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Principle:
In contrast to normal photography a
hologram can store information about
the three-dimensionality of an object.
To capture the three-dimensionality
of an object, the film stores not only
the amplitude but also the phase of
the light rays. To achieve this, a co-
herent light beam (laser light) is split
into an object and a reference beam
by being passed through a beam split-
ter. These beams interfere in the plane
of the holographic film. The hologram
is reconstructed with the reference
beam which was also used to record
the hologram.
*Alternative:
Holographic sheet film 08746.01 1
Glass plate, 120312032 mm 64819.00 2
112 Laboratory Experiments Physics PHYWE Systeme GmbH & Co. KG D - 37070 Gttingen
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Recording and reconstruction of holograms 2.6.03
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PHYWE series of publications Laboratory Experiments Physics PHYWE SYSTEME GMBH & Co. KG D-37070 Gttingen 22603-00 1
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2.6.03 Recording and reconstruction of holograms
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2 22603-00 PHYWE series of publications Laboratory Experiments Physics PHYWE SYSTEME GMBH & Co. KG D-37070 Gttingen
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Recording and reconstruction of holograms 2.6.03
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Fig. 2: The principle of holography: Fig. 4: Reconstruction of the hologram recorded in accordance
interference of object wave O with coherent reference with Fig. 3.
wave R. H is the hologram plate.
a) Recording b) Reconstruction
Recording of holograms
spherical wave (-1st order diffraction). Besides the virtual
image at the original position of the object, there is also a real Object wave O and reference wave R overlap in the plane of
image on the other side of the hologram. the hologram (z = 0) and supply a position-dependent interfer-
ence pattern with intensity *.
For the quantitative treatment of holography, the light source
is described by a complex function. O = OO(x, y) eiD (x,y) (3)
The real part of this complex function is the electrical vector of * = (O + R) (O + R)*
the light wave. = OO* + RR* + OR* + RO*
Intensity * is obtained by time averaging (denoted by < >) and
= *O + *R + OOROei (D X) + OOROei (-D + X) (5)
apart from a constant factor is:
* = < E E* > (2) The developed hologram then has a (complex) position-
dependent transmittance:
A number of simplifying assumptions are made for the follow-
ing calculations in order to reduce the calculating effort re- t (x,y) = T(x,y) ei X (x,y) (6)
quired and to emphasize the results which are of essential
importance for holography. The following initial assumptions If the phase X (x,y) = const., we speak of an amplitude holo-
are firstly made: gram (optical density vixed after developing). On the other
hand, if T(x,y) = const. (by bleaching the hologram) we have a
The time-dependent factor eiWt is equal for all waves and is phase hologram.
therefore omitted, and it is also left out of the calculation of
intensity as a result of averaging (W = 2 Qf, f = frequency). The transmittance is dependent on energy density W, the pro-
duct of light intensity * and exposure time tB (Fig. 5).
The hologram is regarded as an area hologram (i. e. The exposure time and also the ratio of the intensities of the
thickness of photographic layer << length of light wave). It object and reference waves should be chosen so that the trans-
is regarded as being in the plane z = 0. mittance is in the linear range of the characteristic shown in
Fig. 5, e.g. between W1 and W2 respectively between W3 and
A far more complicated calculation for volume holograms W4.
leads to similar results.
Fig. 3: Overlapping of a spherical wave emanating from O and Fig. 5: Amplitude and phase transmittance in relation to ener-
a plane reference wave R. gy density W for amplitude and phase holograms.
PHYWE series of publications Laboratory Experiments Physics PHYWE SYSTEME GMBH & Co. KG D-37070 Gttingen 22603-00 3
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2.6.03 Recording and reconstruction of holograms
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We therefore assume for the transmission of the holograms: Fig. 6: Position of image points with oblique reference wave.
the intensity of reference wave *R and the exposure time are
chosen so that the transmittance is in the linear range of the
characteristic.
*O << *R for the intensity of object wave *O, so that intensity
modulation remains in the linear range of the characteristic.
t (x,y) = B ei X (x,y)
B ( 1 + iXO + i b * (x,y)) (8)
B, C = const.
For small angles a and b (a, b << 90 ) the virtual image is in
mirror symmetry to the real image in relation to the dash-dot
the series
line which is vertical to the direction of the reference wave.
n n
ei X = a w The following relationship is obtained by calculation: Refer-
n n! ence wave in the hologram plane (z = 0)
for *O << *R being interrupted after the first term. The relation- R = RO ei k x sin C (10)
ship between t und * is also approximately linear for phase
holograms. The factor i means that the reconstruction wave Object wave in the hologram plane
additionally undergoes a constant phase shift on passing i k x sin B
through the hologram. O = O' e (11)
4 22603-00 PHYWE series of publications Laboratory Experiments Physics PHYWE SYSTEME GMBH & Co. KG D-37070 Gttingen
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Recording and reconstruction of holograms 2.6.03
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Fig. 7: Setup for recording and reconstruction of a transmis- Fig. 8: Setup for recording a white light reflection hologram.
sion hologram.
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