Discussion Text

Definition and Purpose of Discussion Text

Discussion text is defined as a text to present a problematic discourse. The problem will be
discussed from different viewpoints. The are some supporting arguments as well as against
arguments. A discussion text is commonly found in philosophical, historic, and social writing.
The purpose of discussion text is given given relating to the definition. According to a discussion
text is written to have a social purpose as
Generic Structure of Discussion Text
The definition of discussion text should cover three areas. They are social function, schematic
structure, and language feature
1. Statement of issue: Stating the issue which is to discussed
2. List of supporting points: Presenting the point in in supporting the presented issue
3. List of contrastive points: Presenting other points which disagree to the supporting point
4. Recommendation: Stating the writer recommendation of the discourse
Language Feature of Discussion Text
Introducing category or generic participant
Using thinking verb; feel, hope, believe, etc
Using additive, contrastive, and causal connection; similarly, on the hand, however, etc
Using modalities; must, should, could, may, etc
Using adverbial of manner; deliberately, hopefully, etc
Exampel discussion text

February 14 is known as the day of love or valentine day. In Indonesia, the Indonesian public
interest is great enough. Especially teenagers who want to celebrate with the people they love.
However, there are also people who refuse to celebrate Valentines Day because of the various
opinions they believe. So what is the pros and cons opinion of the people in responding to the
celebration of Valentines Day?For those who celebrate Valentine argue that the 14th February is
the day of love. Like the other big days that must be celebrated with someone special. Of course
this is a special moment that should not be missed. They agree with the opinion that the
expression of affection should be given every day, not just on Valentines Day. However, the
14th of February is a special moment. Because on that day, all mankind together express their
affection to their loved ones. Is not special to celebrate the day of love simultaneously with
everyone?
Different from those who celebrate the Valentines Day, those who reject the valentine argue that
the Valentines Day is an event of cultural and moral destruction of Indonesian society.

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According to them, expressing the affection is not only on February 14, but all the time, because
they have to love parents, teachers, family, friends, the environment, animals etc. Unlike the
Valentines Day which is identical to teenagers who are having imitating nature, despite it is
good or bad for them, they just celebrate the day with their lover alone. They believe (the cons),
basically teenagers do not understand the meaning of real love . They just follow others to
celebrate without knowing the history of Valentines Day which is far away from the culture of
Indonesia. Unfortunately, the Indonesian teenagers can not filter the bad foreign cultures even
tend to damage the moral.

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 Narrative Text
Definition of Narrative
Narrative is a text focusing on specific participants. Its social function is to tell stories or past
events and entertain the readers.
Generic Structure of Narrative
A narrative text will consists of the following structure:
1.Orientation: Introducing the participants and informing the time and the place
2.Complication: Describing the rising crises which the participants have to do with
3.Resolution: Showing the way of participant to solve the crises, better or worse
Language Features of Narrative
Using processes verb
Using temporal conjunction
Using Simple Past Tense
A text of narrative has the biggest portion to study when you are in high schools. Every semester,
in all academic years, students and teachers will give much attention on this kind of text.
Example Narrative Text: The Legend of Sura and Baya
A long time ago, there were two creatures, Sura and Baya. Sura was the name of a shark and
Baya was a crocodile. They lived in an ocean.
When Sura and Baya were searching for some nourishment. Abruptly, Baya saw a goat.
Yummy, this is my lunch, said Baya.
No chance! This is my lunch. You are covetous said Sura. At that point they battled for the
goat. Following a few hours, they were extremely drained.
Feeling tired of battling, they lived in the better places. Sura lived in the water and Baya lived in
the area. The outskirt was the shoreline, so they would never battle again.
One day, Sura went to the area and searched for some nourishment in the stream. He was
exceptionally ravenous and there was very little nourishment in the ocean. Baya was extremely
furious when he realized that Sura broke the guarantee.
They battled once more. They both hit one another. Sura bit Bayas tail. Baya did likewise to
Sura. He bit hard until Sura at last surrendered and Awent back to the ocean. Baya was cheerful.

