The Journal of The Textile Institute

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Dyeing of cotton fabric for improved mosquito

repellency

Mangesh D. Teli & Pravin P. Chavan

To cite this article: Mangesh D. Teli & Pravin P. Chavan (2017): Dyeing of cotton
fabric for improved mosquito repellency, The Journal of The Textile Institute, DOI:
10.1080/00405000.2017.1351066

To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00405000.2017.1351066

Published online: 11 Jul 2017.

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The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2017
https://doi.org/10.1080/00405000.2017.1351066

Dyeing of cotton fabric for improved mosquito repellency

Mangesh D.Teli and Pravin P.Chavan
Department of Fibres and Textile Processing Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India

ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY

Recently, mosquito repellent textile materials are increasingly in demand from consumers as a preventive Received 7 February 2017
measure from mosquito-borne diseases like malaria, dengue. Mosquito repellent-treated textile Accepted29 June 2017
material initially shows good repellency against mosquitoes but upon repeated washing cycles this
KEYWORDS
effect gets washed off considerably. In the present work, 4-Amino-N, N-diethyl3-methyl benzamide (MD) Diazotization; mosquito
is synthesized from N, N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) and it is used as base material for synthesis of azo repellent; cage test; WHO;
group. This synthesized base MD was then coupled with three different napthols to get dyed cotton fabric DEET; FT-IR; 1H-NMR
using diazotization process. This dyed cotton fabric has imparted mosquito repellent finish in one, single
operation of dyeing cum finishing. This approach is based on modification of universally used mosquito
repellent and synthesizing an azo group-based dye in the fibre matrix of the cotton fabric. The chemical
structures of the MD were characterized using FT-IR and 1H-NMR spectroscopy. The fastness properties of
the dyed cum finished fabric were measured to evaluate the performance of the dyed fabric. Efficacy of
mosquito repellency of the dyed cotton fabric was studied using standard methods. The dyed cotton fabric
using napthols and MD showed very good and durable mosquito-repellent activity.

1.Introduction which are natural liquid products are obtained from plants by
hydro- or steam distillation for such purposes. These essential
Every single year, more than 500 million people around the world
oils are also used as natural aromas in food and toiletry, and due
become severely ill with malaria. Most cases and deaths were
to medicinal properties, many of them are used in medicinal
reported in sub-Saharan Africa. However, Asia, Latin America,
and aromatherapy treatment (Abd El-Kader & Aly, 2012; Teli
parts of Europe, Middle East and two of the Pacific countries are
& Chavan, 2015).
also affected due to mosquito-borne disease. The global occur-
Among the synthetic repellents, DEET is considered to be
rence of dengue has grown drastically in recent decades. WHO
very much effective mosquito repellent used in the form of sprays
(World Health Organization), currently, estimates that dengue
and mosquito-repellent creams (Katritzky et al., 2010; USEPA,
infection only has reported 50 million cases of infection in the
1998; Webb & Russell, 2009). Microencapsulated DEET can also
world every year. As we see such growing infection of mosquito
be used as a finishing material for textile fabric for mosquito-
disease, in 2001 only, there were more than 609,000 reported
repellent property. A non-woven fabric holding microencapsu-
cases of dengue in the Americas, of which more than thousands
lated DEET in an adhering, incorporated, blended or dispersed
of cases were of Dengue hemorrhagic fever which is greater than
state gives longer mosquito-repellent property as the DEET
twice the number of dengue cases which were recorded in the
releases slowly (Ando & Takashi, 2011; Fei & Xin, 2007; Klun
same region in 1995 (White et al., 2012; World Malaria Report
& Debboun, 2000). Various attempts have been reported to
2012, 2014; World Malaria Report, 2012 FACT SHEET).
improve mosquito-repellent properties of synthetic fibres and
Todays stage of development of the textile industry is the one
cellulose-based fibres using various additives and cross-linkers.
modernization and innovation. Every sector of textile is develop-
Polypropylene was prepared with improved dyeability and 100%
ing with the advancements taking place. Smart textiles or func-
mosquito repellent using melt blending technology (Sabale,
tional textiles are one such field and protective textiles are among
Mangesh, & Adivarekar, 2012). DEET is also used along with
such application of smart technology in textiles. Protective tex-
the other repellent like permethrin into -cyclodextrine empty
tiles as name suggests are those textile products which have a
cavities and this is applied by grafting onto cotton (Romi et al.,
functionality offering protection from something such as fire,
2005). It is also used in combination with other synthetic repel-
chemicals and insect bites. These can be by the mosquito repel-
lents to give improved insect repellency (Utunomiya, Hasegawa,
ling or may be insect repelling and also may be antibacterial and
& Mori, 1997). To obtain long-duration protection from mosqui-
anti-fungal too. So nowadays, synthetic repellents like DEET,
toes, DEET was encapsulated in situ during the graft copolym-
permethrin are commonly used as mosquito repellents. Natural
erization of butyl acrylate onto chitosan in an aqueous solution
repellents are also in great demand and specifically essential oils
and the solution was sprayed on to the fabric (Fei & Xin, 2007).

