Изучаем Python. Программирование Игр, Визуализация Данных, Веб-приложения - 2017

32.973.2-018.
1
004.43
54

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ISBN 978-5-496-02305-4
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32.973.2-018.1
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No Starch Press .

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ISBN 978-1593276034 . 2016 by Eric Matthes

ISBN 978-5-496-02305-4 , 2017
,
, 2017
, 2017

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I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
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Python . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
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2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
hello_world.py . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
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Python . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
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3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
0, 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
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4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
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5. if . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
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if . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
if . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
if . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
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6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
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7. while . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
input() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
while . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
while . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
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8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
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9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
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Python . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
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10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
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11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
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II. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
Python . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
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- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
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Pygame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
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: game_functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
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13. , ! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
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14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
Play . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
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15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
matplotlib . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
Pygal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
CSV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
JSON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
17. API . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362
API - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378
18. Django . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
19. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408
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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435
20. . . . . . . . . . . 437
Learning Log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437
Learning Log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465
. Python . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466
Python Linux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466
Python OS X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467
Python Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468
Python . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471
Geany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471
Sublime Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474
IDLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476
Emacs vim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477
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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479
IRC (Internet Relay Chat) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481
. Git . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483
Git . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492

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Hello Python world!
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Hello Python world!
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33
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hello_world.py,
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print(message)
hello_world.py :
Hello Python world!
Hello Python Crash Course world!
;
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:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "hello_world.py", line 2, in <module>
print(mesage)
NameError: name 'mesage' is not defined
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name = "ada lovelace"
print(name.title())
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title() name.
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name = "Ada Lovelace"
print(name.upper())
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:
ADA LOVELACE
ada lovelace
lower() .
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37
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:
first_name = "ada"
last_name = "lovelace"
full_name = first_name + " " + last_name
print(full_name)
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last_name :
ada lovelace
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first_name = "ada"
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,
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Hello, Ada Lovelace!
,
:
first_name = "ada"
message = "Hello, " + full_name.title() + "!"

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38 2

(whitespace) -
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\t, :
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Python
>>> print("\tPython")
Python
\n:
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Python
C
JavaScript
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Python
C
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39
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'python '
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'python'
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apostrophe.py
message = "One of Python's strengths is its diverse community."
print(message)
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:
One of Python's strengths is its diverse community.
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:
message = 'One of Python's strengths is its diverse community.'
print(message)
:
File "apostrophe.py", line 1
message = 'One of Python's strengths is its diverse community.'
^
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41
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>>> print "Hello Python 2.7 world!"
Hello Python 2.7 world!
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42 2
>>> 2 + 3
5
>>> 3 - 2
1
>>> 2 * 3
6
>>> 3 / 2
1.5
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:
>>> 3 ** 2
9
>>> 3 ** 3
27
>>> 10 ** 6
1000000
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. :
>>> 2 + 3*4
14
>>> (2 + 3) * 4
20
, Python ;
.

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).
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>>> 0.1 + 0.1
0.2
>>> 0.2 + 0.2
0.4
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0.2
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0.4
, -
:
>>> 0.2 + 0.1
0.30000000000000004
43
>>> 3 * 0.1
0.30000000000000004
; .
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str()
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:
birthday.py
age = 23
message = "Happy " + age + "rd Birthday!"
print(message)
, : Happy 23rd birthday!

, , :
File "birthday.py", line 2, in <module>
message = "Happy " + age + "rd Birthday!"
TypeError: Can't convert 'int' object to str implicitly
. , Python ,
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(int), ,
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23, 2 3.
,
. str(), -
- :
age = 23
message = "Happy " + str(age) + "rd Birthday!"
print(message)
Python , 23
2 3 .
:
Happy 23rd Birthday!
Python -
. , , Python
.
44 2
Python 2
Python 2 :
>>> python2.7
>>> 3 / 2
1
1.5 Python 1. Python 2

. :
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.
:
>>> 3 / 2
1
>>> 3.0 / 2
1.5
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1.5
>>> 3.0 / 2.0
1.5
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comment.py
# Say hello to everyone.
print("Hello Python people!")
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bicycles.py
bicycles = ['trek', 'cannondale', 'redline', 'specialized']
print(bicycles)
Python ,
:
['trek', 'cannondale', 'redline', 'specialized']
, ; ,
.

, -
Python ()
0, 1 49
. , ,
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, bicycles
:
print(bicycles[0])
.
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:
trek
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2
. , 'trek'
title():
print(bicycles[0].title())
, , 'Trek'
.
0, 1
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. -
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1.
1.
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3.
1 3:
print(bicycles[1])
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:
cannondale
specialized
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:
50 3

print(bicycles[-1])
'specialized'. ,
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message = "My first bicycle was a " + bicycles[0].title() + "."
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message. -
:
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motorcycles.py
motorcycles = ['honda', 'yamaha', 'suzuki']

print(motorcycles)
motorcycles[0] = 'ducati'
print(motorcycles)
,
'honda'. 'ducati'.
, , -
:
['honda', 'yamaha', 'suzuki']
['ducati', 'yamaha', 'suzuki']
,
.

,
,
-
. Python
.

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. ,
'ducati':
print(motorcycles)
motorcycles.append('ducati')
print(motorcycles)
52 3
append() 'ducati' ,
:
['honda', 'yamaha', 'suzuki', 'ducati']
append() . , -
append().
'honda', 'yamaha'
'suzuki':
motorcycles = []
motorcycles.append('honda')
motorcycles.append('yamaha')
motorcycles.append('suzuki')
print(motorcycles)
, :
, ,
, -
.
, ,
.

insert() -
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motorcycles.insert(0, 'ducati')
print(motorcycles)
'ducati' . -
insert() 0
'ducati'.
:
['ducati', 'honda', 'yamaha', 'suzuki']

. , ,
.
-,
0, 1 53
. -
.
del
, , -
del.
print(motorcycles)
del motorcycles[0]
print(motorcycles)
del , 'honda', motorcycles:

['yamaha', 'suzuki']
del , -
. , 'yamaha':
print(motorcycles)
del motorcycles[1]
print(motorcycles)
:
['honda', 'suzuki']
,
del, .
pop()
, , - . ,
x y , -
. - ,
, ..
pop() ,
. :
print(motorcycles)
popped_motorcycle = motorcycles.pop()
print(motorcycles)
print(popped_motorcycle)
motorcycles.

54 3
popped_motorcycle. , -
. ,
, .
, 'suzuki', ,
popped_motorcycle:
['honda', 'yamaha']
suzuki
pop()? ,
.
pop()
:
last_owned = motorcycles.pop()
print("The last motorcycle I owned was a " + last_owned.title() + ".")
:
The last motorcycle I owned was a Suzuki.

pop()
; .
first_owned = motorcycles.pop(0)
print('The first motorcycle I owned was a ' + first_owned.title() +
'.')
, -
.
:
The first motorcycle I owned was a Honda.
, pop() , ,
.
, del -
pop(), .
, , del;
,
pop().

.
, remove().
0, 1 55
, 'ducati':
motorcycles = ['honda', 'yamaha', 'suzuki', 'ducati']
print(motorcycles)
motorcycles.remove('ducati')
print(motorcycles)
Python ,
'ducati', :
remove() ,
. 'ducati'
:
motorcycles = ['honda', 'yamaha', 'suzuki', 'ducati']
print(motorcycles)
too_expensive = 'ducati'
motorcycles.remove(too_expensive)
print(motorcycles)
print("\nA " + too_expensive.title() + " is too expensive for me.")
'ducati' -
too_expensive . Python,
. 'ducati'
, too_expensive,
'ducati' -
:
A Ducati is too expensive for me.
remove() . -
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7.

2,
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del ,
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.
sort()
sort() . ,
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57
, , -
.
cars.py
cars = ['bmw', 'audi', 'toyota', 'subaru']
cars.sort()
print(cars)
sort()
. , -
:
['audi', 'bmw', 'subaru', 'toyota']
;
sort() reverse=True.
, :
cars.sort(reverse=True)
print(cars)
:
['toyota', 'subaru', 'bmw', 'audi']
sorted()
,
, sorted().
sorted() ,
.
.
print("Here is the original list:")

print(cars)
print("\nHere is the sorted list:")

print(sorted(cars))
print("\nHere is the original list again:")

print(cars)
, .
, , ,
.
Here is the original list:
['bmw', 'audi', 'toyota', 'subaru']
Here is the sorted list:

58 3
['audi', 'bmw', 'subaru', 'toyota']
Here is the original list again:

: sorted() -
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File "motorcycles.py", line 3, in <module>
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60 3
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motorcycles 3. -
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63
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alice
david
carolina

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, magicians.py, Python :
, magicians -
magician. 'alice'.
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print(magician)
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print(magician.title() + ", that was a great trick!")
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for . -
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:
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title() + ".\n")
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65
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print("I can't wait to see your next trick, " + magician.title() + ".\n")
print("Thank you, everyone. That was a great magic show!")
print
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71
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[1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100]
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players.py
players = ['charles', 'martina', 'michael', 'florence', 'eli']
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4:
print(players[1:4])
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:
print(players[:4])
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['charles', 'martina', 'michael', 'florence']
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print(players[2:])
74 4
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print("Here are the first three players on my team:")

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:
Here are the first three players on my team:
Charles
Martina
Michael
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my_foods = ['pizza', 'falafel', 'carrot cake']
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print(my_foods)
print("\nMy friend's favorite foods are:")

print(friend_foods)
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my_foods ,
friend_foods.
, :
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['pizza', 'falafel', 'carrot cake']
My friend's favorite foods are:

['pizza', 'falafel', 'carrot cake']
, ,
:
friend_foods = my_foods[:]
my_foods.append('cannoli')
friend_foods.append('ice cream')

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print(friend_foods)
my_foods friend_foods,
.
: 'cannoli' my_foods, 'ice cream' friend_foods.
, -
.
76 4

['pizza', 'falafel', 'carrot cake', 'cannoli']

['pizza', 'falafel', 'carrot cake', 'ice cream']
, 'cannoli' my_foods,
'ice cream' . , 'ice cream'
friend_foods, 'cannoli' .
, .
, -
:
# This doesn't work:

friend_foods = my_foods
my_foods.append('cannoli')
friend_foods.append('ice cream')

print(my_foods)

print(friend_foods)
my_foods friend_foods , -
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'cannoli' my_foods
friend_foods. 'ice cream'
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4-10. : , , ,
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dimensions = (200, 50)
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print(dimensions[1])
dimensions,
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:
78 4
200
50
,
dimensions:

dimensions[0] = 250
, Python
. , ,
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:
File "dimensions.py", line 3, in <module>
dimensions[0] = 250
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for,
:
for dimension in dimensions:
print(dimension)
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:
200
50

,
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print("Original dimensions:")
print(dimension)

print("\nModified dimensions:")
print(dimension)
79
.
dimensions ,
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:
Original dimensions:
200
50
Modified dimensions:
400
100
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cars = ['audi', 'bmw', 'subaru', 'toyota']
for car in cars:
if car == 'bmw':
print(car.upper())
else:
print(car.title())
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:
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BMW
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Subaru
Toyota
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car 'bmw',
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car 'audi'. , ,
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.

Python . ,
:
85
>>> car = 'Audi'

>>> car == 'audi'
False
, .
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:
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>>> car.lower() == 'audi'
True
True 'Audi',
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:
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True
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'Audi'
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requested_topping = 'mushrooms'
if requested_topping != 'anchovies':
print("Hold the anchovies!")
86 5 if
requested_topping 'anchovies'.
, Python True
if. , Python False
if. requested_topping 'anchovies',
print :
Hold the anchovies!
, -
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.

. ,
, age 18:
>>> age = 18
>>> age == 18
True
. ,
, answer :
magic_ number.py
answer = 17
if answer != 42:
print("That is not the correct answer. Please try again!")
, answer (17) 42.

, :
That is not the correct answer. Please try again!
-
: , , , :
>>> age = 19
>>> age < 21
True
>>> age <= 21
True
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False
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False
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87
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:
>>> age_0 = 22
>>> age_1 = 18
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False
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True
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age_1 22. age_1 21;
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21:
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>>> age_0 >= 21 or age_1 >= 21
True
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False
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age_0 , .
age_0 18.
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88 5 if

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,
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.
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.
>>> requested_toppings = ['mushrooms', 'onions', 'pineapple']
>>> 'mushrooms' in requested_toppings
True
>>> 'pepperoni' in requested_toppings
False
in Python , -
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, ,
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, .
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:
banned_users.py
banned_users = ['andrew', 'carolina', 'david']
user = 'marie'
if user not in banned_users:

print(user.title() + ", you can post a response if you wish.")
:
banned_users, Python True .
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:
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.
if 89
. True False,
.

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:
game_active = True
can_edit = False
-
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.

5-1. : .
. :
car = 'subaru'
print("Is car == 'subaru'? I predict True.")
print(car == 'subaru')
print("\nIs car == 'audi'? I predict False.")
print(car == 'audi')
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True False.
10 . 5 True,
5 False.
5-2. : 10. -
conditional_tests.py.
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.
lower().
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if :

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if, , .
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voting.py
age = 19
if age >= 18:
print("You are old enough to vote!")
Python , age 18.

print :
You are old enough to vote!
if , for. -
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.
if .
,
:
age = 19
if age >= 18:
print("Have you registered to vote yet?")
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:
You are old enough to vote!
Have you registered to vote yet?
age 18, .
if-else
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, .
if 91
, ,
,
:
age = 17
if age >= 18:
print("Have you registered to vote yet?")
else:
print("Sorry, you are too young to vote.")
print("Please register to vote as soon as you turn 18!")
, print.
, else . age
18, , else:
Sorry, you are too young to vote.
Please register to vote as soon as you turn 18!
, : -
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.
if-elif-else
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:
4 .
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18 $10.
if ?
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amusement_park.py
age = 12
if age < 4:
print("Your admission cost is $0.")
elif age < 18:
92 5 if
else:
if , 4 .
, , Python
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if, ,
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4 , .
18 , , Python
else. if elif, Python else
.
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. :
Your admission cost is $5.
17 . -
else , $10.
if-elif-else,
, :
if-elif-else, print :
age = 12
if age < 4:
price = 0
elif age < 18:
price = 5
else:
price = 10
print("Your admission cost is $" + str(price) + ".")
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print -
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,
print .
elif
elif. , -
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if 93
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. , 65
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age = 12
if age < 4:
price = 0
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price = 5
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price = 10
else:
price = 5
. elif
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$5,
65 .
else
Python , if-elif else.
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elif :
age = 12
if age < 4:
price = 0
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price = 5
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price = 10
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price = 5
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if elif
else. , -
.
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:
toppings.py
requested_toppings = ['mushrooms', 'extra cheese']
if 'mushrooms' in requested_toppings:
print("Adding mushrooms.")
if 'pepperoni' in requested_toppings:
print("Adding pepperoni.")
if 'extra cheese' in requested_toppings:
print("Adding extra cheese.")
print("\nFinished making your pizza!")
, .
if , -
, .
if, elif else,
, -
. ,
, . -
.
,
:
Adding mushrooms.
Adding extra cheese.
Finished making your pizza!
if-elif-else, -
, .
:
requested_toppings = ['mushrooms', 'extra cheese']
if 'mushrooms' in requested_toppings:
print("Adding mushrooms.")
elif 'pepperoni' in requested_toppings:
print("Adding pepperoni.")
if 95
elif 'extra cheese' in requested_toppings:

print("Adding extra cheese.")
( 'mushrooms') . -
'extra cheese' 'pepperoni' ,
if-elif-else
.
:
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if.

5-3. 1: ,
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yellow red.
if , green.
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2 .
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if . -
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if,
.
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.
: , -
, :
toppings.py
requested_toppings = ['mushrooms', 'green peppers', 'extra cheese']
for requested_topping in requested_toppings:

print("Adding " + requested_topping + ".")
, for:
Adding mushrooms.
Adding green peppers.

if 97
? if for
:
requested_toppings = ['mushrooms', 'green peppers', 'extra cheese']

if requested_topping == 'green peppers':
print("Sorry, we are out of green peppers right now.")
else:

. , ,
, . else
, .
,
:
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Sorry, we are out of green peppers right now.

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requested_toppings = []
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print("Are you sure you want a plain pizza?")
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available_toppings = ['mushrooms', 'olives', 'green peppers',
'pepperoni', 'pineapple', 'extra cheese']
requested_toppings = ['mushrooms', 'french fries', 'extra cheese']

if requested_topping in available_toppings:
else:
print("Sorry, we don't have " + requested_topping + ".")
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alien_0 = {'color': 'green', 'points': 5}
print(alien_0['color'])
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print
:
green
5
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103
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alien_0['y_position'] = 25
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. .
: 'x_position' -
0. 'y_position' . -
:
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104 6
alien_0 = {}
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:
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print("The alien is " + alien_0['color'] + ".")
alien_0['color'] = 'yellow'
print("The alien is now " + alien_0['color'] + ".")
alien_0, ;
, 'color', 'yellow'.
, :
The alien is green.
The alien is now yellow.
: ,
. ,
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:
alien_0 = {'x_position': 0, 'y_position': 25, 'speed': 'medium'}
print("Original x-position: " + str(alien_0['x_position']))
# .
# .
if alien_0['speed'] == 'slow':
x_increment = 1
elif alien_0['speed'] == 'medium':
x_increment = 2
else:
# .
x_increment = 3
# .
105
alien_0['x_position'] = alien_0['x_position'] + x_increment

print("New x-position: " + str(alien_0['x_position']))
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106 6
, .

( ). -
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favorite_languages = {
'jen': 'python',
'sarah': 'c',
'edward': 'ruby',
'phil': 'python',
}
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:
favorite_languages.py
'jen': 'python',
'sarah': 'c',
'edward': 'ruby',
'phil': 'python',
}
print("Sarah's favorite language is " +
favorite_languages['sarah'].title() +
".")
107
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favorite_languages['sarah']
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Sarah's favorite language is C.
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user_0 = {
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'first': 'enrico',
'last': 'fermi',
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for:
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user_0 = {
'username': 'efermi',
'first': 'enrico',
'last': 'fermi',
}
for key, value in user_0.items():

print("\nKey: " + key)
print("Value: " + value)
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109
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language. ,
:
'jen': 'python',
'sarah': 'c',
'edward': 'ruby',
'phil': 'python',
}
for name, language in favorite_languages.items():

print(name.title() + "'s favorite language is " +
language.title() + ".")
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name, -
language. ,
print .
:
Jen's favorite language is Python.
Phil's favorite language is Python.
Edward's favorite language is Ruby.
,
.

keys() ,
. favorite_languages
, :
'jen': 'python',
'sarah': 'c',
'edward': 'ruby',
'phil': 'python',
}
for name in favorite_languages.keys():
print(name.title())
110 6
Python favorite_languages
name. -
, :
Jen
Sarah
Phil
Edward
,
,
for name in favorite_languages:
keys(), ,
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, ,
.
. , ,
, ,
:
'jen': 'python',
'sarah': 'c',
'edward': 'ruby',
'phil': 'python',
}
friends = ['phil', 'sarah']

print(name.title())
if name in friends:
print(" Hi " + name.title() +
", I see your favorite language is " +
favorite_languages[name].title() + "!")
, .
, -
, . ,
.
, name
. ,
:
Edward
Phil
Hi Phil, I see your favorite language is Python!
Sarah
111
Hi Sarah, I see your favorite language is C!

Jen
keys() , -
:
'jen': 'python',
'sarah': 'c',
'edward': 'ruby',
'phil': 'python',
}
if 'erin' not in favorite_languages.keys():
print("Erin, please take our poll!")
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, 'erin' . -
, :
Erin, please take our poll!

,
. ,
, ,
.

, for.
sorted():
'jen': 'python',
'sarah': 'c',
'edward': 'ruby',
'phil': 'python',
}
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print(name.title() + ", thank you for taking the poll.")
for for, ,
dictionary.keys() sorted().
Python
, . ,
, :
Edward, thank you for taking the poll.
Jen, thank you for taking the poll.
Phil, thank you for taking the poll.
Sarah, thank you for taking the poll.
112 6

, ,
values() . ,
, ,
, :
'jen': 'python',
'sarah': 'c',
'edward': 'ruby',
'phil': 'python',
}
print("The following languages have been mentioned:")

for language in favorite_languages.values():
print(language.title())
for
language. :
The following languages have been mentioned:
Python
C
Python
Ruby
. -
,
.
, (set).
, :
'jen': 'python',
'sarah': 'c',
'edward': 'ruby',
'phil': 'python',
}
print("The following languages have been mentioned:")

for language in set(favorite_languages.values()):
print(language.title())
, , set(), Python
.
set() favorite_languages.
values(). -
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The following languages have been mentioned:
Python
C
Ruby
113
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alien_1 = {'color': 'yellow', 'points': 10}
alien_2 = {'color': 'red', 'points': 15}
114 6
aliens = [alien_0, alien_1, alien_2]
for alien in aliens:

print(alien)
, -
. aliens. ,
:
{'color': 'yellow', 'points': 10}
{'color': 'red', 'points': 15}
, ,
.
range() 30 :
# .
aliens = []
# 30 .
for alien_number in range(30):
new_alien = {'color': 'green', 'points': 5, 'speed': 'slow'}
aliens.append(new_alien)
# 5 :
for alien in aliens[:5]:
print(alien)
print("...")
# .
print("Total number of aliens: " + str(len(aliens)))
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30 ):
{'speed': 'slow', 'color': 'green', 'points': 5}
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aliens = []
# 30 .
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aliens.append(new_alien)
for alien in aliens[0:3]:

if alien['color'] == 'green':
alien['color'] = 'yellow'
alien['speed'] = 'medium'
alien['points'] = 10
# 5 :
print(alien)
print("...")
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.
('green'), , if, -
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('yellow'), ('medium'), -
10 :
{'speed': 'medium', 'color': 'yellow', 'points': 10}
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15 .
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if alien['color'] == 'green':
alien['color'] = 'yellow'
alien['speed'] = 'medium'
elif alien['color'] == 'yellow':
alien['color'] = 'red'
alien['speed'] = 'fast'
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116 6
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pizza.py
# .
pizza = {
'crust': 'thick',
'toppings': ['mushrooms', 'extra cheese'],
}
# .
print("You ordered a " + pizza['crust'] + "-crust pizza " +
"with the following toppings:")
for topping in pizza['toppings']:

print("\t" + topping)
.
'crust' 'thick'.
'toppings' -, -
. . -
, 'toppings', Python
.
, :
You ordered a thick-crust pizza with the following toppings:
mushrooms
extra cheese
,
. -
,
.
, ,
117
( .) for
, :
'jen': ['python', 'ruby'],
'sarah': ['c'],
'edward': ['ruby', 'go'],
'phil': ['python', 'haskell'],
}
for name, languages in favorite_languages.items():

print("\n" + name.title() + "'s favorite languages are:")
for language in languages:
print("\t" + language.title())
, , , -
. -
, .
languages
, ,
. -
.

:
Jen's favorite languages are:
Python
Ruby
Sarah's favorite languages are:

C
Phil's favorite languages are:

Python
Haskell
Edward's favorite languages are:

Ruby
Go
, for
if ,
( len(languages)).
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118 6

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many_users.py
users = {
'aeinstein': {
'first': 'albert',
'last': 'einstein',
'location': 'princeton',
},
'mcurie': {
'first': 'marie',
'last': 'curie',
'location': 'paris',
},
}
for username, user_info in users.items():

print("\nUsername: " + username)
full_name = user_info['first'] + " " + user_info['last']
location = user_info['location']
print("\tFull name: " + full_name.title())
print("\tLocation: " + location.title())
users, :
'aeinstein' 'mcurie'. , ,
, -
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username, , , -
user_info.
.
. user_info, -
, : 'first',
'last' 'location'. -
,
:
Username: aeinstein
Full name: Albert Einstein
Location: Princeton
Username: mcurie
Full name: Marie Curie
Location: Paris
119
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Python , -
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message = input("Tell me something, and I will repeat it back to you: ")
print(message)
input() : ( ),
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input() 121
, Enter.
message, print(message) :
Tell me something, and I will repeat it back to you: Hello everyone!
Hello everyone!

Sublime Text , .
Sublime Text ,
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greeter.py
name = input("Please enter your name: ")
print("Hello, " + name + "!")
( ),
, , ,
. :
Please enter your name: Eric
Hello, Eric!
. , -
, .
input(): -
, input().
greeter.py
prompt = "If you tell us who you are, we can personalize the messages you see."
prompt += "\nWhat is your first name? "
name = input(prompt)
print("\nHello, " + name + "!")
.
prompt. -
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):
If you tell us who you are, we can personalize the messages you see.
What is your first name? Eric
Hello, Eric!
122 7 while
int()
input() Python , -
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:
>>> age = input("How old are you? ")
How old are you? 21
>>> age
'21'
21, , Python
age, '21' .
, , , Python -
.
:
How old are you? 21
>>> age >= 18
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: unorderable types: str() >= int()
, Python
, : '21',
age, 18; .
int(),
. int()
:
How old are you? 21
>>> age = int(age)
>>> age >= 18
True
21 ,
int() . Python
: age (
21) 18. age 18 -
, True.
int() ? ,
, -
:
rollercoaster.py
height = input("How tall are you, in inches? ")
height = int(height)
input() 123
if height >= 36:

print("\nYou're tall enough to ride!")
else:
print("\nYou'll be able to ride when you're a little older.")
height 36, height = int(height)

. -
36, ,
:
How tall are you, in inches? 71
You're tall enough to ride!
, -
,
.

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>>> 4 % 3
1
>>> 5 % 3
2
>>> 6 % 3
0
>>> 7 % 3
1
% ;
.
, 0, % -
0. ,
:
even_or_odd.py
number = input("Enter a number, and I'll tell you if it's even or odd: ")
number = int(number)
if number % 2 == 0:
print("\nThe number " + str(number) + " is even.")
else:
print("\nThe number " + str(number) + " is odd.")
2. , 2
0 (number % 2 == 0), , .
Enter a number, and I'll tell you if it's even or odd: 42
The number 42 is even.

124 7 while
Python 2.7
Python 2.7, -
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current_number = 1
while current_number <= 5:
print(current_number)
current_number += 1
1, current_number
1. while, ,
current_number 5.
current_number 1 current_number+=1.
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current_number + 1.)
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prompt = "\nTell me something, and I will repeat it back to you:"
prompt += "\nEnter 'quit' to end the program. "
message = ""
while message != 'quit':
message = input(prompt)
print(message)
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'quit'). message , -
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while, message 'quit',
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message print; Python -
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'quit' Python while, :
Tell me something, and I will repeat it back to you:
Enter 'quit' to end the program. Hello everyone!
Hello everyone!

Enter 'quit' to end the program. Hello again.
Hello again.

Enter 'quit' to end the program. quit
quit
, , 'quit',
. if -
:
message = ""
while message != 'quit':
if message != 'quit':
print(message)
-
, :
Enter 'quit' to end the program. Hello everyone!
Hello everyone!

Enter 'quit' to end the program. Hello again.
Hello again.

Enter 'quit' to end the program. quit
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while 127
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False.
while :
True. ( , -
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active ( ), ,
:
active = True
while active:
if message == 'quit':
active = False
else:
print(message)
active True,
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if while message ,
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cities.py
prompt = "\nPlease enter the name of a city you have visited:"
prompt += "\n(Enter 'quit' when you are finished.) "
while True:
city = input(prompt)
if city == 'quit':
break
else:
print("I'd love to go to " + city.title() + "!")
, while True ,
break.
,
'quit'. 'quit' break, Python
:
Please enter the name of a city you have visited:
(Enter 'quit' when you are finished.) New York
I'd love to go to New York!

(Enter 'quit' when you are finished.) San Francisco
I'd love to go to San Francisco!

(Enter 'quit' when you are finished.) quit

break Python. , -
for .
continue
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10, :
counting.py
current_number = 0
while current_number < 10:
current_number += 1
if current_number % 2 == 0:
while 129
continue
print(current_number)
current_number 0. 10,
Python while. 1 -
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current_number 2. 0 ( ,
current_number 2), continue Python -
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2, , Python
:
1
3
5
7
9

while , -
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counting.py
x = 1
while x <= 5:
print(x)
x += 1
x += 1 (. ),
:
# !
x = 1
while x <= 5:
print(x)
x 1, -
. x <= 5
True, while :
1
1
1
1

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while 131
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confirmed_users.py
# :
# .
unconfirmed_users = ['alice', 'brian', 'candace']
confirmed_users = []
# ,
# . , ,
# .
while unconfirmed_users:
current_user = unconfirmed_users.pop()
print("Verifying user: " + current_user.title())

confirmed_users.append(current_user)
# .
print("\nThe following users have been confirmed:")
for confirmed_user in confirmed_users:
print(confirmed_user.title())
:
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, unconfirmed_users .
pop()
unconfirmed_users. unconfirmed_users
Candace; , -
current_user confirmed_users .
Brian Alice.
,
.
.
, -
, :
Verifying user: Candace
Verifying user: Brian
Verifying user: Alice
The following users have been confirmed:

Candace
Brian
Alice

3 remove()
. remove() ,
132 7 while
. -
?
, pets, 'cat' .
, while
, 'cat':
pets.py
pets = ['dog', 'cat', 'dog', 'goldfish', 'cat', 'rabbit', 'cat']
print(pets)
while 'cat' in pets:

pets.remove('cat')
print(pets)
, 'cat'.
Python while, 'cat' -
. Python
'cat', while, ,
'cat' , . -
'cat' , , 'cat'
; Python :
['dog', 'cat', 'dog', 'goldfish', 'cat', 'rabbit', 'cat']
['dog', 'dog', 'goldfish', 'rabbit']
,
while
. , -
. -
,
:
mountain_poll.py
responses = {}
# .
polling_active = True
while polling_active:
# .
name = input("\nWhat is your name? ")
response = input("Which mountain would you like to climb someday? ")
# :
responses[name] = response
# .
while 133
repeat = input("Would you like to let another person respond? (yes/ no) ")
if repeat == 'no':
polling_active = False
# , .
print("\n--- Poll Results ---")
for name, response in responses.items():
print(name + " would like to climb " + response + ".")
(responses)
(polling_active), , . polling_active
True, Python while.
,
. responses
, , -
. ,
while. , polling_active
False, while ,
.
, -
:
What is your name? Eric
Which mountain would you like to climb someday? Denali
Would you like to let another person respond? (yes/ no) yes
What is your name? Lynn

Which mountain would you like to climb someday? Devil's Thumb
Would you like to let another person respond? (yes/ no) no
--- Poll Results ---

Lynn would like to climb Devil's Thumb.
Eric would like to climb Denali.

