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[ [ PMR MATHEMATICS FORMULAE ]

MATHEMATICS PMR
FORMULAE
CONTENTS
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TOPIC PAGE
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(1) WHOLE NUMBERS 1


(2) NUMBERS PARTTERNS AND SEQUENCES 1
(3) FRACTIONS 2
(4) DECIMALS 2-3
(5) PERCENTAGES 3-4
(6) INTEGERS / DIRECTED NUMBERS 5
(7) ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS I, II, III 5-6
(8) ALGEBRAIC FRACTIONS 6
(9) BASIC MEASUREMENTS 7
(10) LINES AND ANGLES I, II 8-9
(11) POLYGONS I, II 10 - 12
(12) PERIMETER AND AREA 13 - 14
(13) SOLID GEOMETRY I, II, III 14 - 17
(14) LINEAR EQUATIONS I, II 18
(15) SQUARES, SQUARE ROOTS, CUBES, CUBES ROOTS 19
(16) RATIOS, RATES AND PROPORTIONS I, II 20 - 22
(17) PYTHAGORAS THEOREM 22
(18) GEOMETRICAL CONSTRUCTIONS 23
(19) COORDINATES 24
(20) LOCI IN TWO DIMENSIONS 25
(21) CIRCLES I, II 26 - 27
(22) TRANSFORMATION I, II, III 28 - 29
(23) ALGEBRAIC FORMULAE 29
(24) STATISTICS I, II, III 30 - 31
(25) INDICES 32
(26) SCALE DRAWINGS 33
(27) LINEAR INEQUALITIES 34 - 35
(28) TRIGONOMETRY I / II 35 - 36
(29) GRAPH OF FUNCTIONS 36
[ [ PMR MATHEMATICS FORMULAE ]
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(1) WHOLE NUMBERS
(a) Place value, digit value, round off

Example : 4729813
Digit Place value Digit Value Round off to nearest
3 Ones 3
1 Tens 10 Ten 4729810
8 Hundreds 800 Hundred 4729800
9 Thousands 9000 Thousand 4730000
2 Ten Thousands 20000 Ten Thousand 4730000
7 Hundred Thousands 700000 Hundred Thousand 4700000
4 Millions 4000000 Millions 5000000

(b) Rules of combined operations


first, work the operation in the blackest
then, perform computation on multiplication or division from left to right
finally, do the computation on addition or subtraction from left to right.

(2) NUMBERS PATTERNS AND SEQUENCES


(a) Pattern of a number sequence
Adding 3 to number before it Eg. : 2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17, 20, 23, 26, 29, 32,
Subtracting 5 to number before it Eg. : 49, 44, 39, 34, 29, 24, 19, 14, 9, 4,
Dividing 2 to number before it Eg. : 100, 50, 25, 12.5, 6.25, 3.125,
Multiples of 7 Eg. : 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, 56, 63, 72,
Archimedes numbers [+1, +2, +3, +4,] Eg. : 1, 2, 4, 7, 11, 16, 22, 29, 37, 46, 56,
Odd numbers Eg. : 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21
Even numbers Eg. : 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22,
Prime numbers Eg. : 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41,
43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97,
Perfect square numbers Eg. : 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100, 121, ...
Cube numbers Eg. : 1, 8, 27, 64, 125, 216, 343, 512,
Eg. : 1, 8, 27, 64, 125, 216, 343, ...

(b) Factor, prime factor, lowest common mutltiple (LCM), highest common factor (HCF)

Factor Prime Factor LCM HCF


Example 1 : Example 1 : Example : Example :
factors of 32 prime factors of 42 LCM of 8, 12, 15. HCF of 18, 24, 36.
1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 42 = 2 21
21 = 3 7
Example 2 : 2, 3, 7
factors of 45 =6
Example 2 :
1, 3, 5, 9, 15, 45 or
prime factors of 147
Example 3 : 147 = 3 49
= 4 3 2 1 5
49 = 7 7
factors of 56
1, 2, 4, 7, 8, 14, 3, 7 = 120
28, 56
=32=6
[ [ PMR MATHEMATICS FORMULAE ]
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(3) FRACTIONS
(a) Fractions, proper fractions, eqauivalent fractions, mixed number, improper fractions

Fractions, Proper Fractions, Eqauivalent Fractions Mixed Number, Improper Fractions

Example : Example :

(b) Arrangements ascending order, descending Order

Type Example Ascending Order (S L) Descending Order (L S)

1 3 5 2 4 2 3 4 5 5 4 3 2
, , , , , , , , ,
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
, , , , , , , , ,
7 9 5 3 9 7 5 3 3 5 7 9

3 5 2 11 8 2 5 8 11 11 8 5 2
, , , , , , , , ,
6 3 12 9 3 6 9 12 12 9 6 3

2 5 1 11 1 2 5 11 11 5 2 1
4 , , ,
5 9 6 18 , , , , , ,
(0.40) (0.56) (0.17) (0.61)
6 5 9 18 18 9 5 6

(b) Addition and subtraction

Addition Subtraction

Example 1 : Example 2 : Example 1: Example 2 :


5 1 6 1 1 4 2 2 2 5 2 3
3 3 4 3 3
7 7 7 2 2 9 9 9 5 5 5 5

Example 3 : Example 3 :

(c) Multiplication and division

Multiplication Division

Example 1 : Example 2 : Example 1 : Example 2 :


1 2 2 3 9 1 2 1 5 53 3 1 3
3 4
3 5 15 11 11 6 5 6 2 125 5 4 20

(4) DECIMALS
(a) Place value, digit Value, round off

Example : 0.7496

Digit Place value Digit Value Round off to nearest


7 Tenths 0.7 1 dicemal place / tenths 0.7
4 Hundredths 0.04 2 decimal places / hundredths 0.75
9 Thousandths 0.009 3 decimal places / thousandths 0.750
[ [ PMR MATHEMATICS FORMULAE ]
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(b) Convert fractions to decimals

1 1 3 1 2 3 4
= 0.5 = 0.25 = 0.75 = 0.2 = 0.4 = 0.6 = 0.8
2 4 4 5 5 5 5

1 3 5 7 1 1 1
= 0.125 = 0.375 = 0.625 = 0.875 = 0.1 = 0.05 = 0.04
8 8 8 8 10 20 25

1 1 11 1 11 111 3
= 0.02 = = = = = 2 = 2.75
50 100 100 1000 1000 1000 4
0.01 0.11 0.001 0.011 0.111

(c) Addition, subtraction, multiplication and division

Addition Subtraction Multiplication Division

Example : Example : Example : Example :


6.3 + 154.82 = 23 7.254 = 3.5 2.04 =
25.8 4 =

(5) PERCENTAGES
(a) Convert fractions and decimals to percentages

Fraction Percentage Decimal Percentage

Example : Example :

0.35 = 0.35 100% = 35%

(b) Percentage of change, percentage of increase / decrease, percentage of profit / loss, percentage of
discount
Change in value
Percentage of Change = 100%
Original value