CONTACT Mangesh D. Teli mdt9pub@gmail.com

2017 The Textile Institute
2 M. D. TELIA AND P. P. CHAVAN

In the present work, azoic dye based on insect-repellent agent
DEET is synthesized and applied to cotton fabric to produce mos-
quito-repellent material. When 4-Amino-N,N-diethyl3-methyl
benzamide (MD) was coupled with napthols using diazotiza-
tion process, coloured cotton fabric was obtained with very good
light, rub and wash fastness. Hence, in this work a novel azoic
dye containing insect-repellent (DEET) is synthesized (Figure
1). The MD was characterized using Fourier transform infra-
red spectroscopy (FTIR) and 1H-NMR. The synthesized azoic
dye was directly prepared on to cotton fabric. The mosquito-
repellent activity of the dyed cotton fabric was also evaluated
using a standard method for testing mosquito-repellent effects
as shown in Figure 1.
2.Experimental
2.1.Materials
DEET (Alkyl Amines Chemicals Ltd., Mumbai), ethyl acetate,
dichloromethane (DCM), ethanol (99%), sulphuric acid (98%),
hydrochloric acid (36%), sodium hydroxide pellets, potassium
nitrate, sodium carbonate (Soda ash), glacial acetic acid, ammo-
nium sulphate used were of analytical grade (Ami Chemicals Ltd,
Mumbai), AATCC detergent.
FTIR spectra were determined on a Shimadzu FTIR 8400
with the ATR sampling unit. 1H-NMR spectra were recorded on
a Bruker AVANCE-400MHz. The nuclear magnetic resonance
(NMR) data were processed with Bruker Topspin 2.1. Melting
points of the products were determined via Differential Scanning
Colorimeter Shimadzu DSC-60. The K/S values of the dyed
cotton (D65 illumination, 100 observer) were obtained using
a Spectra flash SF 300, Computer Colour Matching System
supplied by Data colour International, U.S.A. Thin layer chroma-
tography (TLC) was performed using aluminium plates coated
with silica gel 60 F254 (Merck).
2.2. Synthesis of mosquito-repellent dye
Synthesis route of 4-Amino-N, N-diethyl3-methyl benzamide
(MD) is already described in our previous work (Teli & Chavan,
2016).
2.2.1. Nitration of DEET
2.2.1.1. Synthesis of N, N-diethyl-3-methyl-4-Nitro benzamide
(refer Figure 2). N, N-Diethyl-3-methyl-4-Nitro benzamide
(DEET-NO2) was synthesized according to method described
(Teli & Chavan, 2016). Finely powdered KNO3 (50.0 mmol)
was taken in three neck flask and appropriate amount of
96% H2SO4 (47.5 mmol) was added to it drop wise and the
mixture was stirred for 15min at room temperature still slurry
was prepared. Dichloromethane (25.0 ml) was added to the
homogeneous slurry and the mixture was prepared which was
later cooled at 0 C with vigorous stirring. A solution of the
DEET (5.0mmol) in DCM (8.0ml) was added dropwise and the
stirring continued at room temperature for the required time.
The reaction progress was determined using the TLC method.
After completion of reaction, the whole reaction mixture was
poured onto the ice cubes and it was neutralized using 10%
NaOH. Neutralized product was separated using ethyl acetate

Figure 1.Mosquito repellency testing.

