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Forms and uses of TO BE
"To be" is used to connect a description/characteristic to the subject.
1. It may be followed by a noun or noun phrase.
Christopher is a chemical engineer.
Elle was a nurse in Grace General Hospital for three years.
They will be speakers at the conference in July.
2. It may be followed by an adjective.
They were very tired last week. Their project was about to end.
The cost of production will be higher next year.
Helen is extremely talented.
3. It may also be followed by a verb + ing to show continuous action.
Angie is running a marathon. She has almost completed her tenth kilometer.
Philip was giving a presentation when the lights went out.
They will be joining the seminar on Friday.
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Past continuous tense
The past continuous tense is also called the past progressive tense.
1.The past continuous tense is formed by: "was / were" + verb + "-ing."
As Clarisse was talking on the phone, she noticed a man enter their office.
2. The past continuous tense is used to talk about a continuing action in the past.
I was reading a book all night.
3. The past continuous tense is used to talk about a continuing action that was interrupted
by another event. (Note: The event that interrupts the action is put in the simple past tense.)
I was reading a book when he called.
4. The past continuous tense is used to talk about a past action that began before and
finished after a specific time.
What were you doing at 1 p.m. yesterday? -- I was having lunch with my friend.
5. The past continuous tense is used to talk about two or more past actions happening
continuously at the same time. (Note: Both actions are put in the past continuous tense.)
I was creating a presentation while Benjamin was negotiating a new deal.
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Superlatives
Superlatives express that the object being described has the highest degree of a
quality.
1. One-syllable adjectives
a. For most one-syllable adjectives, we add est.
Mt. Everest is the highest mountain peak on Earth.
He is the kindest boss I've ever had.
b. For one-syllable adjectives ending in e, add st.
She wore her nicest dress to the company party.
Missing a deadline is the surest way to lose a client.
c. If the one-syllable adjective ends in a vowel using the short vowel sound and a
consonant, double the consonant then add est.
I won our company's biggest account through a combination of luck and careful
planning.
Jordan is the fittest athlete on their team.
2. Two-syllable adjectives
a. For two-syllable adjectives ending in y, change y to i and add est.
Stella was the prettiest speaker at the conference.
Carl is the funniest guy in the department. He always gets asked to host
events.
b. For some two-syllable adjectives, add est.
Monday is the quietest day in the mall.
c. For most two-syllable adjectives, add most before the word.
This is the most crucial stage of the project. We need to make sure we make
no mistakes.
Mr. Davis is known to be the most gracious manager in the company.

Everyone likes working with him.
3. Three-syllable adjectives
For adjectives with three or more syllables, add most before the word.
I absolutely enjoyed my trip to Rome. It's the most beautiful city I've ever seen.
Anne is resigning from the company next month. We are all sorry to lose our
most talented employee.
4. Irregular adjectives
Some adjectives change their spelling when put in superlative form:
good - better - best
bad - worse - worst
little - less - least
much/many - more - most
Last year was good, but this year was the best year of my whole career.
Things were not going well already, but then the worst thing happened. I
accidentally deleted my file right before my presentation, and I had no back-ups!
Of all his colleagues, he has the least talent. It's hard to explain his success.
You've had the most luck with our difficult customers. I think you should handle
this complaint letter.
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How to ask about someone's trip
Study the phrases used to ask someone about his or her trip.
Milton is back at work after spending a month in Bucharest for a business trip. His
colleague, Anna, wants to hear about his trip.
Anna: Milton! You're back! How was your trip?

Milton: Hi, Anna! My schedule was hectic, but I had a good time.
Anna: Do tell me more about your trip. What did you do in Bucharest?
Milton: Well, since I was on a business trip, I was mostly at the office to train the IT
department there. But I did have the weekends free. Some of the IT people took me around
different parts of Romania.
Anna: Wow! Where did you go?
Milton: We went to Sighisoara, a hilltop town that's been around since the Medieval Ages.
Anna: I'm not sure I've heard about that place. What makes it special?
Milton: It's the birthplace of Vlad Tepes, who is the inspiration for Bram Stoker's "Dracula."
Anna: That sounds interesting! Did you see any castles?
Milton: Yes, I did. Romania has a lot of castles.
Anna: How was the weather in Bucharest?
Milton: It was freezing most of the time! But I still enjoyed being there.
Anna: How was the food?
Milton: I'm afraid that I'm not really adventurous when it comes to food, so I didn't really try
the local cuisine that much. But on my first night there, my colleagues took me to a Dracula-
themed restaurant where we ate chicken stuffed with raspberry sauce. It was good!
Anna: Sounds like you had an excellent time! I hope they send me to Bucharest for my
next business trip!
Here are some phrases you can use to ask about someone's trip.
How was ...?