Increase / Decrease
Percentage of Incerase / Decrease = 100%
Original value

Profit / Loss
Percentage of Profit / Loss Change = 100%
Cost price

Discount
Percentage of Discount = 100%
Original selling price

(c) Simple Interest, dividend, commission


Simple Interest = principal interest rate time
Dividend = total investment dividend rate
Commission = selling price commission rate
[ [ PMR MATHEMATICS FORMULAE ]
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[ [ PMR MATHEMATICS FORMULAE ]
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Example 1 : Example 2 :
k % of 160 is 96. Find the value of k. Rizal bought a computer for RM2000. He sold
the computer for RM1600. Calculate the loss
96 percentage.
k = 100 = 60
160 loss = 2000 1600 = 400
400
% loss = 100 = 20
2000

Example 3 : Example 4 :
Khatrie get a loan of RM8000 from a bank. 1
The simple interest is k % per annum. He pay A 3 % commission is paid to Said for a
2
back the loan by instalment in one year. Given
car. If he managed to sell a car for RM7000,
that his monthly instalment is RM720, find
find his commission, in RM.
the value of k ?
1
total payment = 720 12 = 8640 commission = 7000 3 %
2
interest = 8640 8000 = 640
640 3 12
% interest = 100 = 8 = 7000 = 245
8000 100

Example 5 : Example 6 :
Eylicethen saves RM6000 in a bank with a A radio costs RM35.80. It is sold at a 20%
simple interest of 5% per annum. How much discount. What is the selling price ?
interest does she receive after nine months ?
sell = 35.80 80 %
9 = 35.80
80
= 28.64
interest = 6000 5 % 100
12
or
5 9
= 6000 = 225
100 12 discount = 35.80 20 %
20
= 35.80 100 = 7.16
sell = 35.80 7.16 = 28.64

Example 7 : Example 8 :
In a school, 40% of the students are boys. Azri took part in a quiz competition. He
Given that there are 520 boys in the school, answered 75% of the questions correctly. He
find the numbers of girls in the school. answered 4 questions incorrectly. Find the
total number of questions in the quiz.
40 % 520 boys
60 % ?? girls 25 % 4 incorrect
100 % ?? total
520 60
girls = 60 or 520 4 100
40 40 total = 100 or 4
25 25
= 780
= 16

Example 9 : Example 10 :
The price of a shirt after a discout of 20% is A profit of 30% is made if an item is sold at
RM24. The original price is RM650. Find the cost price of the item.

80 % 24 (sell) 130 % 650 (sell)


100 % ?? (original) 100 % ?? (cost)
24 650
original = 100 = 30 cost = 100 = 500
80 130
[ [ PMR MATHEMATICS FORMULAE ]
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(6) INTEGERS / DIRECTED NUMBERS
(a) Integers
decreasing in value .. 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, .....increasing in value

(c) Addition, subtraction, multiplication and division

Addition / Subtraction Multiplication Division

Note : Note : Note :


+ (+) = + (+) (+) = + (+) (+) = +
+ () = () () = + () () = +
(+) = () (+) = () (+) =
() = + (+) () = (+) () =

Example : Example : Example :


5 + (+7) = 5 + 7 = 2 (+7) (+3) = 21 (+21) (+7) = 3
4 + (9) = 4 9 = 5 (2) (9) = 18 (18) (2) = 9
4 (+3) = 4 3 = 7 (4) (+6) = 24 (24) (+6) = 4
2 (6) = 2 + 6 = 8 (+8) (5) = 40 (+40) (5) = 8

(7) ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS I, II, III


(a) Algebraic terms, like Terms, unlike terms, number of terms

Examples
8k d t
Algebraic terms
8 coefficient 1 coefficient 3
y unknown d unknown 1
3
coefficient
t unknown

Likes Terms h 2 2 yx
5h, h, 3h, , h xy, 2xy, xy, , yx
7 9 3 5
5 3 2 2
Unlikes Terms 6g, 3g2, , k, p 2abc, 4bcd, cde, def
g 7 5 5
Number of Terms 3x + 7y 2 terms 5 3c + 9q 3 terms 7f + 4r 1 + 2q 4 terms

(b) Computations involving algebraic expressions

Example 1 : Example 2 : Example 3 : Example 4 :


12 3x + 7x 1 3ab 4bc
= 4x 13 = 12ab2c
= 10 + 4k

(c) Expanding brackets

= ac + ad bc bd = ac ad bc + bd = a2 + ac + ab + bc = a2 ac + ab bc

Example : Example : Example : Example :


(2x 1) (x + 1) (3x 1) (2x 7) (x + 2) (x + 3) (x + 5) (x 4)
= 2x2 + 2x x 1 = 6x2 21x 2x + 7 = x2 + 3x + 2x + 6 = x2 4x + 5x 20
= 2x2 + x 7 = 6x2 23x + 20 = x2 + 5x + 6 = x2 + x 20
[ [ PMR MATHEMATICS FORMULAE ]
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(a + b)2 (a b)2 (a + b) (a b) a (b + c d)
= a2 + 2ab + b2 = a2 2ab + b2 = a2 b2 = ab + ac ad

Example : Example : Example : Example :


(m + 3)2 (3x 2y)2 (2x + 1) (2x 1) 3p (4q p + 4)
= m2 + 6m + 9 = 9x2 12xy + 4y2 = 4x2 1 = 12pq 3p2 + 12p

(d) Factorization

ax + ay a2 b2 = ab + ac + bd + cd a (b c) + d (c b)
= (a + b) (a b) = a (b + c) + d (b + c) = a (b c) d (b c)
= a (x + y ) = (b + c) (a + d) = (b c) (a d)

Example 1 : Example 1 : Example 1 : Example 1:


5 30k 81 64d . 2
2m + 2n + mn + n2 8eu 2ew + fw 4fu
= 5 (1 6k) = 92 82 d2 = 2 (m + n) + n (m + n) = 2e (4uw) + f (w 4u)
= (9 + 8d) (9 8d) = (m + n) (2 + n) = 2e (4uw) f (4u w)
= (4u w) (2e f)

Example 2 : Example 2 : Example 2 :


Example 2 :
18pq 15q 2x2 72 . cd + 5c d 5
pq q2 4q + 4p
= 3q (6p 5) = 2 (x2 36) = c (d + 5) (d + 5)
= q (p q) 4 (q p)
= 2(x + 6) (x 6) = (d + 5) (c 1)
= q (p q) + 4 (p q)
= (p q) (q + p)

Example : Example : Example : Example :


2
x + 9x + 20 q 18q + 45
2
2n + 9n 5
2
12k2 5k 3
3k
2nx = (x1
41+ 4)4x
(x + 5)
4k
n = (2n 1) (n + 5)
++ = (3k + 1) (4k 3)
nx
4k 5
3
5 10n9k +
5x
x22 2
12k
2n 3 9x
20
5 5k
9n
= (q 3) (q 15)

