Prevention of White Feces Syndrome, White Gut Disease and White Muscle Disease in Shrimp - The Fish Site

9/13/2017 PreventionofWhiteFecesSyndrome,WhiteGutDiseaseandWhiteMuscleDiseaseinShrimp|TheFishSite
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HEALTH EDUCATION & ACADEMIA
Prevention of White Feces

Syndrome, White Gut Disease
and White Muscle Disease in
Shrimp
Lucy Towers
18 January 2016, at 12:00am
Shrimp culture tends to now be developed intensively

with upgraded technology for higher and successful
production.In many occasions shrimp culture are
affected by various diseases and experienced in loss of
crop or reduced the production level by various reasons,
writes Mr Prakash Chandra Behera, India.
Intensive and semi -intensive aqua farming accompanies several disease

problems often due to opportunistic pathogens as evident from general
aquaculture. High stocking densities, high food inputs and other organic
loads stimulate the selection and proliferation of opportunistic pathogens
like bacteria, virus, fungi, protozoa etc.
https://thefishsite.com/articles/preventionofwhitefecessyndromewhitegutdiseaseandwhitemusclediseaseinshrimp 1/14
Gut Track Diseases in Shrimps
Shrimp are actively grazing on the substrate present in the pond bottom
and water column. Therefore, they highly expose to exchanges of
microora between the environment and the digestive system. This
increases the risk for the proliferation of an unfavorable gut microora or
frequent destabilization of the microora, which can affect the optimal
functioning of the digestive system.
Furthermore, the digestive system of shrimp is the main entry port for
protozoan, bacterial and viral infections, which remain a major risk for the
protability of shrimp production. Presently these are the most important
Gut track diseases in shrimps:
White Feces Syndrome (WFS)

White Gut Disease (WGD)
White Muscle Disease (WMD)
White Feces Syndrome (WFS)
Accompanying acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) in

cultivated shrimps has been an increasing prevalence of vermiform,
gregarine-like bodies within the shrimp hepatopancreas (HP) and midgut.
In high quantity of these bodies result in white fecal strings and a
phenomenon called white feces syndrome (WFS).WFS appears in shrimps
from approximately 2 months of culture onwards and caused by
gregarines .The vermiform bodies formations are consisting of
Aggregated Transformed Microvilli (ATM).The ATM have originated by
sloughing from epithelial cells of the shrimp hepatopancreatic tubules.
They accumulate at the HP-midgut junction before being discharged
within feces via the midgut.
White fecal matter
When the occurrence of ATM is severe, it can lead to the formation of

white fecal strings in shrimp .The high density stocked shrimp pond
exhibit this phenomenon and it lead to oating fecal strings or sometimes
accumulate in oating mats (i.e., white feces syndrome or WFS). However,
ATM sometimes occur together with shrimp hepatopancreatic diseases
such as the AHPND, other types of vibriosis, and parasitemia with the
microsporidian Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei.
The impact of white fecal matter has been found in L. vannamei &
P.monodon culture shrimps and there is no possible association with
Loose shell syndrome. The severity of the problem due to occurrence of
white fecal matter has been observed to be a serious problem during the
culture shrimps. Interestingly, the problem has been observed with the L.
vannamei ponds having high count of blue green algae.
Main Feature of White Gut / Feces Syndromes :
Vermiform, gregarine-like bodies within HP and midgut