How was your trip?
How was Prague?
What did you do/see ...?

What did you do there? What did you see there?
What did you do in Budapest? What did you see in Budapest?
Where did you go when you were in ...?

Where did you go when you were in New Zealand?
I've heard about ...! How was it?

I've heard about that place! How was it?
I've heard about Akihabara! How was it?
I'm not sure I've heard about ... What makes it special/interesting?
I'm not sure I've heard about that place. What makes it interesting?
I'm not sure I've heard about Waitomo. What makes it special?
Did you see any (people, places of interest, objects, etc.)?

Did you see any celebrities?
How was the weather in ...?

How was the weather in Queenstown?
How was the food in ...?

How was the food in Pretoria?
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General rules for modals
Modals are words like "can," "must," "will," "should" and "might."
1. Modals do not change form for singular or plural subjects.
I must go to work.
We must go to work.
2. Verbs that follow modals are always in the base form.
You should prepare for the client presentation tomorrow.
They should prepare for the client presentation tomorrow.
3. A verb is attached to only one modal. Two modals cannot be used together.
I will finish this report.
I will can finish this report. (WRONG)
4. To talk about the present time or a future time, a modal is added to a base verb.
Florence can join the meeting.
Jeff may not be working tomorrow.
5. To talk about a past time, a modal is followed by the base form of "have" plus the past
participle form of the verb.
I could have helped you had you asked me to.
Cris should have known that yesterday was the deadline for the project.
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General rules for modals
Modals are words like "can," "must," "will," "should" and "might."
1. Modals do not change form for singular or plural subjects.
I must go to work.
We must go to work.
2. Verbs that follow modals are always in the base form.
You should prepare for the client presentation tomorrow.
They should prepare for the client presentation tomorrow.
3. A verb is attached to only one modal. Two modals cannot be used together.
I will finish this report.
I will can finish this report. (WRONG)
4. To talk about the present time or a future time, a modal is added to a base verb.
Florence can join the meeting.
Jeff may not be working tomorrow.
5. To talk about a past time, a modal is followed by the base form of "have" plus the past
participle form of the verb.
I could have helped you had you asked me to.
Cris should have known that yesterday was the deadline for the project.
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How to make appointments
Study the phrases used to schedule appointments.
Ken wants to schedule Stella's performance appraisal.
Ken: Are you free on Wednesday?

Stella: I'm free after 3 PM.
Ken: That's good. I would like to schedule your performance appraisal with you on that day.
Stella: Okay. Thanks.
Carter wants to make an appointment for a brainstorming session with his department.
Carter: Can we meet on the 13th?

Kylie: I think I'm free that day. Why?
Carter: I need to hold a brainstorming session with the whole department. I need new ideas
for our ad campaign.
Kylie: I see. Okay, I'll see you then.
Clark is making an appointment for his dental check up.
Clark: I would like to set an appointment for March 27 at around 2 PM. Is that okay?
Gina: Is this for your dental checkup?
Clark: Yes.
Gina: Let me check ... Okay. There's nobody scheduled on that day, so the slot is yours.
Clark: Thanks. See you.
Phrases for setting appointments
Are you free on (day or date)? Are you free on Monday, 28 January?
Can we meet on (day or date)? Can we meet on Tuesday? Can we meet on the 29th?
I would like to set a meeting/an appointment for (day or date and time). I would like to set a
meeting for Wednesday, March 3.
Are you still available on (day or date)? Are you still available on Saturday? Are you still
available on October 29?
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How to reschedule meetings
Study the phrases used to reschedule meetings.
Amanda needs to move her performance appraisal meeting with Wendy from today to
tomorrow.
Amanda: Wendy, I'm afraid I need to reschedule our appraisal meeting.
Wendy: It's supposed to be at 3 p.m. today, right?
Amanda: That's right, but the CEO called for an emergency meeting with the department
managers at 1 p.m. I'm not sure just how long the meeting will take.
Wendy: Oh, okay. When will we have our meeting, then?
Amanda: I'm free tomorrow morning from 9 a.m. to 11 a.m. Do you have anything
scheduled within that period?
Wendy: Let me see ... I have a meeting that will end at 9:30.
Amanda: So does 10 o'clock work for you?
Wendy: Yes, that's fine.
Amanda: Great! We'll talk tomorrow at 10 then!
Phrases for rescheduling meetings:
I'm afraid I need to reschedule ... because ...