7-8. : sandwich_orders, -
. finished_sandwiches.
(-
, I made your tuna sandwich). -
finished_sandwiches.
, .
7-9. : sandwich_orders 7-8,
, pastrami . -
, ,
while pastrami sandwich_orders. ,
finished_sandwiches pastrami .
7-10. : , ,
. .
134 7 while
input() ,
. -
,
while.
while: , break
continue. , while

.
while .
8 . -
, .
, .
,
,
.
8
,
. ,
, , . -
,
; ,
, Python ,
. , , -
, .
-
. , ,
, , -
( .) ,
, ,
.

greet_user(), :
greeter.py
def greet_user():
""" ."""
print("Hello!")
greet_user()
. -
def Python, . -
, , ,
.
. greet_user(),
,
. (, .) ,
.
, def greet_user():, -
.
136 8
. ;
Python
.

print("Hello!") . . , greet_user()
: print("Hello!").
, . -
Python . ,
, ,
, . -
,
greet_user(). , Hello!:
Hello!

greet_user()
! , .
username def greet_
user(). username ,
. ,
. greet_user() (-
, 'jesse') :
def greet_user(username):
""" ."""
print("Hello, " + username.title() + "!")
greet_user('jesse')
greet_user('jesse') greet_user()
, print.
:
Hello, Jesse!
greet_user('sarah') greet_user()
'sarah', Hello, Sarah!
greet_user()
.

greet_user() ,
username. -
( ),
.
137
username greet_user() ,
, . 'jesse'
greet_user('jesse') , ,
. , ,
, . 'jesse'
greet_user(),
username.
. -
, , ,
, .

8-1. : display_message() , -
. , -
.
8-2. : favorite_book(), -
title. One of my favorite books is Alice in
Wonderland. , -
.

, ,
.
.
, ;
; , -
. .

.
. , -
, .
, , -
. :
pets.py
def describe_pet(animal_type, pet_name):
""" ."""
print("\nI have a " + animal_type + ".")
print("My " + animal_type + "'s name is " + pet_name.title() + ".")
describe_pet('hamster', 'harry')
138 8
,
(animal_type) (pet_name). describe_pet() -
. 'hamster'
animal_type, 'harry'
pet_name . -
:
I have a hamster.
My hamster's name is Harry.

, .
describe_pet():
""" ."""
describe_pet('hamster', 'harry')
describe_pet('dog', 'willie')
describe_pet() 'dog' 'willie'.

Python 'dog'
animal_type, 'willie' pet_name.
, , -
:
I have a hamster.
My hamster's name is Harry.
I have a dog.
My dog's name is Willie.
.
.
, ,
. -
10 ,
.
.
Python , ,
.

-
, :
""" ."""
139

describe_pet('harry', 'hamster')
, .
'harry' ,
animal_type, 'hamster' pet_name. -
:
I have a harry.
My harry's name is Hamster.
, ,
-
.

,
. , -
. -
,
.
pets.py
describe_pet():
""" ."""
describe_pet(animal_type='hamster', pet_name='harry')
describe_pet() . -
Python,
. Python , 'hamster'
animal_type, 'harry'
pet_name.
,
Python , .
:
describe_pet(pet_name='harry', animal_type='hamster')
-
.
140 8

-
. ,
, Python , -
. ,
, ,
.
.
, , describe_pet() -
, animal_type 'dog'.
describe_pet()
:
def describe_pet(pet_name, animal_type='dog'):
""" ."""
describe_pet(pet_name='willie')
describe_pet() animal_type
'dog'.
animal_type, Python ,
'dog':
I have a dog.
: -
. -
,
. Python
, ,
.
.

:
describe_pet('willie')
, . -
'willie' -
, pet_name. animal_type ,
Python 'dog'. -
, ,
:
animal_type , Python -
.
141
,
, . ,
Python .

, -
, -
. describe_pets()
:
def describe_pet(pet_name, animal_type='dog'):
pet_name -
, , -
. ,
animal_type ,
, .
:
describe_pet('willie')
describe_pet(pet_name='willie')
describe_pet('harry', 'hamster')
, .
, . -
, , .

, -
. -
, ,
. ,
describe_pet() :
""" ."""
describe_pet()
142 8
Python , ,
:
File "pets.py", line 6, in <module>
describe_pet()
TypeError: describe_pet() missing 2 required positional arguments:
'animal_
type' and 'pet_name'
, ,
- . ,
. Python , ,
.
, , ,
.
Python , -
, . ,
.
Python ,
, .
,
,
.
8-3. : make_shirt(), ,
.
. . -
.
8-4. : make_shirt(),
L, I love Python..
L , .
8-5. : describe_city(), -
. (, Reykjavik is in Iceland). -
.
, .

.
, . ,
, . return
, .

, .
143

,
:
formatted_name.py
def get_formatted_name(first_name, last_name):
""" ."""
full_name = first_name + ' ' + last_name
return full_name.title()
musician = get_formatted_name('jimi', 'hendrix')
print(musician)
get_formatted_name() .
,
full_name . full_name
, .
, , -
, .
musician .
, :
Jimi Hendrix
,
:
print("Jimi Hendrix")
, , -
, ,
get_formatted_name(), .
, ,
.

, , -
,
, . ,
. ,
get_formatted_name(), .
:
def get_formatted_name(first_name, middle_name, last_name):
""" ."""
full_name = first_name + ' ' + middle_name + ' ' + last_name
musician = get_formatted_name('john', 'lee', 'hooker')

print(musician)
144 8
, .
, .
, , :
John Lee Hooker
, ,
.
, middle_name
; ,
. get_formatted_name() , -
middle_name
:
def get_formatted_name(first_name, last_name, middle_name=''):
""" ."""
if middle_name:
full_name = first_name + ' ' + middle_name + ' ' + last_
name
else:
musician = get_formatted_name('jimi', 'hendrix')

print(musician)
musician = get_formatted_name('john', 'hooker', 'lee')

print(musician)
.
, .
, -
, .
, . Python -
, ,
, middle_name True .
, , .
-
, musician .
, if else .
,
, musician
.
. -
,
. -
.
,
, :
145
Jimi Hendrix
John Lee Hooker

, ,
(, ). , -
, :
person.py
def build_person(first_name, last_name):
""" ."""
person = {'first': first_name, 'last': last_name}
return person
musician = build_person('jimi', 'hendrix')

print(musician)
build_person() -
. first_name 'first',
last_name 'last' .
.
, :
{'first': 'jimi', 'last': 'hendrix'}
-
, ( -
). 'jimi' 'hendrix' .
,
: , , -
, . ,
:
def build_person(first_name, last_name, age=''):
""" ."""
person = {'first': first_name, 'last': last_name}
if age:
person['age'] = age
return person
musician = build_person('jimi', 'hendrix', age=27)

print(musician)
age, -
.
, .
, ,
.
146 8
while
Python,
. , get_formatted_name() while,
. ,
, :
greeter.py
""" ."""
# !
while True:
print("\nPlease tell me your name:")
f_name = input("First name: ")
l_name = input("Last name: ")
formatted_name = get_formatted_name(f_name, l_name)

print("\nHello, " + formatted_name + "!")
get_formatted_name(),
. while -
.
while : -
. ?
-
, . break
:
""" ."""
while True:
print("\nPlease tell me your name:")
print("(enter 'q' at any time to quit)")
f_name = input("First name: ")

if f_name == 'q':
break
l_name = input("Last name: ")

if l_name == 'q':
break
formatted_name = get_formatted_name(f_name, l_name)

print("\nHello, " + formatted_name + "!")
, , -
,
147
.
, 'q':
Please tell me your name:
(enter 'q' at any time to quit)
First name: eric
Last name: matthes
Hello, Eric Matthes!
Please tell me your name:

(enter 'q' at any time to quit)
First name: q

8-6. : city_country(), -
. Santiago, Chile.

.
8-7. : make_album(), -
.
, .
, . -
, ,
.
make_album()
. , -
.
.
8-8. : 8-7.
while, . -
make_album()
. while.

,
(, ).
. ,
.
, .
greet_users(),
:
greet_users.py
def greet_users(names):
""" ."""
for name in names:
msg = "Hello, " + name.title() + "!"
print(msg)
148 8
usernames = ['hannah', 'ty', 'margot']

greet_users(usernames)
greet_users() -
, names.
.
usernames, greet_
users() :
Hello, Hannah!
Hello, Ty!
Hello, Margot!
, .
, -
.

, .
, , , -
.
, 3D- , -
. ,
. , :
printing_models.py
# , .
unprinted_designs = ['iphone case', 'robot pendant', 'dodecahedron']
completed_models = []
# .
# completed_models.
while unprinted_designs:
current_design = unprinted_designs.pop()
# 3D-.
print("Printing model: " + current_design)
completed_models.append(current_design)
# .
print("\nThe following models have been printed:")
for completed_model in completed_models:
print(completed_model)
completed_models,
. unprinted_designs
, while :
, current_design,
, . -
.
:
149
Printing model: dodecahedron

Printing model: robot pendant
Printing model: iphone case
The following models have been printed:

dodecahedron
robot pendant
iphone case
: -
, .
; .
, :
def print_models(unprinted_designs, completed_models):
"""
, .
completed_models.
"""
while unprinted_designs:
current_design = unprinted_designs.pop()
# 3D-.
print("Printing model: " + current_design)
completed_models.append(current_design)
def show_completed_models(completed_models):
""" ."""
print("\nThe following models have been printed:")
for completed_model in completed_models:
print(completed_model)

print_models(unprinted_designs, completed_models)
show_completed_models(completed_models)
print_models() :
. -
,
. show_completed_models()
: . show_completed_
models() .
, ,
. , , -
; .

, :
print_models(unprinted_designs, completed_models)
show_completed_models(completed_models)
150 8
-
. , ,
. print_models()
; , print_models() . -
show_completed_models(), ,
.

.
-
, .
, print_models(). ,
, ,
.
.
,
.
, .
.
, ,
.
, . -
.

. ,
,
, . , -
. ,
unprinted_designs,
; . -
. ,
, ,
.
, :
_(_[:])
[:] .
unprinted_designs print_models.py ,
print_models() :
print_models(unprinted_designs[:], completed_models)
print_models() ,
.
unprinted_designs, . completed_models
151
, ,
.
, -
(
). ,

( ).

8-9. : . show_
magicians(), .
8-10. : 8-9.
make_great(), ,
Great. show_magicians() ,
.
8-11. : 8-10. -
make_great() .
, .
show_magicians() , , -
,
Great.

,
. , Python
.
. -
, , -
. *toppings,
, :
pizza.py
def make_pizza(*toppings):
""" ."""
print(toppings)
make_pizza('pepperoni')
make_pizza('mushrooms', 'green peppers', 'extra cheese')
*toppings Python -
toppings .
print , Python
, .
. : Python
,
:
152 8
('pepperoni',)
('mushrooms', 'green peppers', 'extra cheese')
print ,
:
def make_pizza(*toppings):
""" ."""
print("\nMaking a pizza with the following toppings:")
for topping in toppings:
print("- " + topping)
make_pizza('pepperoni')
make_pizza('mushrooms', 'green peppers', 'extra cheese')
,
:
Making a pizza with the following toppings:
- pepperoni
Making a pizza with the following toppings:

- mushrooms
- green peppers
- extra cheese
,
.

, -
,
. Python -
,
.
, ,
*toppings:
def make_pizza(size, *toppings):
""" ."""
print("\nMaking a " + str(size) +
"-inch pizza with the following toppings:")
make_pizza(16, 'pepperoni')
make_pizza(12, 'mushrooms', 'green peppers', 'extra cheese')
Python
size. , , toppings.
size,
.
153
,
: ,
:
Making a 16-inch pizza with the following toppings:
- pepperoni

- mushrooms
- green peppers
- extra cheese

,
, .
, ,
. -
: , ,
, . build_profile()
, -
:
user_profile.py
def build_profile(first, last, **user_info):
""" ."""
profile = {}
profile['first_name'] = first
profile['last_name'] = last
for key, value in user_info.items():
profile[key] = value
return profile
user_profile = build_profile('albert', 'einstein',

location='princeton',
field='physics')
print(user_profile)
build_profile() ,
.
**user_info Python -
user_info .
user_info
, .
build_profile() profile
. ,
. -
user_info
profile. , profile
.
154 8
build_profile() 'albert' , -
'einstein' , location='princeton'
field='physics'. user_profile
:
{'first_name': 'albert', 'last_name': 'einstein',
'location': 'princeton', 'field': 'physics'}
,
. ,
.

, . -
,
.
, ;
, .

.

8-12. : , . -
,
, . -
.
8-13. : user_profile.py.
build_profile(), ,
.
8-14. : -
. ,
.
(,
). :
car = make_car(subaru, outback, color=blue, tow_package=True)
,
.

,
. ,
. -
, ,
. import Python, -
.

. ,
155
. , -
,
. -
, .
; -
.

, .
.py, ,
. -
make_pizza(). pizza.py ,
make_pizza():
pizza.py
def make_pizza(size, *toppings):
""" ."""
print("\nMaking a " + str(size) +
"-inch pizza with the following toppings:")
making_pizzas.py pizza.
py. ,
make_pizza():
making_pizzas.py
import pizza
pizza.make_pizza(16, 'pepperoni')
pizza.make_pizza(12, 'mushrooms', 'green peppers', 'extra cheese')
import pizza Python -

pizza.py . -
, , Python
. :
, pizza.py, making_pizzas.py.
,
(pizza), (make_pizza()), . -
, , -
:
- pepperoni

- mushrooms
- green peppers
- extra cheese
156 8
, import -
, :
_._()

. -
:
from _ import _
,
:
from _ import _0, _1, _2
, -
, making_pizzas.py :
from pizza import make_pizza
-
. make_pizza() import,
.

,
(alias) . -
.
make_pizza() mp(),
make_pizza as mp.
as , :
from pizza import make_pizza as mp
mp(16, 'pepperoni')
mp(12, 'mushrooms', 'green peppers', 'extra cheese')
import make_pizza() mp()

. , make_pizza(), -
mp() Python make_pizza()
make_pizza(), -
.
:
from _ import _ as
157

.
, p pizza -
. p.make_pizza() , pizza.
make_pizza():
import pizza as p
p.make_pizza(16, 'pepperoni')
p.make_pizza(12, 'mushrooms', 'green peppers', 'extra cheese')
pizza import p ,
. p.make_
pizza() pizza.make_pizza(); -

. , , -
, ,
.
:
import _ as

Python ;
*:
from pizza import *
import Python
pizza .
.
, -
; ,
, -
. Python
,
.
-

. , .
, import ,
:
from _ import *
158 8

.
, -
.
, .
.
, ,
. -
. -
, , .
, ,
, , ,
, .
, -
:
def _(_0, _1='__')

:
_(_0, _1='')
PEP 8 (https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0008/) -
79 ,
. - -
79 , Enter
. Tab,
,
.
-
, :
def _(
_0, _1, _2,
_3, _4, _5):
...
,
. ,
.
import .
: ,
.

8-15. : print_models.py -
printing_functions.py. import print_models.py -
, .
159
8-16. :
. .
:
import _
from _ import _
from _ import _ as
import _ as
from _ import *
8-17. : ,
. , ,
.
,
, . ,
-
. , ,
, .
, , if while. -
, ,
.
,
.
, -
, .
. , -
, , , .

, . , -
, ,
. ,
; ,
.
,
, .
, , ,
.
. -
,
,
. , -
.
, .
9 .
, .
9
-
. -
- ,
,
.
.
,
;
. ,
-
.
; -
, .
. ,
, ,
.
,
; -
. -
, ,
.
- -
.
, ,
, . , ,
, -
, .
, ,
.
, ,
. ,
.
161

.
Dog, - ,
. ? . ,
.
( ) ( )
Dog,
. Python, , . -
, ,
.
Dog
, Dog,
; , sit() roll_over():
dog.py
class Dog():
""" ."""
def __init__(self, name, age):

""" name age."""
self.name = name
self.age = age
def sit(self):
""" ."""
print(self.name.title() + " is now sitting.")
def roll_over(self):
""" ."""
print(self.name.title() + " rolled over!")
, , .
,
. Dog. -
, , Python
. ,
. .
__init__()
, , . ,
, ; -
. __init__() ,

Dog .
;
Python .
162 9
__init__() : self, name age. -

self ;
. ,
__init__() ( Dog) -
self. , -
, self ;
.
Dog, Python __init__() Dog.
Dog() ; self ,
. ,
Dog,
name age.
, , self. -
self ,
,
. self.name = name ,
name, name, -
. self.age = age.
, ,
.
Dog : sit() roll_over() .
( ),
self . ,
, . sit() roll_over()
,
.
: ,
-
. ,
, -
.
Python 2.7
Python 2.7 -
object:
class ClassName(object):
...
Python 2.7 -
Python 3, .
, Python 2.7 Dog :
class Dog(object):
...
163

, . -
, Dog ,
.
, :
class Dog():
...
my_dog = Dog('willie', 6)
print("My dog's name is " + my_dog.name.title() + ".")
print("My dog is " + str(my_dog.age) + " years old.")
Dog -
. Python
'willie' 6. Python -
__init__() Dog 'willie' 6. __init__()
, , name
age . __init__() return,
Python , .
my_dog. -
: , ,
(, Dog), , ,
(, my_dog), , .

. -
name my_dog:
my_dog.name
Python. ,
Python . Python -
my_dog name, my_dog.
, self.name Dog. -
age. print my_dog.name.
title() 'willie' ( name my_dog)
. print str(my_dog.age) 6,
age my_dog, .
my_dog:
My dog is 6 years old.

Dog -
, Dog:
164 9
class Dog():
...
my_dog.sit()
my_dog.roll_over()
, ( my_dog)
, . my_dog.sit() Python sit()
Dog . my_dog.roll_over()
.
:
Willie is now sitting.
Willie rolled over!
. -
(, name, age, sit() roll_over()),
, , .

, .
Dog your_dog:
class Dog():
...
your_dog = Dog('lucy', 3)
print("My dog's name is " + my_dog.name.title() + ".")

print("My dog is " + str(my_dog.age) + " years old.")
my_dog.sit()
print("\nYour dog's name is " + your_dog.name.title() + ".")

print("Your dog is " + str(your_dog.age) + " years old.")
your_dog.sit()
Willie Lucy. -

:
My dog is 6 years old.
Willie is now sitting.
Your dog's name is Lucy.

Your dog is 3 years old.
Lucy is now sitting.
, Python
Dog .
,
165

9-1. : Restaurant. __init__() Restaurant -
: restaurant_name cuisine_type. describe_
restaurant(), , open_restaurant(),
, .
restaurant.
, .
9-2. : 9-1. ,
describe_restaurant().
9-3. : User. first_name last_
name, , -
. describe_user(), -
. greet_user()
.
, .
.

. -
,
, .
, . -
,
.
Car
, . -
, :
car.py
class Car():
""" ."""
def __init__(self, make, model, year):
""" ."""
self.make = make
self.model = model
self.year = year
def get_descriptive_name(self):
""" ."""
long_name = str(self.year) + ' ' + self.make + ' ' + self.model
return long_name.title()
my_new_car = Car('audi', 'a4', 2016)

print(my_new_car.get_descriptive_name())
166 9
Car __init__(); -
self, Dog. : make, model
year. __init__() , -
, .
Car -,
.
get_descriptive_name(),
, - .
.
self.make,
self.model self.year.
Car,
my_new_car. get_descriptive_name() , -
:
2016 Audi A4
, , -
, .

,
0 . (,
) __init__();

.
odometer_reading,
0. read_odometer()
:
class Car():

""" ."""
self.make = make
self.model = model
self.year = year
self.odometer_reading = 0
...
def read_odometer(self):
""" ."""
print("This car has " + str(self.odometer_reading) + " miles on it.")

my_new_car.read_odometer()
167
Python __init__() ,
-, ,
. Python odometer_
reading 0 .
read_odometer() ,
.
0:
2016 Audi A4
This car has 0 miles on it.
, 0,
.

:
,
( ) .
.

, -
. 23:
class Car():
...

my_new_car.odometer_reading = 23
odometer_
reading .
Python my_new_car, odometer_
reading 23:
2016 Audi A4
,
, .

, .
, -
, .
168 9
update_odometer()
:
class Car():
...
def update_odometer(self, mileage):

""" ."""
self.odometer_reading = mileage

my_new_car.update_odometer(23)
Car , update_odometer().
self.odometer_reading.
update_odometer() 23
( mileage ).
23, read_odometer()
:
2016 Audi A4
update_odometer() ,
.
, ,
:
class Car():
...

"""
.
.
"""
if mileage >= self.odometer_reading:
else:
print("You can't roll back an odometer!")
update_odometer() .
mileage , self.odometer_reading,
.
, -
.

(-
). ,
169
100 .
:
class Car():
...

--snip--
def increment_odometer(self, miles):

""" ."""
self.odometer_reading += miles
my_used_car = Car('subaru', 'outback', 2013)

print(my_used_car.get_descriptive_name())
my_used_car.update_odometer(23500)
my_used_car.read_odometer()
my_used_car.increment_odometer(100)
my_used_car.read_odometer()
increment_odometer()
self.odometer_reading .
my_used_car. 23500;
update_odometer(),
23500 . increment_odometer(), -
100, 100 ,
:
2013 Subaru Outback
,
;
.
(, -
), , , -
.
, .

9-4. : 9-1 (. 165).
number_served 0;
. restaurant. number_served,
.
set_number_served(), -
. , .
170 9
increment_number_served(),
. ,
, .
9-5. : login_attempts User 9-3
(. 165). increment_login_attempts(), login_
attempts 1. reset_login_attempts(), -
login_attempts.
User increment_login_attempts() . -
login_attempts, , -
, reset_login_attempts(). login_attempts -
, .
. ,
, -
, . , ,
.
, . -
,
.
__init__() -
, Python -,
-. __init__() --
.
, . -
,
ElectricCar Car, .
,
.
ElectricCar, ,
Car:
electric_car.py
class Car():
""" ."""

self.make = make
self.model = model
self.year = year
171

else:

class ElectricCar(Car):
""" , ."""
""" -."""
super().__init__(make, model, year)
my_tesla = ElectricCar('tesla', 'model s', 2016)

print(my_tesla.get_descriptive_name())
Car. - -
,
- . -
ElectricCar. -
. __init__() ,
Car.
super() , Python
. Python
__init__() , ElectricCar, -
ElectricCar -. super
: - ,
- .
, ,
,
Car. ElectricCar
my_tesla. __init__(), -
ElectricCar, Python
__init__(), - Car. -
'tesla', 'model s' 2016.
__init__() ,
. ,
, :
2016 Tesla Model S
ElectricCar , Car;
, .
172 9
Python 2.7
Python 2.7 . ElectricCar
:
class Car(object):
...
super(ElectricCar, self).__init__(make, model, year)
...
super() : - -
self. , Python
. Python 2.7,
, object.
-
-, -, -
, ,
.
, (, -
), :
class Car():
...
""" , ."""
"""
-.
, .
"""
self.battery_size = 70
def describe_battery(self):
""" ."""
print("This car has a " + str(self.battery_size) + "-kWh battery.")

my_tesla.describe_battery()
self.battery_size,
, 70. -
, ElectricCar ( Car).
describe_battery(), -
173
. ,
:
2016 Tesla Model S
This car has a 70-kWh battery.
ElectricCar . -
,
. ,
( ), Car -
ElectricCar.
Car, ElectricCar ,
.
-
,
, , . -
, -. Python
, .
, Car fill_gas_tank(). -
, . -
, :
def ElectricCar(Car):
...
def fill_gas_tank():
""" ."""
print("This car doesn't need a gas tank!")
- fill_gas_tank() ,
Python fill_gas_tank() Car
. ,
, .

-
. -
, - .

. , -
.
, ElectricCar ,
, -
.
Battery. Battery -
ElectricCar:
174 9
class Car():
...
class Battery():
""" ."""
def __init__(self, battery_size=70):

""" ."""
self.battery_size = battery_size
""" ."""
""" , ."""
"""
-.
, .
"""
self.battery = Battery()
my_tesla.battery.describe_battery()
Battery,
. __init__() -
battery_size, self. , -
battery_size 70. describe_battery()
.
ElectricCar self.battery . -
Python Battery ( battery_
size , 70, )
self.battery. __init__();
ElectricCar
Battery.
my_
tesla. ,
battery:
Python my_tesla ,
battery describe_battery(),
Battery .
, :
2016 Tesla Model S
175
, ,
-
ElectricCar. Battery ,
:
class Car():
...
class Battery():
...
def get_range(self):
""" ."""
if self.battery_size == 70:
range = 240
elif self.battery_size == 85:
range = 270
message = "This car can go approximately " + str(range)

message += " miles on a full charge."
print(message)
...

my_tesla.battery.get_range()
get_range() . -
70, get_range() 240 , 85 kWh
270 . .
, battery
.
:
2016 Tesla Model S
This car can go approximately 240 miles on a full charge.

, -
, .
?
, , get_range() Battery.
, , ,
get_range() ElectricCar. get_range()
- -
, , .
176 9
get_range() ,
(, car_model). get_range()
.
, , -
, .
Python, , . ,-
, ,
.
, ,
, . ,
, , ! , ,
.
,
.

9-6. : .
IceCreamStand, Restaurant 9-1 (. 165)
9-4 (. 169). ; ,
. flavors -
. , . IceCreamStand
.
9-7. : .
Admin, User 9-3 (. 165)
9-5 (. 170). privileges
, ,
. . show_privileges()
. Admin .
9-8. : Privileges.
privileges 9-7. show_privileges()
. Privileges Admin.
Admin .
9-9. :
electric_car.py . Battery upgrade_battery().
85,
.
, get_range(), get_range()
upgrade_battery(). , .

, .
Python -
. Python
.
177

, Car.
: car.py,
car.py,
Car. , Car
car.py , car.py , .
, , -
, my_car.py. car.py
Car:
car.py
""" ."""
class Car():
""" ."""

""" ."""
self.make = make
self.model = model
self.year = year
""" ."""
""" ."""

"""
.
.
"""
else:

""" ."""

.
.
my_car.py.
Car :
my_car.py
from car import Car
178 9

my_new_car.odometer_reading = 23
import Python car -

Car. Car ,
. ,
:
2016 Audi A4
. -
, ,
Car. ,
,
.
; , ,

.

, -
- . Battery ElectricCar
,
car.py:
car.py
""" ."""
class Car():
...
class Battery():
""" ."""
def __init__(self, battery_size=60):
""" ."""
self.battery_size = battery_size
""" ."""
def get_range(self):
""" ."""
if self.battery_size == 70:
range = 240
elif self.battery_size == 85:
range = 270
179
message = "This car can go approximately " + str(range)

message += " miles on a full charge."
print(message)
""" , ."""
"""
-.
, .
"""
self.battery = Battery()
my_electric_car.py,
ElectricCar :
my_electric_car.py
from car import ElectricCar
my_tesla.battery.get_range()
, ,
:
2016 Tesla Model S
This car can go approximately 240 miles on a full charge.

, .
,
, Car ElectricCar:
my_cars.py
from car import Car, ElectricCar
my_beetle = Car('volkswagen', 'beetle', 2016)

print(my_beetle.get_descriptive_name())
my_tesla = ElectricCar('tesla', 'roadster', 2016)

, -
. ,
, .
180 9
Volkswagen Beetle -
Tesla Roadster :
2016 Volkswagen Beetle
2016 Tesla Roadster

, -
. ,
. , , -
, , .
my_cars.py
import car
my_beetle = car.Car('volkswagen', 'beetle', 2016)

my_tesla = car.ElectricCar('tesla', 'roadster', 2016)

car , -
_. _.
Volkswagen Beetle,
Tesla Roadster.

:
from _ import *
. ,
import -
, ,
, .
. , -
, .
? , -
, .
, ,
_.
_.
, , .
,
.
181

,

. ,
. -
.
, Car , ElectricCar Battery
. electric_car.py (
electric_car.py , ) Battery
ElectricCar:
electric_car.py
""" ."""
from car import Car
class Battery():
...
...
ElectricCar - Car, Car

. ,
ElectricCar . -
Car, Car:
car.py
""" ."""
class Car():
...

, :
my_cars.py
from car import Car
from electric_car import ElectricCar
my_beetle = Car('volkswagen', 'beetle', 2016)

my_tesla = ElectricCar('tesla', 'roadster', 2016)

Car , ElectricCar -
. . ,
:
2016 Volkswagen Beetle
2016 Tesla Roadster
182 9

, Python
. ,
, -
.
. -
, , -
.
,
. , ,
.

9-10. Restaurant: Restaurant
. , Restaurant.
Restaurant Restaurant, ,
import .
9-11. Admin: 9-8 (.176).
User, Privileges Admin . , -
Admin show_privileges(), , -
.
9-12. : User , Privileges
Admin . Admin
show_privileges(), , .
Python
Python ,
Python. ,
, ,
.
, import .
OrderedDict collections.
, ,
.
, ,
OrderedDict collections.
OrderedDict , , ,
.
favorite_languages.py 6.
, :
from collections import OrderedDict
favorite_languages = OrderedDict()
Python 183
favorite_languages['jen'] = 'python'
favorite_languages['sarah'] = 'c'
favorite_languages['edward'] = 'ruby'
favorite_languages['phil'] = 'python'
for name, language in favorite_languages.items():
print(name.title() + "'s favorite language is " +
language.title() + ".")
OrderedDict collections -
. OrderedDict,
favorite_languages. ;
OrderedDict() favorite_
languages. .
favorite_languages
:
Jen's favorite language is Python.
Edward's favorite language is Ruby.
Phil's favorite language is Python.
,
( ) (
). ,
,
, .
, .
.
II,
.

9-13. OrderedDict Rewrite: 6-4 (. 113),
.
OrderedDict ,
.
9-14. : random -
. randint() . -
1 6:
from random import randint
x = randint(1, 6)
Die sides, -
6. roll_die() 1
. , 6- , 10 .
10- 20- . 10 .
9-15. : Python -
Python Module of the Week. http://pymotw.com/ -
. , ,
collections random.
184 9

, -
, .
:
, .
-
.
, -
. ,
, ,
.

