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Blood / Vector-borne Diseases

Prevention: (CLEAN)
C-hemically treated mosquito net
L-arvae eating fish
E-nvironmental sanitation
A-nti-mosquito
N-eem tree (oregano, eucalyptus)

Disease Agent/s Incubation Diagnostics Management / Drugs Other notes


Period
Dengue Flaviviridae (4 types) 2-7 days (+) Tourniquet Test (Rumpel- Symptomatic & Symtomatic Usual complication:
Hemorrhagic Fever Leede Capillary-Fragility Hemorrhage
Vectors Test) Avoid aspirins and IM
Aedes Aegypti injections
Aedes Albopictus Clinical:
Culex Fatigans Saddleback fever
Bleeding tendencies
Filiariasis Wuchereria Bancrofti & 8-16 Blood smear (presence of DOC: Dietylcarbamazine Two biological types
Bulgaria Malayi months microfiliaria) Citrate (DEC) Nocturnal - microfilaria
circulate in peripheral
Vector: Mosquito blood at night (10pm
2am)
Diurnal - microfilaria
circulate in greater
concentration at daytime
Leptospirosis Leptospires 4-14 days Leptospira Agglutination Non-specific: Supportive A.K.A. Weils Disease
Test and symptomatic
Vector: Infected animal 2 types:
urine Other Specific Icteric
Blood: 1st week First Choice: Anicteric
CSF: 5th to the 12th day Doxycycline (within 48
Urine: after the 1st week hours)
until convalescent period Alternative: Tetracycline
20-40mg/kg/day
Severely ill: Penicillin
50000 units/kg/day
Critically ill:
Chloramphenicol (DOC)
Malaria Plasmodium (protozoa) 7 days or Malarial smear Supportive and A.K.A. King of Tropical
Types: more Quantitative Buffy Coat symptomatic Diseases
Vivax (QBC) fast result Mainstay drug:
Falcifarum Travel in endemic areas Chloroquine Infectious but not
Ovale contagious
Malariae
Clinical: Complications
Vector: Female anopheles Headache Anemia
mosquito High-grade fever Encephalopathy
Fatigue
Muscle pains
Chills
Dry cough
Splenomegaly
Nausea and vomiting
Night sweats

CNS Disorders
Disease Agent / s Incubation Diagnostics Management / Drugs Other notes
Period
Bacterial Meningitis N. Meningitides 2 10 days Clinical: Supportive and symptomatic Watch for signs of
H. Influenzae Fever increased ICP
S. Pneumoniae Altered LOC 0-2 months
M. Tuberculosis Neck stiffness E. Coli, GABHS BP & Temp = increased
Pathologic reflexes: Ampicillin + Gentamycin RR & HR = decreased
Primary Kernigs, Babinski, Altered LOC
Blood to the meninges Brudzinski 3 months 5 years old Irritability
Increased ICP H. Influenzae, S., N/V
Secondary Pneumonia, N. Seizures
From other sources Laboratories: Meningitidis
Lumbar puncture Ampicillin or
Blood C/S Chloramphenicol

5 years or above
S., Pneumonia, N.
Meningitidis
Penicillin or
Chloramphenicol

TB meningitis

Intensive Phase
Maintenance Phase

Fungal meningitis /
Cryptococcal meningitis
fluconazole or
amphotericin B
Meningococcemia Neisseria meningitides 1 3 days Laboratories: Supportive and symptomatic Highly contagious
(gram (-) Blood Culture
Gram stain (peripheral
MOT: Droplet or airborne smear, CSF & skin
lesions) Antimicrobial
Reservoir: human pharynx CBC Benzyl Penicillin 250-
400000 u/kg/day
Clinical Chloramphenicol
Meningococcemia 100mg/kg/day
Spiking fever
Chills Chemoprophylaxis
Arthralgia Rifampicin 300-600mg q
Rashes (hemorrhagic) 12hrs x 4 doses
Ofloxacin 400mg single
Fulminant Meningococcemia dose
(Waterhouse Friderichsen) Ceftriaxone 125-250mg
Septic shock IM single dose
Enlarging petecchial rash
Rabies Rhabdovirus 4 days to Laboratory: Supportive and symptomatic A form of acute viral
19 years Fluorescent Antibody Test encephalomyelitis
Bite or scratch of an (FAT) NO TREATMENT
infected animal
Clinical Prophylaxis
Risk of developing rabies Pain or numbness at the
Face bite: 60% site of bite
Upper extremities: 15- Hydrophobia
40% Aerophobia
Lower extremities: 10%

Poliomyelitis Legio debilitans 7 12 days Diagnostic: Pandys Test Active OPV (Sabin) and
Brunhilde (permanent) IPV (Salk)
Lansing and Leon Clinical
(temporary) Mild febrile illness Immunity is acquired for 3
Fever strains
Fecal oral route/droplets Malaise Legio Brunhilde (fatal)
Sore throat Legio Lansing
Legio Leon
Pre-paralytic stage
Flaccid asymetrical
ascending paralysis
(Landrys sign)
Haynes sign (head drop)
Pokers sign
(opisthotonus)

Paralytic stage

Tetanus Clostridium Tetani 4 21 days Clinical Anti-toxin Toxins produced:


(anaerobic bacteria) Trismus or lockjaw Tetanus Anti-Toxin
Risus sardonicus Tetanus Ig Tetanospasmin
Introduced through skin Abdominal rigidity Neurotoxin
abrasion Muscle spasms Antimicrobial: Penicillin Decreases GABA
(generalized / localized) causing spasms
Affects cranial nerves
5, 7 & 11

