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This booklet describes the valuable experience of our Science students in various forms
of diverse learning activities in the past few years.
4
p.32-37
WORKING EXPERIENCE
Internship Experience
2 SEEING
IS BELIEVING
p.12-23 Field Learning Experience
5
p.38-43
LEARNING TO SERVE
Service Learning Experience
3 WORLD WITHOUT
BOUNDARIES
p.24-31 Exchange Study Experience
ulty
- o r ie n ted Fac
earch borato
ries
a s t ro ng, res a r c h la
nce is rese dents
c u lt y of Scie a n d moder n in g our stu
a t s id re
The F scientis to prov for futu
h
a t e d it t e d r s e ry
c
p- r com m be a n u
with to ate
r
We are ce and rg r a d u
a
. e
e
il it ie s s c ie n u n d
s
and fa
c tion in motes age
e
t educa e ly p ro to eng
R
b e s c t iv e r e d
f
e a f f
with th c u lt y a re o a rc h
o
The Fa mmes s Rese
e
t s . r a s e a
t
t is r o g v e r es
s c ie n p Our O
s
many Schem
a
d h . ip
AT
ch a n a r c s h
re s e a r r re s e F e ll o w an
t s i n f ro n t i e r R e s e a rc h t r e s e arch in
studen mme nduc the
and Su o r t to co a chers in
nce
s h ip u p p o f t e
F e ll o w with s ision uium
W
Towards the end of the schemes, participants (now young
hen one says scientist, who would scientists one would say) share their research findings
come to your mind? The famous Albert with fellow students and teachers in a poster presentation
Einstein, or Manabu Yukawa (from the session. Students can also know more about research in
Japanese TV drama Galileo)? There is often a sense of different science disciplines. Outstanding presenters will
also be given the opportunity to present in a Colloquium.
mysteriousness about scientists.
The Undergraduate Research Colloquium provides another
As a student reporter, I interviewed Wong Ho Yin platform for Science undergraduate students undertaking
Bosco, (BSc Biochemistry and Chemistry), who research projects to share their findings with others, and to
participated in the Summer Research Fellowship (SRF) gain experience in communicating scientific knowledge in a
Scheme; and Zhong Xingxin, (BSc Mathematics), professional setting.
who went to The University of California, Los
The research experience at undergraduate level is found to
Hans Ng, Bosco Wong and Zhong Xingxin (from left to right) Angeles (UCLA) with the support of the Overseas
7
be invaluable for students aspiring to pursue further studies.
Research Fellowship (ORF) Scheme during 2010.
The Swire Institute of Marine Science (SWIMS) is the
Facultys off-campus research facility on marine biology
situated in the only marine reserve of Hong Kong in the
scenic Cape dAguilar.
8 9
and conducting experiments. He told me to have applying for the ORF, but it may be difficult for
patience said Xingxin about his supervisor. In doing students who have no exchange experience to
research, you have to use your own knowledge to approach overseas professors. It would be great if
tackle obstacles, but luckily you always have your HKU can collaborate more with other universities.
WHAT DO Hear f ro m O t h e r S tudents
s e a rc h Ex p e rience
THEY SAY b o u t t h e ir S cientific Re GUO Jun
a 2011 BSc (Actuarial Science) graduate
Participant of Overseas Research Fellowship Scheme 2009-10
Research Institution:
Department of Mathematics, University of California, Los Angeles
TO Kit Yan Sally Supervisor: Professor George Mohler
2010 BSc (Major in Biology, and Minors in Microbiology and Project Title: Parameter Estimation of a Statistical Criminal Behavior
Translation) graduate Model
Participant of the Universitas 21 Undergraduate Research
Conference 2010 in Melbourne I spent a fruitful summer doing research in the Department of Mathematics, UCLA, supervised by
Professor George Mohler. My research topic is simulation study and parameter estimation of a statistical
I am delighted to be one of the HKU representatives
criminal behaviour model. This was actually my first research experience in my undergraduate study
to participate in the U21 Undergraduate Research
and I utilized this precious opportunity to learn a lot about Monte Carlo and Expectation Maximization
Conference last summer, which had gathered over
methods. I have also learnt many new techniques, acquired knowledge of conducting research and
50 undergraduate students studying a wide range of
sharpened my programming skills. Prior to joining the scheme, I could not imagine myself being able to
disciplines from different parts of the world. We shared
accomplish both the formulation and the codes of more than 25 functions, 60 loops and iterations and
our research projects through either oral or poster
hundreds of variables in 8 weeks. Now I can manage to communicate with researchers and scholars
presentations, during which we learnt a great deal on
freely and effectively. This is truly a rewarding and unforgettable experience, so I must thank our Faculty
conducting research from each other. The University of
for giving me this opportunity!