(8) ALGEBRAIC FRACTIONS

Example 1 : Example 2 : Example 3 : Example 4 :


2 x5
2
x3 x 9
= 3m (m 2)
3v (5 2v ) =
6m 2
15mv
3m m 2 = =
3v 5 2v =
= 6m 2 3 p 2 (1 1 p) 2 ( x 3) ( x 5)
15mv 2
2mp x2 9
3p 2 p =
= 2x 6 x 5
2mp
m 1
v 1 = x2 9
= 3m 2
3mv x 11
=
x2 9
2p 1
=
mp
[ [ PMR MATHEMATICS FORMULAE ]
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[ [ PMR MATHEMATICS FORMULAE ]
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(9) BACIS MEASUREMENTS
(a) Length, mass

(b) Volume of liquid

(c) Time

Convert hours to minutes


1 1 2 1
hour = 30 minutes hour = 20 minutes hour = 40 minutes hour = 15 minutes
2 3 3 4

3 1 1 1
hours = 45 minutes hour = 12 minutes hour = 10 minutes hour = 5 minutes
4 5 6 12

24-hour system
1.00 a.m. = 0100 7.00 a.m. = 0700 1.00 p.m. = 1300 7.00 p.m. = 1900
2.00 a.m. = 0200 8.00 a.m. = 0800 2.00 p.m. = 1400 8.00 p.m. = 2000
3.00 a.m. = 0300 9.00 a.m. = 0900 3.00 p.m. = 1500 9.00 p.m. = 2100
4.00 a.m. = 0400 10.00 a.m. = 1000 4.00 p.m. = 1600 10.00 p.m. = 2200
5.00 a.m. = 0500 11.00 a.m. = 1100 5.00 p.m. = 1700 11.00 p.m. = 2300
6.00 a.m. = 0600 12.00 p.m. = 1200 6.00 p.m. = 1800 12.00 a.m. = 2400

Example 1 : Example 2 :
A service counter opens from 8.15 a.m. until A bus travelled from Keningau to Lawas at 8.10
5.30 p.m. daily. One day, the counter was 3
closed for 55 minutes owing to the breakdown a.m. The journey is expected to take 6
4
of the computer system. How long did the
hours but the bus reached Lawas 10 minutes
counter open on that day ?
earlier. Find the time, in 24 hour system, when
duration = 17 30 8 15 0 55 the bus reached Lawas.
= 8 20 3
arrival = 8 10 + 6 4 0 10

= 8 hours 20 minutes = 14.75 = 14 45 = 1445


[ [ PMR MATHEMATICS FORMULAE ]
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(10) LINES AND ANGLES I, II
(a) Angles

Acute angle Right angle Obtuse angle Reflex angle

(b) Parallel ; perpendicular ; intersecting [ complementary, supplementary, vertically opposite ]

Parallel Lines Perpendicular Lines Complementary angles Supplementary angles

a is the comlementary of b a is the supplementary of b


AB parallel to CD AB perpendicular CD a + b = 180
a + b = 90

Vertically opposite angles Intersecting lines

a + b + c = 180
a = c and b = d a + b + c = 360

Example 1 : Example 2 :

Which of the following pairs of lines are


perpendicular to each other ? Which of the following lines is parallel to PQ ?

PR and PU II

Example 3 : Example 5 :

3x = 75
AOB and BOD are complementary angle,
x = 25
find the value of x.
2x = 90 30 20 y = 180 3(25) 2 (25)
2x = 20 y = 55
x = 10
Example 6 :
Example 4 :
Given that 3x and 30 are supplementary
angles, find the value of x ?
3x = 180 30
3x = 150
x = 50 2x = 360 162 78 90
2x = 30
x = 15
[ [ PMR MATHEMATICS FORMULAE ]
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(c) Angle associated with the parallel lines

Corresponding angles Alternate angles The sum of Interior angles = 180

a = c and b = d a = c and b = d a + d = 180 and b + c= 180

a+b=c a+b=c a+b=c

Example 1 :

Example 2 :

Example 3 :

Example 4 :

Example 5 :


[ [ PMR MATHEMATICS FORMULAE ]
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(11) POLYGONS I, II
(a) Triangles

Equilateral Triangles Isosceles Triangles Right-angled Triangles Scalene Triangles

a = 180 2b a + b= 90
180 a c = a+b
b= a = 90 b
2
b = 90 a

** the sum of the angles of a triangle = 180

Example 1 :

Example 2 :

Example 3 :

Example 4 :

Example 5 :


[ [ PMR MATHEMATICS FORMULAE ]
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(b) Rhombus

All sides are equal in length.


Opposite sides are parallel.
Opposite angles are equal in size.
Diagonal bisect each other in right angle.
a + b = 180

(c) Type of polygon

Name No. of sides No. of diagonals sum of interior angles = (n 2) 180


Triangle 3 0 180
Quadrilateral 4 2 360
Pentagon 5 5 540
Hexagon 6 9 720
Heptagon 7 14 900
Octagon 8 20 1080
Nonagon 9 27 1260
Decagon 10 35 1440

(d) Regular poylgons

exterior angle + interior angle = 180


sum of exterior angle = 360

Example 1 :

Example 2 :

Example 3 :


[ [ PMR MATHEMATICS FORMULAE ]
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Example 4 :

x = 360 93 97 130
= 40

Example 5 :

Example 6 :

Example 7 :

360
y =
8
= 40

Example 8 :

Example 9 :

Example 10 :


[ [ PMR MATHEMATICS FORMULAE ]
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(12) PERIMETER AND AREA
(a) Perimeter
total length of its edges.

Example 1 :


Perimeter of the shaded region
Perimeter of the shaded region = ??? = 8 + 6 + 6 + 16 + 10
= 46

Example 2 :

Perimeter of the whole diagram


Perimeter of the whole diagram = ??? = 12 + 12 + 12 + 26 + 7 + 14 + 25
= 108

(b) Area

(i) Square (ii) Rectangle (iii) Parallelogram

(iv) Triangle (v) Trapezium

1
Area = ab 1
2 Area = (a b)(h)
2

Example 1 :
A = 6.5 8 = 52
B = 4 2.5 = 10
area = 52 + 10 = 62

area of the whole diagram = ???

Example 2 :
1
JKMN = 2 (12 + 5) (20)
= 170

1
JKL = 2 (8) (12) = 48

1
LMN = 2 (5) (12) = 30

JLN = 170 48 30 = 92
JK = LM, area of tiangle JLN = ???
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Example 3 :

1
PQRS = (8 + 14) (10) = 110
2

PQTU = 8 (6) = 48
area of shaded region = 110 48 = 62

area of the shaded region = ???

Example 4 :

area of QRVW = 3 (3) = 9


area of QRVW = ???