Show no cellular or sub-cellular organelles
Also WFS involves other protozoan or metazoan.
Microvilli found peeled away from HP tubule cells and aggregated in HP
tubule lumen
Stripped of microvilli, the originating cells undergo lysis.
Loss of microvilli and subsequent cell llysis indicate a pathological
process.
May retard shrimp growth and may predispose to opportunistic
pathogen
Field signs of white feces syndrome (WFS)
Gross signs of WFS in shrimp cultivation pond included white to

somewhat yellow, oating fecal strings that sometimes collected in mats
or could also be found on feeding trays .The midgut junction and midgut
are distended and lled with white to yellow-golden contents .When the
contents of the gut or fecal strings are examined , they consisted of
masses of vermiform bodies the supercially resembled gregarines .
Severely affected ponds exhibit reduction in shrimp survival by 2030

percent when compared to normal ponds. There is also a decreases in feed
consumption, growth rates and reduces in average daily weight gain
(ADG).
(WFS in Shrimp pond)
The presence of more the number of gregarines are higher the chances of
lesions and infections in cultured shrimp. The number of gregarines grows
in number and get the nourishment from the host leaving lesion for the
infections to set in. The gregarines also interfere in assimilation of
nutrients by the villi and resulting in the poor growth of cultured shrimps.
Comparison of white gut and white fecal matter
The White gut and White fecal matter are the two different problems in
shrimp culture ponds that can possibly lead to Loose shell syndrome. In
general, the White gut is caused by the necrosis of epithelial mucosa and
resembles the haemocytic enteritis.And usually, the White fecal matter is
caused because of the damage to the hepatopancreas and sloughing of
hepatocytes.The sloughed cells are released in to the gut and the gut
looks white in colour. In general, the fecal matter contains undigested
feed particles but in case of white fecal matter it is from the dead
hepatocytes.
White Muscle Disease
Whitish muscle disease of Penaeus vannamei in early disease occurs

mostly in the shrimp's tail whitish. Also began to appear whitish from the
middle of the back and the whitish part of the loss of transparency Then
this diseases forward the development of rapid spread of shrimp in
serious condition muscles throughout the back White necrosis. Began to
appear the complete white muscle necrosis, the shrimp may die after 3-5
days. White muscle necrosis shows under microscopic examination such as
muscle ber disorders and stripes clearly. Disease is difcult to see the
surface of the pond shrimp, dead shrimp submerged in the underwater,
early onset of normal feeding, after death, before the muscles become
whitish red.
The WMD (White muscle disease) is observed at most of shrimp farms

.The epizootic of WMD is showing mortalities ranging from 30% to 100% .
The rst sign related to this disease is the poor feeding (mineral deciency
in water, poor quality feed) and lethargy of the prawns especially during
the rst 5 days of PL settlement resulting in slow mortality. The signs are
focal to extensive necrotic areas in tail muscle tissues, displaying a white,
opaque appearance.
(White muscle disease in bigger size L. vannamei)
Gross signs of the disease are similar to the WGD. It is likely that the
involvement of the Gram-positive cocci, Lactococcus garvieae in WMD
could possibly have been a secondary infection. The disease progressively
destroyed the abdominal muscular organization of the prawns especially
the striated muscles nally leading to mortality.
White Gut Disease (WGD)
White Gut Disease (WGD) By Vibrio
The occurrence of ve types of diseases: tail necrosis, shell disease, red

disease, loose shell syndrome (LSS) and white gut disease (WGD) is by
Vibrio spp. in shrimpfrom culture ponds
Among these, LSS, WGD, and red disease caused mass mortalities in
shrimp culture ponds. Six species of VibrioV. harveyi, V.
parahaemolyticus, V. alginolyticus, V. anguillarum, V. vulnicus and V.
splendidusare associated with the diseased shrimp. Mortalities due to
vibriosis occur when shrimps are stressed by factors such as: poor water
quality, crowding, high water temperature, low DO and low water
exchange.
The white gut disease (WGD) observed in shrimp farms and Vibriosis is
one of the major disease problems agent in aquaculture. Vibriosis is a
bacterial disease responsible for mortality of cultured shrimp worldwide.
Vibriosis is caused by gram-negative bacteria in the family Vibrionaceae.
Outbreaks may occur when environmental factors trigger the rapid
multiplication of bacteria already tolerated at low levels within shrimp
blood or by bacterial penetration of host barriers. The exoskeleton
provides an effective physical barrier to pathogens trying to penetrate the

