Modelling of Small Wind Power Plant with
Savonius-Darrieus Rotor in the PSCAD
Michal Ptacek, Marek Kopicka, Tomas Pavelka, Lukas Radil
Brno University of Technology
Brno, Czech Republic
ptacekm@feec.vutbr.cz, marek.kopicka@vutbr.cz, pavelkat@feec.vutbr.cz, radil@feec.vutbr.cz
AbstractThe paper focuses on the creation of a mathematical
model of a small wind power plant with a vertical axis of rotation
with a Savonius-Darrieus rotor within the PSCAD. The paper
describes the principle of a wind energy source and it brings basic
data about this technology and species individual parameters
and their mutual relations that are needed for mathematical
simulation. The paper also presents the results of simulations
of the created mathematical model and assesses the overall
generated energy for an average and above-the-average windy
day in a chosen area.
Keywordswind power plant; mathematical model; aerody-
namic model; VAWT; Savonius rotor; Darrieus rotor; power curve;
PSCAD.
I. I NTRODUCTION
The wind energy source is a plant which through a wind
turbine converts the kinetic energy of wind into the mechanical
energy or further into the electrical energy. Kinetics of a solid
body is based on the fact that the mass of the body is constant.
The output of wind energy source strongly depends on weather
conditions, in particular on the direction and velocity of wind.
Wind is a moving air, therefore it must be seen as a uid
whose density and velocity can change [1], which also affect
the mathematical description of the conversion of the kinetic
energy of wind into the mechanical energy. One possible
method of modelling a wind energy source is described in [2].
It is a power description of a particular wind source. The model
can provide only an electric power generated by a wind power
plant. The power curve enables to assign a power value to
a corresponding velocity of wind. The aforementioned model
makes it possible to analyse its power potential, without the
knowledge of other electrical and mechanical quantities. When
using this approach, however, it is important to correctly model
the power curve of a wind power plant so that it fully captures
the different operating modes. It is also necessary to take into
account the wind turbine dynamics, due to the rotor torque and
the steps performed by regulating elements. According to [2]
the response of a wind turbine can be reected by a moderately
attenuated system of a second order. The model of a wind
power plant can be generally divided into individual partial
mathematical descriptions characterizing e.g. a wind turbine,
This research paper has been carried out in the Centre for Research and
Utilization of Renewable Energy (CVVOZE). Authors gratefully acknowledge
nancial support from the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the
Czech Republic under NPU I programme (project No. LO1210) and from the
Technology Agency of the Czech Republic (project No. TA04021490).
978-1-5090-0908-4/16/$31.00 
c 2016 IEEE
a shaft with a gearbox, generator, controllers and more. The
use of partial description is derived, however, from the concept
of the wind power source and its actual construction. The
requirement to all models of the wind power source is that the
conversion of the kinetic energy of wind into the mechanical
energy must be expressed.
Generally there are two basic concepts of wind turbines
used primarily for electric power generation. One features
turbines with a horizontal spin axis (HAWT), where the
rotation axis is parallel to the wind direction. The other concept
is represented by wind turbines with a vertical spin axis
(VAWT) which is perpendicular to the wind direction [3].
HAWTs are more cost effective than VAWTs [4]. Due to
HAWTs design, rotors can reach greater heights and thereby
also utilize more favourable velocities of wind. The advantages
of VAWTs concept including independence of wind directions
and effective use of variable air ow [5]. Wind turbines can
further be divided according to operational statuses during
which the rotor operates at constant or variable speed [4]. In
the constant speed mode the turbine rotor revolves at invariable
angular speed regardless to the wind variability. As the rotor
speed under specic conditions must be restricted, the turbine
does not run effectively, as it does not fully use the wind
energy potential at all velocities. The rotor angular velocity
is mostly selected based on the frequency of the grid to which
the wind power plant is connected. It implies that turbines
with a constant speed generate less power at lower wind
velocities than turbines with variable speeds for which pro-
portional dependency is taken into account [4]. The advantage
of this solution is the reduction of the nancial cost of power
electronics, such as inverters and controllers [5]. Wind turbines
with a constant speed use one or two xed speeds [6]. Ref. [6]
presents that a wind power plant with variable speeds and
a permanent magnet generator without a gearbox generates
5 % to 10 % more power than a wind power plant with two
xed speeds and an asynchronous generator with a gearbox,
and 10 % to 15 % more when one xed speed is considered.
Although the vertical axis wind power plants can not
compete with HAWT plants by their power output, especially
the hybrid VAWT (i.e. Savonius-Darrieus rotor) plants with
variable speeds still have a considerable potential for use
mainly in common urban areas where small hybrid energy
systems are being newly developed. Regarding to a small
hybrid wind plant it is appropriate to perform a mathematical
simulation just through partial descriptions within the PSCAD,
 1
which will enable specication of individual mutual links in where dmdt is the air mass ow rate (kgs ), A is the area
greater detail. Considering the individual links in conjunction swept by the rotor (m ), is the air density (kgm3 ) and
2