Melbourne, the host of the 2010 conference, had also
organized some local tours for the participants before
the presentations, which allowed us to experience
the Australian cultures. After all, the conference has Li Xinyu
enriched my undergraduate life by exposing me to the Year 3, BSc (Mathematics/Physics)
hospitability of Australian people and the fascinating Participant of Overseas Research Fellowship Scheme 2009-10
Research Institution: Mullard Space Science Laboratory,
world of research. I enjoyed it very much. University College London
Supervisor: Professor Kinwah Wu
Project Title: Large-Scale Cosmic Magnetic Field
Besides, living in the beautiful scenery of the countryside made me feel like having
a vacation. Looking at the farms, trees and long mountain ranges could stimulate
10
my thinking. Deer and foxes could be found in the forests and raspberries and
blueberries were readily to be collected just along the road.
Seeing is Believing
Field studies form an important curriculum component in the Earth
Sciences, Ecology & Biodiversity, and Environmental Science
programmes. Engaging students in a local field trip or overseas field
camp provides them with hands-on learning experience which is not
possible in a classroom or a laboratory setting. Our students have
Field Learning Experience left footprints all over the world, including Mainland China, Taiwan,
Kenya, India, Thailand, US, Australia, and Cyprus.
Aphrodite's Rock (where the Goddess Venus is believed to Earth Sciences stud ents sometimes have to stay in tents in Professors and students in the geological field camp in Cyprus
have emerged from the waves) is one of the study localities wildness field camps
Earth Sciences T
he overseas field camp in Cyprus is a major step for us to
become a real geologist. Geologists need to do field mapping
and produce geological maps, which are the basis for us to
understand the regional tectonics and evaluate potential geological
Field Camp in
hazards and mineral and petroleum resources of an area. Geological
mapping requires us to integrate knowledge we acquire in different
earth science courses and apply our observational and analytical
skills; it is truly a capstone experience. Mapping is not easy because
there are no prescribed methods or procedure for us to follow. We have
to manage our own investigation plan and even formulate our own
Cyprus
study questions in the field.
In our 20-day field camp in Cyprus, we first spent a few days going
around in the field, learning to recognize the different geological
units and the typical rocks. Cyprus is a remarkable place since it
by Earth Sciences students is one of the few places on Earth where a complete section of the
oceanic crust is exposed on land. Therefore, we could actually see
the rocks that make up the ocean floor as well as the deeper parts
of the Earth. This is really an unusual opportunity for us since not
many geologists have actually seen a section of the earths oceanic
crust.
14 15
pollution problems brought about by the mining operation. We
also visited an asbestos mine and learned that asbestos is actually
a mineral that formed naturally as a result of some chemical
A cross-section of the oceanic crust Students enjoying the Mediterranean water on a free day
is exposed in Cyprus
The team met the field researcher (the African lady in the middle) at
the Amboseli Elephant Research Centre
alteration of particular types of rocks. That was really detective work. We have to build a complete picture of
First Touch of Wildlife
Reflection of the East African Ecology Field Trip
by Ian Chong Tsz Yat, 2011 BSc (Majors in Biochemistry and Microbiology) graduate
an eye-opening experience. the geology of an area with only a limited set of clues.
T
But its also a lot of fun. he movie Avatar aroused peoples interest their 13-day Ecology Field Trip tour to Kenya during the
The main activity of the field camp was to make a about alien worlds, conservation and human summer of 2010.