(13) SOLID GEOMETRY I, II, III


(a) Nets of a solid

Example 1 : Example 2 :

Example 3 : Example 4 :

(b) Total surface area of a solid

(i) Cylinder (ii) Cone

Total surface area = 2r 2 + 2rh Total surface area = r 2 + rl

(iii) Sphere (iv) Hemisphere


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Example 1 :
a a a = 27
The volume of a cube is 27 cm3.
Find the total surface area of
the
a=3
cube, in cm2.
Total surface area = 6 [ (3)(3)] = 54

Example 2 :
a a = 49

a=7
total surface area
area of FGHJ = 49 cm 2, total = 2 [ (7)(7) ] + 4 [ (7)(10) ]
surface area = ???
= 378

Example 3 :
total surface area
1
= 2[ 2 (3)(4) ] + (3)(10) + (4)(10)
+ (5)(10)
= 132
total surface area = ???

Example 4 :
1
(14)(14) + 4 [ 2 (14)(VT) ] = 868

196 + 28 (VT) = 868



28 (VT) = 868 196
28 (VT) = 672
2
total surface area = 868 cm , VT = ? VT = 24

Example 5 : 2(
22
)(7)2 + 2 (
22
)(7)(h) = 748
7 7

308 + 44 (h) = 748


44 (h) = 748 308
44 (h) = 440
total surface area = 748 cm2, h =?
h = 10

Example 6 :
total surface area
= (
22
)(7)2 + (
22
)(7)(15)
7 7

= 484
total surface area = ???

Example 7 :
total surface area
= 3(
22
)(7)2
7

= 462
total surface area = ???

Example 8 :
total surface area

= 2 (3)2 + 2 (3)(8) + (3)2
= 75
total surface area = ???
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(c) Volume of a solid

(i) Cube (ii) Cuboid

(iii) Cylinder (iv) Semi-Cylinder

(v) Cone (vi) Pyramid

(vii) Sphere (viii) Hemispheres

(ix) Prism (x) Prism

Volume = base area h Volume = base area t


1 1
= ab h = (a + b)(h) t
2 2

Example 1 : a a = 16 [ TW WV = 16 ]

a=4
4 RV = 12

RV = 3
area of TUVW = 16 cm2, area
of SRVW = 12 cm2, volume = ? volume
= (4)(4)(3)
= 48

Example 2 :
volume
1
= [ 2 (5)(12) ] (13)

= 390

area of PQRS = 169 cm2, volume = ?


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Example 3 :

1
[ (5 + 10)(3) ] (x) = 90
2

22.5 (x) = 90
x=4

volume = 90 cm3, x = ?

Example 4 : 22
2( 7 )(r) = 22

r = 3.5

volume
volume = ? 22
= ( 7 )(3.5)2(14)

= 539

Example 5 :

1
(5)(8)(h) = 80
3

h=6
volume = 80 cm3, height = ???

Example 6 : (r)(15) = 135


r= 9

volume
1
area of curve surface = 135 cm2, = 3 (9)2 (12)
volume = ???
= 324

Example 7 :
4
3 (r)3 = 36

r3 = 27
r=3

volume of each sphere = 36 cm3, perimeter of STU


perimeter of STU = ??? = 3 (6)
= 18

Example 8 :
2
volume of hemisphere = 3 (3)2 = 6
volume of cylinder = (3)2 (8) = 72

volume of the solid = 6 + 72 = 78


volume of the solid = ???

Example 9 : volume of cube = (8)(8)(8) =512


volume of cylinder = (4)2 (h) = 16h
512 = 2 [16h ]
512 = 32h
512
32 = h
volume of cube = total volume of the two similar
16
cylinder, h = ???, in term of = h
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(14) LINEAR EQUATIONS I, II
(a) Linear equation I

Example 1 : Example 2 : Example 3 : Example 4 :

1 2x = 73
2x = 73 1
2x = 36 2k 3 = k 2k + 2
10k = 3 7k
2x = 72
36 2k k + 2k = 2 + 3
x = 10k + 7k = 3
72
2 x = 3k = 5
2 17k = 3
x = 18 5
x = 36 k = 3
3 k =
17

(b) Linear equation II

Example 1 : Example 2 : Example 3 :

3y 2 = 0, x 9y = 4, x = ??? p + 5q = 11, p 3q = 13, q = ??? 2k 3m = 6, 7k + 3m = 9, k = ??

3y 2 = 0 x 9y = 4 find q, eliminate p find k, eliminate m


3y = 2
2
y = x6=4
3
x=4+6 5q (3q) = 11 13 2k + 7k = 9 + 6
x = 10 8q = 24 9k = 3
24 3
q = k =
8 9
q = 3 1
k =
3

Example 4 : Example 5 :

2h + q = 4 (1), 4h + 3q = 10 (2), q = ??? 7x 5y = 45 (1), 2x + 3y = 4 (2), y = ???

find q, eliminate h (1) 2 find y, eliminate x (1) 2, (2) 7

10y (+ 21y) = 90 28
2q (+3q) = 8 10
10y 21y = 62
2q 3q = 2
31y = 62
q = 2
62
q = 2 y =
31
y = 2
[ [ PMR MATHEMATICS FORMULAE ]
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(15) SQUARES, SQUARE ROOTS, CUBES, CUBES ROOTS
(a) Squares, square roots ; cubes, cubes roots

Squares, Square Roots Cubes, Cubes Roots


3 3
12 = 1 1 =1 13 = 1 1 =1 (1)3 = 1 1 = 1
(1)2 = 1
3 3
22 = 4 4 =2 23 = 8 8 =2 (2)3 = 8 8 = 2
(2)2 = 4
3 3
32 = 9 9 =3 33 = 27 27 = 3 (3)3 = 27 27 = 3
(3)2 = 9
3 3
42 = 16 16 =4 43 = 64 64 = 4 (4)3 = 64 64 = 4
(4)2 = 16
3 3
52 = 25 25 =5 53 = 125 125 = 5 (5)3 = 125 125 = 5
(5)2 = 25
3 3
62 = 36 36 =6 63 = 216 216 = 6 (6)3 = 216 216 = 6
(6)2 = 36
3 3
72 = 49 49 =7 73 = 343 343 = 7 (7)3 = 343 343 = 7
(7)2 = 49
3 3
82 = 64 64 =8 83 = 512 512 = 8 (8)3 = 512 512 = 8
(8)2 = 64
3 3
92 = 81 81 =9 93 = 729 729 = 9 (9)3 = 729 729 = 9
(9)2 = 81
3 3
102 = 100 100 = 103 =1000 1000 (10)3 = 1000 1000 =
(10)2 = 100
10 =10 10