with the PSCAD then also offers progressive options for vR is the wind velocity at the rotor (ms1 ).
analysing dynamic behaviour of the nite mathematical model.
The density of air can be calculated using the ideal gas law,
expressed as a function of temperature and pressure [3]. Both
II. T HEORY BASICS temperature and pressure vary with elevation and decrease
with increasing elevation, respectively. Hence site location is
In this paper, a wind turbine aerodynamic model is ex- important as elevation has major effect on power generated as
pressed with a method which uses a homogeneous disc and a result of air density and [1] considers the following relation
control volume. An overview of the methods usable in the 0.297
development of an aerodynamic model including details is = 0 e 3.048 h , (2)
contained in [7]. For schematic representation see Fig. 1.
where 0 is the air density in zero elevation (in kgm3 )
area 3 and h is site elevation (in m). At high elevations the air
area 2 density corrections can be important. Fig. 1 also shows the
area 0 area 1 developments of the static pressure and the velocity associated
v0 = v p1
v2 to the axial force exerted by the actuator disc (i.e. turbine
v1 v3
rotor). The pressure increases from its freestream value p0 to
wind flow

wind flow
p0 p3
a value p1 in front of the rotor. Behind the rotor the pressure
T

A0 A1 A2 A3
drops to value p2 and then gradually recovers in the wake to the
freestream upstream
p2 freestream value. The disc also acts as a drag device slowing
actuator disk
downstream
the velocity from the freestream velocity v0 far upstream of
the rotor to vR at the rotor and to v3 in the wake.
wake
The thrust is equal and opposite to the change in momen-
Fig. 1. One-dimensional ow through an actuator disc representing ideal tum of air stream [5] and according to [7] the thrust is the
wind turbine: the velocity is dash line (- - -), the pressure is dot-and-dash line force in the streamwise direction resulting from the pressure
( ), the lateral boundary of the stream control volume is dotted line ( )
drop over the rotor, and is used to reduce the wind speed from
v0 to v3
The main purpose of this theory and mentioned equations dm
is to give an overview of the most important aspects of the T = (v0 v3 ) = p A, (3)
dt
aerodynamics of wind turbines. The method uses a homoge-
neous disk (known as the actuator disc method) as a wind where T is the thrust (N) and expresses the force of the wind
turbine rotor with an innite number of blades capable to on the wind turbine, v0 is the freestream velocity (ms1 )
extract energy from winds (owing air). Actuator disc theory representing the wind velocity in area 0, v3 is the wake
can also be applied to a wind turbine with Savonius-Darrieus velocity (ms1 ) representing the wind velocity in area 3 and
rotor to determine optimum operation generally. This is the p is the pressure drop over the wind rotor.
basic aerodynamic expression considering an innitely thin The pressure drop can be found as difference of the
disk with a surface A, whose motion is not resisted by friction pressures in front of the rotor and behind the rotor
forces. Fig. 1 also shows border streamlines of air that still
pass through the rotor (disc). Airow passes through four areas 1  
p = v02 v32 = p1 p2 . (4)
marked 0 to 4, and the corresponding ow areas A0 to A4 . 2