Notes: A Control sample. B Dyed Sample.

DEET DEET-NO2

Figure 2.Synthesis route for N, N-diethyl-3-methyl-4-nitro benzamide [15].


and it was then separated using separating funnel and put in
to rota evaporator. The yellowish coloured oil was obtained as
a final product.
Yield (82.67%); mp: oil; FTIR (, cm1) : NH2 3348.19
cm1 stretch; CH2CH3 2974.03 cm1 Stretch; -C=C 1504
cm1; CN 1166 cm1 stretch; -CH2-CH3 1431.08 cm1,
1380.94 cm1 bending; C=C 1627.81 cm1 ; CN 1166.85
cm1 stretch; C=O 1710.74 cm1 stretch.
2.2.2. Reduction of DEET-NO2 by Na2S and NaOH
4-Amino-N, N-diethyl3-methyl benzamide (DEET-NH2) was
synthesized using the method as described in literature (Krishnan
& Seshadri, 1986).
DEET-NO2 (2.05g) was dissolved in 5% sodium hydroxide
solution (20 ml) and to it was added sodium sulphide flakes
(3.9g, 0.0055mol) were added to it. The reaction mixture was
refluxed for 4h. Reaction progress was monitored with the aid
of TLC. After completion of the reaction, the mixture was cooled
and filtered. The filtrate was carefully neutralized to pH 8 with
concentrated hydrochloric acid (40ml). The mixture was filtered
off to remove impurities. The filtrate was then evaporated under
vacuum to obtain the product (refer Figure 3).
Yield 82.67%.
Yield (85%); mp: oil; FTIR (KBr, , cm1): NO2
1521.73 cm1 stretch; CH2CH3 2974.03 cm1 stretch;
1431.08 cm1, 1380 cm1 bending; C=C 1627.81 cm1,
CN 1166.85cm1 stretch, C=O 1710.74cm1 stretch.
2.3. Synthesis of azoic dye
2.3.1. Naptholation method
Naphthol (1g) was taken and pasted using TRO (Turkey Red
Oil). To this paste, 15ml of boiling water was added followed by
addition of 2ml of 40% sodium hydroxide solution. The disper-
sion was then heated with constant stirring till a clear solution
was obtained. Finally, it was diluted with water as per concen-
tration required.
2.3.2. Preparation of base
Base (DEET-NH2) (1g) was taken in a beaker and 15ml of hot
water was added to it. To this, 2ml of concentrated hydrochloric
acid was added followed by addition of 15ml of water. The solu-
tion was then heated to get a clear solution. It was then cooled to
below 10C by keeping the beaker inside the crushed ice. Sodium
nitrite (0.5gm) dissolved in 2ml of water was then added to
this solution while stirring. The solution was kept between 5
DEET-NO2
Figure 3.Synthesis route for 4-Amino-N, N-diethyl3-methyl benzamide [15].
THE JOURNAL OF THE TEXTILE INSTITUTE 3
and 10C for 1520min. Sodium acetate and acetic acid were
added to it till pH between 5 and 6 was maintained. Finally, it
was diluted to get 100ml of 1% stock solution.
2.4. Dyeing process
The cotton fabric of 2020cm size was dipped in napthol solu-
tion for 5min and then padded using padding mangle set at 90%
expression. It was then dipped in base solution for development
of azoic colour.
The fabric was dyed using three napthols, namely Napthol
ASG, Naptol ASBS and Napthol ASBO as a coupling agents
which were coupled with one single-base MD. Dyed fabric sam-
ples were coded as N1 and N2 for Napthol ASBO and Napthol
ASBS forming coloured fabric with single-base MD, respectively.
2.5. Durability to washing of dyed fabric
The durability to laundering was measured using washing condi-
tions as per test method ISO 105 C01. A solution containing 5gpl
non-ionic soap was used as washing liquor. The samples were
treated for 30min at 40C using liquor to a material ratio of 50:1
in wash fastness tester (Launder-O-meter). After the each washing
cycle, samples were removed, rinsed with water, and air dried to imi-
tate the ironing. The durability was studied up to 10 washing cycles.
2.6. Evaluation of mosquito repellency
2.6.1. Cage test method
To evaluate mosquito-repellent efficacy of the treated fabric, the
treated sample was submitted to the test as per described (Teli &
Chavan, 2016). The mosquito-repellent properties of the treated
samples were evaluated according to the standard method for
testing mosquito-repellent material. Over hundred local mos-
quitoes were released in a (303030) cm mosquito-rearing
cage (253C and a relative humidity of 655%). In the testing
monitor, arm wrapped and rolled with the treated fabric is kept
in the cage for 30min. During this time (30min) that the sample
was exposed to mosquitoes, the mosquito-landing occurrences
were reported by the test subjects as per respective time intervals
(after 2min5min10min20min30min). The number of
landing at the end of the exposure was counted and recorded. The
percentage of repellency was defined as the percentage reduction
in the number of landing on the treated sample, as compared to
that of the control sample.
The results were analysed according to the following equation:
DEET-NH2
4 M. D. TELIA AND P. P. CHAVAN
CT
%Mosquito Repellency = 100
C In general, higher is the K/S value, higher is the depth of the
where C is the number of mosquitoes collected from the control
area and T is the number collected from the treated area of a subject.