112 = 121 121 =


(11)2 = 121
11

122 = 144 144 =


(12)2 = 144
12

132 = 169 169 =


(13)2 = 169
13

(b) Squares, square roots ; cubes, cubes roots

Squares, Square Roots Cubes, Cubes Roots


3 3
0.12 = 0.01 0.01 = 0.13 = 0.001 0.001 = 0.1 (0.1)3 = 0.001 0.001 =
0.1 0.1
3 3
0.22 = 0.04 0.04 = 0.23 = 0.008 0.008 = 0.2 (0.2)3 = 0.008 0.008 =
0.2 0.2
3 3
0.32 = 0.09 0.09 = 0.33 = 0.027 0.027 = 0.3 (0.3)3 = 0.027 0.027 =
0.3 0.3
3 3
0.42 = 0.16 0.16 = 0.43 = 0.064 0.064 = 0.4 (0.4)3 = 0.064 0.064 =
0.4 0.4
3 3
0.52 = 0.25 0.25 = 0.53 = 0.125 0.125 = 0.5 (0.5)3 = 0.125 0.125 =
0.5 0.5
3 3
0.62 = 0.36 0.36 = 0.63 = 0.216 0.216 = 0.6 (0.6)3 = 0.216 0.216 =
0.6 0.6
3 3
0.72 = 0.49 0.49 = 0.73 = 0.343 0.343 = 0.7 (0.7)3 = 0.343 0.343 =
0.7 0.7
3 3
0.82 = 0.64 0.64 = 0.83 = 0.512 0.512 = 0.8 (0.8)3 = 0.512 0.512 =
0.8 0.8
3 3
0.92 = 0.81 0.81 = 0.93 = 0.729 0.729 = 0.9 (0.9)3 = 0.729 0.729 =
0.9 0.9

= (3 a )3 =
3 3 3 3
** a a = ( a )2 = a2 =a ** a a a a3 =a
[ [ PMR MATHEMATICS FORMULAE ]
22
(16) RATIOS, RATES AND PROPORTIONS I, II
(a) Ratios of two quantities / proportions

Example 1 : Example 2 : Example 3 :


x : y = 2 : 7 y = 28, x = ??? x : y = 5 : 7 x + y = 48, x = ??? x : y = 3 : 5 y x = 12, x + y = ?

(b) Ratios of three quantities / proportions

Example 1 : Example 2 : Example 3 :


x : y = 3 : 2 and y : z = 8 : 5 x : y = 2 : 5 and z : y = 1 : 3 x:y:z=5:3: 4
x : y : z = ??? x : y : z = ??? if z = 16, x + y = ???

x : y : z = 12 : 8 : 5 x : y : z = 6 : 15 : 5

(c) Rates

Example 1 : RM 0.70
P= = RM 0.007 per gram
100 g
RM 0.90
Q= = RM 0.006 per gram
150 g
RM 1.20
R= = RM 0.006 per gram
200 g
price per gram for each pack = ???

Example 2 :
1
Duration Rate (RM) 6 2 hours
1
First hour 2.00 = 1 hour + 11 ( hour)
2
1
every additional 2 hour 1.50 payment
= 2.00 + 11(1.50)
The table shows the rate for parking fee,
parks for 6 1
hours, payment = ??? = 18.50
2

Example 3 :
580 units
First 100 units 20 sen per unit
= 100 units + 200 units + 280 units
Next 200 units 15 sen per unit
payment
Remaining units 12 sen per unit
= 100 (0.20) + 200 (0.15) + 280 (0.12)
The table shows the price rate for a product,
buys 580 units, payment = ??? = 83.60
[ [ PMR MATHEMATICS FORMULAE ]
23

Example 4 :
1
The diagram shows the basic fare of a taxi. 6 km = 12 ( 2 km)

RM 1.70 payment
1 = basic + km
For every subsequent 2 km, the taxi fare
= 1.70 + 12 (0.20)
increased by 20 sen. The total taxi fare for
a journey of 6 km is
= 4.10

(d) Conversion of units in speed

Example 1 : Example 2 : Example 3 :


90 kmh1 = ?? ms1 900 m min1 = ?? kmh1 50 ms1 = ?? kmh1
90 km 90 1000 m 900 50
= km km
1h 1 60 60 s 900 m
= 1000
50 m
1 min 1
= 54 = 1000 = 180
= 25 ms1 h
1s 1
h
60 60 60
kmh1 kmh1

(d) Speed, Average Speed, Acceleration

dis tan ce dis tan ce


speed time distance = speed time
time speed

total dis tan ce travelled final speed initial speed


average speed acceleration / retardatio n
total time taken time

Example 1 : Example 2 :
The distance between Kota Kinabalu and Ranau Ali drives at an average speed of 105 km/h
is 280 km. A bus started its journey from Kota from twon M to town N. The journey takes 3
Kinabalu to Ranau at 10.45 a.m. and reached hours. Ali takes 30 minutes longer for his return
Ranau at 2.15 p.m. on the same day. Calculate journey from N to M. Calculate the average
the average speed, in km/h, of the whole speed, in km/h, for the return journey.
journey.
distance MN = 105 (3) = 315 km
distance = 280 km
time NM = 3 0 + 0 30 = 3 30
time = 14 15 10 45 = 3 30
280 315
aver. speed = = 80 km/h aver. speed NM = = 90 km/h
3' 30' 3' 30'

Example 3 : Example 4 :
The distance from Bangi to Melaka is 140 km.
A bus leaves Bangi at 0830 hour. Its average
speed is 80 kmh1. At what time, in the 24-
hour system, does bus arrive in Melaka ?
A taxi travelled from town P to town Q at an
140 average speed of 80km/h and from town Q to
time = = 1.75 hours town R at an average speed of 100km/h. The
80
average speed, in km/h, for the whole journey is
arrival = 8 30 + 1.75 hours 40
time PQ = = 0.5 hours
= 10.25 a.m. 80
= 10 15 = 1015 150
time QR = = 1.5 hours
100
40 150
aver. speed = = 95 km/h
0.5 1.5
[ [ PMR MATHEMATICS FORMULAE ]
24

Example 5 : Example 6 :
Sundati drives at a uniform speed at 60 kmh 1. Yong is driving at a speed of 100 km/h. He
After 40 minutes, he drive at a speed of 110 reduces the speed to 80 km/h in 30 minutes.
kmh1. Calculate the acceleration of her car, in Find the retardation of his car, in km/h2.
kmh2. 80 100
acceleration =
110 60 0' 30'.
acceleration =
0' 40'. = 40 km/h2
= 75 km/h2 retardation = 40 km/h2

(17) PYTHAGORAS THEOREM

c= a2 b2 c2 = a2 + b2

b= c2 a2 b2 = c2 a2
a= c2 b2 a2 = c2 b2

Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4


a/b b/a C/c a/b b/a c/c a/b b/a c/c a/b b/a c/c
3 4 5 5 12 13 7 24 25 8 15 17
6 8 10 10 24 26 14 48 50 16 30 34
9 12 15 15 36 39
12 16 20 20 48 52
15 20 25

Example 1 :

2h = 39 15

2h = 24
h = 12

QR = 16 cm, PT = 39 cm, h = ???

Example 2 :

PX = 15 8

PX = 7

PX = ???