I'm afraid I need to reschedule your interview because I have a meeting with the CEO.
Could we reschedule ... ?

Could we reschedule our meeting/consultation/training session?
I was wondering if I could have ... rescheduled.

I was wondering if I could have the meeting rescheduled.
I'm free tomorrow (morning/afternoon) at (time) ...

I'm free tomorrow afternoon at 5.
I'm free tomorrow morning at 9:45.
I'm free/available on (day or date) at (time)/from (time) to (time).

I'm free on Monday from 3 to 6 p.m.
I'm available on July 14 at 11 a.m.
I'm free/available the whole day tomorrow/on (day or date).

I'm available the whole day on July 7.
I'm free the whole day on Friday.
Can we have (the meeting/interview, etc.) tomorrow/on (day or date) at (time)?

Can we have the meeting tomorrow at 4:30 p.m.?
Can we have the meeting on Monday at 1 p.m.?
Can we have the meeting on July 25 at 8 a.m.?
Does (time) on (day or date) work for you?

Does 9 a.m. on Friday work for you?
Does 4 p.m. on August 11 work for you?
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Work schedules and related terms
Here are some terms that one is likely to meet when talking about work schedules:
base time
the regular number of hours a person is expected to
be at work during a day or week, not including
overtime
compressed work week

when the same number of workweek hours are
divided over less than the normal number of days.
For example, instead of working eight hours a day,
five days a week, an employee is allowed to work 10
hours a day, four days a week, for the same total
number of hours.
day shift
work schedule set during daytime hours, usually 8 a.m. to 4 p.m.
flexitime/flextime
a daily work schedule that lets the employee choose what time he comes to work and
leaves, as long as he meets a set number of hours
graveyard shift/lobster shift

work hours that begin near midnight (usually between 10 p.m. to 4 a.m.) and end during the
daytime
night shift
work hours that begin near the evening (usually between 4 p.m. to midnight) and end
between midnight and early morning
split shift
a daily work schedule where there is a break longer than one hour in between. For
instance, a school bus driver works from 6 to10 a.m. and then again from 2 to 6 p.m.
because there are no passengers during other daytime hours. In total, he still works eight
hours each day.
telecommuting
allowing an employee to work at home and communicate with the office either through
phone or the Internet
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More uses of CAN and COULD
"Can" is used to describe conditions and "could" is used to talk about possibilities
or make suggestions.
1. "Can" describes a usual or frequent condition.
Scotland can be very warm in September.
Bryan can seem unfriendly if you don't know him very well.
2. "Can't" says that a condition is not normal or is not likely to happen.
You can't be finished reading the book already. You just started reading it last night!
Bertrand can't be wrong about promoting George. He's a very good judge of
character.
3. "Can't" is also used to say that an action should not happen.
I can't be late tomorrow. My colleagues will be upset!
You can't accept this project. You'll have no time to work on it.
4. "Could" is used to talk about possibilities.
We need to hurry. The show could start very soon.
He could get lost if he doesn't bring a map with him.
5. "Could" is used to talk about suggestions.
It's a beautiful day. We could go on a picnic.
You could talk to your boss and see if he's willing to extend the deadline.
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How to say that something is possible
Study each dialogue and take note of the words the speakers used to talk about
things that are possible or may happen in the future.
George, Erin and Carl are talking about the possibility of Sarah convincing a potential client
to hire their team.
George: Do you think Sarah will convince them to hire us?

Erin: She might. She can be very persuasive.
Carl: I hope so. We could earn a lot if this deal pushes through.
Donald is late for a meeting. His co-workers are wondering about the possibility of his
arriving on time for his presentation.
Joanne: Where is Donald? He's supposed to present our proposal.

Albert: He may be stuck in traffic. I heard over the radio that there was a bus accident on
Main Street.
Ashley: Maybe he'll make it on time. HR will give a long report on employee attendance
before our turn comes up.
Celine, Grace and Allan are talking about the possibility of beating their competition with a
new product.
Celine: With this new product, we could outsell our rivals.