external surface of crustaceans, as well as the foregut and hindgut.
(White Gut Diseaseby vibrio in L. vannamei)
The occurrence of ve types of diseases: tail necrosis, shell disease, red

disease, loose shell syndrome (LSS) and white gut disease (WGD) is by
Vibrio spp. in shrimps. Among these, LSS, WGD, and red disease caused
mass mortalities in shrimp culture ponds. The diseased shrimp showed
symptoms of stunted growth and opaque white gut visible through the
transparent cuticle as a white streak. The shrimp consumed feed in large
quantities and released fecal matter in the form of a white uid material.
Mortality rate in affected ponds leads in high.
White Gut Disease (WGD) By Micro parasite
(Microsporidian infection of the abdominal muscles of Shrimps)
Shrimps have purplish-mauve coloration on the cuticle and to have large

white tumors or cysts in the muscle. Shrimps have a disease known as
cotton or milk shrimp caused by a parasite infection of primarily the
abdominal muscle. The muscle has a cottony appearance, which is
externally visible as white opaque patchy areas under the carapace. The
disease is caused by a severe infection of parasitic microsporidia. The

white mass is not a cancerous tumor or cyst but is caused by hundreds of
microscopic parasites. The presence of the parasite can elicit a host
response by the shrimp that leads to a buildup of blue-black pigmentation
in the cuticle.
(White Gut Disease (WGD) By Microparasite)
Prevention & Control Measures
Effective management of the health of shrimp requires consideration of

delicate balance between the host, pathogen and environment. Disease
and production problem are vary during the different phase of shrimp
culture. Production shortages resulting from shrimp mortality, slow
growth and high FCR occur and affect the economics of shrimp farms.
Most often pathogens are present in association with the environment

and shrimp are apparently healthy and show normal growth. Often
conditions such as high stocking density, poor water quality, and sudden
changes in environmental factors precipitate diseases in shrimps. Some of
the important strategies for gut health management have been outlined
below:
Sustainable approaches to modulate the gut microora in farmed

shrimps for preventing gut diseases.
The use of selected bacteria to inoculate the gut (probiotics)
Specic nutrients promoting the development of selected bacterial

strains (prebiotics) in gut.
Specic natural compounds (mostly derived from yeast and herbal
extracts, so called phytobiotics) capable of modulating the microora

towards a favorable composition.
Favoring the development of benecial bacteria and inhibiting
potentially pathogenic micro-organisms in gut.
A synergistic blend of herbal extracts has the bacteriostatic and

bactericidal properties against pathogenic and potentially pathogenic
bacteria. Furthermore, this synergistic blend has proven to be a powerful
interrupter of bacterial and effectively modulate for the gut ora.
The presence of a synergistic blend of phytobiotics provides an array of

antimicrobial activities in the shrimps digestive system. This offered
additional protection against co-infections with opportunistic bacteria
such as vibriosis.
Management of Diseases Controls
PCR screening of brood stock before spawning and PCR screening of

larvae (PL) before stocking can help to avoid the entry of pathogens
into aquaculture system.
Mortalities are precipitated by sudden stress from the changes of wide
uctuation of climatic condition.
Total disinfection and sanitization to the whole culture system have a
chance to eradicate the pathogens and other diseases.
Feeding of shrimps with immunostimulants has been shown to help
overcome diseases / infection
Application and mode of probiotic culture system will reduces the
chances of diseases.
Bacterial and other diseases can be treated and hold under control with
application of various chemicals and other biological products.
Avoidance of pathogens: This can be done through selection of specic

pathogen free broodstock, exclusion of carrier animals in culture systems,
screening of healthy and disease free shrimp brooders ,nauplii and larvae
through quarantine systems ,stocking of SPF /SPR seeds ,ltration and
sanitization of water before intake.
Improving host conditions through good nutrition and

immunostimulation: A number of microbial molecules such as feed
additive probiotic, b 1,3 glucans, peptidoglycans, polysaccharides have
been shown to stimulate the non-specic immune mechanisms in shrimp
Improving environmental conditions: The environment has a greater role

