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MATHEMATICS PMR
FORMULAE
CONTENTS
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TOPIC PAGE
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Example : 4729813
Digit Place value Digit Value Round off to nearest
3 Ones 3
1 Tens 10 Ten 4729810
8 Hundreds 800 Hundred 4729800
9 Thousands 9000 Thousand 4730000
2 Ten Thousands 20000 Ten Thousand 4730000
7 Hundred Thousands 700000 Hundred Thousand 4700000
4 Millions 4000000 Millions 5000000
(b) Factor, prime factor, lowest common mutltiple (LCM), highest common factor (HCF)
Example : Example :
1 3 5 2 4 2 3 4 5 5 4 3 2
, , , , , , , , ,
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
, , , , , , , , ,
7 9 5 3 9 7 5 3 3 5 7 9
3 5 2 11 8 2 5 8 11 11 8 5 2
, , , , , , , , ,
6 3 12 9 3 6 9 12 12 9 6 3
2 5 1 11 1 2 5 11 11 5 2 1
4 , , ,
5 9 6 18 , , , , , ,
(0.40) (0.56) (0.17) (0.61)
6 5 9 18 18 9 5 6
Addition Subtraction
Example 3 : Example 3 :
Multiplication Division
(4) DECIMALS
(a) Place value, digit Value, round off
Example : 0.7496
1 1 3 1 2 3 4
= 0.5 = 0.25 = 0.75 = 0.2 = 0.4 = 0.6 = 0.8
2 4 4 5 5 5 5
1 3 5 7 1 1 1
= 0.125 = 0.375 = 0.625 = 0.875 = 0.1 = 0.05 = 0.04
8 8 8 8 10 20 25
1 1 11 1 11 111 3
= 0.02 = = = = = 2 = 2.75
50 100 100 1000 1000 1000 4
0.01 0.11 0.001 0.011 0.111
(5) PERCENTAGES
(a) Convert fractions and decimals to percentages
Example : Example :
(b) Percentage of change, percentage of increase / decrease, percentage of profit / loss, percentage of
discount
Change in value
Percentage of Change = 100%
Original value
Increase / Decrease
Percentage of Incerase / Decrease = 100%
Original value
Profit / Loss
Percentage of Profit / Loss Change = 100%
Cost price
Discount
Percentage of Discount = 100%
Original selling price
Example 1 : Example 2 :
k % of 160 is 96. Find the value of k. Rizal bought a computer for RM2000. He sold
the computer for RM1600. Calculate the loss
96 percentage.
k = 100 = 60
160 loss = 2000 1600 = 400
400
% loss = 100 = 20
2000
Example 3 : Example 4 :
Khatrie get a loan of RM8000 from a bank. 1
The simple interest is k % per annum. He pay A 3 % commission is paid to Said for a
2
back the loan by instalment in one year. Given
car. If he managed to sell a car for RM7000,
that his monthly instalment is RM720, find
find his commission, in RM.
the value of k ?
1
total payment = 720 12 = 8640 commission = 7000 3 %
2
interest = 8640 8000 = 640
640 3 12
% interest = 100 = 8 = 7000 = 245
8000 100
Example 5 : Example 6 :
Eylicethen saves RM6000 in a bank with a A radio costs RM35.80. It is sold at a 20%
simple interest of 5% per annum. How much discount. What is the selling price ?
interest does she receive after nine months ?
sell = 35.80 80 %
9 = 35.80
80
= 28.64
interest = 6000 5 % 100
12
or
5 9
= 6000 = 225
100 12 discount = 35.80 20 %
20
= 35.80 100 = 7.16
sell = 35.80 7.16 = 28.64
Example 7 : Example 8 :
In a school, 40% of the students are boys. Azri took part in a quiz competition. He
Given that there are 520 boys in the school, answered 75% of the questions correctly. He
find the numbers of girls in the school. answered 4 questions incorrectly. Find the
total number of questions in the quiz.
40 % 520 boys
60 % ?? girls 25 % 4 incorrect
100 % ?? total
520 60
girls = 60 or 520 4 100
40 40 total = 100 or 4
25 25
= 780
= 16
Example 9 : Example 10 :
The price of a shirt after a discout of 20% is A profit of 30% is made if an item is sold at
RM24. The original price is RM650. Find the cost price of the item.
