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Abstract: In this paper, a new topology for multilevel H-bridge (CHB). The main drawbacks of NPC
converter based on sub-multilevel converter units and full- topology are their unequal voltage sharing among
bridge converters is proposed. The proposed topology series connected capacitors that result in dc-link
significantly reduces the number of dc voltage sources and
capacitor unbalancing and requiring a great number of
switches as the number of output voltage levels increases.
To synthesize maximum levels at the output voltage and to clamping diodes for higher level. The FC multilevel
reduce the total harmonic distortion (THD), three different converter uses flying capacitor as clamping devices.
control strategies are proposed. The operation and These topologies have several attractive properties in
performance of the proposed multilevel converter have been comparison with the NPC converter, including the
analysed and simulated in the MATLAB software and the advantage of the transformerless operation and
results are presented for single-phase 25-level converter. redundant phase leg states that allow the switching
Dynamic Voltage Restorer is a power electronic device that
stresses to be equally distributed between
is used to inject 3-phase voltage in series and in
synchronism with the distribution feeder voltages in order to semiconductor switches. But, these converters require
compensate voltage sag. The principle component of the an excessive number of storage capacitors for higher
DVR is a voltage source inverter that generates three phase voltage steps. The CHB topologies are proper option
voltage and provides the voltage support to a sensitive load for high level applications from point of view of
during voltage sags. The improved version of proposed modularity and simplicity of control. But, in this
multilevel inverter with reduced THD is used in DVR to topology, a large number of isolated dc voltage sources
compensate the voltage sag in power system and if any fault
are required to supply each conversion cell. It increases
occurs in power system thereby reduce the voltage variation
in distribution side. Simulation of DVR has been developed the converter cost and complexity.
by using Matlab/Simulink. In multilevel converter, the power quality is
improved as the number of levels increases at the
Key words: Asymmetric Multilevel Inverter, DVR, ISPWM, output voltage. However, it causes to the increasing
MSPWM, SHPWM, THD.
number of switching devices and other components,
1. Introduction and increases the cost and control complexity and tends
The basic concept of a multilevel converter is to use to reduce the overall reliability and efficiency of the
a series of power semiconductor switches that properly converter. It is noticeable that multilevel converters can
connected to several lower dc voltage sources to sustain the operation in case of internal fault. In the
synthesize a near sinusoidal staircase voltage case of internal fault of one cell of FC converter, the
waveform. The small output voltage step results in high maximum output voltage remains constant, but the
quality output voltage, reduction of voltage stresses on number of levels decreases. On the other hand, when
power switching devices, lower switching losses and an internal fault is detected in the CHB converter, and
higher efficiency. Numerous multilevel converter the faulty cell is identified, it can be easily isolated
topologies and wide variety of control methods have through an external switch and replaced by a new
been developed in [1]-[4]. Three different basic operative cell [7].
multilevel converter topologies are the neutral point Asymmetric and/or hybrid multilevel converters have
clamped (NPC) or diode clamped [5-6], the flying been presented in [8]. In the asymmetric topologies, the
capacitor (FC) or capacitor clamped and the cascaded values of dc voltage sources magnitudes are unequal or
changed dynamically [9]. These converters reduce the
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size and cost of the converter and improve the structure of the proposed topology is optimized for
reliability since fewer semiconductors and capacitors various aims. Finally, a design example of the proposed
are employed [10]. The hybrid multilevel converters multilevel converter is included.
are composed of different multilevel topologies with
unequal values of dc voltage sources and different 2. Proposed Multilevel Converter
modulation techniques and/or semiconductor The basic unit of the sub multilevel converter, is
technologies [8]. With appropriate selection of presented in [19-20], is illustrated in Fig. 1(a). It
switching devices, the converter cost is significantly consists of several dc voltages and bidirectional
reduced. But, the application of different multilevel switches. If n voltage sources are used, n+ 1 different
topologies result in loss of modularity and produces value can be obtained for vo, by n + 1 bidirectional
problems with switching frequency and restrictions on switches. The output voltage of this sub multilevel
the modulation and control method [11]. converter has zero or positive values. The presented
The researchers are strived in [12] to introduce a new unit requires bidirectional switches with the capability
topology for multilevel converters with a reduced of blocking voltage and conducting current in both
number of components compared to conventional directions. Several arrangements can be used to create
multilevel converters. This topology is composed of bidirectional switches.