.
,
. ,
.

, , import -
. import ,
. import
, ,
.
, . -

. , __init__()

. ,
-

.
,
, , -
. Python
, OrderedDict collections. ,

Python.
10 , -
.
Python, -
.
10
,
;
, .
, -
.
,
. -
,
, Python.
json, ,
.
.
, . -
, ,
, . -
,
, , .
-
- , -
. ,
, , .

.
, - , -
. ,
,
, , -
. , -
,
.
.
.
186 10

.
30 , 10 :
pi_digits.txt
3.1415926535
8979323846
2643383279
,
pi_digits.txt, https://
www.nostarch.com/pythoncrashcourse/. ,
.
,
:
file_reader.py
with open('pi_digits.txt') as file_object:
contents = file_object.read()
print(contents)
.
open().
, . open()
: . Python
, . -
file_reader.py, Python pi_digits.txt
, file_reader.py. open() ,
. open('pi_digits.txt') -
, pi_digits.txt. Python
file_object, .
with ,
. : open(),
close(). open()
close(); - close() -
, . , -
.
close() ,
( ) , .
, ,
Python . ,
, , Python
.
, pi_digits.txt,
read(), -

187
contents. contents
:
3.1415926535
8979323846
2643383279

. ? read() -
, . ,
rstrip() print:
with open('pi_digits.txt') as file_object:
contents = file_object.read()
print(contents.rstrip())
, rstrip() .
:
3.1415926535
8979323846
2643383279

open() , pi_digits.txt, Python
, ,
( .py).
( , -
) -
. , python_work; -
python_work text_files ,
. text_files python_work,
open() text_files , Python
python_work ; -
text_files. ,
, ,
Python .
text_files python_work, text_files
. -
Python , ,
. Linux OS X -
:
with open('text_files/_.txt') as file_object:
, .txt text_files; -
, text_files python_work ( ).
Windows (/) (\):
with open('text_files\_.txt') as file_object:
188 10
-
, .
, .
, text_files python_work,
(, other_files), open() 'text_files/
filename.txt' , Python
python_work. Python, , -
.
,
, open(). Linux OS X
:
file_path = '/home/ehmatthes/other_files/text_files/_.txt'
with open(file_path) as file_object:
Windows :
file_path = 'C:\Users\ehmatthes\other_files\text_files\_.txt'
with open(file_path) as file_object:
-
.
, ( text_files
).
Windows .
Windows, ,
.

. -
, -
,
,
. , ,
.

for:
file_reader.py
filename = 'pi_digits.txt'
with open(filename) as file_object:

for line in file_object:
print(line)
, , -
filename. :
189
filename ( , -
Python, ), 'pi_digits.txt'
, . open()
, ,
file_object . with, Python
.
for .
:
3.1415926535
8979323846
2643383279
- , -
. print
,
: ,
print. rstrip() print -
:

for line in file_object:
print(line.rstrip())
:
3.1415926535
8979323846
2643383279

with , open(),
with. ,
with,
.

.
pi_digits.txt with,
:

lines = file_object.readlines()
190 10
for line in lines:

print(line.rstrip())
readlines()
. lines,
with. for
lines. lines
, .

,
, .
:
pi_string.py

pi_string = ''
for line in lines:
pi_string += line.rstrip()
print(pi_string)
print(len(pi_string))

, . -
pi_string . ,
pi_string ,
. :
3.1415926535 8979323846 2643383279
36
pi_string ,
. , strip()
rstrip():
filename = 'pi_30_digits.txt'

pi_string = ''
for line in lines:
pi_string += line.strip()
print(pi_string)
191
, 30 .
32 ,
3 :
3.141592653589793238462643383279
32

, Python .
-
, int()
float().
:
,
,
. ,
1000000 ( 30), ,
.
. 50 ,
, :
pi_string.py
filename = 'pi_million_digits.txt'

pi_string = ''
for line in lines:
pi_string += line.strip()
print(pi_string[:52] + "...")
,
1000000 :
3.14159265358979323846264338327950288419716939937510...
1000002
Python ,
.
.
( , ) -
https://www.nostarch.com/pythoncrashcourse/.
192 10

,
? ,
.
,
pi_string:
filename = 'pi_million_digits.txt'

pi_string = ''
for line in lines:
pi_string += line.rstrip()
birthday = input("Enter your birthday, in the form mmddyy: ")

if birthday in pi_string:
print("Your birthday appears in the first million digits of pi!")
else:
print("Your birthday does not appear in the first million digits of pi.")
,
pi_string. :
Enter your birthdate, in the form mmddyy: 120372
Your birthday appears in the first million digits of pi!
, !
, ,
.

10-1. Python:
Python. : In Python
you can learning_python.txt ,
. , :
,
with.
10-2. C: replace()
. dog cat:
>>> message = "I really like dogs."
>>> message.replace('dog', 'cat')
'I really like cats.'

learning_python.txt
Python , C.
.
193

. ,
, -
.
.
, -
.

, open() ,
Python, .
, ,
( ):
write_message.py
filename = 'programming.txt'
with open(filename, 'w') as file_object:

file_object.write("I love programming.")
open() . ,
, . 'w'
Python, .
('r'), ('w'), ('a') , -
, ('r+'). ,
Python .
, , , open() -
. , ('w'):
, Python
.
write() .
, , programming.txt,
:
programming.txt
I love programming.
-
. , , /
..
Python . -
,
str().
194 10

write() .
,
, , :

file_object.write("I love programming.")
file_object.write("I love creating new games.")
programming.txt, , :
I love programming.I love creating new games.
write(),
:

file_object.write("I love programming.\n")
file_object.write("I love creating new games.\n")
:
I love programming.
I love creating new games.
, -
, .

,
, . -
Python .
, , .
, Python .
write_message.py
programming.txt :
write_message.py
with open(filename, 'a') as file_object:

file_object.write("I also love finding meaning in large datasets.\n")
file_object.write("I love creating apps that can run in a browser.\n")
'a'
( ).
, programming.txt:
195
programming.txt
I love programming.
I love creating new games.
I also love finding meaning in large datasets.
I love creating apps that can run in a browser.

10-3. : , .
guest.txt.
10-4. : while,
. -
guest_book.txt. ,
.
10-5. : while, , -
. ,
, .
, ,
Python , .
Python , ,
. , -
,
.
try-except. try-except
Python , , -
. try-except
, - .
,
.
ZeroDivisionError
, Python . -
, , , Python
:
division.py
print(5/0)
, :
File "division.py", line 1, in <module>
print(5/0)
ZeroDivisionError: division by zero
196 10
, ZeroDivisionError,
. , Python -
. Python
.
; Python,
.
.
try-except
, ,
try-except .
Python , , ,
.
try-except ZeroDivisionError:
try:
print(5/0)
except ZeroDivisionError:
print("You can't divide by zero!")
print(5/0), , try. -
try , Python except.
try , Python except
.
try ZeroDivisionError,
Python except , -
.
:
You can't divide by zero!
try-except ,
, Python, .
-
.

,
.
, . -
,
.
, :
197
division.py
print("Give me two numbers, and I'll divide them.")
print("Enter 'q' to quit.")
while True:
first_number = input("\nFirst number: ")
if first_number == 'q':
break
second_number = input("Second number: ")
if second_number == 'q':
break
answer = int(first_number) / int(second_number)
print(answer)
first_number , ,
q ,
second_number .
answer . ,
:
Give me two numbers, and I'll divide them.
Enter 'q' to quit.
First number: 5
Second number: 0
File "division.py", line 9, in <module>
ZeroDivisionError: division by zero
, , ,
. ,

, . ,
.
,
.
else
,
, try-except. ,
; , try-except.
else. ,
try, else:
print("Give me two numbers, and I'll divide them.")
print("Enter 'q' to quit.")
while True:
first_number = input("\nFirst number: ")
if first_number == 'q':
198 10
break
second_number = input("Second number: ")
try:
except ZeroDivisionError:
print("You can't divide by 0!")
else:
print(answer)
try ,
, . ,
try, else. ,
, else -
.
except Python,
ZeroDivisionError . try
, 0, ,
, .
, :
Give me two numbers, and I'll divide them.
Enter 'q' to quit.
First number: 5
Second number: 0
You can't divide by 0!
First number: 5
Second number: 2
2.5
First number: q
try-except-else : Python try.

try ,
.
, try ; else.
except Python, , try -
. ,
,
.
.
FileNotFoundError

. , , ,
, .
try-except.
199
. -
,
alice.txt alice.py:
alice.py
filename = 'alice.txt'
with open(filename) as f_obj:

contents = f_obj.read()
, Python
:
File "alice.py", line 3, in <module>
FileNotFoundError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: 'alice.txt'
FileNotFoundError:
, Python .
open() , , , try -
open():
try:
except FileNotFoundError:
msg = "Sorry, the file " + filename + " does not exist."
print(msg)
try FileNotFoundError, -
Python except .
,
:
Sorry, the file alice.txt does not exist.
, , -
.
,
.

, .
, ,
. , ,
(http://gutenberg.org/). -
200 10
, ; -
,
.

. split(),
. split() , -
:
>>> title = "Alice in Wonderland"
>>> title.split()
['Alice', 'in', 'Wonderland']
split() ,
, .
, (,
). -
split() , ,
:
try:
print(msg)
else:
# .
words = contents.split()
num_words = len(words)
print("The file " + filename + " has about " + str(num_words) +
" words.")
alice.txt , try
.
contents, -
split() .
len(), -
.
, .
else,
try. ,
alice.txt:
The file alice.txt has about 29461 words.
,
, ,
.
201

.
count_words(). -
:
word_count.py
def count_words(filename):
""" ."""
try:
print(msg)
else:
# .
words = contents.split()
num_words = len(words)
print("The file " + filename + " has about " + str(num_words) +
" words.")
count_words(filename)
. -
count_words(). ,
.
,
. -
, -
count_words(). ,
,
. siddhartha.txt
word_count.py, ,
:
...
filenames = ['alice.txt', 'siddhartha.txt', 'moby_dick.txt', 'little_women.txt']

for filename in filenames:
siddhartha.txt :
Sorry, the file siddhartha.txt does not exist.
The file moby_dick.txt has about 215136 words.
The file little_women.txt has about 189079 words.
202 10
try-except :
-
, , . -
FileNotFoundError, -
siddhartha.txt, ,
;
.

, -
.
.
, .
try , , except -
Python .
Python pass, :
""" ."""
try:
...
pass
else:
...
filenames = ['alice.txt', 'siddhartha.txt', 'moby_dick.txt', 'little_women.txt']

for filename in filenames:
pass .
FileNotFoundError
except, . -
, .
,
, - :
The file moby_dick.txt has about 215136 words.
The file little_women.txt has about 189079 words.
pass . ,
-
, , , - . ,

missing_files.txt. ,
.
203
?
, ,
?
, , , -
, ,
. - , ,
? , -
- .
. Python
,
.
, -
(, ). ,
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, ), -
. ,

.

10-6. : : -
. int
TypeError. , ,
. TypeError, -
, .
: , .
10-7. : 10-6 while,
, .
10-8. : cats.txt dogs.txt.
. ,
.
try-except FileNotFoundError
.
; , except , .
10-9. : except 10-8 ,
, .
10-10. : (http://gutenberg.org/)
. -
.
-
count(). , row
:
>>> line = "Row, row, row your boat"
>>> line.count('row')
2
>>> line.lower().count('row')
3
204 10
: lower() -
.
, -
the .

. -
,
. , -
, , (,
). ,
.
json.
json Python -
. json
Python.
, JSON Python,
, -
. ,
.
JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) JavaScript. ,

, Python.
json.dump() json.load()
,
.
json.dump(), json.load().
json.dump() : -
, . json.dump()
:
number_writer.py
import json
numbers = [2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13]
filename = 'numbers.json'
with open(filename, 'w') as f_obj:
json.dump(numbers, f_obj)
json .
.
.json, , -
205
JSON. , json -
. json.dump()
numbers numbers.json.
, numbers.json
. , Python:
[2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13]
, json.load()
:
number_reader.py
import json
filename = 'numbers.json'
numbers = json.load(f_obj)
print(numbers)
,
. , Python
. json.load() -
numbers.json;
numbers.
, . , ,
number_writer.py:
[2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13]
json -
.
,
json -
, , -
.

.
:
remember_me.py
import json
username = input("What is your name? ")
filename = 'username.json'
json.dump(username, f_obj)
print("We'll remember you when you come back, " + username +
"!")
206 10
. -
json.dump(),
; . -
, :
We'll remember you when you come back, Eric!
,
:
greet_user.py
import json

username = json.load(f_obj)
print("Welcome back, " + username + "!")
json.load() username.json -
username. ,
:
Welcome back, Eric!
. -
remember_me.py, -
, ; , try,
. username.json ,
except username.json :
remember_me.py
import json
# , .
# .
try:
print("We'll remember you when you come back, " + username + "!")
else:
; -
.
username.json. , -
, , else.
207
, username.json ,
FileNotFoundError . Python except,
. json.dump()
.
, -
.
:
We'll remember you when you come back, Eric!
, :
Welcome back, Eric!
: , , -
, , -
. (
). ,
.
remember_me.py
. remember_me.py
, -
greet_user():
remember_me.py
import json
def greet_user():
""" ."""
try:
else:
greet_user()
, -
. ,
greet_user()
, , ,
.
208 10
greet_user(), .

:
import json
def get_stored_username():
""" , ."""
try:
return None
else:
return username
def greet_user():
""" ."""
username = get_stored_username()
if username:
else:
greet_user()
get_stored_username() ,
.
, . username.json ,
None . :
, None.
.
, ;
.
greet_user() . -
, ,
:
import json
def get_stored_username():
""" , ."""
...
def get_new_username():
""" ."""
return username
209
def greet_user():
""" ."""
username = get_stored_username()
if username:
else:
username = get_new_username()
greet_user()
remember_me.py ,
. greet_user(), -
: , . -
get_stored_username(),
( ). , greet_user()
get_new_username(), -
.
,
.

10-11. : , -
. json.dump() .
, :
! _____.
10-12. : 10-11
. , , -
. ,
, .
10-13. : remember_me.py , -
, . -
, ,
.
greet_user(), ,
. , get_new_
username() .
. ,
.
,
, .
Python -
,
.
11 . -
, , -
, .
11
.
, , , -
, .
, , -
.
,
. ,
,
.
Python unittest.
, , ,
-
. ,
.

, .
, -
:
name_function.py
def get_formatted_name(first, last):
""" ."""
full_name = first + ' ' + last
get_formatted_name() , -
,
. , get_
formatted_name() , ,
. names.py
:
names.py
from name_function import get_formatted_name
211
print("Enter 'q' at any time to quit.")

while True:
first = input("\nPlease give me a first name: ")
if first == 'q':
break
last = input("Please give me a last name: ")
if last == 'q':
break
formatted_name = get_formatted_name(first, last)

print("\tNeatly formatted name: " + formatted_name + '.')
g e t _ f o r m a t t e d _ n a m e ( )
name_function.py .
, :
Enter 'q' at any time to quit.
Please give me a first name: janis

Please give me a last name: joplin
Neatly formatted name: Janis Joplin.
Please give me a first name: bob

Please give me a last name: dylan
Neatly formatted name: Bob Dylan.
Please give me a first name: q
, . ,
get_formatted_name(),
. ,
, . -
, names.py
(, Janis Joplin) get_formatted_name(),
. , Python
. -
get_formatted_name() ,
, .

, ,
,
. , -
unittest , .
, unittest.TestCase,
.
, , -
get_formatted_name() :
212 11
test_name_function.py
import unittest
class NamesTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
""" 'name_function.py'."""
def test_first_last_name(self):
""" 'Janis Joplin' ?"""
formatted_name = get_formatted_name('janis', 'joplin')
self.assertEqual(formatted_name, 'Janis Joplin')
unittest.main()
unittest get_formatted_name().
NamesTestCase,
get_formatted_name(). ,
, , , -
Test. unittest.
TestCase, Python , .
NamesTestCase ,
get_formatted_name() ,
. test_first_last_name(). ,
test_,
test_name_function.py. -
, .
get_formatted_name() 'janis' 'joplin',
formatted_name .
unittest:
assert. assert ,
, . ,
get_formatted_name() -
, formatted_name Janis
Joplin. , assertEqual()
unittest formatted_name 'Janis Joplin'.

: formatted_name 'Janis Joplin'.
, , . ,
!
unittest.main() Python .
test_name_function.py :
.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Ran 1 test in 0.000s
OK
213
, . -
, Python
0,001. , OK ,
.
, get_formatted_name()
, ,
. get_formatted_name() -
. , ,
.

? get_formatted_name(),
, ,
.
get_formatted_name()
:
name_function.py
def get_formatted_name(first, middle, last):
""" ."""
full_name = first + ' ' + middle + ' ' + last
, -
, .
test_name_function.py :
E
======================================================================
ERROR: test_first_last_name (__main__.NamesTestCase)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
File "test_name_function.py", line 8, in test_first_last_name
TypeError: get_formatted_name() missing 1 required positional argument: 'last'
----------------------------------------------------------------------
FAILED (errors=1)
,
, . E ,
, .
, test_first_last_name() NamesTestCase .
,
.
, , get_formatted_name('janis',
'joplin') - .
214 11
, . , -
,
.
, ;
, .

, ? ,
, , ,
. , , ,
, . , -
, , .
get_formatted_name()
: . : ,
.
get_formatted_name(). -
.
,
. get_formatted_name(),
, .
, .
, middle

. if,
, :
name_function.py
def get_formatted_name(first, last, middle=''):
""" ."""
if middle:
full_name = first + ' ' + middle + ' ' + last
else:
full_name = first + ' ' + last
get_formatted_name() middle .
(if middle:), ,
. -
. .
, ,
test_name_function.py:
.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
OK
215
. ; , -

. ,
, .

, get_formatted_name() , -
.
NamesTestCase :
import unittest
class NamesTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
""" 'name_function.py'."""
def test_first_last_name(self):
""" , 'Janis Joplin'?"""
def test_first_last_middle_name(self):
""" , 'Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart'?"""
formatted_name = get_formatted_name(
'wolfgang', 'mozart', 'amadeus')
self.assertEqual(formatted_name, 'Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart')
unittest.main()
test_first_last_middle_name().
test_,
test_name_function.py. , ,
get_formatted_name() .
, .
TestCase: , -
, Python
, .
, get_formatted_name() c
, assertEqual() ,
. test_
name_function.py :
..
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Ran 2 tests in 0.000s
OK
! , -
, Janis Joplin, ,
216 11
, Wolfgang Amadeus
Mozart.

11-1. , : , :
. -
, , Santiago, Chile. city_
functions.py.
test_cities.py (
unittest ). test_city_country()
, , santiago chile, -
. test_cities.py , test_city_country() -
.
11-2. : ,
.
Santiago, Chile population 5000000. test_cities.py.
, test_city_country() .
, .
test_cities.py , test_city_country() .
test_city_country_population(),
santiago, chile population=5000000. test_cities.py -
, .

. -
. -
, ,
, . ,
, , ,
-
.
assert
unittest.TestCase assert.
, , ,
. ,
,
; .
, , , Python
.
.11.1 assert.
, ,
True False -
. ,
217
unittest.TestCase;
.
11.1. assert, unittest

assertEqual(a, b) , a == b
assertNotEqual(a, b) , a != b
assertTrue(x) , x
assertFalse(x) , x
assertIn(, ) ,
assertNotIn(, ) ,

-
. ,
, .
:
survey.py
class AnonymousSurvey():
""" ."""
def __init__(self, question):

""" ."""
self.question = question
self.responses = []
def show_question(self):
""" ."""
print(question)
def store_response(self, new_response):

""" ."""
self.responses.append(new_response)
def show_results(self):
""" ."""
print("Survey results:")
for response in responses:
print('- ' + response)
, ,
.
, ,
. , -
. , -
, show_
218 11
question(), store_response()
show_results().
, AnonymousSurvey , -
, :
language_survey.py
from survey import AnonymousSurvey
# AnonymousSurvey.
question = "What language did you first learn to speak?"
my_survey = AnonymousSurvey(question)
# .
my_survey.show_question()
print("Enter 'q' at any time to quit.\n")
while True:
response = input("Language: ")
if response == 'q':
break
my_survey.store_response(response)
# .
print("\nThank you to everyone who participated in the survey!")
my_survey.show_results()
AnonymousSurvey -
. show_question() ,
. -
. ( q), show_results()
:
What language did you first learn to speak?
Enter 'q' at any time to quit.
Language: English
Language: Spanish
Language: English
Language: Mandarin
Language: q
Thank you to everyone who participated in the survey!

Survey results:
- English
- Spanish
- English
- Mandarin
. ,
AnonymousSurvey survey, -
. , .
,
, .
.
219

AnonymousSurvey. , ,
. -
, ,
.
AnonymousSurvey
, AnonymousSurvey.
, .
, assertIn() , -
:
test_survey.py
import unittest
class TestAnonmyousSurvey(unittest.TestCase):
""" AnonymousSurvey"""
def test_store_single_response(self):
""", ."""
my_survey.store_response('English')
self.assertIn('English', my_survey.responses)
unittest.main()
unittest
AnonymousSurvey. TestAnonymousSurvey,
, unittest.TestCase . ,
.
test_store_single_response().
, -
, .
, .
my_survey "What language
did you first learn to speak?", (English) -
store_response(). ,
; , English
my_survey.responses .
test_survey.py :
.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
OK
220 11
, .
, . TestAnonymousSurvey
:
import unittest
class TestAnonymousSurvey(unittest.TestCase):
""" AnonymousSurvey"""
""", ."""
...
def test_store_three_responses(self):
""", ."""
responses = ['English', 'Spanish', 'Mandarin']
my_survey.store_response(response)

self.assertIn(response, my_survey.responses)
unittest.main()
test_store_three_responses().
, test_store_single_response().
, ,
store_response().
, ,
my_survey.responses .
test_survey.py, ( )
:
..
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Ran 2 tests in 0.000s
OK
. , -
unittest
.
setUp()
test_survey.py
AnonymousSurvey, . unittest.TestCase
221
setUp(), ,
. TestCase setUp(),
Python setUp() , -
test_. , setUp(),
.
setUp() AnonymousSurvey ,
test_store_single_response() test_store_
three_responses():
import unittest
class TestAnonymousSurvey(unittest.TestCase):
""" AnonymousSurvey."""
def setUp(self):
"""
.
"""
self.my_survey = AnonymousSurvey(question)
self.responses = ['English', 'Spanish', 'Mandarin']
""", ."""
self.my_survey.store_response(self.responses[0])
self.assertIn(self.responses[0], self.my_survey.responses)
def test_store_three_responses(self):
""", ."""
for response in self.responses:
self.my_survey.store_response(response)
for response in self.responses:
self.assertIn(response, self.my_survey.responses)
unittest.main()
setUp() : -
. self,
.
, .
test_store_single_response() , self.
responses self.responses[0] , test_store_single_
response() , self.
responses.
test_survey.py - .
AnonymousSurvey -
.
,
.
222 11
, , setUp()
. setUp(),
.
,
.
Python
. ;
, E, assert, F.

. -
, , -
.

11-3. : Employee, . __init__()
, ;
. give_raise(),
$5000 .
Employee. , test_give_
default_raise() test_give_custom_raise(). setUp(), -
Employee .
, .

unittest. , , unittest.
TestCase, -
. setUp()
,
.
, -
. ,
. -
, ,

. , -
, ,
. ,
, .
, -
.
,
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223
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II.
! Python ,
, .
, I.
II ;
, .
, , .
Python
Alien Invasion ( 12, 13 14) Pygame
2D-, ,
. -
, 2D-
Pygame.

Data Visualization 15.
,
matplotlib Pygal. 16
-
. , 17
,
. -
.
-
Web Applications (18, 19 20) Django -
- - .
,
. ,
.
-
-. ,
, Django.
I.

12
! Pygame -
, Python ,
, . Pygame ,
,
, -
.
Pygame , -
.
, -
,
.
,
. -
, , .
-
. , -
. ,
, . -
, ,
.
Alien Invasion ; -
alien_invasion. import , -
.

, -
.
.
, . -
, ,
:
Pygame 227
, .
;
.
, .
. , ,
.
, . ,
.
,
. , -
. ,
.
Pygame
, Pygame.
Linux, OS X Microsoft Windows.
Python 3 Linux OS X,
Pygame pip ,
Python. pip
.
Python 2.7 Linux Windows,
Pygame pip .
Pygame Linux (. 229) Pygame Windows
(. 231).
pip , -
-.
https://www.nostarch.com/pythoncrashcourse/. , -
, , .
Python pip
Python pip ,
, . Python3
pip pip3.
pip Linux OS X
:
$ pip --version
pip 7.0.3 from /usr/local/lib/python3.5/dist-packages (python 3.5)
$
228 12
Python -
, Pygame Linux (.229)
Pygame OS X (. 230). ,
pip3 pip.
, pip (c. 228).
Python, , -
pip , Python 3.5 . -
pip , Pygame
Linux (. 229) Pygame OS X (.230). -
, pip3 pip.
Python, pip (c. 228).
pip Windows
:
$ python -m pip --version
pip 7.0.3 from C:\Python35\lib\site-packages (python 3.5)
$
Python,
, Pygame Windows
(.231). , pip3 -
pip. ,
pip (. 228).
Python, , -
pip , Python 3.5 . -
pip , Pygame
Windows (. 231). , pip3
pip. Python, -
pip.
pip
pip, https://bootstrap.pypa.io/get-pip.py. -
, . get-pip.py ,
get-pip.py.
get-pip.py , -
, pip
.
get-pip.py, https://pip.pypa.io/,
Installation , Install pip -
get-pip.py.
Pygame 229
pip Linux OS X
get-pip.py ,
:
$ sudo python get-pip.py
python3, sudo python3 get-

pip.py.
pip --version ( pip3 --version),
, pip .
pip Windows
get-pip.py, :
$ python get-pip.py
Python ,
, get-pip.py ,
python3 get-pip.py C:\Python35\python get-pip.py.
python -m pip --version,
, pip .
Pygame Linux
Python 2.7, Pygame -
. ,
Pygame :
$ sudo apt-get install python-pygame
;
:
$ python
>>> import pygame
>>>
, , Pygame
,
.231.
Python 3, : -
, Pygame, / Pygame.
, Pygame,
( , python3.5,
python3-dev python3.5-dev).
$ sudo apt-get install python3-dev mercurial
$ sudo apt-get install libsdl-image1.2-dev libsdl2-dev libsdl-ttf2.0-dev
230 12
,
Alien Invasion. Pygame
(, ), :
$ sudo apt-get install libsdl-mixer1.2-dev libportmidi-dev
$ sudo apt-get install libswscale-dev libsmpeg-dev libavformat-dev libavcode-dev
$ sudo apt-get install python-numpy
Pygame ( pip3, -
):
$ pip install --user hg+http://bitbucket.org/pygame/pygame
, .
Enter, . -
Pygame.
, -
Pygame:
$ python3
>>> import pygame
>>>
, -
. 231.
Pygame OS X
, Pygame,
Homebrew. , -
.
, Pygame,
:
$ brew install hg sdl sdl_image sdl_ttf
, Alien Invasion.

.
(, -
), :
$ brew install sdl_mixer portmidi
Pygame ( pip pip3,

Python 2.7):
$ pip3 install --user hg+http://bitbucket.org/pygame/pygame
, -
Pygame ( python python3,
Python 2.7):
231
$ python3
>>> import pygame
>>>
, -
.
Pygame Windows
Pygame Bitbucket.
Pygame Windows, https://
bitbucket.org/pygame/pygame/downloads/ Windows,
Python.
Bitbucket, http://www.lfd.uci.
edu/~gohlke/pythonlibs/#pygame.
, ,
.exe.
.whl, .
, ,
, pip :
> python -m pip install --user pygame-1.9.2a0-cp35-none-win32.whl

Pygame,
.
,
.
Pygame
Pygame. ,
Pygame:
alien_invasion.py
import sys
import pygame
def run_game():
# .
pygame.init()
screen = pygame.display.set_mode((1200, 800))
pygame.display.set_caption("Alien Invasion")
# .
232 12
while True:
# .
for event in pygame.event.get():
if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
sys.exit()
# .
pygame.display.flip()
run_game()
sys pygame. pygame

, , sys
.
Alien Invasion run_game(). pygame.
init() , Pygame -
. pygame.display.set_mode()
screen, .
(1200, 800) , .
pygame.display.set_mode(), -
1200 800 . (
.)
screen (surface). Pygame -
, .
(, ) .
, display.set_mode(), .
-
.
while , ,
. , -
(,
). , -

.
for .
, Pygame,
pygame.event.get().
for. if
. ,
, pygame.QUIT,
sys.exit() .
pygame.display.flip() Pygame -
. while
,
. pygame.display.flip()
, -
;
.
233
run_game(),
.
, Pygame.