2.6.2. Test animals
Mosquitoes were breaded in the laboratory. Egg hatching was
induced in dechlorinated water. Larvae were reared in tray hav-
ing water and fed with glucose powder. Adult mosquitoes were
maintained in glass jar and fed with a 10% sucrose solution.
These breaded mosquitoes were used for testing samples.
2.7. UV-protective properties of fabrics
The UV-protective characteristics of the fabrics were determined
in terms of ultraviolet protection factor (UPF), and UPF rating
was given according to the Australian/New Zealand Standard
(AS/NZS 4399, 1996) using UVvisible spectrophotometer (UV
2600, Shimadzu, Japan).
2.8. Antibacterial testing
Quantitative evaluation of antimicrobial activity of N1, N2 and
N3 dyed fabrics dyed cotton fabrics was done against both Gram-
positive and Gram-negative micro-organisms using AATCC
100-2004 test method. To evaluate the antimicrobial activities
of the dyed fabrics, the percentage reduction in the number of
bacterial colonies formed with respect to the untreated control
fabric after incubation (at 371C, 24h) was determined. The
reduction in bacterial colonies in percentage was calculated using
equation shown as follows:
Reduction Rate (%) R =
(B A)
100
B
where R is the reduction (%) in bacterial count; A is the number
of bacterial colonies measured from the inoculated dyed test
sample fabric swatches in the jar incubated for 24h of contact
period; B is the number of bacterial colonies measured from
the inoculated untreated control test fabric swatches in the jar
directly after inoculation (at 0 contact time).
2.9. Whiteness index measurement
Whiteness of the treated samples was evaluated by determining
whiteness index values using a Spectra flash SF 300, Computer
Colour Matching System supplied by Data color International,
U.S.A.
2.10. Colour measurements
Dyed samples were evaluated for their colour strength before by
determining K/S values using a Spectra flash SF 300, Computer
Colour Matching System supplied by Data colour International,
U.S.A. An average of three readings taken at three different sam-
ple areas was used to get the reflectance values, and Kubelka
Munk function (K/S).
K (1 R)2
=
S 2R
where R is the reflectance at complete opacity; K is absorption
coefficient; S is the scattering coefficient.
colour on the fabric. Mainly, fabric surface colour strength is
measured by this instrument.
Dyed fabrics were also evaluated in terms of CIELAB colour
space, L*, a* and b* values were also determined. The positive
values of a* and b* indicate increasing redness and yellowness
where as their negative values indicate increasing greenness and
blueness, respectively. L* indicates brightness of the shade. As a
whole, combination of all these enables one to also understand
the tonal variations.
2.11. Tensile strength and elongation at break
The fabric strength was determined according to the ASTM D
5035 (1995), standard test method. For breaking strength and
elongation of Textile Fabrics on Tinius Olsen H5KS universal
testing machine was used. In this method cut strip method was
followed, using specimen dimension as 25mm150mm.
2.12. Fastness properties
Dyed fabrics were tested for colour fastness to washing according
to ISO II Test Method, ISO 105-C10. Colour fastness to light was
tested according to ISO 105-B02. The light fastness was deter-
mined using artificial illumination with Xenon arc light source.
Rubbing fastness was tested to determine the amount of colour
transferred from the surface of dyed fabric to other white surfaces
by dry rubbing according to AATCC test method 8-2005.
3. Results and discussion
3.1. FTIR analysis
Considering FTIR spectroscopic study of the dyed fabric it was
found that NO2 functional group was introduced at 1321.73cm1
in stepwise conversion of DEET in to DEET-NO2. This peak cor-
responds to asymmetric and symmetric stretching vibration of
nitro (NO2) group(Figure 4). The stretching vibration of CN
bond appeared at 1166.85cm1. Subsequently, DEET-NH2 for-
mation was also confirmed by the presence of NH2 stretching
vibration band at 3348.19cm1 (Figure 5). Commonly, the C=O
bond showed absorption bands at 1710.74cm1. FTIR spectra of
dye indicates that, the C=O group showed 1691.46cm1 stretch-
ing vibration absorption bands, NH group showed stretching
vibration band at 3070.46cm1, CN bond showed absorption
band at 1162 and 1217 cm1, the CCl bond showed stretch-
ing vibration at 660cm1 and an aromatic ring (C=C) showed
stretching vibration at 1461cm1 (Figure 6). When the cotton
fabric was dyed using dyeing process as mentioned earlier, the
same fabric showed change in colour when ingrain napthol was
coupled with the MD. FTIR of dyed samples were carried out
(Figure 6) which also showed presence of azo group at 1425cm1
in both dyed samples.
3.2. Nuclear magnetic resonance
The chemical structure of MD synthesized to impart mosquito
repellency has been confirmed by 1H-NMR spectroscopy which

