based on the reduction of
worms, which was estimated by establishing egg per gram (epg) counts before and after
administering the dewormer. One egg is equivalent to 100 eggs per gram of feces (Coles,
1988).
8
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Experimental Birds
Twenty six (26) native chickens, not less than 6 (six) weeks of age weighed at 0.75
to 1kg with no history of previous deworming was purchased from Lumbatan, Lanao del
The study was laid out in Complete Randomized Design (CRD) with 4 treatments
and replicated 3 times containing 2 birds per replication. The treatments were as follows:
The seeds were collected from the fresh fruits of ripe papaya at the fruit shack in
5th street, MSU-main campus, Marawi City. The seeds were cleansed and sundried for 5
days, grounded and powdered. The powdered seeds were then stored at room temperature
prior to administration.
9
Administration of Powdered Papaya Seeds
Before the experimental trial, the experimental birds were tested for the presence of
Powdered papaya seeds was diluted and given to the chickens every 4:00 oclock in
the afternoon using 10ml syringe according to treatments. Administration of papaya seeds
was done for three (3) consecutive days. To ensure the effectiveness of powdered papaya
seeds the same procedure was repeated after ten (10) days.
Fresh feces were collected and put in a cleaned and sanitized vials. The vials were
Laboratory (RADDL), Cagayan de Oro City for fecalysis. The egg counts were done using
standard procedures. Afterwards, the fecal samples were placed in McMaster counting
chamber to count the egg present in feces. The chambers containing the samples were
allowed to stand for 5 minutes to allow the eggs to float. Then it was examined under the
eggs found from two square set then multiplied by 100. The result was expressed as the
10
The following data were gathered:
1. Number of parasites expelled from the different dosage of powdered Papaya seeds;
Statistical Analysis
All the data gathered were processed and analyzed using SPSS version 20 with
treatment means were also analyzed using Least Significant Difference (LSD) at P<0.05.
11
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The Eggs per Gram (EPG) of feces from different treatments during the two
Table 1 Total number parasites expelled from Native chicken treated with different levels
powdered of papaya seeds.
Treatments Period of Fecal Collection
1st Collection 2nd Collection
d**
Without papaya seeds 158 126d**
2ml powdered papaya seeds 90c 93c
4ml powdered papaya seeds 57b 58b
6ml powdered papaya seeds 46a 37a
Columns having different superscript means significant based on LSD at P 0.005, ** means highly
significant(P0.01).
from native chicken treated with different dosage of powdered papaya seeds in both 1st and
2nd collection. The EPG of feces is more pronounced in fecal samples found in untreated
birds compared to treated groups.In this current study, the efficacy of papaya seeds is
determined through the least number of Egg counts. The pronounced reduction of fecal egg
count from the treated group could be due to the Benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC) substance
2007 ; Kermanshai, et al., 2000). According to the study of Ameen et al., (2011) the
anthelmintic efficacy of the aqueous and crude extract of Carica papaya seeds is exhibited
with nematodes. Ameen et. Al., (2010) also indicated that papaya seeds had its anthelmintic
effecacy against nematodes, based on his study on Haemonchus contortus in dwarf sheeps.
He stated that the effects of the C.papaya seed extracts were broad spectrum in action. The
12
papain compound present in the C.papaya seed extracts could have caused reduction in
worm load through this same mechanism that culminates in exhaustion and death of
worms. Since the aqueous and crude extract of C.papaya significantly reduced the faecal
egg counts of the helminths, it could serve as an anthelmintic agent. Effendy et al. (2014)
also observed the same on Dwarf sheeps treated with different levels of papaya seed
extract. The results from this study suggests that extracts from C. papaya seeds could be of
On the other hand, there were only three (3) eggs identified from all treatments
throughout the fecal collection. These are Heterakis gallinarum., Ascaridia gallinae.,
Capillaria spp. (shown in table 2 & 3) were identified in both first and second fecal
collection.
Birds treated with 6ml dosage of powdered papaya seeds revealed the lowest
number of Heterakis gallinae, followed by 4ml, 2ml, and control with 10.33, 17, 28, 33.67
in descending order. On Ascaridia galli the highest number value were obtained from the
untreated birds (11.33), followed by 6 ml dosage of powdered papaya seeds (4.33); and
followed by 2ml and 4ml dosage of powdered papaya seeds both had the same value(1.67).
While on Capillaria spp. the highest number value were 7.67 on the untreated, followed by
13
0.67 on the 6ml of powdered papaya seeds and the least is 0.33 on both 4ml and 2ml of
powdered papaya seeds. From this experiment and the result obtained, it could be
established that C. papaya seeds has certain chemical components that are high
anthelmintic attributes in poultry with satisfactory efficacy. This result was supported by
of Fajimi et al., (2001) who confirmed the efficacy of the aqueous extract of seeds of
same author reported a reduction of egg counts in nematodes on birds treated with papaya
extract. As stated by Bauri et. al (2015); review on use of medicinal plants to control
parasites, his study stated the seeds exhibit antiamoebic activity. Aqueous extract of seeds
The latex containing papain having anthelmintic properties against intestinal nematodes of
poultry e.g. Ascaridia galli., and Capillaria spp., showed 77.7 % reduction in eggs per
gram in faeces. The extract showed effective activity against larvae of Ancylostoma canium
in mice.