Grace: We can rush production to have it out on the market by summer.
Allan: Yes, this product might work. Let's study the costs.
To express possibility, we use the following words:
may
Dan may be stuck in traffic.
might
He might make it if HR gives a very long report.
maybe
Maybe he'll make it on time.
can
He can get here on time if he drives fast.
could
He could get here on time if the meeting starts late.
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How to make travel arrangements over the phone
Take note of the phrases used to make travel arrangements over the phone.
Angie, a marketing consultant, needs to book a round-trip flight to Bangkok, Thailand.
Ticketing agent: This is Worldwide Airways. How may I help you?
Angie: Hello. I would like to book a flight to Bangkok, Thailand, please.
Agent: Certainly. We have nonstop flights to Bangkok every day. When would you like to
travel?
Angie: I need a ticket for this Sunday.
Agent: Do you need a round-trip or one-way ticket?
Angie: I would like a round-trip ticket, please. And I would like my return flight to be
on the 27th.
Agent: Would you like to fly economy, business or first class?
Angie: I'll be flying economy, thanks.
Agent: There are two flights to Bangkok this Sunday. One leaves at 1 a.m., while the other
leaves at 8 a.m. Which flight would you prefer?
Angie: I would like the 8 a.m. flight, please.
Agent: Okay. You are booking a round-trip flight from New York to Bangkok, economy
class. Your flight leaves at 8 a.m. this Sunday. Your return flight is on the 27th.
Angie: Yes, that's right.
Agent: That will be $989.
Phrases used to make travel arrangements over the phone:
I would like to book a flight to (place).

I need a ticket for (day/date).
I would like a round-trip/one-way ticket.
I would like my return flight to be on (day/date).
I'll be flying (economy/business/first) class.
I would like the (time) flight.
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Terms for checking in at the airport
The following is a list of terms that are used when checking in at the airport.
check-in counter
a stand or desk where passengers hand in their bags to be
loaded on the plane. Tickets are checked and boarding passes
are given here.
economy class
the cheapest way to ride an airplane
business class
a more expensive way than economy class to ride an airplane
but is cheaper than first class. This is designed to appeal to
business travelers.
first class
the most expensive way to ride an airplane. The focus of first
class is luxury and maximum comfort.
passport
a government-issued document that identifies a person as a
citizen of his country and provides the person's name, sex, date
and place of birth
row
a line of seats beside each other in a plane
aisle seat
a seat that is beside the walkway that goes from the front to the
back of the plane
window seat
a seat that is next to a window
baggage
all of a passenger's or traveler's personal things that he or she is
bringing with him or her on his flight
checked baggage/check-in luggage

bags that are collected at the check-in counter and kept in a
plane's storage area
excess baggage/excess luggage

baggage that is heavier and/or bigger than an airline's weight and
size limits or extra bags that go over the number of bags that the
airline allows you to bring
carry-on/hand luggage/cabin baggage

bags that passengers can bring on board the airplane with them
boarding card/boarding pass

a card that has information printed on it, such as your seat
number, boarding gate and boarding time. You give this to the
airline crew when you board the plane. If you lose your boarding
pass, you will not be able to board.
boarding gate/departure gate/gate

the area in an airport where passengers wait to board a plane
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Common airport words
Here are some common airport words:
baggage cart
Airline passengers can put their bags and luggage on
baggage carts to carry them around easily.
ticket agent
We can buy airplane tickets from the ticket agent. The agent
also assigns us our seats and answers any questions we may
have about our flight. A ticket agent also handles our luggage.
passport
This is an official document that identifies us as a citizen of our
country. It authorizes us to travel abroad and return to our
country.
boarding pass
We get a boarding pass from the ticket agent. We need this to
get on the plane. It has our names, flight number, seat
numbers, and date and time of departure.
security checkpoint
All passengers and airplane workers pass through security
checkpoints. Airport security personnel check if anyone is
carrying dangerous objects or weapons.
flight monitor
The flight monitor shows different flight numbers, destinations,
arrival times, departure times, flight status, and gate locations.
The departure time is when the airplane will leave the airport.
The arrival time is when the airplane will arrive at the
destination airport.
gate
The gate is where passengers wait for their planes. Some
airports have televisions and computers at the gate so
passengers can wait comfortably.
loading bridge
The loading bridge connects the gate's entrance to the
airplane's door. This is used so passengers can enter and exit
airplanes without having to go down to the tarmac.
tarmac
The tarmac is the ground where the plane is parked.
flight attendant
The flight attendants assist passengers inside the plane. They
also inform passengers about the plane's security rules and
safety measures.
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More rules for prepositions
Here are more rules for prepositions.
1. You may end a sentence with a preposition.
Which room is the patient? (WRONG)