Figure 4.FTIR of N, N-diethyl-3-methyl-4-nitro benzamide.
Figure 5.FTIR of 4-Amino-N, N-diethyl3-methyl benzamide.
was carried out in CDCl3 (deuterated chloroform) solvent and
the MD showed following values in ppm. By comparing 1H-
NMR spectra of the MD, it indicates that there are peaks at chem-
ical shifts (Figure 7), , 1.60 and 2.403.40ppm spectra of dye
which confirmed the presence of methyl group and methylene
group of DEET. The presence of ethyl group at DEET moiety
on the dye structure led to confirmation of insect-repellent dye
( Akbarzadeh, Mokhtari, Shirin, & Mohammad, 2012).
3.3. Mosquito repellency
Having prepared mosquito repellent-dyed fabric based on DEET,
cotton fabric was subjected for mosquito repellency test as well
THE JOURNAL OF THE TEXTILE INSTITUTE 5
as colour value measurement of dyed sample and the results are
shown in Tables 1 and 2. The fabric showed improved mosquito
repellency which varied in the range of 81.2594.61% for N1 and
N2 dyed fabric when measured at different time intervals from
230min. It is natural, that for 2min the mosquito repellency
was maximum and as the time of measurement increased the
percentage repellency decreased (Fei & Xin, 2007). When both
N1 and N2 dyed fabrics compared, mosquito repellency was
found to be more or less same, i.e. there was no significant change
in the percentage mosquito repellency as the mosquito-repellent
base remained same in both dyed fabrics. However, it was also
found that with the increase in concentration of the dye, the
extent of mosquito repellency also increased, which was more
6 M. D. TELIA AND P. P. CHAVAN
Figure 6.FTIR of N1 and N2 dyed fabric.
Figure 7.1H-NMR of MD.
evident at 30min landing period. As these results were tested
against that of untreated cotton fabric, it could be said that the
dye was mosquito repellent which impart the fabric mosquito
repellency.
3.4. Colour measurement
The increase in K/S value (Tables 3 and 4) with increase in con-
centration indicates higher extent of dyeability and it was this
dye, which was responsible for making the fabric mosquito repel-
lent. The higher dye concentration used for dyeing showed a
significant enhancement in the mosquito repellency, possibly due
to the increase in mosquito-repellent dye concentration. After
10 washes, the respective mosquito repellency slightly decreased
indicating there by slight removal of some amount of dye during
washing. However, even after washing these values were much
above 70% mosquito repellency and should be thus acceptable.
The results in Tables 3 and 4 showed the tonal variations as
a result of dyeing and a significant increase in a* and b* value
indicating reddish yellow shade developed as a result of dyeing.
On washing however, due to the slight loss in colour value in the
same tone the shade became relatively lighter.
 THE JOURNAL OF THE TEXTILE INSTITUTE 7