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 Review Text
A review is an evaluation of a publication, service, or company such as a movie (a movie
review), video game (video game review), musical composition (music review of a composition
or recording), book (book review); a piece of hardware like a car, home appliance, or computer;
or an event or performance, such as a live music concert, play, musical theater show, dance
show, or art exhibition. In addition to a critical evaluation, the review's author may assign the
work a rating to indicate its relative merit. More loosely, an author may review current events,
trends, or items in the news. A compilation of reviews may itself be called a review. The New
York Review of Books, for instance, is a collection of essays on literature, culture, and current
affairs. National Review, founded by William F. Buckley, Jr.,[1] is an influential conservative
magazine, and Monthly Review is a long-running socialist periodical
Generic Structure of Review
1. Introduction
2. Evaluation
3. Interpretation
4. Summary
Language Feature of Review
1. Focusing on certain participants
2. Using adjectives; bad, good, etc
3. Using complex clauses
4. Using metaphor

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 Procedure Text
Procedure text is a text that explains or helps us how to make or use something. Its social
function is to describehow something is completely done through a sequence of series.
Communicative purpose of this text is to describe how something is made through a sequence of
actions or steps. There are three generic structures in procedure text. The first is goals or
purposes. The second is materials or tools. The third and the last are steps or methods. To know
the text that we read is procedure or not is so simple. You can read the title if the title is started
with how to make or how to use it can be certainly that the text is procedure text.

Generic Structure of Procedure

1.Goal: showing the purpose
2.Material: Telling the needed materials
3.Step 1-end: Describing the steps to achieve the purpose

Many people sometimes forget about what is procedure text? We have always seen this type of
the text every day. Realize or not, we are so familiar with this text. Procedure text is one of the
easiest texts. Junior high school students usually have already started to learn about what is
procedure text?. To make procedure text is also not difficult.

This is an example of what is procedure text: How to make sambal korek.

Do you like spicy? Most of Indonesian people like sambal. They usually eat rice, fish, or
another menu mix with sambal. Sambal korek is one of the famous sambal in Indonesia. To
make this sambal is so easy. It takes ten minutes to prepare these ingredients.

Ingredients: seven pieces of red chilli, two cloves of garlic, and one tablespoon of salt.

Steps:
The first is you have to wash the chilli. Then, you peel and wash the garlic. Put all the
ingredients in your blender, including the salt. Add a little of water. After that, you can blend
them all in two minutes. Do not blend them too creamy. The last is, put the sambal into the
small bowl. It is really good if served with hot rice and fried fish.

Language Feature of Procedure

Using temporal conjunction
Using action verb
Using imperative sentence
Using Simple Present Tense

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 Report Text
Report text is similar to the descriptive text. Report text is a text that describes something in
general. Every text has a communicative purpose. Communicative purpose of report text is to
present information about something in general.

Report text has two generic structures. The first is general classification it is usually in the first
paragraph of the text. This part usually introduces the topic of the report or tells what
phenomenon under discussion is. It can be a short description of the subject or it can be
definitions from the subject that is described. The second is, description. In this part, we usually
will describe the details of the topic or subject such as physical appearance, parts, qualities,
habits or behaviour. Every paragraph in the part of description usually gives us information
about one feature of the subject,

Generic Structure of Report Text

1. General classification: Stating classification of general aspect of thing; animal, public place,
plant, etc which will be discussed in general

2. Description: Describing the thing which will be discussed in detail; part per part , customs or
deed for living creature and usage for materials and things

So, what is report text? Below is example of report text with title School:

School is a building for children who want to study. School is an institution for formal education
and designed for the teaching of students or pupils under the supervision from the educators or
teachers. At school, students can learn anything, for example, mathematics, English, science,
social, physics, biology, and art. Students go to school in the morning and start their lessons at
07.30 oclock. They have ninety minutes for every subject that they studied. At school, students
can interact with their friend, make relationship and students are also educated to become a better
person and expected to have a good personality. A student may not come late or truant the
school. If students do those things it can be assumed as an offense and students can be punished.

