Slot : D1 MEE1011 Renewable Energy Sources

DIGITAL ASSESSMENT I
Prajwal mali
15BME0080

Explain about the solar radiation measuring instruments shaded ring

pyranometer, pyrheliometer, sun shine recorder, pyrradiometers, shaded ring
pyranometer.

Shaded ring pyranometer:

A pyranometer is a type of actinometer used for measuring solar
irradiance on a planar surface and it is designed to measure the solar
radiation flux density (W/m2) from the hemisphere above within a
wavelength range 0.3 m to 3 m.
A typical pyranometer does not require any power to operate. However,
recent technical development includes use of electronics in pyranometers,
which do require (low) external power.

The solar radiation spectrum that reaches earth's surface extends its
wavelength approximately from 300 nm to 2800 nm. Depending on the type
of pyranometer used, irradiance measurements with different degrees of
spectral sensitivity will be obtained.
The solar radiation spectrum that reaches earth's surface extends its
wavelength approximately from 300 nm to 2800 nm. Depending on the type
of pyranometer used, irradiance measurements with different degrees of
spectral sensitivity will be obtained.
 To make a measurement of irradiance, it is required by definition that the
response to beam radiation varies with the cosine of the angle of
incidence. This ensures a full response when the solar radiation hits the
sensor perpendicularly (normal to the surface, sun at zenith, 0 angle of
incidence), zero response when the sun is at the horizon (90 angle of
incidence, 90 zenith angle), and 0.5 at a 60 angle of incidence. It follows
that a pyranometer should have a so-called directional response or cosine
response that is as close as possible to the ideal cosine characteristic.

Pyrhilometer:
This equipment is used to measure direct solar radiation. It works in a
similar way as to the pyranometer, but a tube allows only the direct solar
radiation to reach the sensor.
The pyrheliometer is also utilized as a calibration reference of solar radiation
sensors. This uses thermopile sensors to measure solar radiation.
A black absorber plate (with hot junctions of a thermopile attached to it) is
located at the base of a tube.

The tube is aligned with the direction of the suns rays with the help of a
two-axis tracking mechanism and an alignment indicator.
Thus the black plate receives only beam radiation and a small amount of
diffuse radiation falling within the acceptance angle of the instrument.
Sunshine recorder:
The duration of bright sunshine in a day is measured by means of a sunshine
recorder.
The suns rays are focused by a glass sphere to a point on a card strip held
in a groove in a spherical bowl mounted concentrically with the sphere.
 Whenever there is bright sunshine, the image formed is intense enough to
burn a spot on the card strip.
Through the day as the sun moves across the sky, the image moves along
the strip. Thus, a burnt trace whose length is proportional to the duration of
sunshine is obtained on the strip.
Pyradiometer:
The differential pyrradiometer is an instrument that measures the
net radiation (Rn). This physical quantity is taken into account in various
formulas relating toevapotranspiration calculated from the energy balance or
the Penman formula
The receiving surfaces a and b protected by two specially
treated polyethylene cups absorb the two radiations coming from a solid
angle 2 of stereotypes.

The energy radiationtrapped by the cup is transformed into heat
energy converted into an internal conduction flow which results in
a temperature difference between the two receiving black surfaces.
The measurement is then reduced to that of surface temperature
using thermocouples distributed in blackened surfaces. The number of
thermocouples varies according to the manufacturer (fem = 5 to 20 yV /
Wm). The spectral range of 0.3 to 60 m. The time constant is the minute.
The calibrations were carried out at the INRA of Montfavet. They should be
repeated regularly to account for the aging effect of absorbent black.
2. Explain the preparation of solar radiation MAP for India.
A solar map, in general, is a map of a city, state, country, or any piece of
land that illustrates information about how much a certain piece of land,
building, or home experiences a certain amount of sunlight.
Though solar maps are illustrated in many forms, a solar map essentially
records where and to what extent a certain location experiences a certain
amount of sunlight or radiation.
It normally combines topographic, meteorological, and sometimes financial
data[1] to help scholars or consumers and investors in promoting awareness
of the potential of solar power.

Solar radiation which we receive as heat and light can be converted to useful
thermal energy or for production of electricity either through solar
photovoltaic route or through solar thermal route.
Availability of reliable solar radiation data is vital for the success of solar
energy installations in different sites of the country.
For solar collectors which are flat in nature, solar radiation data in the form
of Global Horizontal Irradiance (GHI) is useful whereas for solar collectors
 which are concentrating in nature Direct Normal Irradiance (DNI) data is
required.
Solar thermal power plants are essentially Concentrating Solar Power (CSP)
units. For designing solar thermal power plants, DNI data is therefore a pre-
requisite.