Which room is the patient in? (CORRECT)
2. Do not use prepositions when they are not needed. In the examples below, the
prepositions are not needed because the meaning of the sentence is clear even without
them.
Where will you be eating at? (WRONG)

Where will you be eating? (CORRECT)
Ben just left from the room? (WRONG)

Ben just left the room? (CORRECT)
Which office is the man? (WRONG. A preposition is needed or else the sentence will
sound like the man is an office.)
3. A preposition is never followed by a verb. However, prepositions can be followed by

words that look like verbs ending in "-ing." These are not verbs. These are verbals -- words
that look like verbs but are used as nouns.
Thank you for celebrate with us today. (WRONG)

Thank you for celebrating with us today. (CORRECT)
4. The preposition "between" is used with two or more distinct people or things. "Among" is
used for a nonspecific group of people or things.
The director is choosing between Jake, Peter and Rob for the promotion.
The director will be selecting his replacement from among his subordinates.
5. "Into" and "onto" mean movement. "In" and "on" do not.
The CEO walked into the auditorium.

The CEO is in the auditorium.
He stepped onto the platform.

He is standing on the platform.
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CURRENT vs. ACTUAL
Following are the explanations of the adjectives "current" and "actual."
1. "Current" is used when we want to say that something is of the present, not future or
past. It can describe things or events of the present.
This is our current house. We moved in a year ago after it was built.
This is his current car. He wants to have a sports car ten years from now.
2. "Actual" is used when we want to say that something is real, not imaginary.
This is just a drawing of our house before it got built. Our actual house has a gray roof
and white walls.
That is the car I want. My actual car is a green subcompact.
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How to check into a hotel with a reservation
Study the phrases that you can use to check into a hotel when you have a
reservation.
Perry is talking to Anna Lyn, the receptionist for Victoria Heights Hotel.
Anna Lyn: Good evening, sir! Welcome to Victoria Heights Hotel. I'm Anna Lyn. How can I
help you?
Perry: Hi, good evening. I believe I have a reservation for three nights. It was arranged
for me by my employer, Tinsel Designs International.
Anna Lyn: Okay, sir. May I have your full name, please?
Perry: It's Perry Branson.
Anna Lyn: Thank you, Mr. Branson. Let me just check on the details of your reservation.
Perry: Thank you. Do you have any facilities for relaxation?
Anna Lyn: Yes, sir. We have an indoor pool as well as spas on three different floors. The
computer records confirm your reservation, Mr. Branson. It's for three days and three
nights, am I correct?
Perry: Yes. I would like to extend my reservation for another night, though. My flight
back home was moved to two days after my third night here.
Anna Lyn: Okay, then. Will your employer be paying for that one-night extension?
Perry: No, I'm paying for it myself. Do you accept Solidity Bank credit cards?
Anna Lyn: Yes, sir. We will be charging you $180 for the extra night.
Perry: That's fine. Here's my credit card. Is my room ready now?
Anna Lyn: It is, Mr. Branson. You will be staying at Room 1024. Here are your credit card
and your room key. Please sign this receipt and the hotel's register.
Perry: So, how do I get to my room?
Anna Lyn: Simply take the elevator to the 10th floor. When you get out of the elevator, turn
left, then turn right at the end of the hallway. I will ask a bellboy to assist you.
Perry: Wonderful. Thank you, Anna Lyn.
Anna Lyn: Enjoy your stay, Mr. Branson!
Here are some phrases you can use to check into a hotel when you have a
reservation.
I believe I have a reservation (for)

I believe I have a reservation for three nights.
A reservation was arranged/made for me by

A reservation was made for me by Cobalt Studios.
Do you have any facilities for ?