It is necessary to point out that individual variables can be
In anyway, Fig. 1 illustrates the wind ow is divided into two
marked differently, therefore the freestream area (area 0) are
control volumes on either side of the actuator disk. Considering
sometimes indexed as x , the upstream area (area 1) as
sufcient distance from the rotor (i.e. area 0 and area 3) it is
xu , the downstream area (area 2) as xd and the wake area
p0 = p3 . According to [5] the Bernoulli equation can be applied
(area 3) as xw . The ow area always represents the plane of
in these volumes. Because of one of the volumes corresponds
the cross-section by a control volume in a specic area. Border
to freestream and upstream areas in front of the disc, it can be
streamlines (nozzles) then dene an area of the control volume.
express as
It can be assumed that the mass ow leaving this volume
is theoretically zero. The courses of velocity and pressure 1 1
in the areas considered are also indicated. According to [5] p0 + v02 = p1 + vR
2
, (5)
2 2
air is considered incompressible and its ow is homogeneous,
where p0 and p1 are the air pressures (Pa) in area 0 and area 1
stable and only linear. It is also assumed that the velocity of
in front of the rotor. Second control volumes is represented
the air owing over the rotor vR , is the same over its whole
by volumes of the downstream area and the wake area behind
surface. The method is described in more detail in [5], [7]. The
the disc. Due to this it can be used following expression of
introduced premises lead to the fact described by vR = v1 = v2
Bernoulli equation for area behind the rotor
and A = A1 = A2 . Under the aforementioned conditions it
is possible according to [1] to determine the air mass ow 1 1
through the rotor using following expression p3 + v32 = p2 + vR
2
, (6)
2 2
dm where p2 and p3 are the air pressures (Pa) in area 2 and area 3
= A vR , (1) behind the rotor.
dt
 The force acting on the disc can be expressed as where CT is the torque coefcient (-). Each type of wind
1   turbine has a different curves of the power coefcient and the
T = A v02 v32 . (7) torque coefcient. Curves of individual type of wind turbine
2 are presented in [6]. If a wind power plant uses a rotor with an
In an ideal case the velocity vR is equal to the velocity of option of blade adjustment, the power coefcient does not only
the rotor. Equating (1), (3) and (7) leads to the wind velocity depend on the high speed coefcient, but also on the angular
passing through the rotor direction of blades [9], [13]
v0 + v3 1
vR = . (8) P = AR v 3 CP (, ) , (16)
2 2
where is the blade pitch angle ( ) and it is dened as the
Based on the energy conservation law the energy extracted
angle between the plane of rotation and the chord of the cross
from wind per unit times gives the power of wind turbine,
section of the blade. Vertical axis wind turbines do not exhibit
according to [1] it is
so many constructional limitations as horizontal axis wind
1   power plants which have to turn the rotor in response to a wind
P = vR AR v02 v32 , (9) direction. The power coefcient is often expressed empirically
2
where P is the actual mechanical power extracted by the rotor because it is a non-linear function and it is a function of wind
blades (W). According to [5] the mechanical power can also speed that the turbine is operating in, [9] presents the following
 