modular sub multilevel converters that makes it easily
extensible to higher number of output voltage levels
without undue increase in the power circuit complexity
and reduces controller design cost. By the presented
algorithm in [12], it is not possible to create all levels
(odd and even) at the output voltage, and it reduces the
flexibility of the converter. Also, to create the output
voltage with a constant number of levels, the converter
needs many large numbers of bidirectional switches.
To overcome these disadvantages, [13] has presented a
new topology, which has decreased the number of
bidirectional switches and dc voltage source compared
to [12] and with the ability of the production of all
levels at the output voltage. The main drawback of this
topology is the utilization of unidirectional switches
that operate in the high output voltage.
The structures, based on similar concepts, have been
presented in [14-15]. In these topologies, the dc source
is formed by connecting a number of half-bridge cells,
diode-clamped phase leg or capacitor-clamped phase Fig. 1(a): Proposed Multilevel Inverter
leg. Also, in [16-18], the topology has been obtained
from the mixture of the FC and CHB inverter. These The proper configuration of bidirectional switches is
structures provide a high number of output levels using arranged by a common emitter connection of two
low number of components. But, the main drawback of IGBTs, with each one of IGBTs has an anti parallel
these topologies is the utilization a full-bridge diode. Because the emitters of two IGBTs are common,
converter, which operates in the high output voltage. the base voltage of each IGBT can be measured versus
Also, these designs are not flexible. its common emitter. Therefore, a bidirectional switch
This paper proposes a new modular and simple requires a gate driver circuit in this configuration. This
topology for cascaded multilevel converter that configuration of bidirectional switch is used in this
produces a high number of levels with the application paper, to make it comparable with one presented in
of a low number of power electronic components. [19-20]. The typical output waveform is shown in Fig.
Then, a procedure for calculating the values of required 1 (b).
dc voltage sources is also proposed. In addition, the
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sources, but they may be available in some systems width of each pulse is varied in proportion to the
through renewable energy sources, such as photovoltaic amplitude of a sine wave evaluated at the centre of the
panels or fuel cells, or with energy storage devices, same pulse. The distortion factor and lower order
such as capacitors or batteries. When ac voltage is harmonics are reduced significantly. The gating signals
already available, then, multiple dc sources can be are generated by comparing a sinusoidal reference
generated using isolated transformers and rectifiers, too signal with a triangular carrier wave of frequency Fc.
[12]. The frequency of reference signal Fr, determines the
If the dc voltage sources are considered to be equal inverter output frequency and its peak amplitude Ar,
in MLMs, the structure of the proposed topology will controls the modulation index M, and rms output
be symmetrical. In the asymmetrical structure of the voltage V0. The number of pulses per half cycle
proposed topology, similar to the asymmetrical depends on carrier frequency.
cascaded multilevel converter, there is only one
4.2 ISPWM Strategy
switching state for each output voltage level (except the
zero level) to produce unequal values for vo. In this This method provides an enhanced fundamental
paper, to reduce the number of components, the voltage, lower total harmonic distortion (THD) and
asymmetrical structure has been studied. It is minimizes the switch utilization among the various
noticeable that the asymmetrical structure has levels in inverters. In this method the control signals
circulating energy problems. Therefore, if diode-based have been generated by comparing sinusoidal reference
rectifiers are used for dc voltage sources, their dc-link signal with a high frequency inverted sine carrier. The
voltages can increase their values dangerously. carrier frequencies are so selected that the number of
Considering the first dc voltage source (V11) as the switching in each band are equal. The proposed
base value of the per-unit system, i.e., modulation technique maximizes the output voltage
and gives a low THD.