geology map. That was the most demanding exercise of We also had cultural activities. During the day off we nature, causing a storm of change in the way
the camp; we were challenged intellectually, physically, got to visit some monasteries, and tasted the Cyprian we evaluate human behaviour. Perhaps the idea of Their trip was more an eye-opener than a research
as well as mentally. We were divided into small groups wine. One of our professors had a mansion in Cyprus, how our environment nurtures our well-being and mission. A s students majoring in Ecology and
and for 7 days we had to make our ways up and down and we had a cookout in his yard and dipped in his how we should work with nature instead of against it Biodiversit y, Kosice and Teresa had both done
the hills and through bushes. We made hypotheses on swimming pool. stands out the most. It took 2,000 days for humans extensive studies on different habitats and ecosystems
what that rocks might be in a certain area based on to get to Pandora to discover the magic of nature in and the interplay between living organisms and the
some preliminary observations. We then went there Cyprus has beautiful beaches, great food and good the movie; and it took 2,000 minutes (a day and a bit) environment. Yet, nothing beats the actual experience
to check if we were right. When we found ourselves wine. After the camp, many of us extended our trip to for our HKU students to go to Africa and come to the of the raw magnificence of the animals and the close
making the right prediction, we were happy. But visit Greece, Egypt and other places nearby. We learn same conclusion. Here in Hong Kong, we can probably up encounters with nature. On each outing, they
16
sometimes the rocks did not turn out to be what we to take care of our own and to live and work with each experience what they did in 2,000 seconds to get to applied what they have learnt in their courses and
expected, and we had to modify our hypothesis and other. It is truly a great adventure and a story for us to the country side. Kosice Chan and Teresa Chan, BSc tried to identify each of the creatures they came
think about alternative explanations. Mapping is like tell in the rest of our life. students, shared their experience and discoveries about across. Of course, they were complete novices at this
African Buffalos at Tsavo West National Park
Leopard
task, and so they relied on the experience of the drivers and guides, as Teresa interacting with
local children
well as the local Masai people who worked with the animals daily.
The guides were extremely skilled at identifying the animals, and they
could spot minor details without binoculars. They can even recognise
their sounds! said Kosice.
You can study all your life, and you still wouldnt understand a thing
about this amazing world, unless explore it yourself, continued Teresa,
18
who was amazed with the sheer beauty of the grassland and the
plains. It was just staggering: all the scents, the sounds and colours
around us, overwhelming our senses. Its a flood, and you just have to
take it all in while its there. Weve never seen nature like this before.
Another emotional scene was the Black Rhino and
her child. It was a rare sighting, and although it
was a touching moment of parental love, it was
also a heart-breaking moment in that these animals
were endangered species, and we are on the brink
of losing them.
21
ecosystem, teeming with wondrous creatures, but we challenging work, and they are glad to have been able
never take notice of it. Its sad that we dont treasure to come this far they are. True graduates of HKU and
what we already possess, and we have to travel to leaders of tomorrow!
WHAT DO THEY SA
Y
Hear from Other Stude
their Field Learning Expnts about
erience
22
these invaluable experiential learning countries, and to combat global environmental problems.
experiences cannot be replaced by learn more about conservation measures and difficulties
traditional classroom learning and have encountered by different parts of the world, and kept Participants preparing
motivated me to pursue a career in the driving me to pursue my dream of achieving conservation presentation
field of conservation. and a sustainable world.
World
The Univer sit y of Hong Kong is
committed to nurturing its students as
global citizens and provides opportunities
to undergraduate students to study at
Without Boundaries
overseas universities. The University
has exchange agreements with over 100
partner universities in 24 countries in
Africa, America, Asia, Australasia, and
Europe.
Guocheng: I thought the workload would be very lunch for me. I spent a whole month traveling while
light at UW, but my experience was somewhat I was there, and the places I visited included Boston,
different. The course requirements were different for NYC, Chicago, Toronto, Vancouver, San Francisco,
different professors. In one course, there were a series Yosemite, Lake Tahoe, LA and San Diego. I had a few
Studying is important, but we can easily do that in Guocheng: Before I got there, I didnt really know
HK, so what else does exchange have to offer? The what to expect and there was a lot of uncertainties
clich phrases life-changing and eye-opening ahead of me. However, when I arrived, an Indian-
Overseas Exchange Brings Fond Memories are usually in the equation. Lets take a look at what Canadian greeted me in Mandarin! This was a very
by Vanessa Fung, Year 3, BSc (Biochemistry) exactly makes exchange worthwhile. pleasant surprise. I felt that foreigners are very open
about their feelings and opinions. I lived in a student
I
believe that most of us have either seen movies Actuarial Science went to University of Waterloo (UW) Cyrus: Students over there were extremely eager to hall. If theres something I didnt like, I used to just
or TV shows depicting University life overseas for one semester. interact with the lecturer and I soon learnt to be more keep it to myself, but Ive now learnt to speak out
and have fantasised about venturing into that proactive and asked more questions. People over there more. There are lots of nationalities within the full-
world. However, as much as we love the drama and Personally, I have always had the stereotypical notion were also really affectionate. I had only been there for time student population in UW, which promotes
excitement, how much of it is actually true? that everythings easier once you get out of Hong two weeks and a group of new friends held a birthday intercultural communication.