Pygame , .
:
alien_invasion.py
...
def run_game():
...
# .
bg_color = (230, 230, 230)
# .
while True:
# .
...
# .
screen.fill(bg_color)
# .
run_game()
bg_color.
, -
while.
Pygame RGB: ,
.
0 255. (255, 0, 0) , (0, 255,
0) (0, 0, 255) . RGB -
16 . (230, 230, 230) ,
, -
.
. screen.
fill(), : .
Settings
, ,
( ).
, settings;
234 12
Settings .
-
. ,
. ,
settings.py , -
.
Settings :
settings.py
class Settings():
""" Alien Invasion."""
def __init__(self):
""" ."""
#
self.screen_width = 1200
self.screen_height = 800
self.bg_color = (230, 230, 230)
Settings ,
alien_invasion.py:
alien_invasion.py
...
import pygame
from settings import Settings
def run_game():
# pygame, settings .
pygame.init()
ai_settings = Settings()
screen = pygame.display.set_mode(
(ai_settings.screen_width, ai_settings.screen_height))
# .
while True:
...
# .
screen.fill(ai_settings.bg_color)
# .
run_game()
Settings ,
Settings ai_settings pygame.
init() . screen_width screen_
height ai_settings, ai_settings
.
235

, .
, ,
Pygame blit() .
, -
.
, http://pixabay.com/.
,
.bmp, Pygame -
. Pygame ,

. ( , , .jpg,
.png .gif, .bmp -
, Photoshop, GIMP Paint.)
.
, -
. ,
.
.
Alien Invasion ship.bmp (. 12.1), -
, .
(alien_invasion) images.
ship.bmp images.
. 12.1. Alien Invasion

236 12
Ship
, .
ship, Ship.
.
ship.py
import pygame
class Ship():
def __init__(self, screen):

""" ."""
self.screen = screen
# .
self.image = pygame.image.load('images/ship.bmp')
self.rect = self.image.get_rect()
self.screen_rect = screen.get_rect()
# .
self.rect.centerx = self.screen_rect.centerx
self.rect.bottom = self.screen_rect.bottom
def blitme(self):
""" ."""
self.screen.blit(self.image, self.rect)
pygame. __init__() Ship -

: self screen, .
pygame.image.load() .
, ; -
self.image.
, get_rect()
rect .
Pygame , -
,
. ,
.
,
.
rect x y , ,
, . ,
.
center,
centerx centery . top,
bottom, left right. -
x y ,
. ,
,
.
237
Pygame (0, 0) ,
. 1200 800
, (1200, 800).
. -
self.screen_rect ,
self.rect.centerx ( x ) centerx -
. self.rect.bottom ( y )
bottom . Pygame -
rect ,
, .
blitme(),
, self.rect.

alien_invasion.py, (
Ship) blitme() Ship:
alien_invasion.py
...
from ship import Ship
def run_game():
...
# .
ship = Ship(screen)
# Start the main loop for the game.

while True:
...
# .
ship.blitme()
# .
run_game()
Ship
( ship). while ,
.
, ship.blitme()
, .
alien_invasion.py , , -
(.12.2).
238 12
. 12.2.
: game_functions
-
.
.
game_functions , .
game_functions alien_invasion.py
alien_invasion.py .
check_events()
check_
events() . run_game()
.
(,
).
check_events() game_functions:
game_functions.py
import sys
import pygame
def check_events():
: game_functions 239
""" ."""
sys.exit()
sys pygame,
. , -
alien_invasion.py.
alien_invasion.py , game_
functions, check_events():
alien_invasion.py
import pygame

import game_functions as gf
def run_game():
...
# .
while True:
gf.check_events()
# .
...
sys , -
game_functions.
game_functions gf.
update_screen()
run_game() -
update_screen() game_functions.py:
game_functions.py
...
def check_events():
...
def update_screen(ai_settings, screen, ship):

""" ."""
# .
ship.blitme()
# .
update_screen() : ai_settings, screen

ship. while alien_invasion.py update_
screen():
240 12
alien_invasion.py
...
# .
while True:
gf.check_events()
gf.update_screen(ai_settings, screen, ship)
run_game()
while . -
run_game(), game_functions.
c , -
game_functions .
: ,
.
, ,
!

12-1. : Pygame .
12-2. : , ,
.bmp ( ). ,
,
( ).

. -
, . -
, .
.

, ,
Pygame . pygame.event.
get(), check_events() ,
.
KEYDOWN.
KEYDOWN , -
, . , -
rect.centerx
:
game_functions.py
def check_events(ship):
""" ."""
241

sys.exit()
elif event.type == pygame.KEYDOWN:
if event.key == pygame.K_RIGHT:
# .
ship.rect.centerx += 1
check_events() ship,
. check_events()
elif KEYDOWN .
, (pygame.K_RIGHT),
event.key . ,
, ship.rect.centerx 1 .
check_events() alien_invasion.py ,
ship:
alien_invasion.py
# .
while True:
gf.check_events(ship)
alien_invasion.py , , -
1 . ,
.
, .

, ,
. , ,
pygame.KEYUP; , -
KEYDOWN KEYUP -
moving_right.
moving_right False.
True, ,
False.
Ship ,
moving_right update() moving_
right. update() ,
True. ,
.
Ship:
ship.py
class Ship():
242 12

...
# .
self.rect.centerx = self.screen_rect.centerx
self.rect.bottom = self.screen_rect.bottom
#
self.moving_right = False
def update(self):
""" ."""
if self.moving_right:
self.rect.centerx += 1
def blitme(self):
...
self.moving_right __init__()
False . update(),
, True .
check_events(), moving_
right True, False:
game_functions.py
""" ."""
...
ship.moving_right = True
elif event.type == pygame.KEYUP:
ship.moving_right = False
; -
moving_right
True. elif,
KEYUP. (K_RIGHT), moving_right
False.
while alien_invasion.py,
update() :
alien_invasion.py
# .
while True:
gf.check_events(ship)
ship.update()
,
. , -
243

.
alien_invasion.py ,
, .

, , -
. Ship
check_events(). __init__()
update() Ship:
ship.py
...
#
self.moving_left = False
def update(self):
""" ."""
self.rect.centerx += 1
if self.moving_left:
self.rect.centerx -= 1
__init__() self.moving_left. update()

if elif,
rect.centerx , .
. elif,
.
, -
.
check_events() :
game_functions.py
""" ."""
...
elif event.key == pygame.K_LEFT:
ship.moving_left = True

ship.moving_left = False
244 12
KEYDOWN K_LEFT, moving_left -

True. KEYUP K_LEFT, moving_left
False. elif,
.
, .
alien_invasion.py, ,
. , .
.
, .

while,
Settings ship_speed_factor.
. settings.py :
settings.py
class Settings():
def __init__(self):
...
ship_speed_factor 1.5. -
1,5 1.

. (, centerx)
, Ship :
ship.py
class Ship():
def __init__(self, ai_settings, screen):
""" ."""
self.ai_settings = ai_settings
...
#
...
# .
self.center = float(self.rect.centerx)
#
self.moving_left = False
245
def update(self):
""" ."""
# center, rect.
self.center += self.ai_settings.ship_speed_factor
if self.moving_left:
self.center -= self.ai_settings.ship_speed_factor
# rect self.center.
self.rect.centerx = self.center
def blitme(self):
...
__init__() ai_settings, -
. ai_settings
update() .
, -
, . rect
, rect .
self.center,
. float() -
self.rect.centerx
self.center.
update() self.center
, ai_settings.ship_speed_factor . -
self.center self.
rect.centerx, . self.rect.centerx
self.center,
.
ai_settings
Ship alien_invasion.py:
alien_invasion.py
...
def run_game():
...
# .
ship = Ship(ai_settings, screen)
...
ship_speed_factor, 1,
. ,
.

- ,
. , -
. update() Ship:
246 12
ship.py
def update(self):
""" ."""
# center, rect.
if self.moving_right and self.rect.right < self.screen_rect.right:
self.center += self.ai_settings.ship_speed_factor
if self.moving_left and self.rect.left > 0:
self.center -= self.ai_settings.ship_speed_factor
# rect self.center
self.rect.centerx = self.center
self.center.
self.rect.right x
. , self.
screen_rect.right, , .
: x
0, , . -
, ,
self.center.
alien_invasion.py , -
.
check_events()
check_events() ,
check_events() : KEYDOWN
KEYUP:
game_functions.py
def check_keydown_events(event, ship):
""" ."""
ship.moving_left = True
def check_keyup_events(event, ship):

""" ."""
ship.moving_left = False
""" ."""
sys.exit()
check_keydown_events(event, ship)
247

check_keyup_events(event, ship)
: check_keydown_events() check_
keyup_events(). event ship.
check_events(),
. check_events() -
.

, -
bullet.py .
,
. ,
-
.
alien_invasion.py
: ai_settings,
screen, ship
. alien_invasion.py while -
check_events(), ship.update() update_screen().
alien_invasion.py ,
Alien Invasion. settings.py, game_functions.py, ship.py -
, ( ) .
settings.py
settings.py Settings .
__init__(), ,
.
game_functions.py
game_functions.py ,
. check_events() , -
(, ), -

check_keydown_events() check_keyup_events().
. game_functions
update_screen(),
.
248 12
ship.py
ship.py Ship . __init__() ,
update() blitme()
. ship.bmp,
images.

12-3. : ,
. , ,
. , .
12-4. : Pygame, .
event.key pygame.KEYDOWN. -
, Pygame.
. , -
( ) .
, .

settings.py , -
Bullet. __init__():
settings.py
def __init__(self):
...
#
self.bullet_speed_factor = 1
self.bullet_width = 3
self.bullet_height = 15
self.bullet_color = 60, 60, 60
- 3 15 -
. , .
Bullet
bullet.py Bullet.
bullet.py :
bullet.py
import pygame
from pygame.sprite import Sprite
class Bullet(Sprite):
249
""" , ."""
def __init__(self, ai_settings, screen, ship):

""" ."""
super(Bullet, self).__init__()
# (0,0) .
self.rect = pygame.Rect(0, 0, ai_settings.bullet_width,
ai_settings.bullet_height)
self.rect.centerx = ship.rect.centerx
self.rect.top = ship.rect.top
# .
self.y = float(self.rect.y)
self.color = ai_settings.bullet_color
self.speed_factor = ai_settings.bullet_speed_factor
Bullet Sprite, pygame.sprite.

(sprite),
-
. , __init__()
ai_settings, screen ship, super()
Sprite.
super(Bullet, self).__init__() Python 2.7. Python 3

, super().__init__().
rect .
, -
pygame.Rect().
, .
(0, 0),
,
. ,
ai_settings.
centerx rect.centerx .
,

.
y
. -
self.color self.speed_factor.
bullet.py, update() draw_bullet():
bullet.py
def update(self):
""" ."""
250 12
# .
self.y -= self.speed_factor
# .
self.rect.y = self.y
def draw_bullet(self):
""" ."""
pygame.draw.rect(self.screen, self.color, self.rect)
update() . , -
, y; ,
, self.
speed_factor, self.y . self.y
self.rect.y . speed_factor
. x
, .
draw_bullet().
, , self.color .

Bullet ; -
, , -
. alien_invasion.py
, .
pygame.sprite.Group, -
,
.

:
alien_invasion.py
import pygame
from pygame.sprite import Group
...
def run_game():
...
# .
# .
bullets = Group()
# .
while True:
gf.check_events(ai_settings, screen, ship, bullets)
ship.update()
bullets.update()
gf.update_screen(ai_settings, screen, ship, bullets)
run_game()
251
Group pygame.sprite. Group

bullets. while,
.
, ,
. , -
, while.
bullets check_events() update_screen(). check_
events() , update_screen()
.
update() update()
. bullets.update() bullet.update()
, bullets.

game_functions.py check_keydown_
events(), .
check_keyup_events() ,
. update_screen()
flip() .
game_functions.py:
game_functions.py
...
from bullet import Bullet
def check_keydown_events(event, ai_settings, screen, ship, bullets):
...
elif event.key == pygame.K_SPACE:
# bullets.
new_bullet = Bullet(ai_settings, screen, ship)
bullets.add(new_bullet)
...
def check_events(ai_settings, screen, ship, bullets):

""" ."""
...
check_keydown_events(event, ai_settings, screen, ship, bullets)
...
def update_screen(ai_settings, screen, ship, bullets):

...
# .
for bullet in bullets.sprites():
bullet.draw_bullet()
ship.blitme()
...
252 12
. 12.3.
bullets check_keydown_events() . -
, ( Bullet new_bullet), -
bullets add(); bullets.add(new_bullet)
bullets.
bullets
check_events() , check_keydown_
events().
bullets update_screen() ,
. bullets.sprites()
bullets. ,
bullets draw_bullet() .
alien_invasion.py ,
.
(. 12.3). , -
settings.py.

, ,
Pygame . -
; y .
,
.
253
, -
. ,
bottom 0, , -
:
alien_invasion.py
# .
while True:
ship.update()
bullets.update()
# , .
for bullet in bullets.copy():
if bullet.rect.bottom <= 0:
bullets.remove(bullet)
print(len(bullets))
for , -
. copy() for ,
bullets.
, .
, bullets . print,
, ;
, .
,
, 0 ,
.
, , print. -
, ,
, .

- , -
, .
Alien Invasion.
settings.py:
settings.py
#
self.bullets_allowed = 3
. -
game_functions.py -
check_keydown_events():
254 12
game_functions.py
...
# bullets.
if len(bullets) < ai_settings.bullets_allowed:
bullets .
len(bullets) , . ,
, .
,
.
update_bullets()
, alien_invasion.py
,
game_functions.
update_bullets() game_functions.py:
game_functions.py
def update_bullets(bullets):
""" ."""
# .
bullets.update()
# , .
update_bullets() alien_invasion.py;
bullets.
while alien_invasion.py :
alien_invasion.py
# .
while True:
ship.update()
gf.update_bullets(bullets)
,
, .
, , -
.
.
255
fire_bullet()
,
, elif check_keydown_events() :
game_functions.py
""" ."""
...
fire_bullet(ai_settings, screen, ship, bullets)
def fire_bullet(ai_settings, screen, ship, bullets):

""" , ."""
# bullets.
if len(bullets) < ai_settings.bullets_allowed:
fire_bullet() ,
; fire_bullet() check_keydown_
events() .
alien_invasion.py ,
.

12-5. : ,
, .
, . , -
.
, -
, Pygame. ,
,
. -
. , ,
(, , ), , -
.
.
13 Alien Invasion . 13
,
!
13 , !
Alien Invasion . -
,
. ; ,
, . , -
, .
Pygame .
() ,
.
: ,

. , -
,
.
, ,
.

,
, ,
. :
, -
.
,
.

, . -
, , .
,
,
. ,
. ,
.
257
, , -
.
, -
.
, -
.
, -
. ,
,
,
, . -
Q:
game_functions.py
...
elif event.key == pygame.K_q:
sys.exit()
check_keydown_events() ,
Q. , Q
, -
Q . -
Q, .

. Alien,
Ship. -
.
. 13.1. ,
258 13 , !
. 13.1,
, .
images.
Alien
Alien:
alien.py
import pygame
class Alien(Sprite):
""", ."""

""" ."""
super(Alien, self).__init__()
# rect.
self.image = pygame.image.load('images/alien.bmp')
self.rect = self.image.get_rect()
# .
self.rect.x = self.rect.width
self.rect.y = self.rect.height
# .
self.x = float(self.rect.x)
def blitme(self):
""" ."""
self.screen.blit(self.image, self.rect)
Ship ( -
). ,
, ,
, .
Alien
Alien alien_invasion.py:
alien_invasion.py
...
from alien import Alien
259
def run_game():
...
# .
alien = Alien(ai_settings, screen)
# .
while True:
ship.update()
gf.update_screen(ai_settings, screen, ship, alien, bullets)
run_game()
Alien Alien -
while.
, ;
update_screen(), alien.
. 13.2.
, blitme()
update_screen():
game_functions.py
def update_screen(ai_settings, screen, ship, alien, bullets):
...
260 13 , !
# .
for bullet in bullets:
bullet.draw_bullet()
ship.blitme()
alien.blitme()
# .
,
. .13.2 .
,
.

, ,
. -
;
.

, , -
. ai_
settings.screen_width,
. .
,
:
available_space_x = ai_settings.screen_width (2 * alien_width)
; -
. ,
, :
.
, :
number_aliens_x = available_space_x / (2 * alien_width)
:
, .
, . ,
, , .
.
261

, alien_invasion.py
aliens ,
game_functions.py :
alien_invasion.py
import pygame
def run_game():
...
# , .
bullets = Group()
aliens = Group()
# .
gf.create_fleet(ai_settings, screen, aliens)
# .
while True:
...
gf.update_screen(ai_settings, screen, ship, aliens,
bullets)
run_game()
alien_invasion.py,
Alien .
.
create_fleet() , ,
ai_settings, screen aliens. update_
screen(), .
update_screen():
game_functions.py
def update_screen(ai_settings, screen, ship, aliens, bullets):
...
ship.blitme()
aliens.draw(screen)
# .
draw() , Pygame
, rect. -
aliens.draw(screen)
.
262 13 , !

. create_
fleet(), game_functions.py.
Alien, import :
game_functions.py
...
from bullet import Bullet
from alien import Alien
...
def create_fleet(ai_settings, screen, aliens):

""" ."""
# .
# .

alien_width = alien.rect.width
available_space_x = ai_settings.screen_width - 2 * alien_width
number_aliens_x = int(available_space_x / (2 * alien_width))
# .
for alien_number in range(number_aliens_x):
# .
alien.x = alien_width + 2 * alien_width * alien_number
alien.rect.x = alien.x
aliens.add(alien)
.
,
. ,
aliens.
rect, alien_width,
rect. -
, .
:
int(), , -,
, , -, range()
. int() ,
. ( : -
, .)
0 .
, x
. .
2, ,
, , -
.
aliens.
263
. 13.3.
Alien Invasion, ,
(. 13.3).
, , -
, , ,
.. Space Invaders,
, .
,
.
create_fleet()
, create_fleet(),
, , , -
. create_fleet()
: get_number_aliens_x() create_alien():
game_functions.py
def get_number_aliens_x(ai_settings, alien_width):
""" ."""
available_space_x = ai_settings.screen_width - 2 * alien_width
number_aliens_x = int(available_space_x / (2 * alien_width))
return number_aliens_x
264 13 , !
def create_alien(ai_settings, screen, aliens, alien_number):

""" ."""
alien_width = alien.rect.width
aliens.add(alien)
def create_fleet(ai_settings, screen, aliens):

""" ."""
# .
number_aliens_x = get_number_aliens_x(ai_settings, alien.rect.width)
# .
create_alien(ai_settings, screen, aliens, alien_number)
get_number_aliens_x() create_
fleet() . create_alien() , -
.
get_number_aliens_x(),
alien_width , create_alien(). -
create_alien().
.

,
( )
. , -
, (), ()
():
available_space_y = ai_settings.screen_height 3 * alien_height ship_height
,
.
, .
, (
, ,
, ):
number_rows = available_height_y / (2 * alien_height)
, :
game_functions.py
def get_number_rows(ai_settings, ship_height, alien_height):
""" , ."""
available_space_y = (ai_settings.screen_height -
265
(3 * alien_height) - ship_height)
number_rows = int(available_space_y / (2 * alien_height))
return number_rows
def create_alien(ai_settings, screen, aliens, alien_number, row_number):

...
alien.rect.y = alien.rect.height + 2 * alien.rect.height * row_number
aliens.add(alien)
def create_fleet(ai_settings, screen, ship, aliens):

...
number_aliens_x = get_number_aliens_x(ai_settings, alien.rect.width)
number_rows = get_number_rows(ai_settings, ship.rect.height,
alien.rect.height)
# .
for row_number in range(number_rows):
create_alien(ai_settings, screen, aliens, alien_number,
row_number)
, , -
available_space_y number_rows get_number_rows() , -
get_number_aliens_x(). ,
79 ,
. int() ,
.
, :
. .
0 ; Python
number_rows .
, for -
. (
, , ,
.) create_alien()
, -
.
create_alien() . create_
alien() y .
, .
,
2, .
0, .
.
create_fleet() ship;
, create_fleet() alien_invasion.py
ship:
266 13 , !
. 13.4.
alien_invasion.py
# .
gf.create_fleet(ai_settings, screen, ship, aliens)
, (. 13.4).
.

13-1. : . .
13-2. -2: ,
. , -
:
random_number = randint(-10,10)
10 10.
13-1, .

, ;

267
. , ,
. -
.

,
update() alien.py, .
:
settings.py
def __init__(self):
...
#
self.alien_speed_factor = 1
update():
alien.py
def update(self):
""" ."""
self.x += self.ai_settings.alien_speed_factor
self.rect.x = self.x
,
alien_speed_factor. -
self.x, .
self.x .
while . -
:
alien_invasion.py
# .
while True:
ship.update()
gf.update_aliens(aliens)
gf.update_screen(ai_settings, screen, ship, aliens, bullets)
,
, - .
, update_aliens() game_functions.py:
game_functions.py
def update_aliens(aliens):
""" ."""
aliens.update()
268 13 , !
update() aliens, -
update() . Alien Invasion
, , .

, ,
. :
settings.py
#
self.fleet_drop_speed = 10
# fleet_direction = 1 ; -1 - .
self.fleet_direction = 1
fleet_drop_speed -
. -
, .
fleet_direction (-
, 'left' 'right'), , ,
if-elif .
, 1 1
. ( ,
x -
, .)

,
. update() , -
:
alien.py
def check_edges(self):
""" True, ."""
screen_rect = self.screen.get_rect()
if self.rect.right >= screen_rect.right:
return True
elif self.rect.left <= 0:
return True
def update(self):
""" ."""
self.x += (self.ai_settings.alien_speed_factor *
self.ai_settings.fleet_direction)
self.rect.x = self.x
269
check_edges() ,
. , ,
right rect right rect
. , , left
0 .
update() , -
; fleet_
direction. fleet_direction 1, alien_speed_factor
; fleet_direction
1, (
).

, -
. , game_functions.py
, ,
- .
check_fleet_edges() change_fleet_direction() ,
update_aliens():
game_functions.py
def check_fleet_edges(ai_settings, aliens):
""" ."""
for alien in aliens.sprites():
if alien.check_edges():
change_fleet_direction(ai_settings, aliens)
break
def change_fleet_direction(ai_settings, aliens):

""" ."""
alien.rect.y += ai_settings.fleet_drop_speed
ai_settings.fleet_direction *= -1
def update_aliens(ai_settings, aliens):

"""
, ,
.
"""
check_fleet_edges(ai_settings, aliens)
aliens.update()
check_fleet_edges() check_edges()
. check_edges() True, ,
, -
change_fleet_direction() .
change_fleet_direction()
fleet_drop_speed ;
270 13 , !
fleet_direction , -
1.
update_aliens()
check_fleet_edges() .
ai_settings, ai_settings update_
aliens():
alien_invasion.py
# .
while True:
ship.update()
gf.update_aliens(ai_settings, aliens)
, -
, . -
,
.

13-3. : .
.
13-4. : 13-3,
.

, , -
, , .
-
. , sprite.groupcollide()
.

, ,
.
.
sprite.groupcollide() rect -
rect -
, .
, ,
. (
14.)
271
update_bullets() :
game_functions.py
def update_bullets(aliens, bullets):
""" ."""
...
# .
# .
collisions = pygame.sprite.groupcollide(bullets, aliens, True, True)
bullets,
aliens. ,
, groupcollide()
. True Pygame,
: . (
, ,
False, True. ,
, ,
.)
update_bullets() aliens:
alien_invasion.py
# .
while True:
ship.update()
gf.update_bullets(aliens, bullets)
. 13.5. !
272 13 , !
Alien Invasion , , ,
. .13.5 .

, -
.
, , -
,
.

, . , ,
,
, .
Alien Invasion
, -
(. 13.6). bullet_width 300
, -
!
, -
. (
.)
. 13.6.

273

Alien Invasion :
, , .
, -
, aliens . , create_
fleet(). update_bullets(),
:
game_functions.py
def update_bullets(ai_settings, screen, ship, aliens, bullets):
...
# .
# .
if len(aliens) == 0:
# .
bullets.empty()
create_fleet(ai_settings, screen, ship, aliens)
, aliens. ,
empty(), -
. create_fleet()
.
update_bullets()
ai_settings, screen ship, update_bullets() alien_invasion.py -
:
alien_invasion.py
# .
while True:
ship.update()
gf.update_bullets(ai_settings, screen, ship, aliens, bullets)

, ,
. , Pygame
. -
bullet_speed_factor settings.py.
(, 3), :
settings.py
#
274 13 , !
self.bul
...

. , -
.
update_bullets()
update_bullets(),
. :
game_functions.py
def update_bullets(ai_settings, screen, ship, aliens, bullets):
...
# .
check_bullet_alien_collisions(ai_settings, screen, ship, aliens, bullets)
def check_bullet_alien_collisions(ai_settings, screen, ship, aliens, bullets):

""" ."""
# , .
# .
bullets.empty()
check_bullet_alien_collisions()

. , update_bullets()
.

13-5. : , -
.
. , , .
,
.

, ?
,
. , , ,
, .
, .
275

,
. -
-
:
game_functions.py
def update_aliens(ai_settings, ship, aliens):
"""
, ,
.
"""
check_fleet_edges(ai_settings, aliens)
aliens.update()
# "-".
if pygame.sprite.spritecollideany(ship, aliens):
print("Ship hit!!!")
spritecollideany() : . -
, , -
.
aliens ,
.
, spritecollideany() None,
if . ,
, , if:
Ship hit!!! . (
: ,
. ,
,
. print -
.)
ship update_aliens():
alien_invasion.py
# .
while True:
ship.update()
gf.update_aliens(ai_settings, ship, aliens)
Alien Invasion, -
Ship hit!!!.
alien_drop_speed (, 50
100), .
276 13 , !

,
. ship ,
;
. ( -
.)
GameStats
game_stats.py:
game_stats.py
class GameStats():
def __init__(self, ai_settings):

""" ."""
self.reset_stats()
def reset_stats(self):
""" , ."""
self.ships_left = self.ai_settings.ship_limit
Alien Invasion GameStats,

.
reset_stats()
__init__(). __init__(),
GameStats ,
reset_stats() .
ships_left, -
. settings.py
ship_limit:
settings.py
#
self.ship_speed_factor = 1.5
self.ship_limit = 3
alien_invasion.py -
GameStats:
alien_invasion.py
...
from game_stats import GameStats
...
def run_game():
...
277
# .
stats = GameStats(ai_settings)
...
# .
while True:
...
gf.update_aliens(ai_settings, stats, screen, ship, aliens,
bullets)
...
GameStats , stats ,
stats, screen ship update_aliens() . -
,
, .
,
1, ,
. ( -
,
.)
ship_hit():
game_functions.py
import sys
from time import sleep
import pygame
...
def ship_hit(ai_settings, stats, screen, ship, aliens, bullets):

""" ."""
# ships_left.
stats.ships_left -= 1
# .
aliens.empty()
bullets.empty()
# .
ship.center_ship()
# .
sleep(0.5)
def update_aliens(ai_settings, stats, screen, ship, aliens,
bullets):
...
# "-".
ship_hit(ai_settings, stats, screen, ship, aliens, bullets)
sleep() time,
. ship_hit()
278 13 , !
. ship_hit() -
1 , aliens bullets .

. ( center_ship() Ship.) ,
,
, , -
. sleep()
update_screen(), .
update_aliens()
stats, screen bullets ,
ship_hit().
center_ship(); ship.py:
ship.py
def center_ship(self):
""" ."""
self.center = self.screen_rect.centerx
, center ,
( screen_rect).
: . ship -
,
. , ,
ships_left.
, ,
. ,
, .

,
, .
, update_aliens():
game_functions.py
def check_aliens_bottom(ai_settings, stats, screen, ship, aliens, bullets):
""", ."""
screen_rect = screen.get_rect()
if alien.rect.bottom >= screen_rect.bottom:
# , .
ship_hit(ai_settings, stats, screen, ship, aliens, bullets)
break
def update_aliens(ai_settings, stats, screen, ship, aliens, bullets):

...
279
# , .
check_aliens_bottom(ai_settings, stats, screen, ship, aliens,
bullets)
check_aliens_bottom() , , -
. , rect.
bottom rect.bottom . -
, ship_hit() .
, ,
ship_hit() .
check_aliens_bottom()
- .
,
, -
.

Alien Invasion - , . -
ships_left .
GameStats game_active,
:
game_stats.py
def __init__(self, settings):
....
# Alien Invasion .
self.game_active = True
ship_hit() , game_active False

:
game_functions.py
def ship_hit(ai_settings, stats, screen, ship, aliens, bullets):
""" ."""
if stats.ships_left > 0:
# ships_left.
...
# .
sleep(0.5)
else:
stats.game_active = False
ship_hit() .
if, ,
. , ,
. , game_active
False.
280 13 , !

, ,
:
alien_invasion.py
# .
while True:
if stats.game_active:
ship.update()
gf.update_aliens(ai_settings, ship, aliens)
check_events(),
. , -
, Q
. ,
, .
, ,
, .
-
.

13-6. : 13-5 (. 274) ,
. .

. , -
,
, update() .
(,
). , -
( -
).
.
Play,
, -
.
, .
!
14
Alien Invasion .
Play
. ,
, .
, ,

.
Play
Play,
, .
alien_invasion.py.
-
Play .
game_stats.py:
game_stats.py
""" ."""
self.reset_stats()
# .
self.game_active = False
...
, ,
Play.
Button
Pygame ,
Button .
282 14
.
Button; button.py:
button.py
import pygame.font
class Button():
def __init__(self, ai_settings, screen, msg):

""" ."""
# .
self.width, self.height = 200, 50
self.button_color = (0, 255, 0)
self.text_color = (255, 255, 255)
self.font = pygame.font.SysFont(None, 48)
# rect .
self.rect = pygame.Rect(0, 0, self.width, self.height)
self.rect.center = self.screen_rect.center
# .
self.prep_msg(msg)
pygame.font, Pygame
. __init__() self,
ai_settings screen, msg .
, button_color text_color ,
- ,
.
font . None
Pygame, -
, 48 .
, rect center -
.
Pygame .
prep_msg(). prep_msg() :
button.py
def prep_msg(self, msg):
""" msg ."""
self.msg_image = self.font.render(msg, True, self.text_color,
self.button_color)
self.msg_image_rect = self.msg_image.get_rect()
self.msg_image_rect.center = self.rect.center
prep_msg() self , -
(msg). font.render() , -
msg, , msg_image .
Play 283
font.render() .
.
(True), .
( , Pygame .)
,
rect , center -
.
draw_button(), -
:
button.py
def draw_button(self):
# .
self.screen.fill(self.button_color, self.rect)
self.screen.blit(self.msg_image, self.msg_image_rect)
screen.fill() .
screen.blit()
rect, . Button .

Button Play.
Play, alien_invasion.py:
alien_invasion.py
...
from button import Button
...
def run_game():
...
# Play.
play_button = Button(ai_settings, screen, "Play")
...
# .
while True:
...
gf.update_screen(ai_settings, screen, stats, ship, aliens,
bullets,
play_button)
run_game()
Button play_button ,
play_button update_screen(),
.
284 14
update_screen(), Play
:
game_functions.py
def update_screen(ai_settings, screen, stats, ship, aliens, bullets,
play_button):
""" ."""
...
# Play , .
if not stats.game_active:
play_button.draw_button()
# .
Play ,
,
. Alien Invasion
Play (. 14.1).
. 14.1. Play ,

Play , game_
functions.py :
game_functions.py
def check_events(ai_settings, screen, stats, play_button, ship, bullets):
""" ."""
Play 285

...
elif event.type == pygame.MOUSEBUTTONDOWN:
mouse_x, mouse_y = pygame.mouse.get_pos()
check_play_button(stats, play_button, mouse_x, mouse_y)
def check_play_button(stats, play_button, mouse_x, mouse_y):

""" Play."""
if play_button.rect.collidepoint(mouse_x, mouse_y):
stats.game_active = True
check_events() stats play_button.

stats game_active, play_
button , Play.
Pygame MOUSEBUTTONDOWN,
, ,
Play. pygame.mouse.get_pos(),
x y . -
check_play_button() , collidepoint()
, ,
Play . ,
game_active True, !
check_events() alien_invasion.py -
, stats play_button:
alien_invasion.py
# .
while True:
gf.check_events(ai_settings, screen, stats, play_button, ship,
bullets)
...
. -
game_active False, Play
.

