Maxwell's Equations and Electromagnetic Waves

Chapter 31
Maxwells Equations and

Electromagnetic Waves
Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Units of Chapter 31
Changing Electric Fields Produce Magnetic
Fields; Ampres Law and Displacement
Current
Gausss Law for Magnetism
Maxwells Equations
Production of Electromagnetic Waves
Electromagnetic Waves, and Their Speed,
Derived from Maxwells Equations
Light as an Electromagnetic Wave and the
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Units of Chapter 31
Measuring the Speed of Light
Energy in EM Waves; the Poynting Vector
Radiation Pressure
Radio and Television; Wireless
Communication

E&M Equations to date
Qenc
E dA 0
dB
E d dt
Bd 0 I

31-2 Gausss Law for Magnetism
Gausss law relates the electric field on a
closed surface to the net charge enclosed
by that surface. The analogous law for
magnetic fields is different, as there are no
single magnetic point charges
(monopoles):

E&M Equations to date - updated
Qenc
E dA 0
mag No effect since RHS

B dA Q
0 enc
identically zero
dB
E d dt
These two not pretty,
i.e., not symmetric
Bd 0 I
dQ dQ mag
Now, I suggests I mag
0
dt dt

E&M Equations to date more
updated
Qenc
E dA 0
mag
B dA Q
0 enc
d B I mag
E d dt 0
Bd ??? 0 I
Wouldnt it be nice if we could replace ??? with something?

31-1 Changing Electric Fields
Produce Magnetic Fields; Ampres
Law and Displacement Current
Ampres law
relates the
magnetic field
around a current
to the current
through a
surface.
Bd ??? 0 I

31-1 Changing Electric Fields Produce
Magnetic Fields; Ampres Law and
Displacement Current
In order for Ampres
law to hold, it cant
matter which surface
we choose. But look
at a discharging
capacitor; there is a
current through
surface 1 but none
through surface 2:
Bd ??? 0 I

Therefore, Ampres law is modified to include
the creation of a magnetic field by a changing
electric field the field between the plates of the
capacitor in this example:

The second term in Amperes law has the
dimensions of a current (after factoring out
the 0), and is sometimes called the
displacement current:
where

31-1 Ampres Law and
Displacement Current
Example 31-1: Charging capacitor.
A 30-pF air-gap capacitor has circular plates of area
A = 100 cm2. It is charged by a 70-V battery through a
2.0- resistor. At the instant the battery is connected,
the electric field between the plates is changing most
rapidly. At this instant, calculate
(a) the current into the plates, and
(b) the rate of change of electric field between the
plates.
(c) Determine the magnetic field induced between the
plates. Assume E E is uniform between the plates at
any instant and is zero at all points beyond the edges
of the plates.

31-3 Maxwells Equations
We now have a complete set of equations
that describe electric and magnetic fields,
called Maxwells equations. In the absence of
dielectric or magnetic materials, they are:
Qenc
E dA 0
mag
B dA Q
0 enc
dB I mag
E d
dt

0
dE
B d 0 0 dt 0 I

31-4 Production of Electromagnetic
Waves
Since a changing electric field produces

a magnetic field, and a changing
magnetic field produces an electric field,
once sinusoidal fields are created they
can propagate on their own.
These propagating fields are called
electromagnetic waves.

ConcepTest 31.1a EM Waves I
A loop with an AC current produces
a changing magnetic field. Two 1) the plastic loop
loops have the same area, but one 2) the copper loop
is made of plastic and the other 3) voltage is same in both
copper. In which of the loops is
the induced voltage greater?
Plastic
Copper
ConcepTest 31.1a EM Waves I
A loop with an AC current produces
a changing magnetic field. Two 1) the plastic loop
loops have the same area, but one 2) the copper loop
is made of plastic and the other 3) voltage is same in both
copper. In which of the loops is
the induced voltage greater?
Faradays law says nothing about

the material: d
% N
dt
B
Plastic
The change in flux is the same (and
N is the same), so the induced emf
is the same.
Copper
Waves
Oscillating charges
will produce
electromagnetic
waves:

Waves
Close to the antenna,
the fields are
complicated, and are
called the near field:

Waves
Far from the source, the waves

are plane waves:

Waves
The electric and magnetic waves are
perpendicular to each other, and to the
direction of propagation.