Kong. However, Cyrus and Guochengs responses to
Well, why dont we take a look at some firsthand this idea proved otherwise.
information from two BSc students who had
participated in the exchange programme and had Cyrus: I thought UC Davis would be less stressful
a taste of university life outside Hong Kong? Cyrus academically, but there were lots of exams. I had on
26
Lo, majoring in Food and Nutritional Science and the average two tests a week and the school year
Psychology, spent nine months in University of was split up into three quarters, with ten instruction
California, Davis (UC Davis), whilst Guocheng from weeks per quarter.
WHAT D
THEY S O
Hear fro
m Ot
AY
about the h
ir Exchaner Students
LEE Edmund ge Exper
Year 4, BSc (Major in Chemistry and Economics) ience
Participant of HSBC Overseas Scholarship Scheme at Harvard University 2010-11
Studying at Harvard is just incredible being surrounded by the most brilliant minds from all
over the world and enjoying the best campus resources one could ever have. And it is not just
about the thrilling academic life, but there is so much to see and feel for yourself when you are
truly alone in a foreign land. The experience is so eye-opening and inspiring that could really
change the way I see everything. I could hardly name any experience comparable to this.
About
the Student Reporter
Vanessa FUNG
Wow, it seems that they had a blast after all! Year 3, BSc (Biochemistry)
Oh, they have a few more words to say to all of
It was great to be able
you out there who are considering exchange:
to do an interview about
have clear intention, sort out housing and visas, exchange, a topic that I
and dont forget to have fun! am personally interested
in, because I have also
participated in a summer
exc h a n g e af te r Ye a r 1.
Even though I am a
science student, I am quite
passionate about foreign
languages and I went
o n a su m m e r l a ng u ag e
exchange to Germany for
one month. In the coming summer, I am planning to do
an internship in order to gain more practical experience.
I hope that the article will not only benefit myself but be
helpful to other students as well, especially those who
are intending to go on exchange!"
29
WHAT D
THEY S O
"What is one important lesson you have learnt Hear fro
m Ot
AY
about the h
CHU Chun Kit John from your exchange that you would like to share ir Exchaner Students
2010 BSc (Chemistry) graduate
with prospective outgoing exchange students?" ge Exper
Overseas Research Fellowship Scheme in Department of ience
Chemistry at University of Waterloo, MayAugust 2008
Summer Research Fellowhsip Scheme in the Department CHAN King Chor LIU Junhao
of Chemistry, JuneAugust 2009 2010 BSc (Chemistry) graduate 2011 BSc (Majors in Statistics and
Exchange at University of Cambridge, 2009-10 Exchange at University of Sydney 2009-10 Mathematics) graduate
Exchange at University of California, San
I was amazed by the excellent teaching quality Overseas Research Fellowship Scheme, I visited This is really a life-changing and Diego 2009-10
and the availability of many opportunities at the University of Waterloo in Canada to gain inspiring experience! Dont confine
HKU. The courses offered by the Department hands-on experience in cutting-edge scientific yourself. Come and see the world! The most important lesson I
of Chemistry were of a wide variety and high research. I was also given a chance to spend a have learnt is that to enjoy your
quality, widening my horizon and allowing me year at the University of Cambridge in England as exchange. You must be confident
to explore different fields of chemistry. Outside an exchange student. The study experience at i n y o u r s e l f a n d p re p a re d t o
classroom, I was active in taking part in a wide this prestigious university allowed me to challenge appreciate new things.
range of activities. I participated in the Chemistry myself and integrate myself into the western
Olympiad for tertiary institutions and the Sixteenth culture.