be dened by the axial factor 116 12.5
CP (, ) = 0.22 0.4 5 e i , (17)
2
P = 2 AR v03 a (1 a) , (10) i
where i is dened by
where a is the axial factor (-) describing the dependence of
the wind velocity at the rotor on the freestream velocity v0 as 1 1 0, 035
= 3 . (18)
shown below i + 0, 08 +1
v0 vR
a= . (11)
v0 The aforementioned relations describe the basic determi-
The expressed premises apply and according to [7] they are nants involved in the conversion of wind energy into the
only used in cases where the axial factor is smaller than 0.4. mechanical energy of the wind turbine rotor. However, in
order to transform the mechanical energy into the electrical
The main parameter of the wind power plant is the power energy the properties of the used generator need to be taken
coefcient Cp representing the turbine efciency. It is dened into account. Ref. [14] presents equations which describe
as the fraction of wind energy extracted by the turbine of the interrelations between the mechanical power of a turbine and
total energy that would have owed through the area swept the electric power of a generator. The following applies to
by the rotor blades if the turbine had not been there [8]. mechanical power
It is apparent that the power coefcient value signicantly P = Tm , (19)
affects the resulting value of a wind turbine performance.
Ref [5] expresses the relation by means of the axial factor where Tm is the torque (Nm). A generator electric power can
only, therefore the following equation applies. be described as
2
Pg = Tem g , (20)
CP = 4 a (1 a) . (12)
where Pg is the output electric power of the generator (W),
On the other hand, [1] expresses the relation by means of the Tem is the electromagnetic torque (Nm) and g is the angular
velocities directly velocity of the generator magnetic ux (rads1 ). According
 2    3 to [14] the following expression relates to the differential of
1 vv30 + vv30 vv30 the angular velocity of a ideal generator
CP = , (13)
2 d 1
= (Tm Tem ) , (21)
where vv30 presents the tip speed ratio of the wind turnine and dt J
according to [1], [9][11] it can be also expressed as where J is the moment of the inertia (kgm2 ). By modication
v3 R of the preceding equation (19) a torque can be expressed with
= = , (14) the power coefcient
v0 v
where is the angular velocity of the turbine (rads1 ) and AR R v 2 CP
Tm = (22)
R is the radius of the wind turbine rotor (m). Previous (12) 2
and (13) inform that the power coefcient is not a constant Considering that principally different generator designs exist,
because it is a function of the tip speed ratio. Moreover it is specic features of a particular solution must be respected
the most important parameter, especially in the case of power and taken into account within the mathematical model of
regulation [1]. Its curve is typically used for regulation of a generator. The basic model of an asynchronous generator
the active power of the wind power source and it presents is presented by [9]. A detailed model of a three-phase asyn-
reference curve [12]. Furthermore, the torque coefcient can chronous generator and its interrelations is included in [15].
be determined as Another model of an asynchronous generator is described
CP = CT , (15) by [16], where also models of a drive train and gearbox
are presented which also consider a coefcient of attenuation not be oriented in the direction of wind velocity. Table I shows
and rigidity. The mathematical description of a synchronous general parameters of combined wind turbine.
permanent magnet generator is provided e.g. in [11].
TABLE I. G ENERAL PARAMETERS OF WIND TURBINE WITH
S AVONIUS -DARRIEUS ROTOR [17]
III. T HE CREATED MODEL
Symbol Parameter Value Unit
The created model describes DS-300 wind power plant vin cut-in wind speed < 3.0 ms1
with Savonius-Darrieus rotor. The model consists of two vout cut-out wind speed 15.5 ms1
main modules representing both three-phase AC synchronous vn rated wind speed 13.5 ms1
dsh diameter of the shaft 14 mm
generator with inset NdFeB permanent magnet rotor (PMSG) m weight of the rotor 25 kg
and Darrieus-Savonius rotors which are combined by installing
the Savonius rotor inside the rotational closed space of the The preceding text describes two principally different ro-
Darrieus rotor. Fig. 2 shows created model in PSCAD. tors used in a hybrid power plant. A Savonius rotor works
mech_spd
according to the resistance principle, as opposed to the lift
mech. spd principle that a Darrieus rotor is based on. Fig. 4 illustrates
Wind Source
Mean
Vw
Turbine
trq
individual forces and their distribution in these types of rotor.
torque
Ramp wind spd W

wind spd Te PMSG N ()

