5-3 What is the temperature of saturated water vapor with v = 0.3468 m3/kg?

Approach:
Use the saturated steam tables.

Assumptions:
none

Solution:
From Table A-10
at T = 155C
vg = 0.3468m3 kg
Answer
Alternatively, from Table A-11
at T = 155.48C
vg = 0.3427m3 kg

Comments:
It is easier and more accurate to use Table A-10 when temperature is desired.

5-8 Find the specific volume of gaseous R-134a at 40oC for P = 100 kPa, 400 kPa, and 800 kPa. Use both the
ideal gas law and tabulated values.

Approach:
Use the superheated vapor tables to determine
specific volume; compare to results from the ideal gas
law.

Assumptions:
none

Solution:
From Table A-11 at P = 0.45 MPa, vg = 0.414 m3/kg. From the definition of specific volume

Solution:
From the ideal gas law (using data in Table A-1),
kJ 1000 J
8.314 ( 40 + 273) K 3
v =
RT
=
kmol K 1 kJ = 0.2551 m
MP kg 1000 Pa kg
102 (100 kPa )
kmol 1 kPa
From Table A-16 for superheated R-134a at 40oC and P = 100 kPa = 0.1 MPa,
m3
v = 0.25076
kg
Repeating the calculation at the other pressures and tabulating

P v, Ideal gas v, Table A-16

kPa m3/kg m3/kg
_______________________________________________

100 0.2551 0.2508

400 0.06377 0.05917 Answer
800 0.03188 0.02691

Comments:
The tabulated values are more accurate. The ideal gas law is a better approximation at low pressures.
5-16 A tank contains a two-phase mixture of steam and water at 40 psia. If the volume of the vapor is 10 times
that of the liquid, what is the quality?

Approach:
Express quality as a ratio of mass of vapor to mass of
liquid plus vapor. Rewrite masses in terms of
volumes. Use the given fact that vapor volume is 10
times liquid volume and all volumes will cancel.

Assumptions:
None

Solution:
From the given information in the problem statement
10V f = Vg
Using the values of specific volume for saturated liquid and saturated vapor at 40 psia in Table B-11
Vf
vf = = 0.017146
mf
Vg 10V f
vg = = = 10.501
mg mg
By the definition of quality
10V f
mg 10.501
x= = = 0.016
m f + mg Vf 10V f
+
0.017146 10.501
5-23 Find the specific volume of
a. compressed liquid water at 100oF, 1000 psia.
b. saturated liquid water at 100oF.
c. saturated liquid water at 1000 psia.

Approach:
Consult the steam tables.

Assumptions:
none

Solution:
a) From Table B-13
v = 0.016082ft 3 / lbm Answer
b) From Table B-10
v = 0.016130ft 3 / lbm Answer
c) From Table B-11
v = 0.02159ft 3 / lbm Answer

Comments:
The specific volume of compressed liquid water can be approximated by that of saturated liquid water at the same
temperature; thus, the results from a and b are very close. If you erroneously evaluate the specific volume at the
same pressure rather than the same temperature, large differences result, as in a and c.
5-27 A mixture of steam and water is contained in a rigid tank of volume 3050 cm3. The mixture has a quality
of 0.55 and a temperature of 120C. Heat is added until the temperature is 140C. Find
a. the final quality
b. the amount of heat added

Approach:
Since the tank is rigid and mass is constant, the
specific volume is constant. Find the specific
volume at the initial state from property tables and
set it equal to the final specific volume. To find
heat, use the first law.

Assumptions:
1. The tank is rigid.
2. There are no kinetic energy changes.
3. There are no potential energy changes.

Solution:
a) Because the tank is rigid, volume is constant. Since the mass, m, is also constant, the specific volume, v = V / m,
is constant and v1 = v2 . The initial state is in the two-phase region, therefore
v1 = v f + x1 ( vg v f )
With values from Table A-10 at 120C
3
v1 = 0.00106 + 0.55 ( 0.8919 0.00106) = 0.491m kg
To find x2, use
v2 = v f + x2 ( vg v f )
v2 v f v1 v f
0.491 0.00108
x2 = = = = 0.965 Answer
vg v f vg v f 0.5089 0.00108
where specific volumes of the saturated liquid and vapor were taken from Table A-10 at 140C.

b) The first law for a closed system is

U = Q W
No work is done, therefore
Q =U = m (u2 u1 )
The mass may be found from
3
1m
3050cm3
m= =
V 100cm = 0.00621 kg
v1 m3
0.491
kg
The internal energy of the two states, again using data in Table A-10, is
u1 = u f + x1 ( u g u f ) = 503.5 + (0.55)( 2529.3 503.5) =1618 kJ kg
u2 = u f + x2 ( u g u f ) = 588.74 + 0.965 ( 2550 588.7 ) = 2481 kJ kg
kJ
Q = ( 0.00621 kg )( 24811618)
kg
= 5.36 kJ Answer
5-33 A two-phase mixture of steam and water with a temperature of 160oC and a quality of 0.6 is contained in a
piston-cylinder assembly. The two-phase mixture, which has a total mass of 0.9 kg, is compressed slowly
and isothermally until only saturated liquid is present. What is the work done on the system?