Do you have any facilities for business meetings?
I would like to extend my reservation for

I would like to extend my reservation for two more nights.
Do you accept ?
Do you accept debit cards?
Here's my (credit card/debit card/etc.).
How do I get to my room?
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How to check into a hotel without a reservation
Study the phrases used to check into a hotel when you do not have a reservation.
Scott is traveling to So Paulo. However, his connecting flight from Houston to So Paulo
will be delayed for two days. Scott decides to check into Holman Hotel for the meantime. At
the hotel, Scott talks to Tori, the receptionist.
Tori: Good afternoon and welcome to Holman Hotel. My name is Tori. How may I help
you?
Scott: Hi, I would like to know if you entertain walk-in guests.
Tori: We do, sir. Would you like to book a room?
Scott: Yes, please. Do you have a room available for a single guest?
Tori: According to our register, a guest has just checked out of a single room.
Housekeeping is still cleaning the room, though, so it may take a while before it is ready.
Scott: Okay. Do you have any other rooms that are ready now?
Tori: The only other available room is a business suite. It costs $200 a night.
Scott: Oh, okay. How much does the single room cost?
Tori: It costs $79 a day.
Scott: What are the amenities included?
Tori: It includes breakfast and all-day Internet connection. The room itself is spacious and
has a queen-sized bed and a flat-screen television.
Scott: I guess I'll take the single room for two nights.
Tori: Kindly fill up this registration form and sign the hotel register. Will you be paying with
cash, credit card, or debit card, sir?
Scott: Here's my debit card. I need help with my hand luggage.
Tori: Don't worry about it, sir, I'll have a bellboy carry that for you. Let me just take your
debit card information. We'll total your bill when you check out. Please wait at the lobby,
and I'll let you know as soon as the room is available.
Scott: Thank you so much, Tori.
Tori: You're welcome, Mr. Palmer.
Phrases you can use for checking into a hotel when you do not have a reservation.
I would like to know if ...

I would like to know if you entertain walk-in guests.
Do you have a room available ...?

Do you have a room available for three people?
How much does ... cost?

How much does the standard room cost?
What are the amenities ...?

What are the amenities included?
I'll take the ... for ...

I'll take the Special Deluxe room for two nights.
I need help with my luggage.
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How to check out of a hotel
Study the phrases below used to check out of a hotel.
Jeanette is checking out of La Framboise Hotel. She goes to the front desk to pay her bill
and talks to Grethel, the receptionist.
Grethel: Good morning, how may I help you?
Jeanette: Hello. I'd like to check out of room 216, please.
Grethel: Okay, ma'am. May I please have your name?
Jeanette: It's Jeanette Crowne.
Grethel: Thank you. Let me just total your bill. How did you find your stay with us, Ms.
Crowne?
Jeanette: Oh, I enjoyed my stay here. The crew is so friendly and efficient, and the
amenities are satisfactory.
Grethel: I'm glad to hear that, ma'am.
Jeanette: I have some minor complaints, though. Some of the equipment in the gym is
not maintained well. It also takes a while for the water from the hot water tap in the
bathroom to get warm.
Grethel: I apologize for the inconvenience you experienced. I'll take note of your comments
and inform the maintenance people right away.
Jeanette: Thank you.
Grethel: Ms. Crowne, your total bill is $601.
Jeanette: Can I see the breakdown of my expenses, please? When I checked in, I was
told that the bill would only be $579. What is the additional $22 for?
Grethel: That's for the long-distance call you made on the second night of your stay.
Jeanette: Oh, I see. Is it okay if I pay with cash instead of the credit card I presented
when I checked in?
Grethel: Yes, ma'am. I'll also need your room key back.
Jeanette: Here you go.
Grethel: Here are your receipt and change. Thank you so much for staying with us, Ms.
Crowne. Have a nice trip back home.
Jeanette: Thank you.
Phrases you can use to check out of a hotel
I'd like to check out of , please.

I would like to check out of room 1211, please.
I enjoyed my stay here.

I was disappointed with my stay here.
I have some/a few complaints about

I have a few complaints about the housekeeping service.
I have some complaints about the laundry facilities.
May/Can I see the breakdown of my expenses, please?

May/Can I see the details of my bill, please?
When I checked, in I was told that the bill would only be

When I checked in, I was told that the bill would only be $310 for a two-night stay.
What is the additional for?

What is the additional $15 for?
Why is there an extra charge of ?

Why is there an extra charge of $15?
Is it okay if I pay with instead of ?