Symposium on Chemistry Postgraduate Research
in Hong Kong. In addition, I served as a Science Many opportunities are available at HKU! As a SU Ke
2011 BSc (Actuarial Science) graduate
Student Ambassador to share my experience student, I made choices and opted for those I found
Exchange at University of California,
with visiting secondary school students. Through most useful. The acquisition of knowledge and Berkeley 2009-10
these activities, I was able to develop good soft skills from the different experiences allowed
communication skills and learn how to work me to gain an all-rounded development. I am Be led by your dream, and
effectively with others. now more capable and confident. The education TOM Kin Cheong Jackie dont let problems become your
I received at HKU has definitely prepared me well 2011 BSc (Actuarial Science) graduate obstacles. Eventually, you will find
While I enjoyed studying at HKU much, I made for overseas postgraduate studies and my future Exchange at University of Otago, New Zealand yourself swimming freely like a
use of the opportunities to go overseas for cultural career. during 2009-10 fish in the sea.
and academic exchange. Through the HKU
My exchange journey was personal and
indescribable. New ideas and insights
bombarded me throughout my stay and
shaped me into a better global citizen.
ZHOU Yuhao
2011 BSc (Actuarial Science)
graduate
Exchange at University of
California, Los Angeles 2009-10
31
EYE-OPENING
Through the internship experience, students are
expected to apply their knowledge in the real world
and workplace environment, to work in a team and
to collaborate with people with diverse background,
and to prepare themselves for their life-long career.
WORKING EXPERIENCE
Internship opportunities related to the students
majors are provided by both local and overseas
governmental organizations, scientific laboratories,
non-governmental agencies and companies.
Internship Experience
Izaac Leung and Maggie Chong
(from left to right)
Maggie: With the help of Intensified Learning Hong Kong. Moreover, I had written an article for the
Opportunity Programme (ILOP) of Centre for Belgium-Hong Kong Society Newsletter , introducing the
Development and Resources for Students (CEDARS), I wine culture in Hong Kong to Belgians.
worked as an intern in the Hong Kong Economic and
Overseas learning experience is not limited to academic exchange or field studies only. Many
companies and organizations are willing to recruit university students to help out for a couple
of weeks or months. Last summer, Izaac Leung Ka Ho, Year 3 student majoring in Astronomy,
had gone to Beijing for a 6-week internship while I myself went to Brussels. These opportunities
allowed us to immerse ourselves in a different culture while gaining real work experience.
34
on the museums and certain temporary exhibitions, and involved in the planning and evaluating
of an exhibition. I also helped with the production of a movie, as well as the World Wide
Technology, a software used in the department.
WHAT DO
read in textbooks, and I also realized the importance
of promoting science to the public. This internship
around us is actually a responsibility of a citizen,
both Hong Kong- and global- alike. Moreover, the THEY SAY
allows me to see the difference between the two research work had helped to strengthen my research
Hear from Other Students
cultures, as well as to appreciate them. and reporting skills, not to mention a glimpse on how
business works in reality.
about their Internship
Maggie: Working in an overseas office of the Hong Experience
Kong Government allows me to look at Hong Kong Cultural Challenges
from a new perspective. I could never have imagined Izaac: No one knows how their future will be but with KWAN Yue Hong Stephen CHOI Kin Sang Wallace
2008 BSc (Actuarial Science) 2008 MPhil (Biological Sciences) graduate
how important this little city is to many Europeans the rapid development of China, I may need to work graduate Participant of Ocean Park Conservation
companies, even though I have lived here for more in China after graduation. This internship prepares me Joined internship programme at Foundation Internship Programme in
AIA (January - July 2007) Cambodia, 2005
than 20 years. Also, I was not particularly interested for this. My impression of Beijing has changed after
Now employed as Senior Actuarial
in political issues but after my stay at the HKETO, I the 6 weeks. Even though both Hong Kong and Beijing Associate, AIA Joining the internship programme
realized that getting to know what is happening are international cities of China, the culture is for dolphin conservation in Cambodia
My university life has been filled inspired me about how to strike a
different. Also, through the programme, I got with excitement and wonders. balance between human and nature. It
to know friends from other universities in Through the internship programme offered by AIA with the means a lot to me to experience such
Hong Kong which has widened my circle of kind help from the department, I was able to explore the devoting act of those environmentalists
friends. Out of my expectation, there was a thrilling life of an actuary in a leading insurance company. Such in Cambodia to the dolphins future.
