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INDEX

Certificate of excellence
Acknowledgement
Introduction
Aim of project
Apparatus required
Theory
Uses of transformer
Circuit Diagram
Procedure followed
Observation
Conclusion
Precaution
Sources of error
Bibliography
Certificate of
excellence

This is to certify that this investigatory project work in


the subject of Physics has been done by Aneerban
Chowdhury of class XII A in the academic year 2017-
2018 and submitted to All India Senior Secondary
Examination practical examination conducted
by CBSE at Kendriya Vidylaya No. 3, 9BRD, AF,
Pune-411014.

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER


(PGT Physics) (PGT Physics)

PRINCIPAL
(DR. D VIJAYA)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I hereby acknowledge my deep sense of gratitude and


indebtedness to the following personalities whose
immense help, guidance, encouragement, suggestions,
enthusiasm and inspiration made this work a master
art and a joint enterprise.

PRINCIPAL : Dr. D Vijaya


TEACHER : Mrs. Richa Shukla
Lab Assistant : Mr. B S Badekar
INTRODUCTION
The transformer is a device used for converting a low
alternating voltage to a high alternating voltage or vice-
versa.
A Transformer based on the Principle of mutual
induction according to this principle, the amount of
magnetic flux linked with a coil changing, an e.m.f is
induced in the neighboring coil.
A transformer is an electrical device which is used for
changing the A.C. voltages. A transformer is most widely used
device in both low and high current circuit. As such
transformers are built in an amazing strength of sizes. In
electronic, measurement and control circuits, transformer
size may be so small that it weighs only a few tens of grams
where as in high voltage power circuits, it may weight
hundreds of tones.
In a transformer, the electrical energy transfer from one
circuit to another circuit takes place without the use of
moving parts.
A transformer which increases the voltages is called a step-up
transformer. A transformer which decreases the A.C. voltages
is called a step-down transformer.
Transformer is, therefore, an essential piece of apparatus both
for high and low current circuits.
AIM OF PROJECT

To investigate the
relation between the
ratio of
1. Input and output voltage.
2. Number of turnings in the
secondary coil & primary coil of a
transformer.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. AC Current Source
2. Transformer Setup
3. Soft iron rod
4. Copper coils of 300,600,1200,3600,12000 wounds
5. Wires
6. AC Voltmeter or Multimeter
THEORY
When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the primary coil, an
alternating current starts falling in it. The altering current in
the primary produces a changing magnetic flux, which
induces altering voltage in the primary as well as in the
secondary. In a good-transformer, whole of the magnetic flux
linked with primary is also linked with the secondary, and
then the induced e.m.f. induced in each turn of the secondary
is equal to that induced in each turn of the primary. Thus, if
Ep and Es be the instantaneous values of the e.m.f.s induced
in the primary and the secondary and Np and Ns are the no.
of turns of the primary secondary coils of the transformer and

d/dt = rate of change of flux in each turnoff the coil at


this instant, we have

Ep = -Np d/dt --------------------(1)


Es = -Ns d/dt --------------------(2)
(2)
Since the above relations are true at every instant, so by
dividing 2 by 1, we get

Es/Ep= Ns/Np -------------------(3)

Equation (3) can also be written as:


. .
= = =
. .
Where k is constant, called turn or transformation ratio.
ENERGY LOSSES
Following are the major sources of energy loss in a
transformer:
1. Copper loss: It is the energy loss in the form of heat in
the copper coils of a transformer. This is due to joule
heating of conducting wires.

2. Iron loss: It is the energy loss in the form of heat in the


iron core of the transformer. This is due to formation
of eddy currents in iron core. It is
minimized by taking laminated cores.

3. Leakage of magnetic flux occurs: It inspite of best


insulations. Therefore, rate of change of magnetic flux
linked with each turn of S1S2 is less than the rate of
change of magnetic flux linked with each turn of P1P2.

4. Hysteresis loss is the loss of energy due to repeated


magnetization and demagnetization of the iron core
when A.C. is fed to it.

5. Magneto striation i.e. humming noise of a transformer.


USES OF TRANSFORMER
A transformer is used in almost all AC
operations-

In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator,


computer, air conditioner, etc.
A step-down transformer is used for welding purposes.
A step-down transformer is used for obtaining
large current.
A step-up transformer is used to produce X-Rays and
NEON advertisement.
Transformers are used in voltage regulators and
stabilized power supplies.
Transformers are used in the transmissions of AC
over long distances.
Small transformers are used in Radio sets, telephones,
loud speakers and electric bells etc.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
PROCEDURE
Step Up Transformer

1. Take the coil which has lower no of wounds and connect


it to the input source of 2-12 V AC.
2. Take the coil which has higher no of wounds and connect
it to the Multimeter or Voltmeter of higher ranges (0-
600V).
3. Put both the coils in the setup of soft iron core and tighten
all the nuts and bolts for safe connections.
4. Starting from input source of 2v take the readings of
output voltage with help of voltmeter or multimeter.
5. Note that the output voltage will be more than input
voltage.

Step down Transformer


1. Take the coil which has higher no of wounds and connect
it to the input source of 2-12 V AC.
2. Take the coil which has lower no of wounds and connect
it to the Multimeter or Voltmeter of lower ranges (0.1-
10v).
3. Put both the coils in the setup of soft iron core and tighten
all the nuts and bolts for safe connections.
4. Starting from input source of 2v take the readings of
output voltage with help of voltmeter or multimeter.
5. Note that the output voltage will be more than input
voltage.
OBSERVATIONS
STEP UP TRANSFORMER

Primary Secondary Input Output Ns/Np Vs/Vp


Coil Coil Voltage Voltage

300 600 12 30 2 2.5


300 1200 12 60 4 5
300 3600 12 185 12 15.4
300 12000 12 614 40 51.2
600 1200 12 30 2 2.5
600 3600 12 92 6 7.6
600 12000 12 306 20 25.5
1200 3600 12 45 3 3.8
1200 12000 12 152 10 12.6
3600 12000 12 44 3.3 3.6

STEP UP TRANSFORMER
Primary Secondary Input Output Ns/Np Vs/Vp
Coil Coil Voltage Voltage
12000 600 12 0.4 0.05 0.03
12000 1200 12 1.1 0.1 0.09
12000 3600 12 4.5 0.3 0.37
3600 1200 12 4.6 0.33 0.38
3600 600 12 2.2 0.16 0.18
3600 300 12 1 0.08 0.08
1200 600 12 7.2 0.5 0.6
1200 300 12 3.4 0.25 0.28
600 300 12 7.2 0.5 0.6
CONCLUSION
1. The output voltage of the transformer across the
secondary coil depends upon the ratio (Ns/Np) with
respect to the input voltage

2. There is a loss of power between input and output


coil of a transformer.
PRECAUTIONS
1. Keep safe yourself from high voltage.
2. While taking the readings of current and voltage the
A.C should remain constant.

SOURCES OF ERROR
1. Values of current can be changed due to heating effect.
2. Eddy current can change the readings.
BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Class 12 NCERT Textbook Physics Part-1


2. Class 12 Lab Manual Physics- Comprehensive
3. www.google.co.in
4. www.youtube.com

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