Table 3.0 Effects of papaya seeds treatment on the specific kind of parasite expelled
durinsg the second collection.
Ascaridia gallinarum and Capillaria spp. were pronounced on 6ml powdered papaya
14
seeds than the other treatments (shown in table 3). This result is supported by Dougnon et
al. (2009) who stated that any dosage of papaya seeds have reduced significantly the
number of EPG comparing to the witness group. But that reduction remains lower
compared to citrate of piprazine. Moreover, the more the dosage of papaya seed increases,
the more the reduction of parasitical eggs is important. Although, Endang Purwati and
Simon He., (__) reported that the dosage of papaya seeds had a strong correlation on the
percentage egg count (r= 0.98: PH 0.05). There is also no adult A. gallinarum recovered
from the experimental birds from a single dose of papaya extract which results to a
15
Cost and Return
The cost and return of using papaya seeds as an anthelmintic compared to commercial
Table 4. cost and return analysis of papaya seeds and commercial dewormer.
Parameters Papaya seeds Commercial
dewormer
Gross income (Php)/ bird 300 300
Cost of chicken 100 100
Cost of feeds/bird/day 1.87 1.87
Cost of papaya seeds 1
Cost of grinding papaya 14
seeds
Cost of commercial dewormer 0 46
cost of housing and 100 100
facilities
Total expenses 215.87 247.87
Total net return 85.13 52.13
The data revealed that papaya seeds gave a higher net return with 85.13 pesos
Ozaraga et al.,(2014) he stated that the higher net return of papaya seeds is mainly due to
lower cost of processing while the cost of commercial dewormer is 1200 pesos in the
market. Therefore, using papaya seeds is more economical than commercial dewormers.
16
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
The study was conducted in MSU-main campus, Marawi City, Lanao del sur with a
total of 26 native chickens randomly distributed into four (4) treatments namely: T1-control
(w/o papaya seeds); T2-2ml powdered papaya seeds; T3-4ml powdered papaya seeds; and
T4-6ml powdered papaya seeds. The experiment lasted for 1 month. Deworming was
conducted for two (2) consecutive trials with ten (10) day interval period per
administration. Prior to administration, the experimental birds were tested for parasite and
all of them found to be positive. The treatments were administered for three (3) consecutive
days following the three (3) collection period of fecal samples. Throughout the
experimental trials, chickens were fed the same kind of feeds. Using the Analysis of
Variance (ANOVA) of the Complete Randomized Design (CRD) the following results
were obtained:
1. Different levels of powdered papaya seeds significantly affected the number of EPG
expelled.
2. Different levels of powdered papaya seeds significantly expelled three (3) types of
spp.
controlling parasites.
From the above results, it is concluded that the papaya seeds can be effectively used
as dewormer to native chicken. Moreover, economic analysis also shows that using
17
RECOMMENDATION
Based on the results of the study, further studies are recommended to elucidate more
the anthelmintic efficacy of papaya seeds. The following studies that can be undertaken:
Native chicken.
18
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20
APPENDIX TABLES
APPENDIX TABLE 1.ANOVA for Egg per Gram (EPG) of feces in 1st collection
Sum of squares Degree of Mean Frequenc Sig.
Freedom (df) square y (f)
Between groups 3022.667 3 1007.556 14.602 0.001**
APPENDIX TABLE 2.ANOVA for Egg per Gram (EPG) of feces in 2nd collection
Sum of squares Degree of Mean Frequency Sig.
Freedom (df) square (f)
Between groups 1536.333 3 512.111 8.407 7
First collection
APPENDIX TABLE 3.ANOVA for Egg per Gram (EPG) of feces of Heterakis galli.
Sum of squares Degree of Mean Frequency Sig.
Freedom (df) square (f)
Between groups 1308.917 3 436.306 6.898 0.13
21
APPENDIX TABLE4. ANOVA for Egg per Gram (EPG) of Ascaridiagalli.
Sum of squares Degree of Mean Frequency Sig.
Freedom (df) square (f)
Between groups 187.583 3 62.528 5.07 0.3
Total 286.25 11
APPENDIX TABLE 5. ANOVA for Egg Per Gram (EPG) of Capillaria Spp.
Sum of squares Degree of Mean Frequency Sig.
Freedom (df) square (f)
Between groups 117.583 3 39.194 21.379 .000**
Total 132.25 11
Second collection
APPENDIX TABLE 6. ANOVA for Egg Per Gram (EPG) of Heterakis galli.
Sum of Degree of Mean Frequency Sig.
squares Freedom (df) square (f)
Between groups 1438.917 3 479.639 5.659 0.022
APPENDIX TABLE 7. ANOVA for Egg Per Gram (EPG) of Ascaridia galli.
Sum of Degree of Mean Frequency Sig.
squares Frequency (df) square (f)
Between groups 69.667 3 23.222 3.357 0.76
Total 125 11
22
APPENDIX TABLE 8. ANOVA for Egg Per Gram (EPG) of Capillaria Spp.
Sum of Degree of Mean Frequency Sig.
squares Freedom (df) square (f)
Between groups 22.25 3 7.417 2.697 0.116
Total 44.25 11
23
APPENDIX FIGURES
24
Appendix figure 4. Salt Solution. Appendix figure 5. Weighing of fecal samples.
25