Table 1.Effect of N1 dyed concentrations on mosquito repellency. Table 5.Effect of different shade of dyed cotton on fastness properties.

Mosquito repellency (%) Fastness results

Time (min) Dyeing % Shade Light fastness Rub fastness Wash fastness
Concn. 2 5 10 20 30 N1 1 67 4 4
3 8 34 34
N1 (1%) 95.31 94.44 91.3 86.21 84.85 5 78 3 34
5 wash 93.68 83.33 79.43 75.62 70.49 N2 1 7 4 4
10 wash 91.4 68.73 68.35 62.78 60.12 3 8 34 4
N1 (3%) 94.74 93.33 93.44 93.103 86.52 5 78 3 34
5 wash 91.67 84.37 77.36 78.23 80.46
10 wash 94.74 75.09 73.93 69.07 67.78 Notes: Light fastness rating:1 poor,2 fair,3 moderate,4 good,5 better,6
N1 (5%) 100 100 98.36 92.7 89.23 very good,7 best and 8 excellent, Wash fastness rating: 1 poor, 2 fair,
5 wash 94.74 93.33 84.91 88.51 85.16 3 good, 4 very good and 5 excellent. Rub fastness rating: 1 poor, 2 fair,
10 wash 88.86 79.48 88.65 84.34 75.78 3 good, 4 very good and 5 excellent.

Table 2.Effect of N2 dyed concentrations on mosquito repellency. Table 6.UV protection properties of N1 dyed cotton fabric.
Mosquito repellency (%) Transmittance
No. of Mean
Time (min) Concn. wash UVA UVB UPF UPF rating
Conc .
n
2 5 10 20 30 N1 (1%) 0.60 0.59 170.81 50+ Excellent
5 Wash 0.77 0.76 131.47 50+ Excellent
N2 (1%) 100 100 90 91.67 88.75
10 Wash 1.05 1.04 96.75 50+ Excellent
5 wash 99.47 93.33 86.16 88.51 79.73
N1 (3%) 0.46 0.35 286.45 50+ Excellent
10 wash 89.74 81.11 78.52 73.36 71.85
5 Wash 0.56 0.45 222.75 50+ Excellent
N2 (3%) 98.74 98.55 93.12 92.51 92.23
10 Wash 1.09 0.89 111.62 50+ Excellent
5 wash 99.24 97.82 91.36 83.21 81.52
N1 (5%) 0.23 0.20 507.00 50+ Excellent
10 wash 92 90.82 86.54 76.38 73.75
5 Wash 0.23 0.20 496.71 50+ Excellent
N2 (5%) 100 98.54 96.72 97.7 94.61
10 Wash 0.72 0.69 144.47 50+ Excellent
5 wash 98.62 94.37 94.36 88.23 82.26
10 wash 96.44 91.18 87.97 85.72 74.43

