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When the object is performing oscillation, its kinetic energy T at a given point
can be easily described, T=\tfrac{1}{2}mv^2. From above equation for momentum we
get v=\tfrac{p}{m} and plugging it into the equation for kinetic energy we get,
T=\tfrac{p^2}{2m}
The potential energy of the object in SHM arises from the elasticity. When you do
work against the elasticity it gets stored as equivalent potential energy U. We
know the force from elasticity due to Hookes law is F=-kx. When we do work W
against it that work is described as the total amount, i.e. integral, of the
product of force (now with a positive sign as it is done against the elastic force)
and the infinitesmal displacement dx,