Play ,
, ,
, .
Play,
, ,
:
game_functions.py
def check_play_button(ai_settings, screen, stats, play_button, ship, aliens,
bullets, mouse_x, mouse_y):
286 14
""" Play."""
if play_button.rect.collidepoint(mouse_x, mouse_y):
# .
stats.reset_stats()
# .
aliens.empty()
bullets.empty()
# .
ship.center_ship()
check_play_button(),
ai_settings, stats, ship, aliens bullets.
, , -
.
,
. game_active
True ( ),
aliens bullets , ,
.
check_events(), check_
play_button():
game_functions.py
def check_events(ai_settings, screen, stats, play_button, ship, aliens,
bullets):
""" ."""
...
check_play_button(ai_settings, screen, stats, play_
button, ship,
aliens, bullets, mouse_x, mouse_y)
check_events() aliens, -
check_play_button(). check_play_button()
.
check_events() alien_invasion.py,
aliens:
alien_invasion.py
# .
while True:
aliens, bullets)
...
Play 287

Play, , !
Play
Play :
, Play .
Play , !
, ,
game_active False:
game_functions.py
""" Play."""
button_clicked = play_button.rect.collidepoint(mouse_x, mouse_y)
if button_clicked and not stats.game_active:
# .
...
button_clicked True False ; -

, Play,
. ,
, Play.
, , Play .

, ,
. ,
, :
game_functions.py
""" Play."""
# .
pygame.mouse.set_visible(False)
...
set_visible() False Pygame ,

.
, -
Play . :
game_functions.py
def ship_hit(ai_settings, screen, stats, ship, aliens, bullets):
288 14
""" ."""
...
else:
stats.game_active = False
pygame.mouse.set_visible(True)
,
, ship_hit().
,
, .

14-1. P: Alien Invasion -
, . ,
P. , check_play_
button() start_game(), check_
play_button() check_keydown_events().
14-2. : , -
. , -
-
. Play . ,
Play. .

, ,
, .
; -
, .

Settings -
: . ,
, , -
. __init__() settings.py :
settings.py
def __init__(self):
""" ."""
#
self.screen_width = 1200
self.screen_height = 800
self.bg_color = (230, 230, 230)
#
self.ship_limit = 3
#
289
self.bullets_allowed = 3
#
self.fleet_drop_speed = 10
#
self.speedup_scale = 1.1
self.initialize_dynamic_settings()
, , - -
__init__(). speedup_scale,
; 2 ,
, 1
. , 1,1, -
, , . ,
initialize_dynamic_settings() ,
.
initialize_dynamic_settings() :
settings.py
def initialize_dynamic_settings(self):
""" , ."""
self.ship_speed_factor = 1.5
# fleet_direction = 1 ; -1 - .
self.fleet_direction = 1
, . -
,
. fleet_direction,
.
, ,
, increase_
speed():
settings.py
def increase_speed(self):
""" ."""
self.ship_speed_factor *= self.speedup_scale
self.bullet_speed_factor *= self.speedup_scale
self.alien_speed_factor *= self.speedup_scale
, -
speedup_scale.
290 14
increase_speed() check_bullet_alien_
collisions() , -
:
game_functions.py
def check_bullet_alien_collisions(ai_settings, screen, ship, aliens, bullets):
...
# , .
bullets.empty()
ai_settings.increase_speed()
ship_speed_factor, alien_speed_factor
bullet_speed_factor , !

, ,
, -
:
game_functions.py
""" Play."""
# .
ai_settings.initialize_dynamic_settings()
# .
pygame.mouse.set_visible(False)
...
Alien Invasion . ,
, ,
. ,
settings.speedup_scale, , , -
. ,
. , -
, ,
.

14-3. : 14-2
(. 288). ,
Play .
291

; -
,
. ,
score GameStats:
game_stats.py
class GameStats():
...
""" , ."""
self.score = 0
, score
reset_stats() __init__().

, Scoreboard.
, -
, .
; scoreboard.py:
scoreboard.py
import pygame.font
class Scoreboard():
""" ."""
def __init__(self, ai_settings, screen, stats):
""" ."""
self.stats = stats
# .
self.text_color = (30, 30, 30)
self.font = pygame.font.SysFont(None, 48)
# .
self.prep_score()
Scoreboard ,
pygame.font. __init__() ai_settings, screen
stats, .
.
, prep_
score() , :
scoreboard.py
def prep_score(self):
""" ."""
292 14
score_str = str(self.stats.score)
self.score_image = self.font.render(score_str, True, self.
text_color,
self.ai_settings.bg_color)
# .
self.score_rect = self.score_image.get_rect()
self.score_rect.right = self.screen_rect.right - 20
self.score_rect.top = 20
prep_score() stats.score ;
render(), .
, render() .

.
, rect score_rect
20 .
20 .
show_score() -
:
scoreboard.py
def show_score(self):
""" ."""
self.screen.blit(self.score_image, self.score_rect)
, score_rect.
Scoreboard
, alien_invasion.py Scoreboard:
alien_invasion.py
...
from scoreboard import Scoreboard
...
def run_game():
...
# GameStats Scoreboard.
stats = GameStats(ai_settings)
sb = Scoreboard(ai_settings, screen, stats)
...
# .
while True:
...
gf.update_screen(ai_settings, screen, stats, sb, ship,
aliens,
bullets, play_button)
run_game()
293
Scoreboard sb
stats . sb update_screen(),
.
update_screen() :
game_functions.py
def update_screen(ai_settings, screen, stats, sb, ship, aliens, bullets,
play_button):
...
# .
sb.show_score()
# Play , .
if not stats.game_active:
play_button.draw_button()
# .
sb , update_screen(), -
show_score() Play.
Alien Invasion ,
0. ( ,
, .)
.14.2 .
. 14.2.
!
294 14

,
stats.score ,
prep_score() . ,
:
settings.py
def initialize_dynamic_settings(self):
...
#
self.alien_points = 50
. -
,
initialize_dynamic_settings().
check_bullet_alien_
collisions():
game_functions.py
def check_bullet_alien_collisions(ai_settings, screen, stats, sb, ship,
aliens, bullets):
""" ."""
# , .
if collisions:
stats.score += ai_settings.alien_points
sb.prep_score()
...
check_bullet_alien_collisions() -
stats sb, .
Pygame collisions. ,
,
. prep_score() -
.
update_bullets(), -
:
game_functions.py
def update_bullets(ai_settings, screen, stats, sb, ship, aliens, bullets):
""" ."""
...
check_bullet_alien_collisions(ai_settings, screen, stats, sb, ship,

aliens, bullets)
update_bullets() stats
sb. , check_bullet_alien_collisions() -
stats sb.
295
update_bullets() while:
alien_invasion.py
# .
while True:
aliens, bullets)
ship.update()
gf.update_bullets(ai_settings, screen, stats, sb, ship, aliens,
bullets)
...
update_bullets() stats sb.

!

, ,
. , -

,
. , -
.
check_bullet_alien_collisions() , -
, collisions.
, .
collisions , -
:
game_functions.py
aliens, bullets):
...
if collisions:
for aliens in collisions.values():
stats.score += ai_settings.alien_points * len(aliens)
sb.prep_score()
...
collisions ,
collisions. , -
, .
, -
.
, 300 -
, ,
; .
296 14

,
.
, ,
:
settings.py
class Settings():
def __init__(self):
...
#
self.speedup_scale = 1.1
#
self.score_scale = 1.5
self.initialize_dynamic_settings()
""" ."""
self.ship_speed_factor *= self.speedup_scale
self.bullet_speed_factor *= self.speedup_scale
self.alien_speed_factor *= self.speedup_scale
self.alien_points = int(self.alien_points * self.score_

scale)
; -
score_scale . (1,1)
, , ,
(1,5).
.
, int().
, increase_speed()
Settings print:
settings.py
...
self.alien_points = int(self.alien_points * self.score_scale)
print(self.alien_points)
,
.

, ,
print;
.
297

, 10,
. ,
.
Scoreboard:
scoreboard.py
def prep_score(self):
""" ."""
rounded_score = int(round(self.stats.score, -1))
score_str = "{:,}".format(rounded_score)
self.score_image = self.font.render(score_str, True, self.text_color,
self.ai_settings.bg_color)
...
round() -
, .
, round() , ,
.. Python stats.score -
rounded_score.
Python 2.7 round() ,

int(), , .
Python3, int() .
. 14.3.
298 14
Python
,
1000000 1,000,000.
,
(.14.3).
, -
, .
GameStats:
game_stats.py
...
# .
self.high_score = 0
, high_
score __init__(), reset_stats().
Scoreboard .
__init__():
scoreboard.py
...
# .
self.prep_score()
self.prep_high_score()
,
prep_high_score():
scoreboard.py
def prep_high_score(self):
""" ."""
high_score = int(round(self.stats.high_score, -1))
high_score_str = "{:,}".format(high_score)
self.high_score_image = self.font.render(high_score_str,
True,
self.text_color, self.ai_settings.bg_color)
# .
self.high_score_rect = self.high_score_image.get_rect()
self.high_score_rect.centerx = self.screen_rect.centerx
self.high_score_rect.top = self.score_rect.top
.
, -
, top
.
299
show_score() , -
:
scoreboard.py
""" ."""
self.screen.blit(self.high_score_image, self.high_score_rect)
game_functions.py
check_high_score():
game_functions.py
def check_high_score(stats, sb):
""", ."""
if stats.score > stats.high_score:
stats.high_score = stats.score
sb.prep_high_score()
. 14.4.
check_high_score() , stats sb. stats

, sb
.
. ,
high_score prep_high_score()
.
check_high_score() -
check_bullet_alien_collisions():
300 14
game_functions.py
aliens, bullets):
...
if collisions:
for aliens in collisions.values():
stats.score += ai_settings.alien_points * len(aliens)
sb.prep_score()
check_high_score(stats, sb)
...
Alien Invasion,
, , .
,
, . 14.4.

, GameStats -
.
, reset_stats():
game_stats.py
""" , ."""
self.score = 0
self.level = 1
Scoreboard ( ),
prep_level() __init__():
scoreboard.py
...
# .
self.prep_score()
self.prep_high_score()
self.prep_level()
prep_level() :
scoreboard.py
def prep_level(self):
""" ."""
self.level_image = self.font.render(str(self.stats.level),
True,
self.text_color, self.ai_settings.bg_color)
# .
self.level_rect = self.level_image.get_rect()
301
self.level_rect.right = self.score_rect.right
self.level_rect.top = self.score_rect.bottom + 10
prep_level() , stats.
level , right
right . top 10
,
.
show_score() :
scoreboard.py
""" , ."""
self.screen.blit(self.high_score_image, self.high_score_rect)
self.screen.blit(self.level_image, self.level_rect)
, .
stats.level check_
bullet_alien_collisions():
game_functions.py
aliens, bullets):
...
# , .
bullets.empty()
ai_settings.increase_speed()
# .
stats.level += 1
sb.prep_level()
, stats.level
prep_level() .
,
, Play:
game_functions.py
def check_play_button(ai_settings, screen, stats, sb, play_button, ship,
aliens, bullets, mouse_x, mouse_y):
""" Play."""
...
# .
stats.reset_stats()
# .
302 14
sb.prep_score()
sb.prep_level()
# .
aliens.empty()
bullets.empty()
...
check_play_button() sb. -
, prep_score(),
prep_high_score() prep_level().
sb check_events(), Scoreboard
check_play_button():
game_functions.py
def check_events(ai_settings, screen, stats, sb, play_button, ship, aliens,
bullets):
""" ."""
...
check_play_button(ai_settings, screen, stats, sb, play_
button,
ship, aliens, bullets, mouse_x, mouse_y)
check_events() sb ,
check_play_button() sb .
check_events() alien_invasion.py,
sb:
alien_invasion.py
# .
while True:
gf.check_events(ai_settings, screen, stats, sb, play_button, ship,
aliens, bullets)
...
(.14.5).
: -
, .. , ,
Alien Invasion. ,
font.render() Scoreboard.
303
. 14.5.

, , -
. -
,
. .
, Ship Sprite, -
:
ship.py
import pygame
class Ship(Sprite):

""" ."""
super(Ship, self).__init__()
...
Sprite, Ship Sprite -

super() __init__() .
Scoreboard
. import __init__() :
scoreboard.py
import pygame.font
304 14
class Scoreboard():
""" ."""

...
self.prep_level()
self.prep_ships()
...
,
Group Ship. prep_ships() prep_level(). -
:
scoreboard.py
def prep_ships(self):
""" ."""
self.ships = Group()
for ship_number in range(self.stats.ships_left):
ship = Ship(self.ai_settings, self.screen)
ship.rect.x = 10 + ship_number * ship.rect.width
ship.rect.y = 10
self.ships.add(ship)
prep_ships() self.ships
.
, . ,
x ,
, 10 . y -
, 10
. ,
ships .
:
scoreboard.py
...
self.screen.blit(self.level_image, self.level_rect)
# .
self.ships.draw(self.screen)
draw() , Pygame
.
, , prep_
ships() . check_play_button()
game_functions.py:
game_functions.py
def check_play_button(ai_settings, screen, stats, sb, play_button, ship,
305
aliens, bullets, mouse_x, mouse_y):

""" Play."""
...
# .
sb.prep_score()
sb.prep_level()
sb.prep_ships()
...
prep_ships() ,
:
game_functions.py
def update_aliens(ai_settings, screen, stats, sb, ship, aliens, bullets):
...
# "-".
ship_hit(ai_settings, screen, stats, sb, ship, aliens,
bullets)
# , .
check_aliens_bottom(ai_settings, screen, stats, sb, ship,
aliens, bullets)
def ship_hit(ai_settings, screen, stats, sb, ship, aliens,

bullets):
""" ."""
# ships_left.
# .
sb.prep_ships()
# .
...
sb update_aliens() . -
sb ship_hit() check_aliens_bottom(),
Scoreboard .
ship_hit() sb . prep_ships()
ships_left ,
.
ship_hit() check_aliens_bottom(),
:
game_functions.py
def check_aliens_bottom(ai_settings, screen, stats, sb, ship, aliens,
bullets):
""", ."""
306 14
screen_rect = screen.get_rect()
if alien.rect.bottom >= screen_rect.bottom:
# , .
ship_hit(ai_settings, screen, stats, sb, ship, aliens, bullets)
break
check_aliens_bottom() sb, -
sb ship_hit().
sb update_aliens() alien_invasion.py:
alien_invasion.py
# .
while True:
...
ship.update()
gf.update_bullets(ai_settings, screen, stats, sb, ship, aliens,
bullets)
gf.update_aliens(ai_settings, screen, stats, sb, ship, aliens,
bullets)
...
. 14.6 , -
.
. 14.6. Alien Invasion

307

14-4. : ,
Alien Invasion. ,
sys.exit() GameStats.
14-5. : , , -
, . , -
check_bullet_alien_collisions(),
, start_new_level(). ,
__init__() Scoreboard, prep_images()
__init__(). prep_images() check_play_button()
start_game(), check_play_button().

, . -
, , -
.
14-6. Alien Invasion: Alien Invasion.
, , -
, (
). (, ) -
pygame.mixer.
, , -
.
,
. , -

.
2.

15

. (data mining), -

. ,
, .
.
, ,
.
, .
, . -
Python
( ) .
. ,
, .
Python , , -
.
Python -
, .
matplotlib,
. matplotlib
, , ..
, -
, .
Pygal,
, .
Pygal -
; ,
.
Pygal .
matplotlib
matplotlib, -
.
310 15
pip, Python
pip (.227).
Linux
Python, ,
matplotlib
:
$ sudo apt-get install python3-matplotlib
Python 2.7, :
$ sudo apt-get install python-matplotlib
Python,
, matplotlib:
$ sudo apt-get install python3.5-dev python3.5-tk tk-dev
$ sudo apt-get install libfreetype6-dev g++
pip matplotlib:
$ pip install --user matplotlib
OS X
Apple matplotlib Python. -
, ,
matplotlib. matplotlib
Homebrew Python,
:
$ pip install --user matplotlib
, pip3 pip.
, --user.
Windows
Windows Visual Studio. -
https://dev.windows.com/, (Downloads)
Visual Studio Community
Windows. .
matplotlib .
https://pypi.python.org/pypi/matplotlib/ -
.whl , Python. ,
32- Python 3.5, matplotlib-1.4.3-
cp35-none-win32.whl.
311
, Python,
http://www.lfd.uci.edu/~gohlke/pythonlibs/#matplotlib. -
, matplotlib.
.whl ,
. pip matplotlib:
> cd python_work
python_work> python -m pip install --user matplotlib-1.4.3-cp35-none-win32.whl
matplotlib
, -
. python python3
matplotlib:
$ python3
>>> import matplotlib
>>>
, , matplotlib
.
, .
, . , Python
.
matplotlib
,
matplotlib, http://matplotlib.org/. -
, , .

matplotlib,
.
1, 4, 9,
16 25.
matplotlib , , matplotlib
:
mpl_squares.py
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
squares = [1, 4, 9, 16, 25]

plt.plot(squares)
plt.show()
312 15
pyplot plt, -
pyplot. ( -
, .) pyplot
.
plot(), -

. plt.show() matplotlib
(. 15.1). -
,
.
. 15.1. matplotlib

. 15.1 , ,
, . , matplotlib
.
,
:
mpl_squares.py
squares = [1, 4, 9, 16, 25]

plt.plot(squares, linewidth=5)
# .
plt.title("Square Numbers", fontsize=24)
plt.xlabel("Value", fontsize=14)
313
plt.ylabel("Square of Value", fontsize=14)
# .
plt.tick_params(axis='both', labelsize=14)
plt.show()
linewidth , -
plot(). title() .
fontsize , ,
.
xlabel() ylabel() () -
, tick_params()
. , ,
(axes='both')
14 (labelsize=14).
.15.2, . -
, .
. 15.2.

, , ,
. : 4,0
25! .
plot() , ,
x 0,
1. -
, plot() , :
314 15
mpl_squares.py
input_values = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
squares = [1, 4, 9, 16, 25]
plt.plot(input_values, squares, linewidth=5)
# .
...
plot() ,
, , -
. . 15.3 .
. 15.3.
plot() , -
.
,
.
scatter()
, -
, . ,
.
: , ,
, .
scatter().
scatter() (x, y) ,
:
315
scatter_squares.py
plt.scatter(2, 4)
plt.show()
, .
, , , :
plt.scatter(2, 4, s=200)
# .
plt.title("Square Numbers", fontsize=24)
plt.xlabel("Value", fontsize=14)
plt.ylabel("Square of Value", fontsize=14)
# .
plt.tick_params(axis='both', which='major', labelsize=14)
plt.show()
; s ,
. scatter_squares.py
, (. 15.4).
. 15.4.
scatter()
, scatter()
x y:
316 15
scatter_squares.py
x_values = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
y_values = [1, 4, 9, 16, 25]
plt.scatter(x_values, y_values, s=100)
# .
...
x_values , , y_values
. scatter() matplotlib
.
, (1, 1), (2, 4), (3, 9), (4, 16)
(5, 25); . 15.5.
. 15.5.

, .
,
Python, .
1000 :
scatter_squares.py
x_values = list(range(1, 1001))

y_values = [x**2 for x in x_values]
plt.scatter(x_values, y_values, s=40)

317
# .
...
# .
w plt.axis([0, 1100, 0, 1100000])
plt.show()
x 1 1000 .
y, x (for x in x_values), -
(x**2) y_values.
( ) scatter() .
, ,
axis() .
axis() : x y.
x 0 1100, y 0
1100000. . 15.6 .
. 15.6. 1000 ,
5

matplotlib
.
.
.
, edgecolor='none' scatter():
plt.scatter(x_values, y_values, edgecolor='none', s=40)
scatter_squares.py , , -
.
318 15

, scatter() c -
:
plt.scatter(x_values, y_values, c='red', edgecolor='none', s=40)
RGB. -
, c
( , ) 0 1. ,
- :
plt.scatter(x_values, y_values, c=(0, 0, 0.8), edgecolor='none', s=40)
, 0, , , 1,
.

(colormap) , -
.
. -
, , .
pyplot .
, , pyplot
. -
y:
scatter_squares.py
x_values = list(range(1001))
y_values = [x**2 for x in x_values]
plt.scatter(x_values, y_values, c=y_values, cmap=plt.cm.Blues,

edgecolor='none', s=40)
# .
...
c y-values, pyplot,
, cmap .
y - ,
y - . -
.15.7.
, pyplot, http://matplotlib.org/; -
Examples, Color Examples
colormaps_reference.
319
. 15.7. Blues

, ,
plt.show() plt.savefig():
plt.savefig('squares_plot.png', bbox_inches='tight')
; -
scatter_squares.py. -
. ,
.

15-1. : , , . -
, 5000 .
15-2. : .

Python
, matplotlib
. (random walk) ,
, -
. ,
; .
:
, , . , -
,
. ,
320 15

. , ,
.
RandomWalk()
, RandomWalk, -
.
:
x y .
RandomWalk : __init__() fill_walk() -
. __init__():
random_walk.py
from random import choice
class RandomWalk():
""" ."""
def __init__(self, num_points=5000):

""" ."""
self.num_points = num_points
# (0, 0).
self.x_values = [0]
self.y_values = [0]
,
choice() . -
5000 ,
, ,
.
x y, (0,0).

fill_walk(), , -
. random_walk.py:
random_walk.py
def fill_walk(self):
""" ."""
# .
while len(self.x_values) < self.num_points:
# .
x_direction = choice([1, -1])
x_distance = choice([0, 1, 2, 3, 4])
x_step = x_direction * x_distance
321
y_direction = choice([1, -1])

y_distance = choice([0, 1, 2, 3, 4])
y_step = y_direction * y_distance
# .
if x_step == 0 and y_step == 0:
continue
# x y.
next_x = self.x_values[-1] + x_step
next_y = self.y_values[-1] + y_step
self.x_values.append(next_x)
self.y_values.append(next_y)
,
. Python,
: ?
? ?
?
choice([1, -1]) x_direction; 1
1 . choice([0,
1, 2, 3, 4]) (x_distance)
0 4. ( 0
y, .)
x y,
.
x_step , ,
. y_step , -
, . x_step y_step
0, , .
x , x_step -
, x_values , -
y. , x_values
y_values.

:
rw_visual.py
from random_walk import RandomWalk
# .
rw = RandomWalk()
rw.fill_walk()
plt.scatter(rw.x_values, rw.y_values, s=15)
plt.show()
322 15
pyplot RandomWalk.
rw , fill_walk(). -
scatter() x y
.
. 15.8 5000 . ( -
matplotlib ,
rw_visual.py.)
. 15.8. 5000

;
, .

while:
rw_visual.py
from random_walk import RandomWalk
# , .
while True:
# .
rw = RandomWalk()
rw.fill_walk()
plt.scatter(rw.x_values, rw.y_values, s=15)
plt.show()
keep_running = input("Make another walk? (y/n): ")

if keep_running == 'n':
break
323
,
matplotlib .
, ,
. y, , -
,
; .
, n.
Python 2.7, raw_input() input() .

, -

. ,
(, ,
). , (-
, ).
, , -
.

, -
, .
, -
c . ,
1 5000:
rw_visual.py
...
while True:
# .
rw = RandomWalk()
rw.fill_walk()
point_numbers = list(range(rw.num_points))
plt.scatter(rw.x_values, rw.y_values, c=point_numbers, cmap=plt.cm.Blues,
plt.show()
keep_running = input("Make another walk? (y/n): ")

...
range() ,
.
point_numbers,
324 15
. point_numbers c,
Blues edgecolor=none
. -
- - (. 15.9).
. 15.9. ,
Blues

, , ,
. -
, .
,
:
rw_visual.py
...
while True:
...
# .
plt.scatter(0, 0, c='green', edgecolors='none', s=100)
plt.scatter(rw.x_values[-1], rw.y_values[-1], c='red', edgecolors='none',
s=100)
plt.show()
...
325
, (0, 0) -
(s=100) . -
x y 100.
plt.show(),
.
,
. ( , -
, .)

, .
:
rw_visual.py
...
while True:
...
plt.scatter(rw.x_values[-1], rw.y_values[-1], c='red', edgecolors='none',
s=100)
# .
plt.axes().get_xaxis().set_visible(False)
plt.axes().get_yaxis().set_visible(False)
plt.show()
...
plt.axes() False.
.
rw_visual.py; .

, .
num_points RandomWalk -
:
rw_visual.py
...
while True:
# .
rw = RandomWalk(50000)
rw.fill_walk()
# .
point_numbers = list(range(rw.num_points))
...
326 15
50000 (
), s=1.
.15.10, .
!
, -
,
.
. 15.10. 50000

,
. ,
matplotlib:
rw_visual.py
...
while True:
# Make a random walk, and plot the points.
rw = RandomWalk()
rw.fill_walk()
# .
plt.figure(figsize=(10, 6))
...
figure() , ,
. figsize
.
Pygal 327
Python , 80 ;
, .
, , figure()
dpi , -
:
plt.figure(dpi=128, figsize=(10, 6))

15-3. : rw_visual.py plt.scatter()
plt.plot().
, rw.x_values rw.y_values linewidth. -
5000 50000.
15-4. : RandomWalk x_step y_step
.
[1, -1], [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]. -
, .
(, 0 8) 1
x y.
15-5. : fill_walk() .
get_step(), , -
. fill_walk()
get_step():
x_step = get_step()
y_step = get_step()
fill_walk(), .
Pygal
Pygal -
.
, ,
.
-, Pygal
; ,
.
.

1 6. ,
, . ,
, ,
.
, , .

. , -
, (, ..).
328 15
Pygal
Pygal pip. ( pip,
Python pip . 227.)
Linux OS X :
pip install --user pygal
Windows :
python -m pip install --user pygal
, pip3 pip.
, --user.
Pygal
, Pygal,
: http://www.pygal.org/,
Documentation, Chart types. -
, ,
.

:
die.py
class Die():
""", ."""
def __init__(self, num_sides=6):

""" ."""
self.num_sides = num_sides
def roll(self):
"""" 1 ."""
return randint(1, self.num_sides)
__init__() .
,
. ,
. (
: D6,
D8 ..)
Pygal 329
roll() randint()
1 . -
, (num_sides) .

, D6, -
, :
die_visual.py
from die import Die
# D6.
die = Die()
# .
results = []
for roll_num in range(100):
result = die.roll()
results.append(result)
print(results)
Die .
100 , -
results. :
[4, 6, 5, 6, 1, 5, 6, 3, 5, 3, 5, 3, 2, 2, 1, 3, 1, 5, 3, 6, 3, 6, 5, 4,
1, 1, 4, 2, 3, 6, 4, 2, 6, 4, 1, 3, 2, 5, 6, 3, 6, 2, 1, 1, 3, 4, 1, 4,
3, 5, 1, 4, 5, 5, 2, 3, 3, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 2, 5, 6, 1, 3, 2, 1, 1, 1, 6,
5, 5, 2, 2, 6, 4, 1, 4, 5, 1, 1, 1, 4, 5, 3, 3, 1, 3, 5, 4, 5, 6, 5, 4,
1, 5, 1, 2]
, Die . -
1 6,
; 0 7 , ,
.
1 6, .

D6, ,
:
die_visual.py
...
# .
results = []
result = die.roll()
330 15
# .
frequencies = []
for value in range(1, die.num_sides+1):
frequency = results.count(value)
frequencies.append(frequency)
print(frequencies)
Pygal , ,
1000 .
frequencies, .
( 1 6 ) ,
,
frequencies .
:
[155, 167, 168, 170, 159, 181]
: ,
D6,
. .

, . -
,
. :
die_visual.py
import pygal
...
# .
frequencies = []
for value in range(1, die.num_sides+1):
# .
hist = pygal.Bar()
hist.title = "Results of rolling one D6 1000 times."

hist.x_labels = ['1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6']
hist.x_title = "Result"
hist.y_title = "Frequency of Result"
hist.add('D6', frequencies)
hist.render_to_file('die_visual.svg')
, pygal.Bar(), -
hist . title
Pygal 331
hist ( , ), -
D6 x ,
. add()
(
, ). ,
SVG, .svg.
.
, die_visual.svg ( ,
die_visual.py). ,
. 15.11. ( ; Pygal
, .)
. 15.11. , Pygal
,
Pygal: , ,
.
.

. D6,
. ( -
) results. die_visual.
py dice_visual.py :
dice_visual.py
import pygal
332 15
from die import Die
# D6.
die_1 = Die()
die_2 = Die()
# .
results = []
result = die_1.roll() + die_2.roll()
# .
frequencies = []
max_result = die_1.num_sides + die_2.num_sides
for value in range(2, max_result+1):
# .
hist = pygal.Bar()
hist.title = "Results of rolling two D6 dice 1000 times."

hist.x_labels = ['2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9', '10', '11', '12']
hist.add('D6 + D6', frequencies)

hist.render_to_file('dice_visual.svg')
Die,
. (12) -
; max_result .

.
2 max_result . (
range(2, 13), D6.
,
. ,
.)
, x .
( x_labels , -
.)
;
. 15.12.
,
D6. , 2 12,
7, : 1+6, 2+5,
3+4, 4+3, 5+2 6+1.
Pygal 333
. 15.12. 1000

6 10 , ,
50000 :
different_dice.py
from die import Die
import pygal
# D6 D10.
die_1 = Die()
die_2 = Die(10)
# .
results = []
result = die_1.roll() + die_2.roll()
# Analyze the results.