A Load
el. torque Te
V
T () v drag
- R. Dar vR

Fig. 2. Model of a small wind power plant in PSCAD
T lift N

Previous Fig. 2 also shows other used modules and com-
v v
ponents in model, e.g. source signal of wind speed, measuring
and display elements etc. These are provided by components
from main library of PSCAD. Proposals of a wind turbine and
synchronous generator are described in more detail below. Fig. 4. General schematic of rotor cross sections and considered forces

A. Wind turbine
The Savonius rotor consists of two horizontal circular discs,
between which there are two S-blades vertically mounted.
In the middle the blades are set in an opposite direction
toward to each other, so part of wind coming from the
back of the momentarily passive blade is directed at the
front of the active blade. Rotor blades are conceived with
the aim of the resulting momentum to revolve the turbine
counterclockwise. The turbine contains a two-stage Savonius
rotor, where the rotor stages are turned toward each other by
ninety degrees. The aspect ratio of Savonius rotor Sav is 1.94
and its overlap ratio Sav is 0.39. The height of the Savonius
rotor HSav is 660 mm. Fig. 3 shows design concept and size
HV7
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The combination of these two types of rotor makes it
possible to operate a power plant within a broad range of
wind velocity with high efciency. This construction of rotor
does not require adjustment of blades in response to a wind
direction, which reduces its maintenance requirements. As this
is a combined wind power plant, whose construction does
not enable a blade adjustment, also the power coefcient
does not consider a change in angular direction. The created
mathematical model uses the empirical expression of the power
coefcient and internal layout of constructed model is shown
in Fig. 5.
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The Darrieus rotor consists of three aerodynamically 

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axis. The shape of the blades should reduce the effects of

centrifugal forces on them to a minimum. This rotor type need Fig. 5. Wind turbine model in PSCAD
 The model uses the methods and empirical expression reaches approximately 2.06 ms1 . Annual measurements,
from [18], where the power coefcient for a combined wind however, have arrived at a higher value of average wind
power plant is established based on this relation velocity, reaching approximately 2.47 ms1 . This value was
reached on average on 23 December 2013, when an overall
Cp () = c0 8 + c1 7 + c2 6 + c3 5 + generated power amounted to 22.5 Wh and the power plant
+ c 4 4 + c 5 3 + c 6 2 + c 7 + c 8 , (23) operated for 7.8 hours. The winds on 16 March 2014 can be
considered above the average, with an average wind velocity
where ci stands for individual empirical coefcients. To the- reaching approximately 6.78 ms1 . On that day the overall
oretically dene the power coefcient of a wind turbine with generated power amounted to 1.51 kWh and the power plant is
Savonius-Darrieus rotor an empirical expression (23) is used in operation almost for the whole day analysed, i.e. 23.2 hours.
which is primarily designed for a combined wind turbine There is no day analysed during which the wind velocity is
of a similar size, although of type H-design. Therefore the below the average wind speed has not reached the value which
individual coefcients are newly established to reect the ac- is set for starting electric power. Initial results indicate that the
tually used wind turbine with S-blades and egg-beater design. power generated by the wind plant analysed does not reach
A general overview of all new empirical coefcients used satisfactory values.
within the simulation is included in Table II.
TABLE II. D ETERMINED EMPIRICAL COEFFICIENT OF WIND TURBINE Fig. 6 brings the comparison of the real and simulated
WITH S AVONIUS -DARRIEUS ROTOR developments of the output power of wind power plant for
Symbol Value Symbol Value individual operating wind velocities. It is necessary to point
c0 -0.00018229 c5 -0.45309279 out that slowly growing ramp of wind speed is considered
c1 0.00197208 c6 0.36167657
c2 -0.00200764 c7 -0.07959959 in simulation to avoid inappropriately response of simulated
c3 -0.05101515 c8 0.00382108 system to fast changes of wind speed. Then deviation of output
c4 0.24954231 power provided by static wind speed source reference and
output power provided by this ramp is negligible.