There are so many rules at school that cannot be broken and must be followed by all students.
School usually have many classrooms. Besides that, there are library, mosque, and canteen for
lunch, teachers office, field for sports and etc. School has to be a comfort and pleasure place for
students because students will spend most of their time at school.

After you read the example of the text above, I am sure you have already understand about what
is report text?. If we look this text at a glance, report text is similar with descriptive text but,
actually there is a big difference between two of them. The difference is in report text we
describe something in general but in descriptive text, we describe something specifically. We can
guess which one of the text is report text is from the title. For example, there are two texts with

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the titles, the school and my school. From this, we can know which one is report text. The
school is described in general so it is report text but my school, it is special, because it is only
my school, so it is descriptive text.

Language Feature of Report Text

Introducing group or general aspect

Using conditional logical connection; when, so, etc

Using simple present tense

Suggestion
Simple Definition of suggestion
: an idea about what someone should do or how someone should behave
: something that is said in an indirect way
: an action, quality, appearance, etc., that seems to indicate the presence or existence of
something
Full Definition of suggestion
1. a : the act or process of suggesting
b : something suggested
2. a : the process by which a physical or mental state is influenced by a thought or idea
<the power of suggestion>
b : the process by which one thought leads to another especially through association
of ideas
3. a slight indication : trace <a suggestion of a smile>
Examples of suggestion in a sentence
1. Do you have any suggestions?
2. Please send comments and suggestions to our post office box.
3. I have a suggestion: call the store and ask them about it.
4. I'd like to offer a suggestion.

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 Expressing Hope
The difference between "wish" and "hope"
How to use "wish"
Wish is most commonly used in hypothetical (or imagined/unreal) situations:
Example:
I wish (that) you were here. (Unfortunately, you're not, and I miss you.)
Sometimes wish is used in greeting and expressions of goodwill:
Example:
We wish you a "Merry Christmas."
How to use "hope"
Hope can also be used in expressions of goodwill, but the grammar is slightly different:
Examples:
I hope (that) you have a Merry Christmas. (some time in the future)
I hope (that) you had a nice Birthday. (some time in the past)
Hope can be used to specify a desired outcome. For future hopes, the possibilities remain
open, but for past hopes, the outcome has usually been determined already.
Examples:
I hope you can come to the party on Saturday.(future possibility)
I was hoping that you would come to the party.(but you didn't)
I had hoped to see you at the party on Saturday. (but I didn't)
Other ways to express hope
You can also express hope in the following ways:
I would like to have a car.
I really want to have a car
What I really want is to have a car.
Remember:
"I wish you had done the work" is a regret. You didn't do the work (in the past) and I am
annoyed because of that.
Example dialog expressing hope
Rita : Where have you been? I have not seen you for two days.

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Dewa : Well, I have been sick since Sunday
Rita : What is wrong?
Dewa : I have had a terrible cold all week.
Rita : Oh, I am sorry to hear that. I hope you feel better soon.
Dewa : Thanks, Rita.

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 Prepositional Phrases
Remember the following rules for prepositional phrases and you will find that using them
becomes much easier.
Prepositional phrases always consist of two basic parts at minimum: the object and the
preposition.
In formal English, prepositions are almost always followed by objects.
Adjectives can be placed between the prepositions and objects in prepositional phrases.
Prepositional phrases can act as adverbs or adjectives. When they are used as adjectives,
they modify nouns and pronouns in the same way single-word adjectives do.
When prepositional phrases are used as adverbs, they at the same way single-word
adverbs and adverb clauses do, modifying adjectives, verbs, and other adverbs.
Just like bread and cheese are the minimum ingredients for making a cheese sandwich, a
preposition and the object of a preposition are the minimum requirements for forming a
prepositional phrase. The object of a preposition is the name for the noun or pronoun following
the preposition.
Prepositional phrases dont have to be plain. Just as adding more ingredients to a sandwich
dresses it up, adding more words such as adverbs or adjectives is a good method for spicing up
prepositional phrases. As you read the following examples of prepositional phrases, youll notice
that the first sentence in each set contains a basic prepositional phrase, while the second one
contains a more interesting one.
Examples of Prepositional Phrases
The following sentences contain examples of prepositional phrases; the prepositional
phrase in each sentence is italicized for easy identification.
The cupcake with sprinkles is yours.
The cupcake with colorful sprinkles is yours.
We climbed up the hill.
We climbed up the very steep hill.
The rabbits hopped through the garden.
The rabbits hopped through the perfectly manicured garden
Commonly Used Prepositional Phrases
According to the weather forecast
Across many deserts
After many tries
Amid the confusion
Around the world
Before we start the meeting