dyed fabric. This trend is obvious because for lighter shade, per-
Table 3.Effect of N1 dyed concentration on K/S and L*, a*, b* value and all indices
(i.e. whiteness, yellowness and brightness). centage of unfixed dye is less as compared to that of deeper shade
dyed fabric. In case of light fastness, it is just reverse which is
Concn. No. of wash L* a* b* K/S
quite obvious. Change in fading is less visible when depth of
N1 (1%) 87.324 15.278 3.211 11.1683
5 Wash 86.829 16.502 2.415 9.5126
shade is high.
10 Wash 86.687 16.089 2.05 7.9725
N1 (3%) 88.357 12.445 4.173 19.9237
5 Wash 88.467 11.849 4.195 19.4956 3.6. UV protection properties of fabric
10 Wash 88.427 11.667 4.221 18.7677
N1 (5%) 88.785 9.608 4.467 23.6528 The UV protection efficiency of untreated and dyed fabric was
5 Wash 88.589 9.704 4.062 23.2704 evaluated and results are summarized in Tables 6 and 7. Results
10 Wash 89.04 8.706 4.772 22.8541
indicate that all the dyed fabrics showed excellent UV protection
when compared with the untreated fabric. It can be seen that
UPF values increased with an increase in the percentage shade
Table 4.Effect of N2 dyed concentration on K/S and L*, a*, b* value and all indices
(i.e. whiteness, yellowness and brightness). of dye; but when dyed fabric subjected for washing cycles, there
was slight decrease in UPF value. Similar trend was followed by
Concn. No. of wash L* a* b* K/S
all the three dyed fabrics. The increase in the UPF values might
N2 (1%) 88.838 12.757 3.41 15.3765
5 Wash 88.827 12.725 3.459 14.8286 be caused due to an increase in the density of fabric due to the
10 Wash 88.526 13.609 2.987 13.6706 formation of dye molecules in the fibre matrix which prevent
N2 (3%) 89.144 9.579 4.13 24.7167 the transmittance of UV. The maximum UPF value of 507 was
5 Wash 89.133 10.496 3.959 23.353
10 Wash 88.946 11.405 3.747 22.9453 obtained with sample N1 with 5% dye concentration.
N2 (5%) 89.073 10.791 3.893 25.4785
5 Wash 89.16 10.317 4.126 23.544
10 Wash 88.819 10.777 3.72 22.2234 3.7. Antibacterial activity of dyed fabrics
The effectiveness of the antimicrobial activity of the N1 and N2
dyed fabrics was evaluated quantitatively using AATCC Test 100-
3.5. Fastness properties
2004. The results for per cent reduction of bacteria are given
The results in Table 5 showed that all the dyed fabrics were tested in Table 8. From Table 8, the results clearly indicate that both
for fastness properties, i.e. light, washing and rubbing. The dyed (N1 and N2) dyed fabric showed higher percentage reduction in
fabrics showed good to excellent rating for all the three fastness bacterial growth on cotton fabric against Staphylococcus aureus
ratings. It also showed similar trend of washing and rubbing and Escherichia coli. The activity increased from 91.34 to 93.65%
fastness properties, i.e. for lower percentage shade rating was for S. aureus and 87.05 to 99.58% for E. coli. It is clear from these
slightly higher as compared to that for higher percentage shade results that the dye ingredient which was formed during coupling
8 M. D. TELIA AND P. P. CHAVAN

Table 7.UV protection properties of N2 dyed cotton fabric. References

Transmittance Abd El-Kader, E., & Aly, M. (2012). Microencapsulation of peppermint
No. of Mean
Concn. wash UVA UVB UPF UPF rating oil by spray drying. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 6,
N2 (1%) 0.64 0.49 191.82 50+ Excellent
499504.
5 Wash 0.88 0.69 137.55 50+ Excellent Akbarzadeh, A., Mokhtari, J., Kolkoohi, S., & Amin Sarli, M. (2012).
10 Wash 0.87 0.75 129.92 50+ Excellent Imparting insect repellency to nylon 6 fibers by means of a novel MCT
N2 (3%) 0.24 0.22 446.59 50+ Excellent reactive dye. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 126, 10971104.
5 Wash 0.36 0.33 305.47 50+ Excellent Ando, T., & Echigo, T. (2011). Fabric holding microcapsulated DEET for
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5 89.46 80.42 89.49 87.22
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10 79.04 74.32 86.94 84.13
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