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How to Design an Accurate Temperature
Measurement System
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Sensor Measurements 101
Signal Conditioning
Sensor and Analog to Digital
Conversion
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Choose the Right Temperature Sensor
Thermocouples RTDs Thermistors
Nonlinear
+
V
-
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Thermocouple Types
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Variations of Thermocouples
Temperature
range
Accuracy
Length
Diameter
Environment
Cost
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Measurement Hardware
Physical
Connectivity Computer
Measurement
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Achieve High Accuracy by Minimizing Sources of
Error
1. Cold-Junction Compensation
2. Noise
3. Device Offset
4. Thermocouple
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Achieve High Accuracy by Minimizing Sources of
Error
1. Cold-Junction Compensation
2. Noise
3. Device Offset
4. Thermocouple
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Cold-Junction Compensation
AB is measuring temperature
AC and BC generate another voltage
Iron-Constantan Is a
AC A (Iron) J Type TC
To Measurement AB
Device BC
C (Copper) B (Constantan)
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Cold-Junction Compensation
CJC Iron-Constantan Is
A (Iron) a J Type TC
AC
AB
BC
C (Copper) B (Constantan)
Measurement
Device Terminal Block
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Cold-Junction Compensation Error
Difference between the actual temperature at the cold junction and the temperature
measured by the device
CJC Iron-Constantan Is a J
A (Iron) Type TC
AC
AB
BC
C (Copper) B (Constantan)
Measurement Terminal Block
Device
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Cold-Junction Compensation Error
Difference between the actual temperature at the cold junction and the temperature
measured by the device
CJC Iron-Constantan Is
a J Type TC
AC A (Iron)
AB
BC
C (Copper) B (Constantan)
Measurement Terminal Block
Device
Error in the
measurement device Temperature gradient between
cold junction and sensor
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Cold-Junction Compensation Error
Difference between the actual temperature at the cold junction and the temperature
measured by the device
CJC Iron-Constantan Is
a J Type TC
AC A (Iron)
AB
BC
C (Copper) B (Constantan)
Measurement Terminal Block
Device
Error in the
measurement device Temperature gradient between
cold junction and sensor
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Cold-Junction Compensation Error
Difference between the actual temperature at the cold-junction and the temperature
measured by the device
CJC Iron-Constantan Is
a J Type TC
AC A (Iron)
AB
BC
C (Copper) B (Constantan)
Measurement Terminal Block
Device
Error in the
measurement device Temperature gradient between
cold junction and sensor
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Cold-Junction Compensation Error
Difference between the actual temperature at the cold-junction and the temperature
measured by the device
CJC Iron-Constantan Is
a J Type TC
AC A (Iron)
AB
BC
C (Copper) B (Constantan)
Measurement Terminal Block
Device
Error in the
measurement device Temperature gradient between
cold junction and sensor
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Minimizing Isothermal Error: Design
TC+ TC-
CJC CJC thermally connected to
thermocouple terminals
T
Low ratio of channels to CJC
sensors
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Thermistors
Isothermal
Regions
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Minimizing Isothermal Error: Setup
Keep the ambient temperature as stable as possible
Keep the measurement device in a stable and consistent orientation
Minimize adjacent heat sources and airflow across the measurement device
Avoid running thermocouple wires near hot or cold objects
Run thermocouple wiring together near the measurement device
Allow thermal gradients to settle after temperature change in system power or in
ambient temperature
Use the smallest gauge thermocouple wire suitable for the application
Only use extension wires that are made of the same conductive material as the
thermocouple wires
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Achieve High Accuracy by Minimizing Sources of
Error
1. Cold-Junction Compensation
2. Noise
3. Device Offset
4. Thermocouple
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Lowpass Filtering Removes Noise
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Amplification Increases Resolution
Amplifier
16-bit 16-bit
digitizer digitizer
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Amplification Increases SNR
16-bit
digitizer
10 mV 1 mV
10 mV signal noise
signal
SNR = 10
16-bit
X 1,000
digitizer
10 V 1 mV
10 mV signal noise
signal
SNR = 10,000
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Achieve High Accuracy by Minimizing Sources of
Error
1. Cold-Junction Compensation
2. Noise
3. Device Offset
4. Thermocouple
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Device Offset Error
Degrees Celsius
Offset Error
Millivolts
Compensate for Device Offset
Without Autozero
Degrees
Celsius
With Autozero
Offset Error
Millivolts
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Compensate for Device Offset
Degrees
Celsius Be aware of offset error contribution
Offset Error
to overall accuracy
Ensure that device is regularly
calibrated
Millivolts
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Achieve High Accuracy by Minimizing Sources of
Error
1. Cold-Junction Compensation
2. Noise
3. Device Offset
4. Thermocouple
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Thermocouple Errors
T
Gradient across the
thermocouple wire can
introduce errors due to
impurities in the metals
T Measured voltage
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NI Solutions for Thermocouples
NI SC Express
NI USB-TC01: single-channel
NI CompactDAQ NI CompactRIO
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Choose the Right Temperature Sensor
Thermocouples RTDs Thermistors
Temperature
Resistance Curve for Platinum RTDs
Measuring Temperature With RTDs
4-Wire Mode
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2-Wire Mode
RTD
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3 Ways to Connect Your RTD
2-Wire Mode
3-Wire Mode
4-Wire Mode
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3-Wire Mode
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3 Ways to Connect Your RTD
2-Wire Mode
3-Wire Mode
4-Wire Mode
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4-Wire Mode
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RTD Noise Considerations
Filtering is required to remove the effect of noise arising due
to the power line in lab and industry settings.
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Choose the Right Temperature Sensor
Thermocouples RTDs Thermistors
2000 to 10000 at 25 C
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Thermistor Versus RTD
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How to Measure Temperature Using a Thermistor
A thermistor measurement is very similar to RTD
measurements because they operate on similar principles.
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Achieve High Accuracy With Thermistors
Very accurate and stable due to high nominal resistance
High resistance/sensitivity
Self-heating
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Technologies Behind NI Temperature Acquisition
24-bit resolution
Amplification
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ni.com/temperature
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