ConcepTest 31.2 Oscillations
1) in the north-south plane
The electric field in an EM
wave traveling northeast 2) in the up-down plane
oscillates up and down. In 3) in the NE-SW plane
what plane does the 4) in the NW-SE plane
magnetic field oscillate?
5) in the east-west plane
ConcepTest 31.2 Oscillations
1) in the north-south plane
The electric field in an EM
wave traveling northeast 2) in the up-down plane
oscillates up and down. In 3) in the NE-SW plane
what plane does the 4) in the NW-SE plane
magnetic field oscillate?
5) in the east-west plane
The magnetic field oscillates perpendicular to BOTH the

electric field and the direction of the wave. Therefore the
magnetic field must oscillate in the NW-SE plane.
31-5 Electromagnetic Waves, and
Their Speed, Derived from Maxwells
Equations
In the absence of currents and charges,
Maxwells equations become:

Equations
This figure shows an electromagnetic wave of
wavelength and frequency f. The electric and
magnetic fields are given by
where

Equations
Applying Faradays law to the rectangle of
height y and width dx in the previous figure
gives a relationship between E and B:

Equations
Similarly, we apply
Maxwells fourth
equation to the
rectangle of length z
and width dx, which
gives
.

Equations
Using these two equations and the
equations for B and E as a function of time
gives
.
Here, v is the velocity of the wave.

Substituting,

Equations
The magnitude of this speed is

3.0 x 108 m/s precisely equal
to the measured speed of light.

Equations
Example 31-2: Determining E and B in EM
waves.
Assume a 60-Hz EM wave is a sinusoidal
wave propagating in the z direction with E
pointing in the x direction, and E0 = 2.0 V/m.
Write vector expressions for E and B as
functions of position and time.

31-6 Light as an Electromagnetic Wave
and the Electromagnetic Spectrum
The frequency of an electromagnetic wave

is related to its wavelength and to the
speed of light:

Electromagnetic waves can have any
wavelength; we have given different names to
different parts of the wavelength spectrum.

Example 31-3: Wavelengths of EM waves.
Calculate the wavelength
(a) of a 60-Hz EM wave,
(b) of a 93.3-MHz FM radio wave, and
(c) of a beam of visible red light from a
laser at frequency 4.74 x 1014 Hz.

Example 31-4: Cell phone antenna.
The antenna of a cell phone is often
wavelength long. A particular cell phone has
an 8.5-cm-long straight rod for its antenna.
Estimate the operating frequency of this
phone.

Example 31-5: Phone call time lag.
You make a telephone call from New York
to a friend in London. Estimate how long it
will take the electrical signal generated by
your voice to reach London, assuming the
signal is (a) carried on a telephone cable
under the Atlantic Ocean, and (b) sent via
satellite 36,000 km above the ocean.
Would this cause a noticeable delay in
either case?

31-7 Measuring the Speed of Light
The speed of light
was known to be
very large,
although careful
studies of the
orbits of Jupiters
moons showed
that it is finite.
One important
measurement, by
Michelson, used a
rotating mirror:
31-7 Measuring the Speed of Light
Over the years, measurements have become

more and more precise; now the speed of light
is defined to be
c = 2.99792458 108 m/s.
This is then used to define the meter.

31-8 Energy in EM Waves; the
Poynting Vector
Energy is stored in both electric and magnetic
fields, giving the total energy density of an
electromagnetic wave:
Each field contributes half the total energy

density:

Poynting Vector
This energy is
transported by
the wave.

Poynting Vector
The energy transported through a unit area

per unit time is called the intensity:
Its vector form is the Poynting vector:

Poynting Vector
Typically we are interested in the average

value of S:
S

Poynting Vector
Example 31-6: E and B from the Sun.
Radiation from the Sun reaches the Earth
(above the atmosphere) at a rate of about
1350 J/sm2 (= 1350 W/m2). Assume that this is
a single EM wave, and calculate the maximum
values of E and B.