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 Between a rock and a hard place
By the light of the moon
Like a beautiful swan
Near the ocean
Of my boss
Off the top
Out the door
Through the looking glass
Throughout the thick forest
To the amusement park
Prepositional Phrases that Function as an Adjective
The book with the tattered cover has been read many times.
All the passengers aboard the runaway train were frightened.
The present inside the big box is mine.
Our boss put out a memo regarding the new rule.
The clues within the first few chapters will lead to the murderer.
His is only one voice among many, but it will be heard.
The extra blanket is in the box under the bed.
Saul, unlike many others, will remain there.
The car beside the red one is the one I want to buy.
The area outside the boundary is dangerous to cross.
All rooms below deck are for sleeping.
Tell me the story about the dragon slayer.
Prepositional Phrases that Function as Adverbs
Racing toward the finish line, Sarah realized she just might win.
My shopping list needs to be put into my purse.
Without a GPS, we will lose our way.
Until today, I had never heard that.
The balloon drifted up the stairs.
Put the fresh flowers upon a high shelf.
Despite warnings, she tried to ski down Devils Run.
Against all odds, our team won the tournament.
The tiger crept slowly over the grass.
We will order pizza during halftime.
I will climb up the highest mountain tomorrow.
I love to take my jeep off the road.
Prepositional Phrases in Quotes
Once we accept our limits, we go beyond them. - Albert Einstein

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 We keep moving forward, opening new doors, and doing new things, because we're
curious and curiosity keeps leading us down new paths. - Walt Disney
There has to be evil so that good can prove its purity above it. - Buddha
I've had tendonitis since college. - Michael Jordan
Never put off till tomorrow what you can do the day after tomorrow. - Mark Twain
I prefer winter and fall, when you feel the bone structure of the landscape. Something
waits beneath it; the whole story doesn't show. - Andrew Wyeth
Don't walk behind me; I may not lead. Don't walk in front of me; I may not follow.
Just walk beside me and be my friend. - Albert Camus
When you dance, your purpose is not to get to a certain place on the floor. It's to enjoy
each step along the way. - Wayne Dyer

Prepositional phrases modify nouns and verbs while indicating various relationships between
subjects and verbs. They are used to color and inform sentences in powerful ways.
Parts of a Prepositional Phrase
In simplest terms, prepositional phrases consist of a preposition and an object of a preposition.
Prepositions are indeclinable words that introduce the object of a prepositional phrase.
Indeclinable words are words that have only one possible form. For example, below is a
preposition, but belows or belowing are not possible forms of below.
The noun phrase or pronoun that follows the preposition is called the subject of the preposition.
For example, behind the couch is a prepositional phrase where behind is the preposition and the
noun phrase the couch acts as the subject of the preposition. Sometimes adjectives are used to
further modify the subject of the preposition, as in behind the big old smelly green couch.
Formal Functions of Prepositions
Prepositions perform three formal functions in sentences. They can act as an adjective modifying
a noun, as an adverb modifying a verb, or as a nominal when used in conjunction with the verb
form to be.
Prepositions Functioning as Adjectives
In the following sentences, prepositional phrases perform the function of modifying the nouns
boat, pen, and truck:
Look at the boat with the blue sail. Please hand me the pen next to the telephone. Have him
move the truck with the trailer.
Prepositions Functioning as Adverbs
In these examples, notice how the prepositional phrases perform adverbial functions by
modifying the verbs after, stalled, and won:

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The coyote runs after the rabbit. The car stalled despite the tune-up. The team won without the
starting quarterback.
Prepositions Functioning as Nominals
In English, sometimes words function as nouns but aren't themselves nouns. These words are
called nominals. Prepositions sometimes perform this important function in sentences when they
are used in conjunction with the verb to be. For example:
The park is next to the hospital. The student is between an A and a B. The fight scene is before
the second act.
Semantic Properties of Prepositions
In semantic terms, the preposition functions to illustrate a logical, temporal, or spatial
relationship between the object of the prepositional phrase and the other components of the
sentence. Consider the following examples:
The dog is asleep on his bed.
In this example, the prepositional phrase on his bed indicates a spatial relationship between the
subject dog and the object bed. If the preposition on was replaced with under or beneath the
spatial relationship would be altered.
The town hasn't been the same since the war.
In this sentence, the prepositional phrase since the war indicates a temporal relationship between
the verb phrase hasn't been the same and the object war.
The family survived despite the accident.
he prepositional phrase despite the accident in this sentence indicates a logical relationship
between the survival of the family and the accident.
Responsible Use
There are no rules that govern how much nouns and verbs can be modified in English. Often
writers employ prepositional phrases excessively, creating an almost comical effect in an attempt
at over clarification. The following sentence implements a string of propositional phrases to
modify the verb stood.
The old farmhouse stood for years, after the revolution, by the fork in the road, beyond the
orange grove, over the wooden bridge, at the farthest edge of the family's land, toward the great
basin, down in the valley, under the old mining town, outside the city's limits, and past the end of
the county maintained road.
Prepositional phrases, in theory, can modify sentences infinitely. Therefore, it is important for
writers to understand their form and function in order to make appropriate stylistic choices.

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It is a little bit more complicated than shown above because the noun can be anything that plays
the role of a noun. For example:
from her
(the "noun" is a pronoun)
from sleeping
(the noun is a gerund, i.e., a verbal noun)
from the man across the street
(the noun is a noun phrase)
from what he said
(the noun is a noun clause)
The words after the preposition (shown in bold above) are known as the object of a preposition.
There will often be modifiers in the object of the preposition making it a noun phrase. For
example:
with John
(There are no modifiers in this example. Compare it to the next example.)
with the wonderful John
(With the modifiers the and wonderful, the object of the preposition is now a noun phrase.)
Here is another example:
without trying
(There are no modifiers in this example. The object of the preposition is a noun. In this case, it's
a gerund. Compare it to the next example.)
without overly trying
(With the modifier overly, the object of the preposition is a noun phrase.)

Prepositional Phrases Function As Adjectives or Adverbs

Here are some more examples of prepositional phrases. In each example, the prepositional
phrase is shaded with the preposition in bold. Be aware that prepositional phrases function as
adjectives or adverbs.

Prepositional phrases functioning as adjectives:

Please read the message from Lee.

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(The prepositional phrase describes the noun message.)
The man on the radio has a boring voice.
(The prepositional phrase describes the noun man.)
May I see one of the brown ones?
(The prepositional phrase describes the pronoun one.)
Prepositional phrases functioning as adverbs:
Lee caught a small mackerel with utmost pride.
(The prepositional phrase modifies the verb caught. It is an adverb of manner; i.e., it tells us how
he caught it.)
Before the war, Lee played football for Barnstoneworth United.
(The prepositional phrase modifies the verb played. It is an adverb of time; i.e., it tells us when
he played.)
Lee is tired from the hike.
(The prepositional phrase modifies the verb is. It is an adverb of reason; i.e., it tells us why he is
tired.)
Lee lives in that fridge.
(The prepositional phrase modifies the verb lives. It is an adverb of place; i.e., it tells us where he
lives.)

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 References
http://freeenglishcourse.info/what-is-report/

http://freeenglishcourse.info/what-is-procedure/

http://freeenglishcourse.info/what-is-narrative/

http://freeenglishcourse.info/what-is-review/

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