...
# .
hist = pygal.Bar()
hist.title = "Results of rolling a D6 and a D10 50,000 times."

hist.x_labels = ['2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9', '10', '11', '12',
'13', '14', '15', '16']
hist.add('D6 + D10', frequencies)
334 15
hist.render_to_file('dice_visual.svg')
D10, 10
Die1 50000
1000. , , 2, -
16; , x
.
. 15.13 . -
. , (1+1)
(6+10) -
, D6
: 7, 8, 9, 10 11 . ,
,
.
. 15.13. 50000 -
Pygal -
. -
.

15-6. : die.py dice_visual.py. ,
hist.x_labels, ,
. ,
for die_visual.py dice_visual.py .
335
15-7. D8s: , , 1000--

. ,
, .
15-8. : 3 D6 3,
18. , , -
D6.
15-9. :
. , ,
.
15-10. : matplotlib -
, Pygal .
-
.
matplotlib .
, Pygal
-
.
-
. -
,
.
, , ,
, , ?
16
matplotlib Pygal .
16
-
.
, -
.
, .
,
CSV JSON. Python csv
CSV ( )
. matplotlib
.
json
, JSON, Pygal
.

-
.
-
.
CSV

, ;
CSV ( Comma Separated Values, , ). -
, CSV :
2014-1-5,61,44,26,18,7,-1,56,30,9,30.34,30.27,30.15,,,,10,4,,0.00,0,,195
5 2014 . (). -
,
. CSV, -
,
.
CSV, -
;
CSV 337
sitka_weather_07-2014.csv , .
(
.)
http://www.wunderground.com/history/.
CSV
Python csv CSV -
. ,
:
highs_lows.py
import csv
filename = 'sitka_weather_07-2014.csv'
with open(filename) as f:
reader = csv.reader(f)
header_row = next(reader)
print(header_row)
csv
filename. ,
f . csv.reader()
, .
reader.
csv next(),
.
next() , -
. header_row. ,
header_row , ,
:
['AKDT', 'Max TemperatureF', 'Mean TemperatureF', 'Min TemperatureF',
'Max Dew PointF', 'MeanDew PointF', 'Min DewpointF', 'Max Humidity',
' Mean Humidity', ' Min Humidity', ' Max Sea Level PressureIn',
' Mean Sea Level PressureIn', ' Min Sea Level PressureIn',
' Max VisibilityMiles', ' Mean VisibilityMiles', ' Min VisibilityMiles',
' Max Wind SpeedMPH', ' Mean Wind SpeedMPH', ' Max Gust SpeedMPH',
'PrecipitationIn', ' CloudCover', ' Events', ' WindDirDegrees']
reader , , -
. AKDT Alaska Daylight
Time (, ). ,
. Max
TemperatureF , -
.
, .
338 16
; ,
. -
, .

,
:
highs_lows.py
...
for index, column_header in enumerate(header_row):

print(index, column_header)
enumerate()
. ( : print(header_row)
.)
:
0 AKDT
1 Max TemperatureF
2 Mean TemperatureF
3 Min TemperatureF
...
20 CloudCover
21 Events
22 WindDirDegrees
,
0 1. , -
sitka_weather_07-2014.csv
0 1.

, ; .
:
highs_lows.py
import csv
# .
CSV 339
highs = []
for row in reader:
highs.append(row[1])
print(highs)
highs -
. reader ,
CSV,
. ,
, .
1 ( ) highs .
highs :
['64', '71', '64', '59', '69', '62', '61', '55', '57', '61', '57', '59', '57',
'61', '64', '61', '59', '63', '60', '57', '69', '63', '62', '59', '57', '57',
'61', '59', '61', '61', '66']

.
int() ,
matplotlib:
highs_lows.py
...
highs = []
for row in reader:
high = int(row[1])
highs.append(high)
print(highs)

. -
:
[64, 71, 64, 59, 69, 62, 61, 55, 57, 61, 57, 59, 57, 61, 64, 61, 59, 63, 60, 57,
69, 63, 62, 59, 57, 57, 61, 59, 61, 61, 66]

-
matplotlib:
highs_lows.py
import csv
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt

340 16
# .
...
# .
fig = plt.figure(dpi=128, figsize=(10, 6))
plt.plot(highs, c='red')
# .
plt.title("Daily high temperatures, July 2014", fontsize=24)
plt.xlabel('', fontsize=16)
plt.ylabel("Temperature (F)", fontsize=16)
plt.show()
plot() highs c='red' -

. ( ,
.) (-
, ) , 15.
, x , plt.xlabel() -
, . . 16.1
:
2014 . ( ).
. 16.1.
2014 . ( )
datetime
, .
:
2014-7-1,64,56,50,53,51,48,96,83,58,30,19,...
CSV 341
, -
'2014-7-1' , .
, 1 2014 , strptime()
datetime. , strptime() :
>>> from datetime import datetime
>>> first_date = datetime.strptime('2014-7-1', '%Y-%m-%d')
>>> print(first_date)
2014-07-01 00:00:00
datetime datetime.
strptime(), .
Python, .
'%Y-' Python, ,
, ; '%m-'
Python , -
; , '%d' Python
1 31.
strptime() , ,
. .16.1
.
16.1. datetime

%A , Monday
%B , January
%m ( 01 12)
%d ( 01 31)
%Y (, 2015)
%y (, 15)
%H 24- ( 00 23)
%I 12- ( 01 12)
%p AM PM
%M ( 00 59)
%S ( 00 59)

CSV,
. -
plot():
highs_lows.py
import csv
342 16
from datetime import datetime
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
# .
dates, highs = [], []

for row in reader:
current_date = datetime.strptime(row[0], "%Y-%m-%d")
dates.append(current_date)
high = int(row[1])
highs.append(high)
# .
plt.plot(dates, highs, c='red')
# .
plt.title("Daily high temperatures, July 2014", fontsize=24)
fig.autofmt_xdate()
plt.ylabel("Temperature (F)", fontsize=16)
plt.show()
. 16.2. x
CSV 343

. ,
(row[0]), datetime , dates.
plot() . fig.autofmt_
xdate() , .
. 16.2 .

, .
. sitka_weather_2014.csv, -
, .
:
highs_lows.py
...
# .
filename = 'sitka_weather_2014.csv'
...
# .
plt.title("Daily high temperatures - 2014", fontsize=24)
...
filename ,
sitka_weather_2014.csv ,
.
. 16.3 .
. 16.3.
344 16

. 16.3
, , -
.
:
highs_lows.py
...
# , .
filename = 'sitka_weather_2014.csv'
dates, highs, lows = [], [], []

for row in reader:
high = int(row[1])
highs.append(high)
low = int(row[3])
lows.append(low)
# .
plt.plot(dates, highs, c='red')
plt.plot(dates, lows, c='blue')
# .
x plt.title("Daily high and low temperatures - 2014", fontsize=24)
...
. 16.4.
CSV 345
lows ,

(row[3]) . -
plot() ,
. .
. 16.4 .

. :
-
. fill_between(),
x y
y:
highs_lows.py
...
# .
plt.plot(dates, highs, c='red', alpha=0.5)
plt.plot(dates, lows, c='blue', alpha=0.5)
plt.fill_between(dates, highs, lows, facecolor='blue', alpha=0.1)
...
alpha . 0
, 1 ( ) .
alpha=0.5 .
. 16.5.
346 16
fill_between() dates x
y highs lows. facecolor -
; alpha=0.1,
, .
. 16.5 highs lows.

.

highs_lows.py
. , -
( ).
; , -
.
(
). death_valley_2014.csv
, highs_lows.py
:
highs_lows.py
...
# , .
filename = 'death_valley_2014.csv'
...
, -
:
File "highs_lows.py", line 17, in <module>
high = int(row[1])
ValueError: invalid literal for int() with base 10: ''
, Python -
, ('')
. , death_valley_2014.csv:
2014-2-16,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,0.00,,,-1
, 16 2014 ; -
. ,
,
. :
highs_lows.py
...
# , .
filename = 'death_valley_2014.csv'
CSV 347
dates, highs, lows = [], [], []

for row in reader:
try:
high = int(row[1])
low = int(row[3])
except ValueError:
print(current_date, 'missing data')
else:
highs.append(high)
lows.append(low)
# Plot data.
...
#
title = "Daily high and low temperatures - 2014\nDeath Valley, CA"
plt.title(title, fontsize=20)
...
,
. - , Python -
ValueError, ,
.
. , , -
, else, -
.
, , .
. 16.6.
348 16
highs_lows.py ,
:
2014-02-16 missing data
.16.6.
, , -
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.
.
, , -
, .
,
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try-except-else. continue
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16-4. : ,
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JSON
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json. Pygal
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.

population_data.json,
1960 2010 , .
JSON 349
,
Open Knowledge Foundation (http://data.okfn.org/).

population_data.json ,
:
population_data.json
[
{
"Country Name": "Arab World",
"Country Code": "ARB",
"Year": "1960",
"Value": "96388069"
},
{
"Country Name": "Arab World",
"Country Code": "ARB",
"Year": "1961",
"Value": "98882541.4"
},
...
]
Python.
: (Country Name),
(Country Code), (Year) (Value), -
. -
2010 , ,
:
world_population.py
import json
# .
filename = 'population_data.json'
pop_data = json.load(f)
# 2010 .
for pop_dict in pop_data:
if pop_dict['Year'] == '2010':
country_name = pop_dict['Country Name']
population = pop_dict['Value']
print(country_name + ": " + population)
json,
. pop_data . -
json.load() , Python:
. ,
350 16
pop_data.
, pop_dict.
'Year' 2010. (
population_data.json , .)
2010 , , 'Country
Name', country_name, ,
'Value', population . -
.
-
:
Arab World: 357868000
Caribbean small states: 6880000
East Asia & Pacific (all income levels): 2201536674
...
Zimbabwe: 12571000
, -
. ,
Pygal.

population_data.json .
,
. int():
world_population.py
...
population = int(pop_dict['Value'])
print(country_name + ": " + str(population))
-
.
. , :
...
File "print_populations.py", line 12, in <module>
population = int(pop_dict['Value'])
ValueError: invalid literal for int() with base 10:
'1127437398.85751'
,
. -
JSON 351
- , Python
'1127437398.85751' . (,
, -
.) ,
, :
world_population.py
...
country = pop_dict['Country Name']
population = int(float(pop_dict['Value']))
print(country + ": " + str(population))
float() , int()
.
2010 :
...
Zimbabwe: 12571000
,
. : ,
.

,
. Pygal
: -
, .
, -
; , population_data.json, ,
Pygal . -
.
Pygal i18n ( internationalization).
COUNTRIES ,
. ,
i18n :
countries.py
from pygal.i18n import COUNTRIES
for country_code in sorted(COUNTRIES.keys()):
print(country_code, COUNTRIES[country_code])
for . -
, :
352 16
ad Andorra
ae United Arab Emirates
af Afghanistan
...
zw Zimbabwe
, COUNTRIES .
country_codes,
:
country_codes.py
from pygal.i18n import COUNTRIES
def get_country_code(country_name):
""" Pygal, 2 ."""
for code, name in COUNTRIES.items():
if name == country_name:
return code
# , None.
return None
print(get_country_code('Andorra'))
print(get_country_code('United Arab Emirates'))
print(get_country_code('Afghanistan'))
get_country_code() -
country_name .
COUNTRIES. ,
, , None .
, .
, :
ad
ae
af
, print
country_codes.py.
get_country_code() world_population.py:
world_population.py
import json
from country_codes import get_country_code

...
# 2010 .
code = get_country_code(country_name)
if code:
print(code + ": "+ str(population))
JSON 353
else:
print('ERROR - ' + country_name)
code None,
. , -
print . ,
, . ,
:
ERROR - Arab World
ERROR - Caribbean small states
ERROR - East Asia & Pacific (all income levels)
...
af: 34385000
al: 3205000
dz: 35468000
...
ERROR - Yemen, Rep.
zm: 12927000
zw: 12571000
. -, -
;
. -,
(Yemen, Rep. Yemen).
, , ,
.

. Pygal -
Worldmap,
. Worldmap -
, :
americas.py
import pygal
wm = pygal.Worldmap()
wm.title = 'North, Central, and South America'
wm.add('North America', ['ca', 'mx', 'us'])

wm.add('Central America', ['bz', 'cr', 'gt', 'hn', 'ni', 'pa', 'sv'])
wm.add('South America', ['ar', 'bo', 'br', 'cl', 'co', 'ec', 'gf',
'gy', 'pe', 'py', 'sr', 'uy', 've'])
wm.render_to_file('americas.svg')
Worldmap title
. add(),
, . add()

354 16
.
, 'ca', 'mx' 'us' ,
add(), ,
. -
.
render_to_file() .svg ; -
. ,
(. 16.7).
. 16.7. Worldmap
, , -
.
.

,
:
na_populations.py
import pygal
wm.title = 'Populations of Countries in North America'
wm.add('North America', {'ca': 34126000, 'us': 309349000, 'mx':
113423000})
wm.render_to_file('na_populations.svg')
JSON 355
. 16.8.
Worldmap . -
add(), -
. Pygal ()
(). Pygal
( ) ( ). .16.8
.
: ,
. .

, -
Pygal:
,
. world_population.py:
world_population.py
import json
import pygal
from country_codes import get_country_code
# .
...
# .
356 16
cc_populations = {}
country = pop_dict['Country Name']
code = get_country_code(country)
if code:
cc_populations[code] = population
wm.title = 'World Population in 2010, by Country'
wm.add('2010', cc_populations)
wm.render_to_file('world_population.svg')
pygal.
, Pygal. -
cc_populations;
, .
print.
Worldmap title . add()
.
. 16.9 .
, , ,
.
,
.
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JSON 357
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,
.

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,
300 .
,
: 10 , 10 1
1 :
world_population.py
...
# .
cc_populations = {}
--snip--
if code:
cc_populations[code] = population
# 3 .
cc_pops_1, cc_pops_2, cc_pops_3 = {}, {}, {}
for cc, pop in cc_populations.items():
if pop < 10000000:
cc_pops_1[cc] = pop
elif pop < 1000000000:
cc_pops_2[cc] = pop
else:
cc_pops_3[cc] = pop
# .
print(len(cc_pops_1), len(cc_pops_2), len(cc_pops_3))
x wm.add('0-10m', cc_pops_1)
wm.add('10m-1bn', cc_pops_2)
wm.add('>1bn', cc_pops_3)
wm.render_to_file('world_population.svg')
, .
cc_populations -
. if-elif-else (cc_pops_1,
cc_pops_2 cc_pops_3) .
358 16
. 16.10. 2010
.

Worldmap. :
85 69 2
, 85 10 ,
69 10 1
1 .
. .16.10.
.

.
Pygal
, -
: , Pygal
- . Pygal
.
Pygal ,

:
world_population.py
import json
JSON 359
import pygal
from pygal.style import RotateStyle
...
# 3 .
cc_pops_1, cc_pops_2, cc_pops_3 = {}, {}, {}
for cc, pop in cc_populations.items():
if pop < 10000000:
...
wm_style = RotateStyle('#336699')
wm = pygal.Worldmap(style=wm_style)
...
Pygal style,
RotateStyle . RGB -
. Pygal -
.
(#), : -
,
. 00 ( -
) FF ( ).

RGB. , (#336699),
(33), (66) (99). RotateStyle
- .
RotateStyle , wm_style.
, -
Worldmap . . 16.11 .
. 16.11.
360 16
-
.

Pygal .
LightColorizedStyle. -
, , -
. , :
from pygal.style import LightColorizedStyle
LightColorizedStyle :
wm_style = LightColorizedStyle
, -
Pygal . ,
LightColorizedStyle RotateStyle.
LightColorizedStyle RotateStyle:
from pygal.style import LightColorizedStyle, RotateStyle
RotateStyle,
base_style:
wm_style = RotateStyle('#336699', base_style=LightColorizedStyle)
, -
, .
.
,
,
import:
from pygal.style import LightColorizedStyle as LCS, RotateStyle as RS
:
wm_style = RS('#336699', base_style=LCS)
, -
Pygal.

16-5. : , ,
12 . ,
, COUNTRIES. if-elif get_country_code(),
:
if country_name == 'Yemen, Rep.'
return 'ye'
elif ...
361
COUNTRIES, return None.

, .
16-6. : Open Knowledge Foundation -
() ;
http://data.okfn.org/data/core/gdp/.
JSON -
.
16-7. :
, . http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ -
, . ,
Download Data CSV. CSV,
Metadata; CSV. -
;
Pygal, .
Worldmap .
16-8. country_codes: country_codes
print get_country_code().
, 11.
. ,
CSV JSON , -
. , -
matplotlib, datetime
.
, Pygal
Pygal.
CSV JSON
, .
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.

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17 API

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(API) -
( ).
. -
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,
.
API -
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,
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Git GitHub
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GitHub Python
Pygal.
GitHub (https://github.com/) Git
,
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API - 363
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.) GitHub , -
, : , ,
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GitHub,
, ,
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Python
GitHub, .
API
GitHub API ( )
API. , API,
Enter:
https://api.github.com/search/repositories?q=language:python&sort=stars
Python, GitHub -
, Python.
: https://api.github.com/ -
GitHub, API. , search/
repositories, API GitHub.
repositories ,
. q (Query), -
(q=). language:python ,
,
Python. , &sort=stars, -
.
. ,
, URL-
.
{
"total_count": 713062,
"incomplete_results": false,
"items": [
{
"id": 3544424,
"name": "httpie",
"full_name": "jkbrzt/httpie",
...
, GitHub
713062 Python. "incomplete_results" false,
, ( ).
GitHub API,
true.
"items" Python GitHub.
364 17 API
requests
requests
Python . requests,
:
$ pip install --user requests
pip, Python
pip . 227. (,
.)
API
, API Github
Python :
python_repos.py
import requests
# API .
url = 'https://api.github.com/search/repositories?q=language:python
&sort=stars'
r = requests.get(url)
print("Status code:", r.status_code)
# API .
response_dict = r.json()
# .
print(response_dict.keys())
requests. URL- API -

, requests .
get() URL,
r. status_code,
. ( 200 .)
status_code,
, .
API JSON,
json() Python.
response_dict.
, response_dict,
:
Status code: 200
dict_keys(['items', 'total_count', 'incomplete_results'])
200 , . -
: items, 'total_count' 'incomplete_results'.
API - 365

, -
, 'incomplete_results, . ,
API, .

, API ,
. -
, ,
.
python_repos.py
import requests
# API .
url = 'https://api.github.com/search/repositories?q=language:python&sort=stars'
# API .
print("Total repositories:", response_dict['total_count'])
# .
repo_dicts = response_dict['items']
print("Repositories returned:", len(repo_dicts))
# .
repo_dict = repo_dicts[0]
print("\nKeys:", len(repo_dict))
for key in sorted(repo_dict.keys()):
print(key)
, 'total_count',
Python GitHub.
, 'items', ,
Python.
repo_dicts. repo_dicts,
, -
.
,
, repo_dicts
repo_dict . -
.
; , .
:
Status code: 200
Total repositories: 713062
366 17 API
Repositories returned: 30
Keys: 68
archive_url
assignees_url
blobs_url
...
url
watchers
watchers_count
API GitHub : repo_

dict 68 . ,
. ( ,
API, , -
, .)
repo_dict:
python_repos.py
...
# .
# .
repo_dict = repo_dicts[0]
print("\nSelected information about first repository:")

print('Name:', repo_dict['name'])
print('Owner:', repo_dict['owner']['login'])
print('Stars:', repo_dict['stargazers_count'])
print('Repository:', repo_dict['html_url'])
print('Created:', repo_dict['created_at'])
print('Updated:', repo_dict['updated_at'])
print('Description:', repo_dict['description'])
, -
. . -
, owner
, , login
.
, , URL GitHub . -
.
; :
Status code: 200
Selected information about first repository:

Name: httpie
Owner: jkbrzt
Stars: 16101
API - 367
Repository: https://github.com/jkbrzt/httpie
Created: 2012-02-25T12:39:13Z
Updated: 2015-07-13T14:56:41Z
Description: CLI HTTP client; user-friendly cURL replacement featuring
intuitive UI, JSON support, syntax highlighting, wget-like downloads,
extensions, etc.
,
Python GitHub HTTPie,
jkbrzt, 16000 GitHub.
URL , ( 2012 .) ,
. , , HTTPie
HTTP (CLI Command Line Interface,
).

. -
, API,
:
python_repos.py
...
# .
print("\nSelected information about each repository:")
for repo_dict in repo_dicts:
print('\nName:', repo_dict['name'])
print('Owner:', repo_dict['owner']['login'])
print('Stars:', repo_dict['stargazers_count'])
print('Repository:', repo_dict['html_url'])
print('Description:', repo_dict['description'])
.
repo_dicts. , ,
, URL GitHub :
Status code: 200
Selected information about each repository:
Name: httpie
Owner: jkbrzt
Stars: 16101
Repository: https://github.com/jkbrzt/httpie
Description: CLI HTTP client; user-friendly cURL replacement featuring
intuitive UI, JSON support, syntax highlighting, wget-like downloads,
extensions, etc.
368 17 API
Name: django
Owner: django
Stars: 15028
Repository: https://github.com/django/django
Description: The Web framework for perfectionists with deadlines.
...
Name: powerline
Owner: powerline
Stars: 4315
Repository: https://github.com/powerline/powerline
Description: Powerline is a statusline plugin for vim, and provides
statuslines and prompts for several other applications, including zsh, bash,
tmux, IPython, Awesome and Qtile.
; , -
,
, .
API
API ; ,
. ,
GitHub,
https://api.github.com/rate_limit. , :
{
"resources": {
"core": {
"limit": 60,
"remaining": 58,
"reset": 1426082320
},
"search": {
"limit": 10,
"remaining": 8,
"reset": 1426078803
}
},
"rate": {
"limit": 60,
"remaining": 58,
"reset": 1426082320
}
}
API .
, 10
8 . reset Unix-,
( , 1 1970 ) -
, .
,
API. , , .
API - 369
API API .
GitHub , , API,
.
Pygal
, , , -
Python GitHub.
: -
.
GitHub. :
python_repos.py
import requests
import pygal
from pygal.style import LightColorizedStyle as LCS, LightenStyle as LS
# API .
URL = 'https://api.github.com/search/repositories?q=language:python&sort=star'
r = requests.get(URL)
# API .
print("Total repositories:", response_dict['total_count'])
# .
names, stars = [], []

names.append(repo_dict['name'])
stars.append(repo_dict['stargazers_count'])
# .
my_style = LS('#333366', base_style=LCS)
chart = pygal.Bar(style=my_style, x_label_rotation=45, show_
legend=False)
chart.title = 'Most-Starred Python Projects on GitHub'
chart.x_labels = names
chart.add('', stars)
chart.render_to_file('python_repos.svg')
pygal Pygal,
. API -
,
API. ,
.
, -
. ( ) -
370 17 API
, . -
.
LightenStyle (-
LS ) . -
base_style LightColorizedStyle (
LCS). Bar() ,
my_style. :
45 x (x_label_rotation=45 ), -
,
(show_legend=False). ,
x_labels names.
,
. . 17.1.
, ,
Python.
. 17.1. Python GitHub
Pygal
.
, :
, , -
Bar():
python_repos.py
...
# .
my_config = pygal.Config()
API - 371
my_config.x_label_rotation = 45
my_config.show_legend = False
my_config.title_font_size = 24
my_config.label_font_size = 14
my_config.major_label_font_size = 18
my_config.truncate_label = 15
my_config.show_y_guides = False
my_config.width = 1000
chart = pygal.Bar(my_config, style=my_style)
chart.title = 'Most-Starred Python Projects on GitHub'
chart.x_labels = names
chart.add('', stars)
Pygal Config my_config; -

my_config .
x_label_rotation show_legend , -
Bar.
, -
.
x y.
y , 5000 .
, .
truncate_label
15 . ( ,
.) -
, show_y_guides False.
,
.
Bar my_config -
; , .
. 17.2.
372 17 API
my_config -
; . . 17.2 -
.

Pygal -
, .
(tooltip) .
, .
, -
, .
add() :
bar_descriptions.py
import pygal
from pygal.style import LightColorizedStyle as LCS, LightenStyle as LS

chart = pygal.Bar(style=my_style, x_label_rotation=45, show_legend=False)
chart.title = 'Python Projects'
chart.x_labels = ['httpie', 'django', 'flask']
plot_dicts = [
{'value': 16101, 'label': 'Description of httpie.'},
{'value': 15028, 'label': 'Description of django.'},
{'value': 14798, 'label': 'Description of flask.'},
]
chart.add('', plot_dicts)
chart.render_to_file('bar_descriptions.svg')
. 17.3.
API - 373
plot_dicts ,
: HTTPie, Django Flask.
: 'value' 'label'. Pygal ,
'value', , , 'label',
. , -
, 16101 ,
Description of httpie.
add() . add()
, (plot_dicts ) . -
. 17.3. Pygal
,
.

, plot_dicts
30 , API.
python_repos.py
...
# .
print("Number of items:", len(repo_dicts))
names, plot_dicts = [], []

plot_dict = {
'value': repo_dict['stargazers_count'],
'label': repo_dict['description'],
}
plot_dicts.append(plot_dict)
# .
...
chart.add('', plot_dicts)
, names plot_dicts. names

x.
plot_dict . -
'value', 'label'.
plot_dict plot_dicts . -
plot_dicts add().
.17.4.
374 17 API
. 17.4.

Pygal
. ,
, , .
plot_dict
'xlink':
python_repos.py
...
names, plot_dicts = [], []
plot_dict = {
'value': repo_dict['stargazers_count'],
'label': repo_dict['description'],
'xlink': repo_dict['html_url'],
}
plot_dicts.append(plot_dict)
...
Pygal URL-, 'xlink',

. , -
GitHub -
. , ,
, API!
API - 375
API Hacker News

API , -
Hacker News (http://news.ycombinator.com/). -
,
, . API Hacker News
, -
.

( ):
https://hacker-news.firebaseio.com/v0/item/9884165.json

9884165:
{
'url': 'http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-33524589',
'type': 'story',
'title': 'New Horizons: Nasa spacecraft speeds past Pluto',
'descendants': 141,
'score': 230,
'time': 1436875181,
'text': '',
'by': 'nns',
'id': 9884165,
'kids': [9884723, 9885099, 9884789, 9885604, 9885844]
}
, , ,
'url' 'title' . 'descendants' ,
. 'kids'
, .
,
.
API , -
Hacker News, :
hn_submissions.py
import requests
from operator import itemgetter
# API .
url = 'https://hacker-news.firebaseio.com/v0/topstories.json'
# .
submission_ids = r.json()
submission_dicts = []
for submission_id in submission_ids[:30]:
376 17 API
# API .
url = ('https://hacker-news.firebaseio.com/v0/item/' +
str(submission_id) + '.json')
submission_r = requests.get(url)
print(submission_r.status_code)
response_dict = submission_r.json()
submission_dict = {
'title': response_dict['title'],
'link': 'http://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=' + str(submission_id),
'comments': response_dict.get('descendants', 0)
}
submission_dicts.append(submission_dict)
submission_dicts = sorted(submission_dicts,
key=itemgetter('comments'),
reverse=True)
for submission_dict in submission_dicts:
print("\nTitle:", submission_dict['title'])
print("Discussion link:", submission_dict['link'])
print("Comments:", submission_dict['comments'])
API . API
500 Hacker News
. Python ,
submission_ids. -
,
.
submission_dicts -
. 30
API , URL
submission_id . , -
, .
, -
.
. -
, 'descendants' . ,
, dict.get(), ,
( ), , ( -
), 0 . , submission_dict
submission_dicts.
Hacker News ,
: ,
. -
. itemgetter()
operator. 'comments', ,
, . sorted()
.
,
.
API - 377
,
: , -
:
Status code: 200
200
200
200
..
Title: Firefox deactivates Flash by default

Discussion link: http://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=9883246
Comments: 231
Title: New Horizons: Nasa spacecraft speeds past Pluto

Comments: 142
Title: Iran Nuclear Deal Is Reached With World Powers

Comments: 141
Title: Match Group Buys PlentyOfFish for $575M

Comments: 75
Title: Our Nexus 4 devices are about to explode

Comments: 14
...
-
API. ,
,
.

17-1. : API python_repos.py , -
. -
, JavaScript, Ruby, C, Java, Perl, Haskell Go.
17-2. : hn_submissions.py -
, Hacker News.
.
,
.
17-3. python_repos.py: python_repos.py
API status_code. test_python_repos.py,
unittest , status_code 200. -
, , ,
, -
.
378 17 API
, API , -

. GitHub API
Python GitHub,
API Hacker News. ,
requests API GitHub
. Pygal, -

.
Django -.
3.
-
18 Django
-
,
. Python -
-. Django (http://
djangoproject.com/) Learning Log
, .
,
, . -
Django ,
, Django
.
Django - -
-. Django ,
,
. 19 20 Learning Log,
, ( ) .

.
.

, ,
.
-, -
.
, ,
. :
- Learning Log,

. Learning Log -
.
381
, ,
.
,
, -
. .

Django .
,
Python.

Learning Log 20.
learning_log ,
.
Python3, :
learning_log$ python -m venv ll_env
learning_log$
venv
ll_env. ,
. 382. - ,
virtualenv.
virtualenv
Python
venv, virtualenv. -
virtualenv :
$ pip install --user virtualenv
, .
( pip, Python
pip . 227.)
Linux, , virtualenv -
. , Ubuntu virtualenv
sudo apt-get install python-virtualenv.
learning_log
:
learning_log$ virtualenv ll_env
New python executable in ll_env/bin/python
Installing setuptools, pip...done.
learning_log$
382 18 Django
Python, , -
virtualenv. , virtualenv ll_env --python=python3
, Python 3.

,
:
learning_log$ source ll_env/bin/activate
(ll_env)learning_log$
activate ll_env/bin. -
, ;
, . , -
ll_env, , .
Windows, ll_env\Scripts\activate (
source) .
, deactivate:
(ll_env)learning_log$ deactivate
learning_log$
,
.
Django
, -
Django:
(ll_env)learning_log$ pip install Django
Installing collected packages: Django
Successfully installed Django
Cleaning up...
,
. --user ,
python -m pip install _.
, Django ,
.
Django
( ll_env
), :
383
(ll_env)learning_log$ django-admin.py startproject learning_log .