Approach:
Evaluate work from W = PdV . Property values
are found in the saturated steam table.

Assumptions:
1. The compression is quasi-static.
2. The system is isothermal.
3. There are no kinetic energy changes.
4. There are no potential energy changes.

Solution:
Because the compression is slow, we may assume it is quasi-static, and the work done is
W = PdV
Since the process is isothermal and remains entirely in the two-phase region, pressure is constant, as shown in the
figure above. Work becomes
W = P dV = PV = P (V2 V1 )
Using data in Table A-10 at 160oC,
v1 = v f + x1 ( vg v f ) = 0.001102 + 0.6 ( 0.3071 0.001102) = 0.185 m3 kg
V1 = mv1 = ( 0.9 kg ) ( 0.185 m3 kg )
= 0.1662 m3
The final specific volume is the specific volume of saturated liquid water at 160oC. From Table A-10,
v2 = 0.001102 m3 kg
V2 = mv2 = ( 0.9)(0.001102) = 9.9 104 m3
The saturation pressure at 160oC is also available in Table A-10. It is P = 618 kPa. Work may now be evaluated as
1000 Pa
{9.9 10 0.1662} m
4 3
W = ( 618 kPa )
1 kPa
= 1.02100 105 J = 102 kJ Answer

Comments:
Work is negative because work is done on the system during a compression.
6-3 A well-insulated nozzle has an entrance area of 0.28 m2 and an exit area of 0.157 m2. Air enters at a
velocity of 65 m/s and leaves at 274 m/s. The exit pressure is 101 kPa and the exit temperature is 12C. What is
the entrance pressure?

Approach:
Use the first law for an open system, specialized for a
nozzle. Apply conservation of mass and the ideal gas
law to determine inlet pressure.
m
Assumptions: V 1 = 65
1. Potential energy change is negligible. s
2. The system operates in steady-state. P2 = 101 kPa
3. The nozzle is adiabatic. T2 = 12 o C
4. Specific heat is constant.
5. Air behaves like an ideal gas under these m
V 2 = 274
conditions. s

Solution:
From the first law, specialized for a nozzle,
V1 2 V 2
h1 + = h2 + 2
2 2
h = c p T ,
For an ideal gas with constant specific heat, therefore
2 2
V2 V
c p (T1 T2 ) = 1
2 2
Solving for T1,
V 2 V1 2
T1 = 2 + T2
2c p
Specific heat depends on temperature, and should be evaluated at the average of inlet and outlet temperatures, but
the inlet temperature is unknown. As an approximation, evaluate the specific heat at the exit temperature, and
correct later if necessary. From Table A-8,
kJ
At T2 = 273 + 12 = 285K, c p 1.004
kg K
2
( 274 )2 ( 65 )2 m
s 2
T1 = + 285 K
kJ 1000 J
2 (1.004 )
kg K 1kJ = 320 K
From conservation of mass,
m1 = m2
1V 1 A1 = 2 V 2 A2
Using the ideal gas law,
MP1 MP2
V1 A1 = V 2 A2
RT1 RT2
Solving for inlet pressure,
V A T 274 0.157 320
P1 = P2 2 2 1 P1 = (101)
V1 A1 T2 65 0.28 285 = 268 kPa Answer
Comment:
The entrance temperature of 320 K is very close to the exit temperature of 285 K. Specific heat does not vary
significantly between these two temperature and there is no need to iterate on specific heat.
6-6 Steam enters a diffuser at 250oC and 50 kPa and exits at 300oC and 150 kPa. The diameter at the
entrance is 0.25 m and the diameter at the exit is 0.5m. If the mass flow rate is 9.4 kg/s, find the heat
transfer to the surroundings.

Approach:
Use the first law for an open system, eliminating
work and potential energy. Find properties in the
steam tables.

Assumptions:
1. Potential energy change is negligible.
2. The system operates in steady-state.