Example 3 :

PQ = 28 + 7

PQ = 35

PQ = ???
[ [ PMR MATHEMATICS FORMULAE ]
25
(18) GEOMETRICAL CONSTRUCTIONS

Perpendicular bisector AB Perpendicular to AB and passing Perpendicular to AB and passing


through P through P

Bisector of ABC ABC = 60 ABC = 120

ABC = 30 ABC = 90 ABC = 90

ABC = 45 ABC = 75 ABC = 67.5

Parallelogram ABCD Rhombus ABCD, Parallel to AB and passing through


with ABC = 45 Point P
[ [ PMR MATHEMATICS FORMULAE ]
26
(19) COORDINATES
(a) Coordinates

lies on y-axis, x-coordinate = 0


P (1, 3), Q (4, 2)
lies on x-axis, y-coordinate = 0
Origin (0, 0)

(b) Distance, Midpoint

Distance = ( x 2 x1 ) 2 ( y 2 y1 ) 2
x1 x 2 y1 y 2
Midpoint, (x, y) = ,
2 2
Example 1 :
PQ parallel to x-axis, its y-coordinate similar.

Distance PQ = 2 (6) = 8

6 2
Midpoint of PQ = , 3 = (2, 3)
2

Example 2 :
PQ parallel to y-axis, its x-coordinate similar.

Distance PQ = 5 1 = 4

1 5
Midpoint of PQ = 3, = (3, 3)
2

Example 3 :
Distance PQ = (9 1) 2 [ 4 ( 2) ]2

= 100
= 10

9 1 4 ( 2)
Midpoint of PQ = ,
2 2
= (5, 1)

Example 4 :
k (2) = 6 2 k = 6
The distance between P (5, k) and Q
k+2=6 k = 8
(5, 2) is 6 units. Find the possible
values of k.
k =4 k = 8

Example 5 :
2 y
1 9 = 8
= x 2
2
2 + y = 16
5 = x
y = 14

x = ???, y = ???
[ [ PMR MATHEMATICS FORMULAE ]
27
(20) LOCI IN TWO DIMENSIONS

Type 1 ~ from a fixed point A circle locus


r
Example :
Locus of Z given that ZL = 3 cm A circle with centre L and radius 3 cm
Locus of Y such that it is 3 units from R A circle with centre R and radius 3 units
Locus of P such that MP = DC A circle with centre M and radius DC
Locus of M that is constantly 3 units from the (2, 1) A circle with centre (2, 1) and radius 3 units

Type 2 ~ from two fixed points A perpendicular bisector of a line segment locus
Example :
Locus of Y, given that YJ = YK The perpendicular bisector of the line JK
Locus of Q such AQ = BQ The perpendicular bisector of the line AB
Locus of P such that it is equidistant from point Q and T The perpendicular bisector of the line QT
Locus of Z such that its distance from point E and H is the same The perpendicular bisector of the line EH

Type 3 ~ from a straight line Two straight lines that are parallel to a line segment locus
Example :
Locus of P such that it is 2 units from MK d
Two straight lines that are parallel to MK with perpendicular distance, 2 units
d
Locus of Y such that Y is always 3 units from MN
Two straight lines that are parallel to MN with perpendicular distance, 2 cm
Locus of P such that its perpendicular distance EG is always 1.5 cm locus
Two straight lines that are parallel to EG with perpendicular distance, 1.5 cm

Type 4 ~ from two intersecting lines Angle bisector


Example : locus
Locus of H such that it is equidistant from QR and QP Angle bisector of PQR
Locus of X moves in such a way that it is always equidistant from EF and EH Angle bisector of FEH
Locus of Z such that its perpendicular distance from PQ and QR are the same Angle bisector of PQR
Locus of P such that PAC = PAD Angle bisector of CAD

Type 5 ~ from two parallel lines a parallel line locus


Example :
Locus of Z such that it is equidistant from lines PT and QU [ PT parallel to QU ]
a parallel line in the middle of lines PT and QU
W moves such that it is equidistant from the straight lines PS and QR [ PS parallel to QR ]
a parallel line in the middle of lines PS and QR

(21) CIRCLES I, II
(a) Part of a Circle
[ [ PMR MATHEMATICS FORMULAE ]
28

(b) Circumference / Perimeter and Area

(a) the circumference / perimeter of circle = 2r (a) the area of circle = r2


(b) the length of arc AB = 2r (b) the area of sector AOB = r2
360 360

Example 1 : Example 2 : Example 3 :

perimeter of the whole diagram = ?


length of minor arc PQ = ??? perimeter of the shaded region = ?
angle of sector = 60
angle of minor sector arc PSQ
arc PQ
= 360 288 = 72 60 22 = 180
(2)(
22
)(14) = 44
= (2)( )(21) = 22 360 7
360 7
arc PQ perimeter
= 72
(2)(
22
)(35) = 44 perimeter
360 7 = 44 + 14 + 28 + 14 = 100
= 22 + 21 + 21 = 64

Example 4 : Example 5 : Example 6 :

area of the shaded region = ???


radius = ???
ST = 2QS, area of sector UST = ??
42 22
angle of major sector
360 (2) ( 7 ) (r) = 3.3 = 360 54 = 306
UST = 45, ST = 14
42 22 area
r = 3.3 360 2 7 area
45 22 306
= ( )(14)2 = 77 = () (6)2 = 30.6
r = 4.5 360 7 360

Example 7 : Example 8 : Example 9 :

It is given that a circle has a


circumference of 44 cm.
Calculate its area, in cm2.

22
2( 7 ) (r) = 44
PQ = QR, area of the shaded 22
region = ??? r = 44 2 7
area of the shaded region
area of circle = 1540 cm2, x = ??? r = 7
22 2
= 7 (7) = 154 x 22
360 ( 7 )(35)2 = 1540 area
area of triangle PQR
1 22 22
= 1
(14)(7) = 49 x = 1540 = ( 7 )(7)2 = 154
2 360 7

area of the shaded region 352


= 154 49 = 105 x = 144
[ [ PMR MATHEMATICS FORMULAE ]
29

(c) Properties of angle in a circle, cyclic quadrilaterals

Example 1 : Example 2 : Example 3 :

PO = 8 cm, POQ = 18 cm,


PQ = 24 cm, KL = 5 cm, KR = ??
MPN = ??
SOU = 180 2(50) = 80
OQ = 18 8 = 10 = OM PK = 12 = POR
PL = 13 = LM = MR y = 360 155 80 80
MP = 6 = 45
KR = 5 + 13 + 13 = 31
MPN = 2 (6) = 12

Example 4 : Example 5 : Example 6 :

180 96
OQR = 2 = 42
x + 80 = 120
PQR = 90
JKL = 60 x = 120 80 3x = 90 42
JKO = 60 15 = 45 3x = 48
x = 40
= KJO x = 16
x = 60 + 45 = 105