Vbase V11 Vdc (1)
4.3 MSPWM Strategy
Then, the normalized values of the dc voltage
sources for producing all levels (odd and even) in the This technique involves comparing several absolute
output must be chosen using the following algorithm. sinusoidal modulation signals with single triangular
For module 1 carrier. This carrier signal is a train of triangular waves
with frequency fc and amplitude Ac. The single phase
V11 Vdc (2) multilevel inverter is modeled in SIMULINK in the
software package MATLAB 10. Switching signals for
inverter are developed using the above mentioned
V1i V11 Vdc , i 2,..., n1 PWM techniques. Fig.3 and Fig.4 shows the
(3) Output voltage waveform and FFT analysis using
n1 SHPWM technique with fixed frequency for the
V21 V11 2V (2n1 1)Vdc proposed inverter (5 levels).
i 1 1i (4) Fig. 5 and Fig. 6 shows the Output voltage
waveform and FFT analysis using SHPWM technique
V2i V21 (2n1 1)Vdc , i 2,..., n2 (5)
with variable frequency.
k
N level (2ni 1)
i 1 (6)
(2n1 1) x(2n2 1) x...x(2nk 1)
4. Control Strategies
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Fig. 4: FFT Analysis Using SHPWM Technique with Fig. 8: FFT Analysis Using ISPWM Technique with
Fixed Frequency Fixed Frequency
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From the Table II, the SHPWM with fixed frequency Fig. 15: Output Voltage Waveform Using SHPWM
has less total harmonic distortion. Fig.13 shows the Technique with variable frequency
Output Voltage Waveform Using SHPWM Technique
with Fixed Frequency for improved version (25 levels).
Fig.14 shows the FFT Analysis Using SHPWM
Technique with Fixed Frequency.
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Fig. 17: Output Voltage Waveform Using ISPWM Fig. 21: Output Voltage Waveform Using MSPWM
Technique with Fixed Frequency Technique
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voltage into the system to regulate the load side voltage 0.5s. Fig. 24 and Fig. 25 shows the voltage and
[17],[18]. It is normally installed between supply and current waveforms.
critical load feeder. The basic function of DVR is to
boost up the load side voltage in the event of
disturbance in order to avoid any power disruption to
the load. There are many control technique available to
implement the DVR. The primary function of DVR is
to compensate voltage sags and swells but it can also
perform the tasks such as: harmonic compensation,
reduction of transient in voltage and fault current
limitation.
Fig. 24: Output Voltage Waveform For Voltage Sag
The main parts of DVR are:
injection transformer,
harmonic filter,
a voltage source converter,
energy storage device
control & protection system
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7. References
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voltage source converter topologies for industrial medium voltage
drives, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., Vol. 54, No. 6, pp. 29302945,
Dec. 2007.
[2] H. Abu-Rub, J. Holtz, J. Rodriguez, and G. Baoming, Medium
voltage multilevel convertersState of the art, challenges and
requirements in industrial applications, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron,
Vol. 57, No. 8, pp. 25812596, Aug. 2010.
[3] E. Babaei and S. H. Hosseini, New cascaded multilevel inverter
topology with minimum number of switches, J. Energy Convers.
Manag., Vol. 50, No. 11, pp. 27612767, Nov. 2009.
[4] E. Babaei and M. S. Moeinian, Asymmetric cascaded multilevel
inverter with charge balance control of a low resolution symmetric
subsystem, J. Energy Convers. Manag., Vol. 51, No. 11, pp. 2272
2278, Nov. 2010.
[5] M.Murugesan, Cascaded and Hybrid Multilevel Inverters with
Reduced Number of Switches for Induction Motor, Journal of
Electrical Engineering, Vol. 12 , Edition 1, pp. 175-181, 2012.
[6] A. Nabae, I. Takahashi, and H. Akagi, A new neutral-point-clamped
PWM inverter, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., Vol. IA-17, No. 5, pp. 518
523, Sep. 1981.
[7] A. K. Sadigh, S. H. Hosseini, M. Sabahi, and G. B. Gharehpetian,
Double flying capacitor multi cell converter based on modified phase-
shifted pulse width modulation, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., Vol.
25, No. 6, pp. 15171526, Jun. 2010.
[8] C. Rech and J. R. Pinheiro, Hybrid multilevel converters: Unified
analysis and design considerations, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., Vol.
54, No. 2, pp. 10921104, Apr. 2007.