football match between museums and I had experience has given me a vital link between my study and real
life application. In addition, being an international university
a chance to play football with my colleagues.
student, I was given chances to explore the world through
That was a memorable experience for me.
overseas internship in New York and study trip in China. To
me, every bit of the time I spent in HKU has equipped me well
Maggie: Living alone in a new place is more for the challenges ahead as an actuary in a global company
challenging than I thought it would be. The first like AIA.
and foremost problem was the language. My French
level could not suffice me for phone calls and daily YIU Wai Lam William
encounters, where people just kept speaking French at 2011 BSc (Earth Sciences) graduate
me. Luckily, I got to know some European friends from Worked as Geologist Trainee in Gammon Construction Limited in 2009 & 2010
the hostel I stayed at and they helped me with my In the summer 2009, after finishing my year 1 study, I worked as a summer Geologist
French as well as enlightened me on many aspects. Trainee in Gammon Construction Limited, the largest contractor company in Hong
Kong. During the first month, I learnt to log trial pits and study the rock cores drilled
We shared our views on different issues and from
in construction sites. The next month I was sent to Hopewell Center in Wanchai
them I finally realized how diverse this world is. to help in the drilling project of the development of Complex 2. It was a hands-on
experience to witness the preparation works done by geologists and construction
Reading articles and listening to the others could supervisor before constructing a building. The 2-month time is utterly an invaluable
never compare with stepping out to experience the experience to bring textbook materials into full play.
world yourself. Having an overseas internship has Enchanted by the interesting experience, I returned to Gammon again in year 2
enriched us both and we are sure that anyone who summer, with some of my classmates this time. I was assigned to organise the drilling schedule in the
area to the north of Chek Lap Kok Airport and to conduct a boulder survey on the slope of the centennial
37
is willing to take up the responsibility of becoming a
global citizen will gain more than one could expect. campus in HKU. The latter was quite a tough task, requiring me to trek through bushes and up the steep
hills. Nevertheless, the contribution to the slope stability for the new campus made all efforts worth. In
a way, I am very proud to be able to actually apply the geology knowledge I learnt at HKU to the benefits
of HKU.
Learning to Serve
The Facultys Service Learning Internship programme
aims to provide students with opportunities to learn
through active participation in organised service activities
and to help develop their social consciousness and
commitment to become a responsible citizen.
Service Learning Experience
At the beginning, we would like to help those me was the story of a 13-year-old girl, who always
unlucky children and acquire some working skills. looked energetic and happy. Who can imagine she
We did show our care and love and had built a close had committed suicide before? Life has tortured such
Let Serving Experiences Enrich Our Lives Ming Ki, Shuk Ting (second and
third from the left) and their
colleagues in Beijing
by Sophia Lam, 2011 BSc (Major in Biotechnology and Minor in Biochemistry) graduate
There is no restriction on the form of learning. Last the children, they might be angels who bring love and
summer, Lam Ming Ki, BSc student majoring in care; but for the girls, the service learning internship
Statistics and Ng Shuk Ting, BSc student double was definitely a life-time and rewarding experience.
majoring in Risk Management and Finance, worked
for the Beijing office of Chi Heng Foundation, a The girls started by talking about their duties of the
nongovernmental organization (NGO) which strives to internship. I was involved a lot in the organization
change childrens lives and combat poverty through of Closing Dinner while Ming Ki was responsible for
education. During their stay in Beijing, the motto of pitching the press and compiling statistics for the
Chi Heng Teach people how to fish instead of giving Foundation, said Shuk Ting, who was eager to share
them fish rooted deep in their hearts. They had a about her experience. Actually the statistical analysis
chance to learn more about children whose parents was a follow-up of the feedback of our preparatory
including background music and lighting. That was hope can make you fly! For most of the time, people may misunderstand that the most genuine
need of the poor must be something materialistic like money. For me, I
thought the same before. However, when I got to work in St. Barnabas
Society and Home, I got a complete different picture. People actually
need love and care from others. Apart from assisting in administrative
work, the once-a-week outreach service is also an important mission for
me. During the service, I got to learn the life of the grass root and the
thoughts of them. The experience of them made me realise how lucky
and fortunate we are. Though living on the same planet, the experiences
of people can vary so much. God made us so different. Maybe he wants
us to learn how to cooperate, share and sacrify.
42 43