Example 7 : Example 8 :

x = 70
QPS = 70
y = SPQ = 100
QOS = 220
x + y
= 70 + 100 x = 360 70 30 220
= 170 = 40
x + y = ??? x = ???
[ [ PMR MATHEMATICS FORMULAE ]
30
(22) TRANSFORMATION I, II

x
(a) Translation
y

Example :
x
Image = object + trans.
y
Object = image + trans.
x

y

(b) Reflection

Example 1 : Example 2 : Example 3 :

A reflection in the line x = 4 A refelction in the line y = 4 A refelction in the x-axis

Example 4 : Drawing line of reflection

Example 1 : Example 2 :

P
N
P

A reflection inNthe y-axis

(c) Rotation

Determine centre and describe


Example 1 : Example 2 :

A rotation of 180 about


An anticlockwise rotation of A clockwise rotation of 90
the centre C
90 about the centre C about the centre C
[ [ PMR MATHEMATICS FORMULAE ]
31

(d) Enlargement

length of image
scale factor, k = area of image = k2 area of object
length of obejct

Example :
QR = 1 cm, QR = 3 cm and the area of PQR = 5 cm2,
area of PQR = ???

3
k = area of PQR = 32 5
1
= 3 = 45

Drawing image / determine centre / describe

Example 1 : Example 2 :

An enlargement at centre C with a scale factor of 2 An enlargement at centre C with a scale factor of
1
3

(23) ALGEBRAIC FORMULAE

Example 1 : Example 2 : Example 3 :

1 1 1
+ = , v = ???
v u f
1 1 1
=
5h 20 = 7g v f u 5m p 3m = 21
1 u f
5h = 7g + 20 = 5m 3m = 21 + p
v fu
2m = 21 + p
7 g 20 fu
h v =
u f 21 p
5 m=
2

Example 4 : Example 5 : Example 6 :

2 g m = 5 3n2, n = ???
3, g = ???
h
3n2 = 5 m
LT 3L = T LT 2 g
= 32
h 5m
LT + LT T = 3L n2 =
3
2LT T = 3L
T (2LT 1) = 3L 5m
2 + g = 9h n
3
3L
T = g = 9h 2
2L 1
[ [ PMR MATHEMATICS FORMULAE ]
32
(24) STATISTICS I, II
(a) Solving problems involving frequency table, pictograph, line graph, bar chart, pie chart

Example 1 : Example 2 :
The table shows the scores obtained by a group The table diagram is a pictograph showing the
of students in a game. number of cakes sold in three months.
Score 3 4 5 6 January
Frequency 92 28 m 34 February
March
A prize will be given to the student who obtained April
score more than 4. Given that the number of represents 10 cakes
students who did not receive any price is twice
the number of students who received prizes. The price of one cake is RM18. The total sale
Find the value of m. from those four month is RM2250. Calculate
the number of cakes sold in April.
92 + 28 = 2 (m + 34)
120 = 2 (m + 34) number of cakes sold = 2250 18 = 125
60 = m + 34 number of cakes in April = 125 9 (10)
26 = m = 35
Example 3 : Example 4 :

Given that the price of a stick of satay is 20 sen,


calculate the sales on Thursday.

Calculate the difference between the total number of sales on Thursday


number of boys and the total number of girls = 8 (1000) = 8000
over the three years total sales on Thursday
= 8000 (0.20) = 160
number of girls = 10 + 12 + 15 = 37
number of boys = 12 + 16 + 11 = 39
difference = 39 37 = 2

Example 5 : Example 6 :

Village Number of students


P 10
Q 8
R 13
S 5
Which angles of the sectors are correct ? The Karate club has 300 members. How many
members are in the Taekwando club ?
total students = 10 + 8 + 13 + 5 = 36
10 8 3y = 360 150 150 300
P = 36 360 = 100 Q = 36 360 =
3y = 210 140 ?? (taek.)
80 y = 70
13 5 taekwando
R = 36 360 = 130 S = 36 360 = taekwondo = 140 300
= 150 140 =
50
280
correct = P and Q
[ [ PMR MATHEMATICS FORMULAE ]
33

(b) Mode

Mode = the value of data with the highest frequency

Example 1 : Example 2 :
6, 7, 7, 11, 5, 6, 11, 13, 14, 11, 8 Score 2 4 6 8 10
5, 6, 6, 7, 7, 8, 11, 11, 11, 13, 14 Frequency 3 15 7 12 9
mode = 11 mode = 4

Example 3 : Example 4 :
Score 0 1 2 3 4 Score 0 1 2 3 4
Frequency 1 3 7 x 5 Frequency 1 7 0 x 2
mode = 2, the maximum value of x = ??? mode = 3, the minimum value of x = ???
x<7 x =6 x>7 x =8

(c) Median

Median = the middle value when a set of data is arranged in ascending order

Example 1 : Example 2 :
5, 3, 3, 5, 7, 7, 1 24, 23, 12, 19, 16, 17

median = 5 17 19
median = = 18
2

Example 3 :
Number of books 1 2 3 4 5
Number of pupils 3 0 1 5 6

median = 4

Example 4 : 8 14 1 11 x 3
8 14 11 1 x 3
.
Saiz of shoes 1 2 3 4 5
8 + 14 = 11 + x + 3 8 + 14 + 11 = x + 3
Number of students 8 14 12 x 3
22 = x + 14 33 = x + 3
8=x 30 = x
median = 3, range of x = ???
8 x 30

(d) Mean

sum of all the values of data sum of (value frequency )


mean = mean =
the number of data total frequency

Example 1 : Example 2 :
68, 62, 84, 75, 78, 89 Mark 74 78 82 86
Frequency 5 10 2 3
68 62 84 75 78 79
mean =
6 74 (5) 78 (10) 82 ( 2) 86 (3)
mean =
= 76 5 10 2 3
= 78.6
[ [ PMR MATHEMATICS FORMULAE ]
34
(25) INDICES
(a) Table for numbers power of n

n 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 1
2= 5=
1 1 1 42 25 2
2 8 4 2 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128
1 1
3= 6=
3
1 1 1
1 3 9 27 81 243 729
92 36 2
27 9 3
1 1
1 1 1 4= 7=
5 125 25 5 1 5 25 125 625 3125 16 2 49 2
1 1 1 1
6 216 36 6 1 6 36 216 1296 ** = a
a 2

(b) Indices and law of indices

an
0
= a a a ( n times of a )

a
m
n = n a m
= n
am
a = 1
1 1 am an = am + n

a n = , a n = ,
an an am
am an = = am n

n n an
a
=
b

b a (am)n = (an)m = amn
n
1 an a
n = n
a an bn = (ab)n,
a b n b

Example 1 : Example 2 : Example 3 :


1 3 1 1
32 18 2 2 2 = ??? 3 2 12 2 k4 k
= ??? = ???
= 32 (2 9)
1

3 2 k 2
2 2 2
8 3

1
= k 4 + 1 (2)
36 2
= 2
) = k 4+1 +2
= 3 2
2 1
2 3 2 1 3
2
23 ( 3

6 = k7
= 3 2+1
2
1 + 3 = 2
2 2 2
= 33 22 6
=
= 27 4 4
= 108 3
=
2

Example 4 : Example 5 : Example 6 :