Solution:
a) From the first law,
dEcv V 2 V 2
= Qcv Wcv + mi hi + i + gzi me he + e + gze
dt 2 2
Assuming steady conditions, one stream in and one stream out, no work, and no change in potential energy,
the first law becomes
V 2 V 2
0 = Qcv + m h1 + 1 m h2 + 2
2 2
The area at the inlet is
2 2
D 0.25
A1 = r12 = 1 = = 0.0491m
2

2 2
The velocity at the inlet is, using data from Table A-12,
kg m3
9.4 4.82
mv s kg
V1 = 1 = = 646 m s
A1 0.0491m 2
The exit area is
2
0.5 2
A2 = = 0.196 m
2
Obtaining specific volume by interpolating in Table A-12,
mv ( 9.4 )(1.98) m
V2 = 2 = = 95.0
A2 0.196 s
Rearranging the first law,
V 2 V 2
Qcv = m h2 + 2 h1 1
2 2
2 2
2 m 2 m
( 95 ) ( 646 )
kg kJ 1000 J
Qcv = 9.4 3073 s 2 2976 kJ 1000 J s 2
+
s kg 1kJ 2 kg 1kJ 2

Qcv = 107,146W = 107.1kW Answer
6-10 Air enters an adiabatic turbine at 900 K and 1000 kPa. The air exits at 400 K and 100 kPa with a velocity
of 30 m/s. Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible. If the power delivered by the turbine is 1000 kW,
a. find the mass flow rate.
b. find the diameter of the duct at the exit.

Approach: T1 = 900 K
Use the first law for an open system, eliminating heat, kinetic
P1 = 1000 kPa
energy and potential energy. Find properties using ideal gas
relations.

Assumptions:
1. Potential energy change is negligible.
2. Kinetic energy change is negligible.
3. The system operates in steady-state.
4. The turbine is adiabatic.
5. Air behaves like an ideal gas under these conditions.
6. Specific heat is constant.

Solution: T2 = 400 K
a) Assuming an adiabatic turbine with negligible kinetic and P2 = 100 kPa
potential energy changes, the first law becomes V 2 = 30 m/s
W = m ( h1 h2 )
h = c T ,
For an ideal gas with constant specific heat, p therefore
W W
m= =
h1 h2 c p (T1 T2 )
With values of specific heat from Table A-8 at the average temperature of 650 K,
1000 kW kg
m= = 1.88
kJ s
1.063 ( 900 400 ) K
kg K Answer
b) Exit area is related to velocity and mass flow rate through
mv
A2 = 2
V2
From the ideal gas law,
kJ
8.314 ( 400 K )
RT2 kmol K m3
v2 = = = 1.15
MP2 kg kg
28.97 (100 kPa )
kmol
Substituting values
kg m3
1.88 1.15
s kg
A2 = = 0.0721m 2
m
30
s
4 A2 ( 4 )( 0.0721)
D2 = = = 0.303m
Answer
6-18 Air flowing at 0.5 m3/min enters a compressor at 101 kPa and 25oC. The air exits at 600 kPa and 300oC.
During this process, 250 W of heat are lost to the environment. What is the required power input?

Approach: T1 = 25 o C
Use the first law for an open system, eliminating kinetic energy and
potential energy. Find properties using ideal gas relations. P1 = 101kPa
V = 0.5 m3 /min
Assumptions:
1. Potential energy change is negligible.
2. Kinetic energy change is negligible.
3. The system operates in steady-state.
4. Air behaves like an ideal gas under these conditions.
5. Specific heat is constant.

Solution:
From the first law for an open system
dEcv V 2 V 2 T2 = 300 o C
= Qcv Wcv + mi hi + i + gzi me he + e + gze
dt 2 2 P2 = 600 kPa

Assuming steady conditions, one stream in and one stream out, no
change in kinetic or potential energy, the first law becomes
0 = Q W + m ( h1 h2 )
h = c p T ,
For an ideal gas with constant specific heat, therefore
W = Q + mc p (T1 T2 )
Using data in Table A-1,
m3 kg 1min
0.5 (101kPa ) 28.97
V1 V1 PM min kmol 60s kg
m= = 1 = = 9.84 103
v1 RT1 kJ s
8.314 ( 25 + 273) K
kmol K
The average temperature of the air is
25 + 300
Tave = = 162 o C = 435K
2
Using specific heat values from Table A-8 interpolated at Tave
kg J
W = 250 W + 9.84 103 1018 o
( 25 300 ) C = 3000 W = 3kW
s kg K
Answer