Is it okay if I pay with my credit card instead of cash?
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Hotel housekeeping
Here is the list of the kinds of a hotel housekeeping staff:
banquet server
attends to the needs of the guests during functions;
assists in the organization and maintenance of all
beverages to be served
concierge
handles guests' needs by forwarding their requests to
various departments such as Housekeeping and
Maintenance
floor supervisor
supervises, directs and assures the completion of all housekeeping tasks assigned to room
attendants
guest runner
fulfills guest requests and makes deliveries to guestrooms
housekeeping aide / housekeeping maid / guestroom attendant

maintains the cleanliness and organization of each guestroom and makes sure that it is
properly stocked
housekeeping manager
ensures the smooth and efficient operation of the housekeeping department; supervises all
the members of the housekeeping department
houseman / houseperson
keeps the linen rooms properly stocked, organized and clean
kitchen manager
supervises the housekeeping practices in all areas of the hotel kitchen; maintains effective
communication among all of the food production areas within the kitchen
laundry supervisor
supervises and coordinates the activities of laundry personnel; ensures the provision of
quality laundry service
quality assurance supervisor

establishes and maintains quality assurance programs, policies, processes and
procedures; ensures compliance with standards for housekeeping practices, employee
hygiene and equipment sanitation
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How to make requests at a restaurant
Study the phrases used to make requests at a restaurant.
Larry is ordering a cup of coffee.
Waitress: Good morning. May I take your order?

Larry: I would like a cup of coffee, please.
Waitress: Would that be all?
Larry: Yes, thank you.
Rona wants to know what kinds of wine are available.
Waiter: Good evening. How may I help you?

Rona: I'd like some wine. What kinds of wine do you have?
Waiter: Just a moment, please. Let me get the wine list.
Rona: Thank you.
Martha is requesting a glass of water.
Martha: Excuse me, could I have a glass of water, please?

Waitress: Certainly. Just a minute.
Martha: Thank you.
Helga is asking for the wine list.
Helga: May I have the wine list?

Waiter: Certainly. Just a moment.
Helga: Thanks.
Venice is ordering a cheeseburger and large fries for lunch.
Waiter: What will it be for you today?

Venice: I'll have a cheeseburger and large fries, please.
Bob is asking for another piece of apple pie.
Waitress: Is there anything more that I can bring you?

Bob: Yes. I'd like another piece of apple pie, please.
Waitress: All right. I'll bring it to you right away.
Bob: Thanks.
Verona is ordering ice cream.
Waiter: Would you like to order some dessert?

Verona: Yes. Do you have any ice cream?
Waiter: Yes, we do. What flavor would you like?

Verona: I would like some chocolate ice cream, please.
Dianne is asking for the bill.
Dianne: Excuse me, can you bring me the bill, please?

Waiter: Yes. Here it is.
Dianne: Thank you.
Here are some phrases you can use to make requests at a restaurant.
I would like _____, please.

I would like a salad, please.
Can you bring me _____, please?

Can you bring me the menu, please?
Could/May I have _____, please?

Could I have some ketchup, please?
May I have some water, please?
I'll have _____.

I'll have a hotdog and a soda.
I'd like another _____, please.

I'd like another bowl of soup, please.
Do you have _____?

Do you have any imported beer?
What _____ do you have?

What kinds of dessert do you have?
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Forms and functions of imperatives
Imperatives are used to give commands and instructions, encourage, give

suggestions and advice, and make offers.
1. Imperatives tell people to do something. Use the verb without to.
Go!
Be quiet.
2. Imperatives tell people not to do something. Add do not or dont to the verb without
to.
Do not enter the room.
Don't be late tomorrow.
3. Imperatives can include the speaker in the command. Add lets to the beginning of the
sentence.
Let's start the meeting now.
4. Imperatives can ask people to have an action done to them. Use get followed by a past
participle.
Get yourself listed as a member of the company basketball team.
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How to ask for and give permission
Take note of the phrases used to ask for and give permission.
May is talking to her assistant manager Roy. She wants to check Roy's project report.
May: May I see the outline of your report?

Roy: Sure.
Anna goes to Jake's office and sees his new mobile phone on his desk.
Anna: Your new phone looks nice. Can I have a look?

Jake: Yes, you can.
Mark needs some paper. He asks Faye for some.
Mark: Do you mind if I ask for some paper? I have to print a lot of documents.
Faye: I don't mind.
Cynthia needs to go to the bank before it closes. She asks her manager for permission to
leave work early.
Cynthia: Is it okay if I leave early today? I have to go to the bank.

Eric: Sure, go ahead.
Here are some expressions you can use to ask for permission:
Can I ...? Can I use your phone?

May I ...? May I leave early today?
Do you mind if ...? Do you mind if I close the window?
Is it okay if ...? Is it okay if I come in an hour later tomorrow?
Here are some expressions you can use to give permission:
Yes, you can/Yes, you may.

Sure./Sure, go ahead.
Go (right) ahead.
I don't mind.
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How to refuse permission
Study the phrases used to refuse permission.
A: Is it okay if I smoke here?