Examples
8k d t
Algebraic terms
8 coefficient 1 coefficient 3
y unknown d unknown 1
3
coefficient
t unknown
Likes Terms h 2 2 yx
5h, h, 3h, , h xy, 2xy, xy, , yx
7 9 3 5
5 3 2 2
Unlikes Terms 6g, 3g2, , k, p 2abc, 4bcd, cde, def
g 7 5 5
Number of Terms 3x + 7y 2 terms 5 3c + 9q 3 terms 7f + 4r 1 + 2q 4 terms
= ac + ad bc bd = ac ad bc + bd = a2 + ac + ab + bc = a2 ac + ab bc
(a + b)2 (a b)2 (a + b) (a b) a (b + c d)
= a2 + 2ab + b2 = a2 2ab + b2 = a2 b2 = ab + ac ad
(d) Factorization
ax + ay a2 b2 = ab + ac + bd + cd a (b c) + d (c b)
= (a + b) (a b) = a (b + c) + d (b + c) = a (b c) d (b c)
= a (x + y ) = (b + c) (a + d) = (b c) (a d)
(c) Time
3 1 1 1
hours = 45 minutes hour = 12 minutes hour = 10 minutes hour = 5 minutes
4 5 6 12
24-hour system
1.00 a.m. = 0100 7.00 a.m. = 0700 1.00 p.m. = 1300 7.00 p.m. = 1900
2.00 a.m. = 0200 8.00 a.m. = 0800 2.00 p.m. = 1400 8.00 p.m. = 2000
3.00 a.m. = 0300 9.00 a.m. = 0900 3.00 p.m. = 1500 9.00 p.m. = 2100
4.00 a.m. = 0400 10.00 a.m. = 1000 4.00 p.m. = 1600 10.00 p.m. = 2200
5.00 a.m. = 0500 11.00 a.m. = 1100 5.00 p.m. = 1700 11.00 p.m. = 2300
6.00 a.m. = 0600 12.00 p.m. = 1200 6.00 p.m. = 1800 12.00 a.m. = 2400
Example 1 : Example 2 :
A service counter opens from 8.15 a.m. until A bus travelled from Keningau to Lawas at 8.10
5.30 p.m. daily. One day, the counter was 3
closed for 55 minutes owing to the breakdown a.m. The journey is expected to take 6
4
of the computer system. How long did the
hours but the bus reached Lawas 10 minutes
counter open on that day ?
earlier. Find the time, in 24 hour system, when
duration = 17 30 8 15 0 55 the bus reached Lawas.
= 8 20 3
arrival = 8 10 + 6 4 0 10
a + b + c = 180
a = c and b = d a + b + c = 360
Example 1 : Example 2 :
PR and PU II
Example 3 : Example 5 :
3x = 75
AOB and BOD are complementary angle,
x = 25
find the value of x.
2x = 90 30 20 y = 180 3(25) 2 (25)
2x = 20 y = 55
x = 10
Example 6 :
Example 4 :
Given that 3x and 30 are supplementary
angles, find the value of x ?
3x = 180 30
3x = 150
x = 50 2x = 360 162 78 90
2x = 30
x = 15
[ [ PMR MATHEMATICS FORMULAE ]
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Example 1 :
Example 2 :
Example 3 :
Example 4 :
Example 5 :
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12
(11) POLYGONS I, II
(a) Triangles
a = 180 2b a + b= 90
180 a c = a+b
b= a = 90 b
2
b = 90 a
Example 1 :
Example 2 :
Example 3 :
Example 4 :
Example 5 :
[ [ PMR MATHEMATICS FORMULAE ]
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(b) Rhombus
Example 1 :
Example 2 :
Example 3 :
[ [ PMR MATHEMATICS FORMULAE ]
14
Example 4 :
x = 360 93 97 130
= 40
Example 5 :
Example 6 :
Example 7 :
360
y =
8
= 40
Example 8 :
Example 9 :
Example 10 :
[ [ PMR MATHEMATICS FORMULAE ]
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(12) PERIMETER AND AREA
(a) Perimeter
total length of its edges.
Example 1 :
Perimeter of the shaded region
Perimeter of the shaded region = ??? = 8 + 6 + 6 + 16 + 10
= 46
Example 2 :
(b) Area
1
Area = ab 1
2 Area = (a b)(h)
2
Example 1 :
A = 6.5 8 = 52
B = 4 2.5 = 10
area = 52 + 10 = 62
Example 2 :
1
JKMN = 2 (12 + 5) (20)
= 170
1
JKL = 2 (8) (12) = 48
1
LMN = 2 (5) (12) = 30
JLN = 170 48 30 = 92
JK = LM, area of tiangle JLN = ???