(ll_env)learning_log$ ls
learning_log ll_env manage.py
(ll_env)learning_log$ ls learning_log
__init__.py settings.py urls.py wsgi.py
Django learning_log.
,
.
, -
. , ( ll_env)
.
ls (dir Windows) , Django -
learning_log. manage.py ,
Django .
,
.
learning_log , -
settings.py, urls.py wsgi.py. settings.py , Django
.

. urls.py Django,
. wsgi.py Django -
( Web Server Gateway Interface).

Django , ,
, , Django .
Learning Log, (
):
(ll_env)learning_log$ python manage.py migrate
Operations to perform:
Synchronize unmigrated apps: messages, staticfiles
Apply all migrations: contenttypes, sessions, auth, admin
...
Applying sessions.0001_initial... OK
db.sqlite3 learning_log ll_env manage.py
. -
migrate Django , -
.
SQLite ( SQLite ), Django
. Django
, ,
384 18 Django
(Synchronize unmigrated apps), , -

(Apply all migrations).
ls , Django
db.sqlite3 . SQLite , ;
,
.

, . runserver:
(ll_env)learning_log$ python manage.py runserver
Performing system checks...
System check identified no issues (0 silenced).
July 15, 2015 - 06:23:51
Django version 1.8.4, using settings 'learning_log.settings'
Starting development server at http://127.0.0.1:8000/
Quit the server with CONTROL-C.
Django ,
, . , URL -
, Django ;
.
Django ; -
Django ;
URL-, . URL http://127.0.0.1:8000/ ,
8000 (localhost),
. ,
;
.
URL http://localhost:8000/
http://127.0.0.1:8000/, .
. 18.1 , Django, ,
. (,
, Ctrl+C).
, Django -
; python manage.py runserver 8001
, .

18-1. : , Django,
, .
InstaBook FaceGram ( learning_log), -
. Django -
django-admin.py startproject instabook. (
).
385
, , -
Learning Log. , ,
Django , -
.
. 18.1.

Django ,
.
, .
-
19.
runserver
, . ( )
, manage.py.
startapp:
learning_log$ source ll_env/bin/activate
(ll_env)learning_log$ python manage.py startapp learning_logs
db.sqlite3 learning_log learning_logs ll_env manage.py
(ll_env)learning_log$ ls learning_logs/
admin.py __init__.py migrations models.py tests.py views.py
startapp _ Django ,
. ,
learning_logs . ,
, Django .
models.py, admin.py views.py.
models.py , -
. admin.py views.py
.
386 18 Django

, .
. , , -
, .
, ,
.
models.py :
models.py
from django.db import models
# .
models ,
. Django, , -
.
; , , -
. ,
:
class Topic(models.Model):
""", """
text = models.CharField(max_length=200)
date_added = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)
def __str__(self):
""" ."""
return self.text
Topic, Model ,
Django .
Topic : text date_added.
text CharField , ,
. CharField -
: , , ..
CharField Django, -
.
max_length, 200 ;
.
date_added DateTimeField
. auto_add_now=True Django
,
.
, , Django
Model Field Reference https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.8/ref/models/fields/. ,
387
, ,
.
Django, -
. Django __str__()
. __str__(),
, text .
Python 2.7, __str__() __unicode__().

.

, Django
. settings.py ( learning_log/learning_log)
, Django,
:
settings.py
...
INSTALLED_APPS = (
'django.contrib.admin',
'django.contrib.auth',
'django.contrib.contenttypes',
'django.contrib.sessions',
'django.contrib.messages',
'django.contrib.staticfiles',
)
...
, Django, -
. ; INSTALLED_
APPS, :
...
INSTALLED_APPS = (
...
#
'learning_logs',
)
...
,
, . ,
learning_logs.
Django -
, Topic.
:
388 18 Django
(ll_env)learning_log$ python manage.py makemigrations learning_logs

Migrations for 'learning_logs':
0001_initial.py:
- Create model Topic
makemigrations Django ,
, . ,
Django 0001_initial.py.
Topic.
:
...
Running migrations:
Rendering model states... DONE
Applying learning_logs.0001_initial... OK
,
migrate. ;
Django , learning_logs -
.
, , Learning
Log, : models.py ,
makemigrations learning_logs Django -
(migrate).
Django
Django , ,
. ,
.
Topic.

Django ,
; . -
, .
-
. -
, , -
.
- ,
. -
,
, .
Django, -
:
389
(ll_env)learning_log$ python manage.py createsuperuser

Username (leave blank to use 'ehmatthes'): ll_admin
Email address:
Password:
Password (again):
Superuser created successfully.
createsuperuser Django -
, . ll_admin,
.
.
.
. ,
Django ; -
, . , Django
. ,
. ,
, .
.

Django (, User Group) -
, , ,
.
learning_logs Django admin.py
models.py:
admin.py
from django.contrib import admin
# .
Topic ,
:
from learning_logs.models import Topic

admin.site.register(Topic)
Topic , admin.site.
register() ,
.
-
. http://localhost:8000/admin/,
, -
. 18.2. -
390 18 Django
, .
,
Topic.
. 18.2. Topic
-, ,
Django . ,
python manage.py runserver.

Topic ,
. Topics, Topics; -
,
. Add;
. Chess Save. -
Topics,
.
, .
Add Rock Climbing. Save -
Topics, , Chess Rock
Climbing.
Entry
, ,
, -
. .
--,
.
391
Entry :
models.py
...
class Entry(models.Model):
""", """
topic = models.ForeignKey(Topic)
text = models.TextField()
class Meta:
verbose_name_plural = 'entries'
def __str__(self):
""" ."""
return self.text[:50] + "..."
Entry Model,
Topic . , topic, ForeignKey .
(foreign key) ; -
. -
. ,
. ,
Django , .
, .
text, TextField .
,
. date_added -
.
Meta Entry. Meta -
;
, Django -
Entries . (
Django Entrys.) , __str__()
Django, -
. ,
Django 50 . -
.
Entry
,
. : models.py,
python manage.py makemigrations _, python
manage.py migrate.
392 18 Django
:
(ll_env)learning_log$ python manage.py makemigrations learning_logs
0002_entry.py:
- Create model Entry
...
Applying learning_logs.0002_entry... OK
0002_entry.py,
Django, , -
Entry . migrate Django ,
.
Entry
Entry . admin.py :
admin.py
from learning_logs.models import Topic, Entry
admin.site.register(Topic)
admin.site.register(Entry)
http://localhost/admin/, Entries -
learning_logs. Add Entries Entries -
Add.
, , .
Chess . Save
. -
text[:50]
;
, .
Chess Rock Climbing,
Learning Log.
Django
-
. , (shell)
Django, .
:
(ll_env)learning_log$ python manage.py shell
>>> from learning_logs.models import Topic
>>> Topic.objects.all()
[<Topic: Chess>, <Topic: Rock Climbing>]
393
python manage.py shell ( )

Python, -
. Topic
learning_logs.models . Topic.objects.all()
Topic;
(queryset).
, -
. , , ,
:
>>> topics = Topic.objects.all()
>>> for topic in topics:
... print(topic.id, topic)
...
1 Chess
2 Rock Climbing
topics, id
topic . , Chess
1, Rock Climbing 2.
, -
. text date_added
Chess:
>>> t = Topic.objects.get(id=1)
>>> t.text
'Chess'
>>> t.date_added
datetime.datetime(2015, 5, 28, 4, 39, 11, 989446, tzinfo=<UTC>)
, .
topic Entry. ForeighKey,
. Django
, :
>>> t.entry_set.all()
[<Entry: The opening is the first part of the game, roughly...>, <Entry: In
the opening phase of the game, it's important t...>]
,
, ,
set . , Pizza Topping,
Topping Pizza .
my_pizza, Topping
my_pizza.topping_set.all().
-
, . ,
, .
, , ,
394 18 Django
, .
, ,
, , -.
,
, Django
.
,
. , trl+D; Windows
Ctrl+Z, Enter.

18-2. : __str__() Entry
Entry, Django -
. __str__() if,
, 50 .
, 50 , ,
.
18-3. Django API: -
. https://docs.
djangoproject.com/en/1.8/topics/db/queries/. , ,
, ,
.
18-4. : pizzeria, pizzas.
Pizza name, (-
, ). Topping pizza name.
pizza Pizza, name
, .
. -
. .
: Learning Log
- Django : -
URL, .
(patterns) URL. URL URL-
Django, -
URL- ,
.
URL-
, .
, ,
. , ,
Learning Log. URL-
, -
.
395
, Learning Log , -
, . ,
, ; ,
, , .
.
URL
, URL-
, , URL-
. URL : ,
. URL- http://localhost:8000/
, Django ; ,
. ,
URL- Learning Log.
learning_log urls.py. -
:
urls.py
from django.conf.urls import include, url
urlpatterns = [
url(r'âdmin/', include(admin.site.urls)),
]
, URL-
.
urlpatterns . urls.py, ,
urlpatterns URL- .
admin.site.urls, URL-,
.
URL- learning_logs:
urlpatterns = [
url(r'', include('learning_logs.urls', namespace='learning_
logs')),
]
learning_logs.urls.
namespace, URL- learning_logs -
URL-, . -
.
urls.py learning_log;
urls.py learning_logs:
396 18 Django
urls.py
""" URL learning_logs."""
from django.conf.urls import url
from . import views
urlpatterns = [
#
url(r'^$', views.index, name='index'),
]
, urls.py , -
. url,
URL . views;
Python ,
urls.py. urlpatterns -
,
learning_logs .
URL url() .
. Django urlpatterns
, URL.
, ,
Django.
r'^$' . r Python, -
,
, .
^ , $ .
Python URL-,
URL. Python URL-
(http://localhost:8000/),
URL-. URL- -
, Django , URL -
URL.
url() . -
URL- , Django
views.index (
). index URL,
. ,
,
URL.
.
, , , . - , -
; .
397

, ,
,
, .
views.py learning_logs -
python manage.py startapp. :
views.py
from django.shortcuts import render
# .
render(),
, .
:
def index(request):
""" Learning Log"""
return render(request, 'learning_logs/index.html')
URL , Django
views.py index(),
.
, render().
render() , -
. .

-. ,
Django .
, .
,
.
learning_logs templates.
templates learning_logs.
( learning_logs templates
learning_logs),
Django , -
. learning_logs
index.html. :
index.html
<p>Learning Log</p>
<p>Learning Log helps you keep track of your learning, for any topic you're
learning about.</p>
398 18 Django
. HTML, <p></p>
. <p> , </p> . -
: , ,
Learning Log.
URL- http://localhost:8000/
. Django
URL- , r'^$';
Django views.index(),
, index.html. -
.18.3.
. 18.3. Learning Log
, -
, URL-, -
. ,
,
. ,
, , - -
.

18-5. : .
meal_planner, -
Django. meal_plans. -
.
18-6. Pizzeria: Pizzeria,
18-4 (. 394).

, , -
Learning Log.
: , -
. URL,
399
. , ,
, .

. ,
;
.

.

base.html index.html.
, ;
base.html. , -
, .
,
:
base.html
<p>
<a href="{% url 'learning_logs:index' %}">Learning Log</a>
</p>
{% block content %}{% endblock content %}
,
.
, % {% %}. -
, -
. {% url 'learning_logs:index' %}
URL-, URL, learning_logs/urls.
py 'index' . learning_logs ,
index URL .
HTML :
<a href="url_"> </a>
URL- -
. URL- ,
URL urls.py, Django URL-
.
base.html,
.
block . content
; , content,
.
400 18 Django
,
-
, ,
.
Python .
, Python,
.

index.html , base.html.
index.html :
index.htm
{% extends "learning_logs/base.html" %}
{% block content %}
<p>Learning Log helps you keep track of your learning, for any topic you're
learning about.</p>
{% endblock content %}
index.html, ,
Learning Log .
{% extends %},
Django, . base.html
learning_logs, learning_logs
. base.html
index.html , ,
content.
content {% block %} content.
, , content .
Learning Log.
, content , {% endblock
content %}.
, : -
, .
, .
, , -
.
, .
.
base.html -
.
base.html, . -
401
,
. -
.

, ,
:
. , -
, , .
URL
URL .
URL, , -
. topics,
URL http://localhost:8000/topics/. -
learning_logs/urls.py:
urls.py
""" URL learning_logs."""
...
urlpatterns = [
#
url(r'^$', views.index, name='index'),
# .
url(r'^topics/$', views.topics, name='topics'),
]
topics/ ,
URL- . Django
URL-, URL-, -
URL- topics. ,
, topics , -
. URL-, ,
topics() views.py.
topics
topics() -
. views.py :
views.py
from .models import Topic
def index(request):
...
402 18 Django
def topics(request):
""" ."""
topics = Topic.objects.order_by('date_added')
context = {'topics': topics}
return render(request, 'learning_logs/topics.html', context)
, .
topics() : , Django
. Topic,
date_added. -
topics.
, .
, ,
, , -
. ,
, . -
, , render() context,
request .
topics
context, -
, topics(). topics.html
index.html. -
:
topics.html
{% block content %}
<p>Topics</p>
<ul>
{% for topic in topics %}
<li>{{ topic }}</li>
{% empty %}
<li>No topics have been added yet.</li>
{% endfor %}
</ul>
{% extends %} base.html,
index, content.
(bulleted) . HTML -

<ul></ul>. .
, for -
context . , , -
Python . Python
403
, . for
{% endfor %}, . ,
:
{% for in %}

{% endfor %}
-
. ,
. {{ topic }} topic
. ;
Django . HTML
<li></li> . , ,
<ul></ul>, .
{% empty %}, Django,
. -
, . for
.

:
base.html
<p>
<a href="{% url 'learning_logs:index' %}">Learning Log</a> -
<a href="{% url 'learning_logs:topics' %}">Topics</a>
</p>
, -
, .
Django ,
URL 'topics', learning_logs/urls.py.
, Topics.
, . 18.4.
. 18.4.
404 18 Django

, .
URL, . , -

.
URL
URL URL,
, id
. , -
Chess (id=1),
URL- http://localhost:8000/topics/1/.
URL- learning_logs/urls.py:
urls.py
...
urlpatterns = [
...
#
url(r'^topics/(?P<topic_id>\d+)/$', views.topic, name='topic'),
]
URL, r'^topics/(?P<topic_id>\d+)/$'.
r Django,
, .
, /(?P<topic_id>\d+)/, ,
; topic_id. -
, , URL;
?P<topic_id> topic_id; \d+
, .
Django URL-, , -
topic(), ,
topic_id. topic_id
.

topic()
:
views.py
--snip--
def topic(request, topic_id):
""" ."""
topic = Topic.objects.get(id=topic_id)
entries = topic.entry_set.order_by('-date_added')
context = {'topic': topic, 'entries': entries}
return render(request, 'learning_logs/topic.html', context)
405
, ,
. , -
(?P<topic_id>\d+), topic_id . get()
( ,
Django). , , -
date_added: date_added
,
. context , -
topic.html.
, , -
. ,
Django. , -
, .

.
, :
topic.html
{% extends 'learning_logs/base.html' %}
{% block content %}
<p>Topic: {{ topic }}</p>
<p>Entries:</p>
<ul>
{% for entry in entries %}
<li>
<p>{{ entry.date_added|date:'M d, Y H:i' }}</p>
<p>{{ entry.text|linebreaks }}</p>
</li>
{% empty %}
<li>
There are no entries for this topic yet.
</li>
{% endfor %}
</ul>
base.html, .
{{ topic }}. topic -
, context.
; ,
.
406 18 Django
: -
.
date_added. Django (|)
, . date:'M d,
Y H:i' January 1, 2015 23:00.
text ( 50 -
). linebreaks ,
, ( ).
{% empty %} -
.

, -
, .
topics.html:
topics.html
...
<li>
<a href="{% url 'learning_logs:topic' topic.id %}">{{ topic }}</a>
</li>
{% empty %}
...
URL
URL learning_logs 'topic'. URL
topic_id, URL topic.id.
,
http://localhost:8000/topics/1/.
, ,
. 18.5.
. 18.5.
407

18-7. : Django
https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.8/ref/templates/. -
.
18-8. Pizzeria: Pizzeria 18-6 (.398)
. , -
. ,
.
-
Django. , -
Django , , ,
. ,
. -
, , Django
.
,
.
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. , ,
.
19 , ,
, -
. , -
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. -
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,
Django , .

.
, , : -
URL, .
forms.py,
.
409
ModelForm
, -
, , .
, ,
, (, -
).
. Django
.
Django
ModelForm, , -
18. forms.py,
models.py:
forms.py
from django import forms
class TopicForm(forms.ModelForm):
class Meta:
model = Topic
fields = ['text']
labels = {'text': ''}
forms , :
Topic. TopicForm, forms.
ModelForm . ModelForm Meta ,
Django,
. Topic,
text . Django -

.
URL- new_topic
URL- ,
, , -
http://localhost:8000/new_topic/. URL
new_topic, learning_logs/urls.py:
urls.py
...
urlpatterns = [
...
#
url(r'^new_topic/$', views.new_topic, name='new_topic'),
]
URL new_topic(),
.
410 19
new_topic()
new_topic() : -
new_topic ( )
, .
topics:
views.py
from django.http import HttpResponseRedirect

from django.core.urlresolvers import reverse

from .forms import TopicForm
...
def new_topic(request):
""" ."""
if request.method != 'POST':
# ; .
form = TopicForm()
else:
# POST; .
form = TopicForm(request.POST)
if form.is_valid():
form.save()
return HttpResponseRedirect(reverse('learning_logs:topics'))
context = {'form': form}

return render(request, 'learning_logs/new_topic.html', context)
HttpResponseRedirect,
topics
. reverse() URL URL ( Django
URL ). -
TopicForm.
GET POST
-
GET POST. GET ,
, POST ,
.
POST ( -
, ).
new_topic() .
, GET.
,
POST. ,
411
( GET) (-
POST).
GET POST . -
POST, , GET,
( , -
). TopicForm , form -
context . TopicForm
, Django ,
.
POST, e l s e , -
, .
TopicForm , ,
request.POST. form , -
.
,
. is_valid() ,
( ), -
,
200, models.py 18. -
. ,
save() , -
. , . -
reverse() URL- topics
HttpResponseRedirect() ,
topics.
.
new_topic
new_topic.html
:
new_topic.html
{% block content %}
<p>Add a new topic:</p>
<form action="{% url 'learning_logs:new_topic' %}" method='post'>
{% csrf_token %}
{{ form.as_p }}
<button name="submit">add topic</button>
</form>
base.html, ,
Learning Log. HTML.
action , , -
412 19
; new_topic().
method POST.
Django {% csrf_token %} -
(
). ;
, Django -
, .
, ,
{{ form.as_p }}. as_p Django -

.
Django ,
.
new_topic
new_topic topics:
topics.html
{% block content %}
<p>Topics</p>
<ul>
...
</ul>
<a href="{% url 'learning_logs:new_topic' %}">Add a new topic:</a>
. -
.19.1. .
. 19.1.
413

, , -
. URL,
. forms.py
.
EntryForm
, Entry, -
TopicForm:
forms.py
from django import forms
from .models import Topic, Entry
class TopicForm(forms.ModelForm):
...
class EntryForm(forms.ModelForm):
class Meta:
model = Entry
fields = ['text']
labels = {'text': ''}
widgets = {'text': forms.Textarea(attrs={'cols': 80})}
import Topic Entry. EntryForm -
forms.ModelForm Meta ,
, , . 'text' -
.
widgets. (widget) -
HTML: , -
.. widgets, ,
Django . Django forms.
Textarea, 'text',
80 40.
.
URL- new_entry
topic_id URL- ,
.
URL, learning_logs/urls.py:
urls.py
...
urlpatterns = [
...
#
url(r'^new_entry/(?P<topic_id>\d+)/$', views.new_entry, name='new_entry'),
]
414 19
URL URL- http://

localhost:8000/new_entry/id/, id , .
(?P<topic_id>\d+)
topic_id. URL-,
, Django
new_entry().
new_entry()
new_entry
:
views.py
...

from .forms import TopicForm, EntryForm
...
def new_entry(request, topic_id):
""" ."""
# ; .
form = EntryForm()
else:
# POST; .
form = EntryForm(data=request.POST)
if form.is_valid():
new_entry = form.save(commit=False)
new_entry.topic = topic
new_entry.save()
return HttpResponseRedirect(reverse('learning_logs:topic',
args=[topic_id]))
context = {'topic': topic, 'form': form}

return render(request, 'learning_logs/new_entry.html', context)
import
EntryForm. new_entry() topic_id
URL. -
, topic_id
.
: POST GET. if
GET, EntryForm .
POST , EntryForm ,
POST .
. , topic
.
415
save() commit=False ,
new_entry, .
topic new_entry , -
, save() .
.
.
reverse() : URL,
URL-, ,
URL.
topic_id. HttpResponseRedirect() -
, ,
.
new_entry
, new_entry new_topic:
new_entry.html
{% block content %}
<p><a href="{% url 'learning_logs:topic' topic.id %}">{{ topic }}</a></p>
<p>Add a new entry:</p>

<form action="{% url 'learning_logs:new_entry' topic.id %}" method='post'>
{% csrf_token %}
{{ form.as_p }}
<button name='submit'>add entry</button>
</form>
, ,
.
.
action topic_id URL,
.
new_topic.html.
new_entry
new_entry :
topic.html
{% block content %}
<p>Topic: {{ topic }}</p>

416 19
<p>Entries:</p>
<p>
<a href="{% url 'learning_logs:new_entry' topic.id %}">add new entry</a>
</p>
<ul>
...
</ul>
, -
. .19.2
new_entry.
. new_entry, -
.
. 19.2. new_entry

,
.
URL- edit_entry
URL-
. learning_logs/urls.py :
urls.py
...
urlpatterns = [
...
#
url(r'êdit_entry/(?P<entry_id>\d+)/$', views.edit_entry,
name='edit_entry'),
]
417
, URL (, http://localhost:8000/edit_entry/1/),
entry_id. The URL , -
, edit_entry().
edit_entry()
edit_entry GET, edit_entry()
. POST
:
views.py
...

from .forms import TopicForm, EntryForm
...
def edit_entry(request, entry_id):

""" ."""
entry = Entry.objects.get(id=entry_id)
topic = entry.topic
# ; .
form = EntryForm(instance=entry)
else:
# POST; .
form = EntryForm(instance=entry, data=request.POST)
if form.is_valid():
form.save()
return HttpResponseRedirect(reverse('learning_logs:topic',
args=[topic.id]))
context = {'entry': entry, 'topic': topic, 'form': form}

return render(request, 'learning_logs/edit_entry.html', context)
Entry.
, , , .
if, GET, EntryForm
instance=entry . Django ,
. -
.
POST i n s t a n c e = e n t r y
data=request.POST , Django
,
request.POST. .
, save() . -
, -
.
418 19
edit_entry
edit_entry.html new_entry.html:
edit_entry.html
{% block content %}
<p><a href="{% url 'learning_logs:topic' topic.id %}">{{ topic }}</a></p>
<p>Edit entry:</p>
<form action="{% url 'learning_logs:edit_entry' entry.id %}" method='post'>

{% csrf_token %}
{{ form.as_p }}
<button name="submit">save changes</button>
</form>
action edit_entry() -
. {% url %} , -
.
, ,
, .
edit_entry
edit_entry
:
topic.html
...
<li>
<p>{{ entry.date_added|date:'M d, Y H:i' }}</p>
<p>{{ entry.text|linebreaks }}</p>
<p>
<a href="{% url 'learning_logs:edit_entry' entry.id %}">edit entry</a>
</p>
</li>
...
. -
{% url %} URL
edit_entry (entry.id).
"edit entry" . .19.3 -
, .
Learning Log
. , -
.
419
. 19.3.
Learning Log .

19-1. : Django Blog. -
blogs BlogPost. , title,
text date_added. -
. ,
.

. , .

,
, -
. , ,
. Topic,
.
users
users startapp:
(ll_env)learning_log$ python manage.py startapp users
420 19
db.sqlite3 learning_log learning_logs ll_env manage.py users

(ll_env)learning_log$ ls users
admin.py __init__.py migrations models.py tests.py views.py
users ,
learning_logs .
settings.py
settings.py:
settings.py
...
INSTALLED_APPS = (
...
# My apps
'learning_logs',
'users',
)
...
Django users .
URL- users
urls.py, URL-,
users:
urls.py
urlpatterns = [
url(r'ûsers/', include('users.urls', namespace='users')),
url(r'', include('learning_logs.urls', namespace='learning_logs')),
]
urls.py users. -
URL-, users, , http://
localhost:8000/users/login/. 'users',
URL-, learning_logs ,
URL, users.

. -
login, Django, URL
. urls.py learning_log/users/
:
urls.py
""" URL """
421
from django.conf.urls import url

from django.contrib.auth.views import login
from . import views
urlpatterns = [
#
url(r'^login/$', login, {'template_name': 'users/login.html'},
name='login'),
]
login .
URL http://localhost:8000/users/login/ . Django -
URL-, users , users/urls.py,
login , login
( : login,
views.login). ,
, Django, (
). users,
learning_logs.
login
, Django -
login ,
. learning_log/users/
templates, users.
login.html , learning_log/users/templates/
users/:
login.html
{% block content %}
{% if form.errors %}
<p>Your username and password didn't match. Please try again.</p>
{% endif %}
<form method="post" action="{% url 'users:login' %}">

{% csrf_token %}
{{ form.as_p }}
<button name="submit">log in</button>

<input type="hidden" name="next" value="{% url 'learning_logs:index' %}" />
</form>
base.html,
. : -
.
422 19
errors, .
,
, .
, , action
URL . ,
.
'next'; value Django,
.
.

base.html,
. , -
, {% if %}:
base.html
<p>
<a href="{% url 'learning_logs:index' %}">Learning Log</a> -
<a href="{% url 'learning_logs:topics' %}">Topics</a> -
{% if user.is_authenticated %}
Hello, {{ user.username }}.
{% else %}
<a href="{% url 'users:login' %}">log in</a>
{% endif %}
</p>
Django
user, is_authenticated:
True, , False . -

.
, .
username,

, .
, .

; ,
. http://localhost:8000/admin/.
,
.
http://localhost:8000/users/login/.
, .19.4.
, , .
423
. 19.4.
-
.
-
. ;
.
URL ,
base.html.
URL-
URL , URL
http://localhost:8000/users/logout/. users/urls.py :
urls.py
...
urlpatterns = [
#
...
#
url(r'^logout/$', views.logout_view, name='logout'),
]
URL logout_view(), ,
logout(), .
( , users/urls.py,
learning_log/urls.py.)
logout_view()
logout_view() : Django
logout(), , .
users/views.py :
424 19
views.py
from django.contrib.auth import logout
def logout_view(request):
""" ."""
logout(request)
return HttpResponseRedirect(reverse('learning_logs:index'))
logout() django.contrib.auth . -
logout() ,
. .

. base.html,
, {% if user.is_
authenticated %}, , -
:
base.html
...
<a href="{% url 'users:logout' %}">log out</a>
{% else %}
{% endif %}
...
. 19.5 , -
, . ,
. -
,
.
. 19.5.

425

.
Django UserCreationForm,
.
URL-
URL
users/urls.py:
urls.py
...
urlpatterns = [
#
...
#
url(r'^register/$', views.register, name='register'),
]
URL http://localhost:8000/users/register/ -
register(), .
register()
register()
,
. ,
. -
users/views.py:
views.py
from django.contrib.auth import login, logout, authenticate
from django.contrib.auth.forms import UserCreationForm
def logout_view(request):
...
def register(request):
""" ."""
# Display blank registration form.
form = UserCreationForm()
else:
# .
form = UserCreationForm(data=request.POST)
if form.is_valid():
new_user = form.save()
# .
426 19
authenticated_user = authenticate(username=new_user.username,
password=request.POST['password1'])
login(request, authenticated_user)
return HttpResponseRedirect(reverse('learning_logs:index'))
return render(request, 'users/register.html', context)
render(),
login() authenticate() , -
. UserCreationForm
. register() ,
POST. , UserCreationForm,
. POST UserCreationForm,
. , ;
,
, -
.
, save() -
. save()
,
new_user.
, ;
: authenticate()
new_user.username .
; ,
, , .
, 'password1' POST
. ,
, authenticated_user. -
login() request authenticated_user ,
.
, , -
, .

.
, login.html:
register.html
{% block content %}
<form method="post" action="{% url 'users:register' %}">

{% csrf_token %}
{{ form.as_p }}
<button name="submit">register</button>
427

</form>
as_p, Django
, ,
.

, :
base.html
...
<a href="{% url 'users:logout' %}">log out</a>
{% else %}
<a href="{% url 'users:register' %}">register</a> -
{% endif %}
...
, ,
.
. ,
.
,
.
,
.
-
Learning Log. ,
, , .
, -
. , -
.

19-2. :
Blog, 19-1 (.419). ,
, , - , -
.
428 19

,
. , ,
, , -
.
Topic, -
. -
, .
.
@login_required
Django -
, , @login_required.
(decorator) ,
, -
. .

, -
.
learning_logs/views.py:
views.py
...
from django.contrib.auth.decorators import login_required

...
@login_required
""" ."""
...
login_required() . login_
required() topics(),
login_required() @; Python,
topics().
login_required() , , Django -
topics() .
, .
, settings.py -
Django, .
settings.py:
429
settings.py
"""
Django settings for learning_log project
...
#
LOGIN_URL = '/users/login/'
, , ,
@login_required, Django URL-,
LOGIN_URL settings.py.
,
. Topics,
. -
, Topics.
.
Learning Log
Django , ,
. ,
,
. , -
, .
Learning Log
, .
.
learning_logs/views.py @login_required, -
, index():
views.py
...
@login_required
...
@login_required
...
@login_required
...
@login_required
def new_entry(request, topic_id):
...
@login_required
...
430 19
: -
. ,
, new_topic. URL http://localhost:8000/new_topic/,
. URL-,
.

, , -
, . ,
,
. , Learning Log
, .
,
.
Topic .
. ,
, ,
.
Topic
models.py :
models.py
from django.contrib.auth.models import User
""", """
text = models.CharField(max_length=200)
owner = models.ForeignKey(User)
def __str__(self):
""" ."""
return self.text
class Entry(models.Model):
...
User django.contrib.auth. Topic -

owner, User.