3.Prepare the table for comparing different solar thermal devices based on
constructional, operations, and performances.

Flat plate Evacuated tube Solar cooker solar bowl

collectors collectors

constructio hey consist of Evacuated heat pipe Box type solar cooker Spherical
nal (1) a dark flat- tubes (EHPTs) are consists of a shallow Tracking device
plate absorber, composed of box coated black. A is placed with
(2) a transparent multiple evacuated glass flat glass cover covers parabolic
cover that tubes each containing an the shallow box.Items reflecting
reduces heat absorber plate fused to which are to be heated collector
losses a heat pipe. The heat is are kept in different
transferred to the transfer boxes which are
(3) a heat- fluid (water or covered with black
transport fluid an antifreeze mix colour coating.
(air, antifreeze typically propylene
or water) to glycol) of a domestic hot In addition there will
remove heat water or hydronic space be a foldable cover
from the heating system in a heat with a mirror and this
absorber, and a exchanger called a cover can be placed at
heat insulating "manifold". The different inclinations
backing manifold is wrapped in so that maximum
insulation and covered amount of sun rays can
by a protective sheet be reflected on to the
metal or plastic case glass cover and further
to the shallow box.The
heat of the sun rays are
trapped inside this box
and the heat is
 transferred to the items
that are kept inside.

Thus we can utilize the

sun energy.

operations Sunlight passes In this type water flows A solar cooker lets the The sunlight
through the through the system and UV light rays in and concentrated at
glazing and when water gets warm it then converts them to the focal line of
strikes the rises as cooler water longer infrared light a spherical
absorber plate, sinks. The collector is rays that cannot reflector is
which heats up, installed below the escape. Infrared collected using a
changing solar storage tank so that radiation has the right tracking
energy into heat warm water will rise into energy to make the receiver. This
energy. The heat the tank. These systems water, fat and protein receiver is
is transferred to do not involve any pump molecules in food pivoted around
liquid passing and are more reliable. vibrate vigorously and the focal line and
through pipes heat up. is usually
attached to the counterbalanced
absorber plate. It is not the suns heat . The receiver
Absorber plates that cooks the food, nor may consist of
are commonly is it the outside ambient pipes carrying
painted with temperature, though fluid for thermal
"selective this can somewhat transfer
coatings", which affect the rate or time or photovoltaic
absorb and required to cook, but cells for direct
retain heat better rather it is the suns rays conversion of
than ordinary that are converted to light to
black paint heat energy that cook electricity.
the food; and this heat
energy is then retained
by the pot and the food
by the means of a
covering or lid.

This occurs in much

the same way that a
greenhouse retains heat
or a car with its
windows rolled up. An
effective solar cooker
will use the energy of
the sun to heat a
cooking vessel and
 efficiently retain the
energy (heat) for
maximum cooking
effectiveness.

Performanc The "peak For a given absorber It consumes more time The solar bowl
e efficiency" area, evacuated tubes can than conventional design resulted
value for an AP therefore maintain their cooking systems. from a project of
solar collector is
efficiency over a wide the Electrical
68.7% based on Less efficient than Engineering
Aperture area of range of ambient
temperatures and heating ETC pipes. Department of
2.83m2. If
based on gross requirements. In most the Texas
area of 4.4m2, climates, flat-plate Technical
this value is collectors will generally University,
only 43.7%. be more cost-effective headed by
A flat plate than evacuated tubes. Edwin O'Hair, to
collector may When employed in develop a 5
have a arrays and considered MWe power
performance instead on a per square plant. A solar
value of 75%
metre basis, the efficient bowl was built
based on
aperture area, but costly evacuated tube for the town
but because the collectors can have a net of Crosbyton,
gross area is benefit in winter and Texas as a pilot
almost the same summer. facility. The
as aperture, the bowl had a
gross value will diameter of 65 ft
only be slightly
lower. So (20 m), tilted at a
comparing a flat 15 angle to
plate collector's optimize the
gross area to the cost/yield
gross area of an relation (33
evacuated tube would have
collector
maximized
provides very
misleading yield). The rim
results. of the
hemisphere was
"trimmed" to
60, creating a
maximum
aperture of 3,318
square feet
(308.3 m2). This
pilot bowl
produced
electricity at a
rate of 10 kW
peak