and signicant impact on shrimp health, growth and production .Most
disease problems are triggered by deterioration of water and soil quality.
Application of probiotic can capable of oxidizing toxic wastes and be
useful in improving soil & water quality in shrimp culture ponds.
Biosecurity: The biosecurity systems have used in aquaculture as well as

for regulations and policies to prevent and control the spread of diseases.
The key elements of biosecurity are a reliable source of stocks, adequate
detection and diagnostic methods for excludable diseases, disinfection
and pathogen eradication methods, best management practices, and
practical & acceptable legislation. Hence, the strict principles and guide
lines of biosecurity to be adapted in individual farms and cluster wise in
farming areas.
The Best Management Practice (BMP), quarantine system and good feed
management practice are to be followed entire culture period to
overcome the disease problems in shrimp culture.
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9/13/2017 PreventionofWhiteFecesSyndrome,WhiteGutDiseaseandWhiteMuscleDiseaseinShrimp|TheFishSite

Find species, diseases, articles

HEALTH EDUCATION & ACADEMIA

Prevention of White Feces

Shrimp culture tends to now be developed intensively

Intensive and semi -intensive aqua farming accompanies several disease

Gut Track Diseases in Shrimps

White Feces Syndrome (WFS)

White Feces Syndrome (WFS)

Accompanying acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) in

White fecal matter

When the occurrence of ATM is severe, it can lead to the formation of

Main Feature of White Gut / Feces Syndromes :

Vermiform, gregarine-like bodies within HP and midgut

Field signs of white feces syndrome (WFS)

Gross signs of WFS in shrimp cultivation pond included white to

Severely affected ponds exhibit reduction in shrimp survival by 2030

(WFS in Shrimp pond)

Comparison of white gut and white fecal matter

White Muscle Disease

Whitish muscle disease of Penaeus vannamei in early disease occurs

The WMD (White muscle disease) is observed at most of shrimp farms

(White muscle disease in bigger size L. vannamei)

White Gut Disease (WGD)

White Gut Disease (WGD) By Vibrio

The occurrence of ve types of diseases: tail necrosis, shell disease, red

provides an effective physical barrier to pathogens trying to penetrate the

(White Gut Diseaseby vibrio in L. vannamei)

The occurrence of ve types of diseases: tail necrosis, shell disease, red

White Gut Disease (WGD) By Micro parasite

(Microsporidian infection of the abdominal muscles of Shrimps)

Shrimps have purplish-mauve coloration on the cuticle and to have large

disease is caused by a severe infection of parasitic microsporidia. The

(White Gut Disease (WGD) By Microparasite)

Prevention & Control Measures

Effective management of the health of shrimp requires consideration of

Most often pathogens are present in association with the environment

Sustainable approaches to modulate the gut microora in farmed

The use of selected bacteria to inoculate the gut (probiotics)

Specic nutrients promoting the development of selected bacterial

extracts, so called phytobiotics) capable of modulating the microora

A synergistic blend of herbal extracts has the bacteriostatic and

The presence of a synergistic blend of phytobiotics provides an array of

Management of Diseases Controls

PCR screening of brood stock before spawning and PCR screening of

Avoidance of pathogens: This can be done through selection of specic

Improving host conditions through good nutrition and

Improving environmental conditions: The environment has a greater role

Biosecurity: The biosecurity systems have used in aquaculture as well as

HEALTH EDUCATION & ACADEMIA

More articles on crustaceans

31 Jul 2017 SPONSORED

More articles on shrimp

31 Jul 2017 SPONSORED

Related news & articles

Scots to tackle Saprolegnia in salmon

A million-pound project to address one of the key health challenges faced

Sustainable Aquaculture Magazine

Subscribe to our newsletter

Contact our team

Terms & conditions Privacy & cookie policy

No part of this site may be reproduced without permission.

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