31-9 Radiation Pressure
In addition to carrying energy, electromagnetic

waves also carry momentum. This means that a
force will be exerted by the wave.
The radiation pressure is related to the average
intensity. It is a minimum if the wave is fully
absorbed:
and a maximum if it is fully reflected:

Example 31-7: Solar pressure.

Radiation from the Sun that reaches
the Earths surface (after passing
through the atmosphere) transports
energy at a rate of about 1000 W/m2.
Estimate the pressure and force
exerted by the Sun on your
outstretched hand.

Example 31-8: A solar sail.
Proposals have been made to use the
radiation pressure from the Sun to help
propel spacecraft around the solar
system. (a) About how much force
would be applied on a 1 km x 1 km
highly reflective sail, and (b) by how
much would this increase the speed of
a 5000-kg spacecraft in one year? (c) If
the spacecraft started from rest, about
how far would it travel in a year?

31-10 Radio and Television; Wireless
Communication
This figure illustrates the process by which a
radio station transmits information. The audio
signal is combined with a carrier wave.

Communication
The mixing of signal and carrier can be done
two ways. First, by using the signal to modify
the amplitude of the carrier (AM):

Communication
Second, by using the signal to modify the
frequency of the carrier (FM):

Communication
At the receiving end, the wave is received,
demodulated, amplified, and sent to a
loudspeaker.

Communication
The receiving
antenna is
bathed in
waves of many
frequencies; a
tuner is used to
select the
desired one.

Communication
A straight antenna will have a current induced
in it by the varying electric fields of a radio
wave; a circular antenna will have a current
induced by the changing magnetic flux.

Communication
Example 31-9: Tuning a station.

Calculate the transmitting wavelength
of an FM radio station that transmits
at 100 MHz.

ConcepTest 31.3 TV Antennas
Before the days of cable,
televisions often had two 1) the circular one
antennae on them, one straight 2) the straight one
and one circular. Which antenna 3) both equally; they were
picked up the magnetic straight and circular for
oscillations? different reasons
ConcepTest 31.3 TV Antennas
Before the days of cable,
televisions often had two 1) the circular one
antennae on them, one straight 2) the straight one
and one circular. Which antenna 3) both equally; they were
picked up the magnetic straight and circular for
oscillations? different reasons
The varying B field in the loop

means the flux is changing and
therefore an emf is induced.
ConcepTest 31.4 Radio Antennas
If a radio transmitter has a vertical 1) vertical

antenna, should a receivers
2) horizontal
antenna be vertical or horizontal
to obtain the best reception? 3) doesnt matter
ConcepTest 31.4 Radio Antennas
If a radio transmitter has a vertical 1) vertical

antenna, should a receivers
2) horizontal
antenna be vertical or horizontal
to obtain the best reception? 3) doesnt matter
If a wave is sent out from a vertical E field

antenna, the electric field oscillates of wave
up and down. Thus, the receivers E field
antenna should also be vertical so of wave
that the arriving electric field can set
the charges in motion.
Summary of Chapter 31
Maxwells equations are the basic equations
of electromagnetism:

Electromagnetic waves are produced by
accelerating charges; the propagation speed
is given by
The fields are perpendicular to each other

and to the direction of propagation.

The wavelength and frequency of EM waves
are related:
The electromagnetic spectrum includes

all wavelengths, from radio waves through
visible light to gamma rays.
The Poynting vector describes the
energy carried by EM waves:

Maxwell's Equations and Electromagnetic Waves

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Chapter 31

Maxwells Equations and

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

mag No effect since RHS

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Wouldnt it be nice if we could replace ??? with something?

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Since a changing electric field produces

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Faradays law says nothing about

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Far from the source, the waves

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

The magnetic field oscillates perpendicular to BOTH the

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Here, v is the velocity of the wave.

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

The magnitude of this speed is

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

The frequency of an electromagnetic wave

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Over the years, measurements have become

This is then used to define the meter.

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Each field contributes half the total energy

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

The energy transported through a unit area

Its vector form is the Poynting vector:

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Typically we are interested in the average

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

In addition to carrying energy, electromagnetic

and a maximum if it is fully reflected:

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Example 31-7: Solar pressure.

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.