Django , -
.
Django ,
. -
431
, .
.
, -
. Django :
(venv)learning_log$ python manage.py shell
>>> from django.contrib.auth.models import User
>>> User.objects.all()
[<User: ll_admin>, <User: eric>, <User: willie>]
>>> for user in User.objects.all():
... print(user.username, user.id)
...
ll_admin 1
eric 2
willie 3
>>>
User. -
, .
: ll_admin, eric willie.
, -
. Django ,
, .

, .
(venv)learning_log$ python manage.py makemigrations learning_logs
You are trying to add a non-nullable field 'owner' to topic without a default;
we can't do that (the database needs something to populate existing rows).
Please select a fix:
1) Provide a one-off default now (will be set on all existing rows)
2) Quit, and let me add a default in models.py
Select an option: 1
Please enter the default value now, as valid Python
The datetime and django.utils.timezone modules are available, so you can do
e.g. timezone.now()
>>> 1
0003_topic_owner.py:
- Add field owner to topic
makemigrations . Django -
, (
null) (topic) .
Django : -
,
models.py. . Django
.
-
ll_admin, 1.
432 19
;
. Django ,
, 0003_topic_owner.py, owner
Topic.
. -
:
(venv)learning_log$ python manage.py migrate
Synchronize unmigrated apps: messages, staticfiles
Apply all migrations: learning_logs, contenttypes, sessions, admin, auth
...
Running migrations:
Rendering model states... DONE
Applying learning_logs.0003_topic_owner... OK
(venv)learning_log$
Django OK . ,
, ,
:
>>> from learning_logs.models import Topic
>>> for topic in Topic.objects.all():
... print(topic, topic.owner)
...
Chess ll_admin
Rock Climbing ll_admin
>>>
Topic learning_logs.models -
, , -
. , ll_admin.
,
. -
. , -
python manage.py flush .
, .

, , -
, . -
, .
topics() views.py:
views.py
...
@login_required
433
""" ."""
topics = Topic.objects.filter(owner=request.user).order_by('date_added')
context = {'topics': topics}
return render(request, 'learning_logs/topics.html', context)
...
,
request.user . Topic.objects.
filter(owner=request.user) Django
Topic, owner .
,
.
, , ,
,
. .
. .

, -
URL
(, http://localhost:8000/topics/1/) ,
.
. -
URL URL ,
. URL .
,
.
,
topic():
views.py
from django.http import HttpResponseRedirect, Http404
...
@login_required
""" ."""
# , .
if topic.owner != request.user:
raise Http404
entries = topic.entry_set.order_by('-date_added')
context = {'topic': topic, 'entries': entries}
return render(request, 'learning_logs/topic.html', context)
...
434 19
404 , ,
. -
Http404 ,
, . ,
,
. -
, Http404 , Django 404.
Django
. 20 ,
.
edit_entry
edit_entry URL- http://localhost:8000/edit_
entry/entry_id/, entry_id . ,
URL :
views.py
...
@login_required
""" ."""
entry = Entry.objects.get(id=entry_id)
topic = entry.topic
if topic.owner != request.user:
raise Http404
# ; .
...
, . ,
;
Http404.

,
.
IntegrityError learning_
logs_topic.user_id may not be NULL. Django ,
owner.
,
request. , -
:
views.py
...
435
@login_required
""" ."""
# ; .
form = TopicForm()
else:
# POST; .
form = TopicForm(request.POST)
if form.is_valid():
new_topic = form.save(commit=False)
new_topic.owner = request.user
new_topic.save()
return HttpResponseRedirect(reverse('learning_logs:topics'))

return render(request, 'learning_logs/new_topic.html', context)
...
form.save() commit=False,
.
owner . ,
save() .
, .

.
, : ,
.

19-3. : views.py , , -
, , .
check_topic_owner() .
19-4. new_entry:
, URL- , -
. ,
, , -
.
19-5. : Blog ,
. , -
,
. ,
, , -
.
-
, . -
. -
436 19
,
Django UserCreationForm
.

; -
@login_required.
. ,
,
.
, , -
, . -
filter(),
.
, -
, , .
, ,
, :
- ,
.
, -
.
Learning Log, . -
,
.
20

Learning Log ,
.
, ,
, .
Bootstrap
-,
, -
. django-
bootstrap3, ,
Django.
Learning Log Heroku , -
,
.
Git
.
Learning Log , -
-,
. -
.
Learning Log
, -
. ,
, .
, ,
, .
django-bootstrap3 , -
.
438 20
django-bootstrap3
Bootstrap django-
bootstrap3. Bootstrap,

.
django-bootstrap3,
:
(ll_env)learning_log$ pip install django-bootstrap3
...
Successfully installed django-bootstrap3
django-boostrap3
INSTALLED_APPS settings.py:
settings.py
...
INSTALLED_APPS = (
...
#
'bootstrap3',
#
'learning_logs',
'users',
)
...
, ,
'bootstrap3'.
INSTALLED_APPS, -
.
django-bootstrap3 jQuery JavaScript,
, -
Bootstrap. settings.py:
settings.py
...
#
LOGIN_URL = '/users/login/'
# django-bootstrap3
BOOTSTRAP3 = {
'include_jquery': True,
}
jQuery -
.
Learning Log 439
Bootstrap Learning Log

Bootstrap
. , -
.
Bootstrap, -
, .
, Bootstrap, Getting Started
http://getbootstrap.com/; Examples
Navbars in action. Static top navbar,
,
.
.20.1 ,
Bootstrap base.html index.html.
. 20.1. Learning Log
, ,
.
base.html
base.html ,
Bootstrap. base.html .
440 20
HTML
base.html: HTML ,
Learning Log
. Bootstrap
. base.html :
base.html
{% load bootstrap3 %}
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
<title>Learning Log</title>
{% bootstrap_css %}
{% bootstrap_javascript %}
</head>
django-bootstrap3.
HTML , .
HTML , -
. HTML :
,
. title ;
Learning Log.
django-bootstrap3,
Django Bootstrap.
, , -
, .
</head>.

:
...
</head>
<body>

<nav class="navbar navbar-default navbar-static-top">
<div class="container">
<div class="navbar-header">
<button type="button" class="navbar-toggle collapsed"
data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar"
aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="navbar">
Learning Log 441
</button>
<a class="navbar-brand" href="{% url 'learning_logs:index' %}">
Learning Log</a>
</div>
<div id="navbar" class="navbar-collapse collapse">

<ul class="nav navbar-nav">
<li><a href="{% url 'learning_logs:topics' %}">Topics</a></li>
</ul>
<ul class="nav navbar-nav navbar-right">

<li><a>Hello, {{ user.username }}.</a></li>
<li><a href="{% url 'users:logout' %}">log out</a></li>
{% else %}
<li><a href="{% url 'users:register' %}">register</a></li>
<li><a href="{% url 'users:login' %}">log in</a></li>
{% endif %}
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</nav>
<body>. HTML -
, . <nav>
.
Bootstrap, navbar,
navbar-default navbar-static-top. ,
.
, ,

. ,
. collapse

.
.
,
.
.
, <ul> ,
(<li>) . ,
:
<li><a href="{% url 'learning_logs: %}"></a></li>
.
base.html.
, -
navbar-right. navbar-right
442 20
, , -
/ .
, -
. ,
.

base.html :
...
</nav>
<div class="container">
<div class="page-header">
{% block header %}{% endblock header %}
</div>
<div>
</div>
</div> 
</body>
</html>
div container. div -

,
, (),
(),
. div -
: header
content, 18 . header ,
.
page-header,
. content div
.
Learning Log , -
, . 20.1. -
, ;
. ,
.
Bootstrap -
. . ,
http://getbootstrap.com/getting-started/#examples/,
.
Learning Log 443

header
Bootstrap, (jumbotron) ,
-
.
. ,
. index.html :
index.html
{% block header %}
<div class='jumbotron'>
<h1>Track your learning.</h1>
</div>
{% endblock header %}
{% block content %}
<h2>
<a href="{% url 'users:register' %}">Register an account</a> to make
your own Learning Log, and list the topics you're learning about.
</h2>
<h2>
Whenever you learn something new about a topic, make an entry
summarizing what you've learned.
</h2>
Django ,
header. jumbotron Track your
learning, , Learning Log.
,
. , -

. . 20.1 ,
.

,
.
:
login.html
{% block header %}
<h2>Log in to your account.</h2>
444 20
{% block content %}
<form method="post" action="{% url 'users:login' %}" class="form">

{% csrf_token %}
{% bootstrap_form form %}
{% buttons %}
<button name="submit" class="btn btn-primary">log in</button>
{% endbuttons %}

</form>
bootstrap3. -
header, , . -
: {% if form.errors %} ; django-bootstrap3
.
class="form",
{% bootstrap_form %}; {{ form.as_p }},
19. {% booststrap_form %}
Bootstrap . -
bootstrap3 {% buttons %},
Bootstrap .
. 20.2 , . -
, , .
. 20.2. , Bootstrap
Learning Log 445
;
,
.
new_topic
.
new_topic:
new_topic.html
{% block header %}
<h2>Add a new topic:</h2>
{% block content %}
<form action="{% url 'learning_logs:new_topic' %}" method='post'

class="form">
{% csrf_token %}
{% bootstrap_form form %}
{% buttons %}
<button name="submit" class="btn btn-primary">add topic</button>
{% endbuttons %}
</form>
, login.html:
bootstrap3 header -
. <form> class="form" , {{ form.as_p }}
{% bootstrap_form %} , -
bootstrap3 . new_topic;
.

,
. :
topics.html
{% block header %}
<h1>Topics</h1>
446 20
{% block content %}
<ul>
<li>
<h3>
<a href="{% url 'learning_logs:topic' topic.id %}">{{ topic }}</a>
</h3>
</li>
{% empty %}
<li>No topics have been added yet.</li>
{% endfor %}
</ul>
<h3><a href="{% url 'learning_logs:new_topic' %}">Add new topic</h3>
{% load bootstrap3 %} , -
bootstrap3. Topics header.
<h3>,
;
.

, ,
. , -
Bootstrap. div
:
topic.html
{% extends 'learning_logs/base.html' %}
{% block header %}
<h2>{{ topic }}</h2>
{% block content %}
<p>
<a href="{% url 'learning_logs:new_entry' topic.id %}">add new entry</a>
</p>

<div class="panel panel-default">
<div class="panel-heading">
<h3>
{{ entry.date_added|date:'M d, Y H:i' }}
<small>
<a href="{% url 'learning_logs:edit_entry' entry.id %}">
edit entry</a>
Learning Log 447
</small>
</h3>
</div>
<div class="panel-body">
{{ entry.text|linebreaks }}
</div>
</div> 
{% empty %}
There are no entries for this topic yet.
{% endfor %}
header . -
, .
, div
, div: panel-heading
panel-body . div panel-heading
. <h3>,
edit_entry <small>,
.
div panel-body,
. : Django -
; ,
.
. 20.3. Bootstrap
448 20
. 20.3 .
Learning Log , -
.
Bootstrap, -
, . base.html
, , .
Bootstrap
.

20-1. : Bootstrap login add_topic.
: new_entry, edit_entry register.
20-2. Blog: Bootstrap
Blog 19.
Learning Log
,
,
. Heroku -, -
-.
Windows Linux OS X.
Windows, , ,
.
Heroku
, https://heroku.com/
. ,
Heroku -
.
Heroku (, ,
, ). , -
,
- .
Heroku Toolbelt
Heroku , -
Heroku Toolbelt. Heroku
Toolbelt, https://toolbelt.heroku.com/
Learning Log 449
. -
, , .

,
Django .
:
(ll_env)learning_log$ pip install dj-database-url
(ll_env)learning_log$ pip install dj-static
(ll_env)learning_log$ pip install static3
(ll_env)learning_log$ pip install gunicorn
, , -
- . dj-database-url Django -
, Heroku, dj-static static3
Django , gunicorn -
, . (-
JavaScript.)
Windows, ,
. ,
Heroku , .
requirements.txt
Heroku , , -
pip . -
, :
(ll_env)learning_log$ pip freeze > requirements.txt
freeze pip ,
, requirements.txt. requirements.txt
, (,
Windows - ):
requirements.txt
Django==1.8.4
dj-database-url==0.3.0
dj-static==0.0.6
django-bootstrap3==6.2.2
gunicorn==19.3.0
static3==0.6.1
Learning Log
, -
. Learning Log Heroku -
450 20
, requirements.txt, ,
. ,
, .
, ,
.
psycopg2, Heroku
. requirements.txt
psycopg2>=2.6.1. 2.6.1 psycopg2 (
, ):
requirements.txt
Django==1.8.4
dj-database-url==0.3.0
dj-static==0.0.6
django-bootstrap3==6.2.2
gunicorn==19.3.0
static3==0.6.1
psycopg2>=2.6.1
- , .
requirements.txt .
, ,
.
Windows, , requirements.txt -
, ,
.
Python
Python, Heroku
Python . , Heroku -
Python, .
python --version:
(ll_env)learning_log$ python --version
Python 3.5.0
Python 3.5.0. runtime.

txt manage.py :
runtime.txt
python-3.5.0
Python, -
: python ,
.
Learning Log 451
, ,
Python , https://devcenter.heroku.com/
Python, Specifying a Python Runtime. , -
,
Python.
settings.py Heroku
settings.py -
, Heroku:
settings.py
...
# django-bootstrap3
BOOTSTRAP3 = {
'include_jquery': True,
}
# Heroku
if os.getcwd() == '/app':
import dj_database_url
DATABASES = {
'default': dj_database_url.config(default='postgres://localhost')
}
# 'X-Forwarded-Proto' request.is_secure().
SECURE_PROXY_SSL_HEADER = ('HTTP_X_FORWARDED_PROTO', 'https')
# .
ALLOWED_HOSTS = ['*']
#
BASE_DIR = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))
STATIC_ROOT = 'staticfiles'
STATICFILES_DIRS = (
os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'static'),
)
getcwd(),
, . Heroku
/app.
(learning_log ). if
, -
Heroku. ,
,
.
dj_database_url,
Heroku. Heroku PostgreSQL ( Postgres) -
, SQLite;
Postgres Heroku.
452 20
HTTPS, URL Heroku -

Heroku .
Procfile
Procfile Heroku, -
. ,
Procfile ( P , )
manage.py. Procfile :
Procfile
web: gunicorn learning_log.wsgi --log-file -
Heroku gunicorn,
learning_log/wsgi.py.
log-file Heroku, -
.
wsgi.py Heroku
wsgi.py Heroku,
Heroku ,
:
wsgi.py
...
import os
from django.core.wsgi import get_wsgi_application

from dj_static import Cling
os.environ.setdefault("DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE", "learning_log.settings")
application = Cling(get_wsgi_application())
Cling, -
, .
, if .

Heroku Django
.
. learning_log, ,
learning_log.
static; , learning_log/
learning_log/static/. -
, Heroku
. static/ placeholder.txt:
Learning Log 453
placeholder.txt
learning_log/static/.
Django learning_log/static/.
; ,
.
gunicorn
Linux OS X,
gunicorn , Heroku.
heroku local, ,
Procfile:
(ll_env)learning_log$ heroku local
Installing Heroku Toolbelt v4... done
...
forego | starting web.1 on port 5000
web.1 | [2015-08-13 22:00:45 -0800] [12875] [INFO] Starting gunicorn 19.3.0
web.1 | [2015-08-13 22:00:45 -0800] [12875] [INFO] Listening at:
http://0.0.0.0:5000 (12875)
web.1 | [2015-08-13 22:00:45 -0800] [12878] [INFO] Booting worker with pid:
12878
heroku local Heroku

Toolbelt. , gunicorn
12875 . gunicorn -
5000. , gunicorn
(12878), .
http://localhost:5000/ , ;
Learning Log , -
Django (runserver). Ctrl+C, ,
heroku local. -
runserver.
Windows gunicorn ; , Windows.

Heroku.
Git
17, , Git
, -
.
-
(,
).
454 20
Git, ,
, , . -
, ,
. Git
, .
Git
Git Heroku Toolbelt, Git
. Git
, Heroku Toolbelt,
git --version:
(ll_env)learning_log$ git --version
git version 2.5.0
,
Git .
Git
Git , , , -
. Git
. ,
-
:
(ll_env)learning_log$ git config --global user.name "ehmatthes"
(ll_env)learning_log$ git config --global user.email "eric@example.com"
, Git
.

, Git ,
Git . .gitignore
manage.py. : ,
. .gitignore :
.gitignore
ll_env/
__pycache__/
*.sqlite3
Git ll_env, -
. -
__pycache__ .pyc, ,
Django .py.
, : -
Learning Log 455
SQLite,
.
Python 2.7, __pycache__ *.pyc, Python 2.7

__pycache__.

Git Learning Log, -
.
:
(ll_env)learning_log$ git init
Initialized empty Git repository in /home/ehmatthes/pcc/learning_log/.git/
(ll_env)learning_log$ git add .
(ll_env)learning_log$ git commit -am "Ready for deployment to heroku."
[master (root-commit) dbc1d99] Ready for deployment to heroku.
43 files changed, 746 insertions(+)
create mode 100644 .gitignore
create mode 100644 Procfile
--snip--
create mode 100644 users/views.py
(ll_env)learning_log$ git status
# On branch master
nothing to commit, working directory clean
git init, -
, Learning Log. git add.
( ) ( ).
git commit -am : -a Git
, -m Git
.
git status , , -
. ,
Heroku.

- Heroku. -
:
(ll_env)learning_log$ heroku login
Enter your Heroku credentials.
Email: eric@example.com
Password (typing will be hidden):
Logged in as eric@example.com
(ll_env)learning_log$ heroku create
Creating afternoon-meadow-2775... done, stack is cedar-14
https://afternoon-meadow-2775.herokuapp.com/ |
456 20
https://git.heroku.com/afternoon-meadow-2775.git
Git remote heroku added
(ll_env)learning_log$ git push heroku master
...
remote: -----> Launching... done, v6
remote: https://afternoon-meadow-2775.herokuapp.com/ deployed to Heroku
remote: Verifying deploy.... done.
To https://git.heroku.com/afternoon-meadow-2775.git
bdb2a35..62d711d master -> master
Heroku
, https://heroku.com/.
Heroku . Heroku , -
; .
git push heroku master , Git
, Heroku. Heroku
. -
URL, .
, .
, ,
heroku ps:
(ll_env)learning_log$ heroku ps
Free quota left: 17h 40m
=== web (Free): `gunicorn learning_log.wsgi __log-file -`
web.1: up 2015/08/14 07:08:51 (~ 10m ago)
, -
24 . Heroku
18
24- .
; . ,
Procfile.
heroku open:
(ll_env)learning_log$ heroku open
Opening afternoon-meadow-2775... done
URL,
Heroku, .
Learning Log . ,
, .
Heroku .
, Heroku .
https://devcenter.heroku.com/ Python, Getting
Started with Django. , ,
.
Learning Log 457
Heroku
migrate, -
, .
Django Python Heroku heroku run. -
migrate Heroku:
(ll_env)learning_log$ heroku run python manage.py migrate
Running `python manage.py migrate` on afternoon-meadow-2775... up, run.2435
...
Running migrations:
...
Applying learning_logs.0001_initial... OK
Applying learning_logs.0002_entry... OK
Applying learning_logs.0003_topic_user... OK
Applying sessions.0001_initial... OK
heroku run python manage.py migrate . Heroku -

migrate . Django
, ,
Learning Log.

, . -
, , -
. :
, .
Heroku, -
Learning Log.
,
Learning Log.

-
( , ). -
, DEBUG
False,
, .
Heroku
,
heroku run . , -
Bash Heroku heroku run bash.
Bash , Linux. -
Bash ,
:
458 20
(ll_env)learning_log$ heroku run bash

Running `bash` on afternoon-meadow-2775... up, run.6244
~ $ ls
learning_log learning_logs manage.py Procfile requirements.txt runtime.txt
users
staticfiles
~ $ python manage.py createsuperuser
Username (leave blank to use 'u41907'): ll_admin
Email address:
Password:
Password (again):
Superuser created successfully.
~ $ exit
exit
ls ,
; , .
, .
Windows (, ls dir),
Linux .
.
, -
18.
, exit
.
/admin/ URL- ,
. URL- https://
afternoon-meadow-2775.herokuapp.com/admin/.
, ,
! ,
.
URL- Heroku
, URL-
, https://afternoon-meadow-2775.herokuapp.com/.
, :
(ll_env)learning_log$ heroku apps:rename learning-log
Renaming afternoon-meadow-2775 to learning-log... done
https://learning-log.herokuapp.com/ | https://git.heroku.com/learning-log.git
Git remote heroku updated
, ( ,
).
https://learning-log.herokuapp.com/. URL- -
; apps:rename URL-.
Learning Log 459
Heroku
,
.
,
. Heroku .

-
: DEBUG=True settings.py,
. Django
,
,
. , -
, .
settings.py, ,
:
settings.py
...
# Heroku
if os.getcwd() == '/app':
...
# 'X-Forwarded-Proto' request.is_secure().
SECURE_PROXY_SSL_HEADER = ('HTTP_X_FORWARDED_PROTO', 'https')
# Heroku.
ALLOWED_HOSTS = ['learning-log.herokuapp.com']
DEBUG = False
# .
...
:
ALLOWED_HOSTS, Heroku.
Heroku ( afternoon-meadow-2775.
herokuapp.com ) . DEBUG
False,
.

, settings.py,
Git, Heroku. ,
:
(ll_env)learning_log$ git commit -am "Set DEBUG=False for Heroku."
[master 081f635] Set DEBUG=False for Heroku.
460 20
1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

(ll_env)learning_log$ git status
# On branch master
git commit , .
, -am
. Git , , -
.
,
, . -
Heroku.
, , , -
. commit,
, , , ,
Git.
Heroku:
...
remote: -----> Python app detected
remote: -----> Installing dependencies with pip
...
remote: -----> Launching... done, v8
remote: https://learning-log.herokuapp.com/ deployed to Heroku
To https://git.heroku.com/learning-log.git
4c9d111..ef65d2b master -> master
Heroku , , , -
. ,
migrate .
, , URL
, . ,
http://learning-log.herokuapp.com/letmein/.
,
.
Learning Log http://localhost:8000/letmein/,
Django. , :
,
.

19 Learning Log ,
, , 404. -
Learning Log 461
, 500 ( ).
404 , Django ,
; 500 ,
(, views.py).
Django ,
404 500, -
Learning Log.
.

learning_log/learning_log templates.
404.html:
404.html
{% block header %}
<h2>The item you requested is not available. (404)</h2>
, -
404, .
500.html:
500.html
{% block header %}
<h2>There has been an internal error. (500)</h2>
settings.py.
settings.py
...
TEMPLATES = [
{
'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
'DIRS': [os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'learning_log/templates')],
'APP_DIRS': True,
...
},
]
...
Django
.

, ,
Heroku,
462 20
Debug=False, Django
. settings.py (
, settings.py, ,
, Heroku):
settings.py
...
# SECURITY WARNING: don't run with debug turned on in production!
DEBUG = False
ALLOWED_HOSTS = ['localhost']
...
DEBUG False, ALLOWED_HOSTS

. , ,
404. URL- (-
, localhost:8000/letmein/), 500.
, DEBUG True,
Learning Log. ( , DEBUG False
settings.py, Heroku.)
500 ,
Django .
Heroku
Heroku:
(ll_env)learning_log$ git add .
(ll_env)learning_log$ git commit -am "Added custom 404 and 500 error pages."
3 files changed, 15 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)
create mode 100644 learning_log/templates/404.html
create mode 100644 learning_log/templates/500.html
...
To https://git.heroku.com/learning-log.git
2b34ca1..a64d8d3 master -> master
git add .,
, Git .
Heroku .
, ,
.
get_object_or_404()
,
, 500. Django
Learning Log 463
, ,
500. 404,
Django
get_object_or_404().
, 404. -
views.py get():
views.py
...
from django.shortcuts import render, get_object_or_404
from django.http import HttpResponseRedirect, Http404
...
@login_required
""" ."""
topic = get_object_or_404(Topic, id=topic_id)
# , .
...
(, http://localhost:8000/
topics/999999/) 404. -
, Heroku.

, Learning Log -
. -
.
. -
, Git
git add . ( ).
, ,
.
git commit -am "".
Heroku git push heroku master.
,
.
heroku run python manage.py migrate,
heroku run bash python manage.py migrate.
,
.
, , -
. , , , -
. ,
, .
:
, , -,
464 20
.
, ,
.
SECRET_KEY
Django SECRET_KEY settings.py -
.
SECRET_KEY. -
, SECRET_KEY
. , ,
, SECRET_KEY.
Heroku
-
, .
, . Heroku
,
. - Heroku
(https://heroku.com/), -
. , ;
. Settings, -
. , Heroku
,
. ,
destroy:
(ll_env)learning_log$ heroku apps:destroy --app _
_ (, afternoon-meadow-2775
learning-log, ).
, .
Heroku .
,
Heroku .

20-3. : Blog, , -
Heroku. , DEBUG False,
ALLOWED_HOSTS, .
20-4. 404: get_object_or_404() -
new_entry() edit_entry(). , URL-
http://localhost:8000/new_entry/99999/ ,
404.
465
20-5. Learning Log: Learning Log

(, )
.
, .
Topic public ( False),
new_topic , -
. views.py, -
,
.
Heroku.
, , -
Bootstrap django-
bootstrap3. Bootstrap
,
.
Bootstrap Static top navbar -
Learning Log.
jumbotron ,
.
, Heroku,
. Heroku
, .
Git
Heroku. , , ,
DEBUG=False .
, Learning Log , -
. , -
, .
!
.
Python
Python , -
.
, 1
Python , .
Python Linux
Python Linux, ,
. ,
Python .

:
$ python --version
Python 2.7.6
, 2.7.6.
, Python 3.
:
$ python3 --version
Python 3.5.0
, Python 3.5.0 .
, .
Python 3 Linux
Python 3
Python 3, .
deadsnakes, Python:
$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:fkrull/deadsnakes
$ sudo apt-get update
$ sudo apt-get install python3.5
Python 3.5 .
Python 3.5:
Python os x 467
$ python3.5
>>>

Python 3 .
Python OS X
Python OS X, , -
. ,
Python .

:
$ python --version
Python 2.7.6
python3 --version. ,
, ,
.
Homebrew Python 3
Python 2 Python 3, -
Python 3 Homebrew.
Homebrew
Homebrew Apple Xcode,
:
$ xcode-select --install
(
).
Homebrew:
$ ruby -e "$(curl -fsSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Homebrew/install/
master/install)"
Homebrew
http://brew.sh/. curl -fsSL URL-.
-e Ruby ( , -
Homebrew) .
.
, Homebrew ,
:
468 . Python
$ brew doctor
Your system is ready to brew.
, Python
Homebrew.
Python 3
Python 3, :
$ brew install python3
:
$ python3 --version
Python 3.5.0
$
c Python 3 python3,
python3 ,
Python Python 3 Python 2.
Python Windows
Python Windows ,
, Python .
, Shift,
Open Command Window Here .
(Start). :
> python --version
Python 3.5.0
, , Python
( , , ).
, Python.
Python 3 Windows
http://python.org/downloads/
Python. ,
Add Python to PATH. ,
python python,
.
Python, python --version . -
, , .
Python
python , Windows, -
Python. , C
, Python ( python
Windows). -
Python 469
python .
(Properties);
(Location).
:
$ C:\\Python35\python --version
Python 3.5.0
Python PATH
, Python,
, ,
python. Add
Python to PATH , .
, (System and
Security), (System).
(Advanced System Settings).
(Environment Variables).
(System variables) Path.
Edit. Variable value
. -
; ,
Cancel . python.exe
:
%SystemRoot%\system32\...\System32\WindowsPowerShell\v1.0\;C:\Python34
.
Path . python
--version Python, -
Path. Python,
python .
Python
Python . ,
.
, -
. Python,
Python, .
Python ,
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Python
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Python.
.
470 . Python
False class finally is return

None continue for lambda try
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as elif if or yield
assert else import pass
break except in raise
Python

, , :
abs() divmod() input() open() staticmethod()
all() enumerate() int() ord() str()
any() eval() isinstance() pow() sum()
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bin() file() iter() property() tuple()
bool() filter() len() range() type()
bytearray() float() list() raw_input() unichr()
callable() format() locals() reduce() unicode()
chr() frozenset() long() reload() vars()
classmethod() getattr() map() repr() xrange()
cmp() globals() max() reversed() zip()
compile() hasattr() memoryview() round() __import__()
complex() hash() min() set() apply()
delattr() help() next() setattr() buffer()
dict() hex() object() slice() coerce()
dir() id() oct() sorted() intern()
Python 2.7 print , . , Python 3

unicode() . -
.
.

, -
. ,
. -
,
. -
,
.
,
, .
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:
Geany , Linux Windows, Sublime Text OS X
( Linux Windows).
IDLE, , Python . ,
Emacs vim ,
, .
hello_world.py
.
Geany
Geany ,
. , Geany -
, .
Geany Linux
Linux Geany :
$ sudo apt-get install geany
Python,
Geany . Geany,
FileSave As hello_world.py.
:
472 .
BuildSet Build Commands . Compile

Execute, . Geany -
, python,
python3, .
Compile :
python3 -m py_compile "%f"
. -
.
Execute :
python3 "%f"
Geany Windows
Geany Windows
http://geany.org/. Releases Download
geany-1.25_setup.exe ( - ). -
.
Geany, FileSave As -
hello_world.py. :
BuildSet Build Commands. Compile Execute,

. -
python ( ), Geany , -
python.
. ( , Path
, .)
Compile Execute , -
python. Compile :
C:\Python35\python -m py_compile "%f"
, , -
, .
Execute :
C:\Python35\python "%f"
. -
, OK.
.
Geany 473
Python Geany
Geany. hello_world.py,
BuildExecute,
F5. hello_world.py
:
Hello Python world!
------------------
Geany
Geany, -
. , .

Python. Geany,
EditPreferencesEditorIndentation. 4
Type Spaces.
, -
DocumentReplace Tabs by Spaces.

( ), . -
, EditPreferencesEditorDisplay,
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Column 79.

,
EditFormatIncrease Indent Ctrl+I. , -
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magicians = ['alice', 'david', 'carolina']

Python magician, 'alice'.

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Python magician; 'david'.

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Carolina, that was a great trick!

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Carolina, that was a great trick!

Thank you, everyone. That was a great magic show!

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Thank you everyone, that was a great magic show!

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My friend's favorite foods are:

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dimensions = (200, 50)