Table of Contents

Preface

Module I Basic Concepts in Statistics

Introduction 1
Objectives 2
Definition Of Statistics 2
Descriptive & Inferential Statistics 3
Variables 4
Levels of Measurement 4
Notations & Symbols 6
Properties & Summation Sign 7

Module 2 Collection of Data

Introduction 9
Objectives 9
Types of Data 9
Methods of Collecting Data 9
Two Broad Classifications of Sampling 12
Types of Probability Sampling 12

Module 3 Presentation of Data

Introduction 15
Objectives 15
Methods of Presenting Data 15
Frequency Distribution 17
Types of Graphs 18
Graphical Representation of a Frequency
17
Distribution

Module 4 Measures of Central Tendency

Introduction 22
Objectives 22
The Mean for Ungrouped Data 23
The Median for Ungrouped Data 24
The Mode for Ungrouped Data 25
The Mean for Grouped Data 27
The Median for Grouped Data 27
The Mode for Grouped Data 28
Characteristics of the Measures of Central
Tendency 29
Choice of the Measures of Central Tendency 30

Module 5 Measures of Dispersion

Introduction 32
Objectives 32
 The Range 33
The Variance & Standard Deviation
(Ungrouped Data) 34
The Variance & Standard Deviation (Grouped
Data) 37
The Coefficient of Variation 38

Module 6 Inferential Statistics

Introduction 42
Objectives 42
Statistical hypothesis 43
Directional and Nondirectional Tests of 44
Hypothesis
Level of Significance 45
Types of Errors 45
General Procedures in Hypothesis Testing 46

Module 7 Tests of Hypothesis on the Difference

Between Two Means
Introduction 47
Objectives 47
Selected Inferential Statistics 47
Inference About the Difference Between
Means for Independent Samples 49
Inference About the Difference Between
Means for Dependent (correlated) Samples 51

Module 8 Correlation Analysis

Introduction 56
Objectives 56
The Pearson Product-Moment 57
Test of Hypothesis about 58

Module 9 Linear Regression

Introduction 62
Objectives 62
Simple Linear Regression 63

Module 10 Chi-Square Analysis

Introduction 67
Objective 68
Tests of Independence 68

Bibliography
Appendix