B. Permanent magnet synchronous generator 450

reference
The generator of wind power plant DS-300 is permanent 400 PSCAD
magnet synchronous generator with 300 W nominal output
power. Because of the wind turbine is VAWT and full variable 350 340
Power of wind power plant (W)

rated power error

0.525 %
speed, the generator works as vertical one without gearbox. 300 310
The rotor is salient pole type and it has 8 projected pole pairs.
Table III presents general parameters of permanent magnet 250 280
13.2 13.4 13.6 13.8
generator used in performed simulation. 200 30 max. error
26.133 %

TABLE III. G ENERAL PARAMETERS OF PMSG 150 20

Symbol Parameter Value Unit 100 10

Rs stator resistance 0.3528 5.7 5.9 6.1 6.3
ux in the stator windings 0.03 Wb 50
J moment of inertia 5.2104 kgm2
F viscous friction coefcient 3.035105 Nmsrad1 0
f frequency 40 Hz 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
1
Wind speed (ms )

The design of poles leads to the longitudinal inductance Ld
and the transverse inductance Lq are not signicant different.
Therefore the creation of unbalanced magnetic reluctance paths
for the ux and consequence asymmetry in ux distribution
within generator is not signicant. Individual inductances have
been determined by [19].
IV. T HE RESULTS
According to [20] a number of studies dealing with the
problems of wind power sources use average wind velocity
values as their basis. The created mathematical model in
combination with actual measured data of wind velocity is
also used for additional assessment of a hybrid power plant
operation. The power plant is located in the city of Brno,
the Czech Republic, at a height of 25 m above the ground.
According to [21] an average wind velocity at a height of
100 m above the ground ranges from 2.5 ms1 to 5.0 ms1
in this location. On recalculation of 4 ms1 according to [22]
an average velocity at a height of 25 m above the ground then
Fig. 6. Power curve of modelled DS-300 small wind power plant
Fig. 6 and following comments also reveal achieved accu-
racy of model for parameters specied above. The reference
curve is based on approximation of measured data of real wind
power plant in Brno University of Technology. The deciency
of created PSCAD model is expressed by the relative error
of its power curve, therefore some parts of power curves
are highlighted in detail in Fig. 6. At nominal wind speed
(i.e. 13.5 ms1 ) the relative error is 0.525 %. From 11.5 ms1
to 15.5 ms1 the accuracy of model is remained fairly static
below approximate relative error of 1 %. Between 7.5 ms1
and 11.5 ms1 , the decrease in the relative error is slow linear
and its pace is from 20.663 % at 7.5 ms1 to 0.904 % at
11.5 ms1 . The lowest accuracy is achieved in range of wind
speeds from 3.0 ms1 to 7.5 ms1 where the relative errors
reach approximately 20 % with maximum peak of 26.133 %
at 6 ms1 .
 V. C ONCLUSION
The paper informs that the simulation of combined wind
power plant is a wide issue because a lot of interrelations has to
be considered and determined. Based on empirical approach,
the individual empirical coefcients ci has been adjusted to
match the power curve dened by measurement. The accuracy
of the power coefcient Cp () in range of cut-in and cut-
off wind speeds of wind turbine is given by used polynomial.
Moreover, because of the combined wind turbine, adequate
method of determination of coefcients ci is needed to achieve
better accuracy of model. Therefore, the whole range of wind
speed has to be divided into several separated sections and
then the sets of the coefcients has to be determined for
each section individually. The improved mathematical model
can be also used in nding a new locality, better suited for
a wind plant operation. Wind speed measurements then can
be replaced by the wind characteristics and functions which
describe the probability distribution, e.g. using the Weibull or
Gamma distribution.
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