2
(3f 5g)2 (f 4) 3 f 2 g7 = ??? 3x 1 = 81 16n 1 = 2n (8 3 )

= 9 f 10g2 f 12 f 2 g7 3x 1 = 34 2 4 (n 1) = 2n ( 23(
2 )
3 )

= 9 f 10 + (12) (2) g 2 7 x1 =4 2 4n 4 = 2n ( 22)


2 4n 4 = 2 n + 2
10 12 + 2 5
= 9f g x = 4+1
4n 4 = n + 2
= 9 f 0 g 5 x = 5 4n n = 2 + 4
3n = 6
= 9g5 6
n=
3
n= 2
[ [ PMR MATHEMATICS FORMULAE ]
35
(26) SCALE DRAWINGS

Scale = size of drawing : size of actual object

Example 1 :
1600 600 1000
= 8, = 3, =5
200 200 200

Example 2 : Example 3 :

Example 4 : Example 5 :

A plan is drawn according to a scale of By using the scale of 1 : 50000, Adrian draws a
1 : 200. If the length of a hall is 20 cm, the highway on a map. If the actual length of the
actual length of the hall in m, is highway is 16 km, find the length of the highway
on the map.

1 cm (D) 200 cm (A) 16 km = 1600000 cm


20 cm ??
1 cm (D) 50000 cm (A)
200 ??? 1600000 cm
actual = 1 20 = 4000 cm = 40 m
1600000
map / drawing = 50000 1 = 32 cm

Example 6 :

The diagram shows the plan of a house drawn in


the shape of a rectangle.

6 cm 10 cm (D) 12 m 20 m (A)
??? 6 m 8 m ??
The dimension of the house is 12 m by 20 m.
Which of the following rooms labelled A, B, 6 8
drawing = ( 12 6) cm ( 20 10) cm
C and D, has a dimension of 6 m by 8 m ?
= 3 cm 4 cm (A)
[ [ PMR MATHEMATICS FORMULAE ]
36
(27) LINEAR INEQUALITIES
(a) Linear inequalities in one variable

x < 3 x = , 6, 5, 4 x 3 x = , 5, 4, 3.

x > 2 x = 3, 4, 5, x 2 x = 2, 3, 4, .

3 < x < 2 x = 2, 1, 0, 1 3 < x 2 x = 2, 1, 0, 1, 2

3 x < 2 x = 3, 2, 1, 0, 1 3 x 2 x = 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2

(b) Solving inequalities in one variable

Example 1 : Example 2 : Example 3 : Example 4 :

x+3<5 x35 2x < 5


x<53 x5+3 5
x<2 x<
x8 2 x 10

Example 5 : Example 6 : Example 7 : Example 8 :


2x < 5 2x 5
5 5
x> x
2 2 x 10
5 5 x > 10
x> x
2 2

Example 9 : Example 10 : Example 11 :


4 2x 10 2 2 m
x + 2 < 1 2m 4
2x 10 4 7 7 2
2x 6 2x + 14 < 2 m + 2 4m +8
6 2x < 2 14 m 3m 8 2
x 2 2x < 16 2m 6
x 3 x < 8 m 3

Example 12 : Example 13 :
3x 3 5 x < 4, x = ???
2x + 1 19 and 9, x = ???
4
2x + 1 19 3x
<9 3 5 x 5x<4
4
2x + 18 x5+3 x < 1
3x < 36
x 9 x8 x > 1
x < 12

x = 9, 10, 11 x = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
[ [ PMR MATHEMATICS FORMULAE ]
37

(c) Linear inequalities involving minimum and maximum value


min .
[min.] = min. + min. [min.] = min. max. [min.] = (min.) (min.) [min.] = max .

max .
[max.] = max. + max. [max.] = max. min. [max.] = (max.) (max.) [max.] = min .

Example 1 : Example 2 :
Given that 5 x < 8 and 9 < y 13. If x and Given that 2 < x < 5 and 3 < y < 10. If x and
y are integers, find the minimum value of y x. y are integers, find the maximum value of xy.
x = 5, 6, 7 x = 3, 4
y = 10, 11, 12, 13 y = 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
minimum value of y x maximum value of xy
= 10 7 = 3 = (4)(9) = 36

(28) TRIGONOMETRY
(a) Trigonometrical ratios

O O
sin = sin =
H H
A A
cos = cos =
H H
O O
tan = tan =
A A

Example 1 : Example 2 : Example 3 :

tan x = ??? QS = 12 cm, tan x = 0.8, sin = ?


cos x = ???
tan x = 0.8 PQ = 13
BD = 12 cm 4
BC = 6 cm cos x =
2 PS = 0.8 5
4 sin = 13
6
4 = 0.8 PS
tan x = 5 =
1
5 = PS
2

Example 4 : Example 5 :

3 5 3
HG = 10 cm tan EFG = 4 sin x = 13 cos y = 5
EG 3 5 5
10
= = PQ
= 3
sin = 26
24 4 PS 13
15 5
EG = 18 PS = 13
= 5 PQ = 9
13 QR = 12
EH = 18 10 = 8 PQR = 9 + 12 = 21
5
tan x = 12
[ [ PMR MATHEMATICS FORMULAE ]
38

(b) The values of trigonometric ratios of 30, 45, and 60

sin cos tan

1
30 1 2
3
3
2
1 1 1
45
2 2

3 1
60 2
3
2

(c) Convert degrees to degrees and minutes and vise versa [ 1 = 60 ]

Example 1 : Example 2 :
25.8 = 25 + 0.8 18
74 18 = 74 60
= 25 + (0.8 60)
= 25 48 = 74.3

(29) GRAPH OF FUNCTIONS


(a) Graph of Functions

Linear Functions

Example 1 : Example 2 :

6 2
m= = 2, c=6 m= = 1, c = 2
3 2
y = 2x + 6 y = x 2

Quadratic Functions Cubic Functions


Example 1 : Example 1 : Example 2 :
Example 2 :

y = x2 y = x3 + 2 y = x3
y = x2 + 3

(b) Functions

Example 1 : Example 2 :
x 2 1 2
The point (3, 11) satisfies the function y 5 1 3
A. y = x2 + 5 x = 3, y = (3)2 + 5 = 14 The function is
B. y = x + 2 x = 3, y = (3) + 2 = 11
2 2 A. y = 4x + 1 x = 2, y = 7
B. y = 3x + 1 x = 2, y = 5; x = 1, y = 4
C. y=x+8 x = 3, y = 3 + 8 = 5
C. y = 2x 1 x= 2, y= 5; x= 1, y= 1; x= 2, y=
D. y = 4 x x = 3, y = 4 (3) = 7 3
D. y = x 1 x = 2, y = 3

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