Tetanolysin
Hemotoxin
Causes anemia

HEPATO-ENTERIC DISEASES

Disease Agent/s Incubation Diagnostics Management / Drugs Other notes


Period
Schistosomiasis Schistosoma (fluke) 14 - 84 Laboratories: Supportive and symptomatic Organs affected: liver and
3 species days Fecalysis: Schistosoma spleen
S. Haematobium eggs in stool DOC: Praziquantel
S. Mansoni Rectal biopsy
S. Japonicum (endemic
in (Leyte, Samar, Clinical: Signs of renal and
Sorsogon, Mindoro, liver problems
Bohol)

Intermediate host:
Oncomelania Quadrasi
(snail)
Typhoid Fever Salmonella Typhosa 1 3 weeks Clinical: (Weekly A.K.A. Enteric Fever
progression) Chloramphenicol (DOC)
Carried by humans only Amoxicillin
(harbors in gallbladder) 1st: Step-ladder fever Sulfonamides
(Blood) Ciprofloxacin
Fecal oral route Ceftriaxone
2nd:
Rose spot
(pathognomonic)
Typhoid psychosis
(URINE & STOOL)
3rd
(complications) intestinal
bleeding, perforation,
peritonitis, encephalitis,

4th: (lysis) decreasing S/SX


5th: (convalescent)
Hepatitis A Hepatitis A virus (RNA) 3 5 weeks Laboratories: Supportive and symptomatic A.K.A. infectious hepatitis

Fecal oral Anti HAV IgM active Prevention of spread Pandemic


infection Immunization and Health
Anti HAV IgG old Education
infection; no active Enteric and Universal
disease precautions
Assess LOC
Bed rest
Hepatitis B Hepatitis B virus (DNA) 25 Laboratory: Serology (best is ADEK deficiency A.K.A. Serum hepatitis
months duplication of HBV) intervention
MOT: High CHO, Moderate Main cause of
Blood and other body CHON, Low fat postnecrotic cirrhosis and
fluids route FVE prevention liver cancer
Percutaneous
Perinatal
Hepatitis C Non-A, Non-B virus 2 6 weeks STAGES: ALL TYPES A.K.A. Post transfusion
hepatitis
MOT: Stage I
Blood Pre-icteric for 1-21 days Health workers are at
Percutaneous Anorexia, nausea and greater risk
Hepatitis D Dormant HBV After vomiting, LBM, weight
hepatitis B loss RUQ pain, fatty food
infection
Hepatitis E Hepatitis A diagnosed intolerance, fever, chills A.K.A. Enteric hepatitis
between 20 to 30 and headache
Often leads to liver
Fecal oral Stage II cancer
Icteric for 2-6 weeks
Jaundice, pruritus,
acholic stool,
hepatomegaly

Stage III
Pre-coma
Ammonia level increases
encephalopathy
Jaundice, pruritus, weight
gain, ascites, dark-tea
colored urine
(urobilirubin), S/sx of
ADEK deficiency

Stage IV
Recovery (lifetime
carrier) or death

Eruptive Fever
Disease Agent / s Incubation Diagnostics Management / Drugs Other notes
Period
Measles Rubeola (paramyxoviridae, 7 14 days Clinical: Supportive and A.K.A. 7 Day Fever,
RNA) Malaise symptomatic Hard Red Measles
Cough
MOT: droplets, airborne Conjunctivitis Extremely contagious
*Contagious 4 days before Fever
rash and 4 days after rash Kopliks spots (1-2 mm blue Breastfed babies have 3
white spots on red months immunity for
background along 2nd molars) measles
Photophobia
Complications:
Most common: otitis
media
Most serious:
bronchopneumonia and
encephalitis

German Measles Rubella virus, Toga virus 10 21 Clinical: Supportive and A.K.A. Rotheln Disease,
(RNA) days Forschheimers (petecchial symptomatic 3-Day Measles
lesion on buccal cavity or soft
MOT: droplets, palate) Active - rubella vaccine
transplacental Cervical lymphadenopathy, and MMR
Contagious 5 days before low grade fever
and 5 days after rash and Oval, rose red papules about Lifetime Immunity
probably during catarrhal the size of pinhead
stage Complications to
pregnant women:
1st trimester:
Congenital anomalies
2nd trimester: Abortion
3rd Trimester: Premature
delivery
Roseola Infantum Human herpes virus 6 Clinical: Supportive and A.K.A. Exanthem
Spiking fever which subsides symptomatic Subitum, Sixth disease
MOT: probably respiratory 2 - 3 days
secretions Face and trunk rashes appear
after fever subsides
3 months - 4 years old Mild pharyngitis and lymph
(peak 6 - 24 months) node enlargement

Chicken Pox Herpes zoster virus 14-21 days Clinical: Supportive and A.K.A. Varicella
(shingles) symptomatic
Varicella zoster virus Fever Active : Varicella vaccine
(chicken pox) Malaise Oral acyclovir
Headache Tepid water and wet Passive: VZIG, ZIG
MOT: Respiratory route Rashes compresses for pruritus given 72 -96 hours
* Contagious 1 day before o Maculopapulovesicular Aluminum acetate soak within exposure
rash and 6 days after first (covered areas), for VZV
crop of vesicles o Centrifugal Potassium Lifetime Immunity
o Starts on face and trunk Permanganate
and spreads to entire body
Leaves a pitted scar (pockmark)
Small Pox Pox virus (DNA) 13 Clinical: Rashes Supportive and Last case was 1977
weeks Maculopapulovesiculopustular symptomatic
Man to man transmission Centripetal
only contagious until all crusts
disappeared

Laboratory:
Pauls Test

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