B: I'm afraid it's not allowed here.
A: Do you mind if I smoke?

B: Yes, I do mind.
A: Can I move your appointment to this afternoon?

B: I'm afraid you can't. I'm very busy today.
A: May I borrow your new sweater?

B: No, you may not.
Phrases used in refusing permission:
I'm afraid it's not allowed.

I'm afraid you can't.
Yes, I do mind.
No, you may not/cannot.
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How to borrow and lend things
Study the following phrases used in borrowing and lending things.
Christine needs to go to the bank and the post office, but she doesn't have a car. She
decides to borrow her friend's car.
Christine: Dave, may I borrow your car this afternoon?

Dave: Where are you going?
Christine: I need to run a few important errands.
Dave: Okay, go ahead. But please fill up the tank before you return it.
Dianne is at the bank, falling in line to make a deposit. She needs to fill in a form, but she
forgot to bring a pen. She asks the person behind her if she could borrow one.
Dianne: Excuse me, could I please borrow a pen? I forgot to bring mine today.
John: Sure, no problem. I'm not using it right now.
Dianne: Thank you very much!
Steve is fixing some furniture at home and he needs some tools. He goes to his neighbor's
house to borrow a wrench.
Steve: Hi, Paul. I'm working on some furniture right now. Could I borrow a wrench?
Paul: Okay. Let me get my toolbox. Would you want me to help you, too?
Steve: Thanks, Paul. It's okay, I can fix it myself.
Linda needs to borrow a laptop for a very important presentation.
Linda: Hi, Jane. Could I please borrow your laptop? I need to use it for my presentation.
My laptop is being fixed at the repair shop.
Jane: Sure, no problem. I just need to have it back by tomorrow.
Linda: Okay. Thank you!
Jake is about to do a presentation and he needs a video cable to connect his computer to
the projector. He fills in a request form and goes to the IT Department to borrow one.
Jake: May I please borrow a video cable for my laptop? I've already filled in the request
form.
IT Employee: Here you go. Please return it after use.
Phrases used in borrowing and lending things
For borrowing things:

May I borrow _____?
Can I borrow _____?
Would you mind lending me _____?
Could I please borrow _____?
Is it okay if I borrow _____?
For lending things:

Go ahead.
Certainly!
Okay. I'll let you borrow _____.
Sure, no problem.
Of course.

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Forms and uses of TO BE

"To be" is used to connect a description/characteristic to the subject.

1. It may be followed by a noun or noun phrase.

Christopher is a chemical engineer.

Elle was a nurse in Grace General Hospital for three years.

They will be speakers at the conference in July.

2. It may be followed by an adjective.

The cost of production will be higher next year.

Helen is extremely talented.

3. It may also be followed by a verb + ing to show continuous action.

Philip was giving a presentation when the lights went out.

They will be joining the seminar on Friday.

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Past continuous tense

I was reading a book all night.

I was reading a book when he called.

I was creating a presentation while Benjamin was negotiating a new deal.

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a. For most one-syllable adjectives, we add est.

Mt. Everest is the highest mountain peak on Earth.

He is the kindest boss I've ever had.

b. For one-syllable adjectives ending in e, add st.

She wore her nicest dress to the company party.

Missing a deadline is the surest way to lose a client.

Jordan is the fittest athlete on their team.

a. For two-syllable adjectives ending in y, change y to i and add est.

Stella was the prettiest speaker at the conference.

b. For some two-syllable adjectives, add est.

Monday is the quietest day in the mall.

c. For most two-syllable adjectives, add most before the word.

Mr. Davis is known to be the most gracious manager in the company.

Some adjectives change their spelling when put in superlative form:

good - better - best

bad - worse - worst

little - less - least

much/many - more - most

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How to ask about someone's trip

Anna: Milton! You're back! How was your trip?

How was ...?

What did you do/see ...?

Where did you go when you were in ...?

I've heard about ...! How was it?

Did you see any (people, places of interest, objects, etc.)?

How was the weather in ...?

How was the food in ...?

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General rules for modals

1. Modals do not change form for singular or plural subjects.

2. Verbs that follow modals are always in the base form.

You should prepare for the client presentation tomorrow.

They should prepare for the client presentation tomorrow.

I will finish this report.

I will can finish this report. (WRONG)

Florence can join the meeting.

Jeff may not be working tomorrow.

I could have helped you had you asked me to.