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Example 3 :
1
PQRS = (8 + 14) (10) = 110
2
PQTU = 8 (6) = 48
area of shaded region = 110 48 = 62
Example 4 :
Example 1 : Example 2 :
Example 3 : Example 4 :
Example 1 :
a a a = 27
The volume of a cube is 27 cm3.
Find the total surface area of
the
a=3
cube, in cm2.
Total surface area = 6 [ (3)(3)] = 54
Example 2 :
a a = 49
a=7
total surface area
area of FGHJ = 49 cm 2, total = 2 [ (7)(7) ] + 4 [ (7)(10) ]
surface area = ???
= 378
Example 3 :
total surface area
1
= 2[ 2 (3)(4) ] + (3)(10) + (4)(10)
+ (5)(10)
= 132
total surface area = ???
Example 4 :
1
(14)(14) + 4 [ 2 (14)(VT) ] = 868
Example 5 : 2(
22
)(7)2 + 2 (
22
)(7)(h) = 748
7 7
Example 6 :
total surface area
= (
22
)(7)2 + (
22
)(7)(15)
7 7
= 484
total surface area = ???
Example 7 :
total surface area
= 3(
22
)(7)2
7
= 462
total surface area = ???
Example 8 :
total surface area
= 2 (3)2 + 2 (3)(8) + (3)2
= 75
total surface area = ???
[ [ PMR MATHEMATICS FORMULAE ]
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Example 1 : a a = 16 [ TW WV = 16 ]
a=4
4 RV = 12
RV = 3
area of TUVW = 16 cm2, area
of SRVW = 12 cm2, volume = ? volume
= (4)(4)(3)
= 48
Example 2 :
volume
1
= [ 2 (5)(12) ] (13)
= 390
Example 3 :
1
[ (5 + 10)(3) ] (x) = 90
2
22.5 (x) = 90
x=4
volume = 90 cm3, x = ?
Example 4 : 22
2( 7 )(r) = 22
r = 3.5
volume
volume = ? 22
= ( 7 )(3.5)2(14)
= 539
Example 5 :
1
(5)(8)(h) = 80
3
h=6
volume = 80 cm3, height = ???
volume
1
area of curve surface = 135 cm2, = 3 (9)2 (12)
volume = ???
= 324
Example 7 :
4
3 (r)3 = 36
r3 = 27
r=3
Example 8 :
2
volume of hemisphere = 3 (3)2 = 6
volume of cylinder = (3)2 (8) = 72
1 2x = 73
2x = 73 1
2x = 36 2k 3 = k 2k + 2
10k = 3 7k
2x = 72
36 2k k + 2k = 2 + 3
x = 10k + 7k = 3
72
2 x = 3k = 5
2 17k = 3
x = 18 5
x = 36 k = 3
3 k =
17
Example 4 : Example 5 :
10y (+ 21y) = 90 28
2q (+3q) = 8 10
10y 21y = 62
2q 3q = 2
31y = 62
q = 2
62
q = 2 y =
31
y = 2
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(15) SQUARES, SQUARE ROOTS, CUBES, CUBES ROOTS
(a) Squares, square roots ; cubes, cubes roots
= (3 a )3 =
3 3 3 3
** a a = ( a )2 = a2 =a ** a a a a3 =a
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(16) RATIOS, RATES AND PROPORTIONS I, II
(a) Ratios of two quantities / proportions
x : y : z = 12 : 8 : 5 x : y : z = 6 : 15 : 5
(c) Rates
Example 1 : RM 0.70
P= = RM 0.007 per gram
100 g
RM 0.90
Q= = RM 0.006 per gram
150 g
RM 1.20
R= = RM 0.006 per gram
200 g
price per gram for each pack = ???
Example 2 :
1
Duration Rate (RM) 6 2 hours
1
First hour 2.00 = 1 hour + 11 ( hour)
2
1
every additional 2 hour 1.50 payment
= 2.00 + 11(1.50)
The table shows the rate for parking fee,
parks for 6 1
hours, payment = ??? = 18.50
2
Example 3 :
580 units
First 100 units 20 sen per unit
= 100 units + 200 units + 280 units
Next 200 units 15 sen per unit
payment
Remaining units 12 sen per unit
= 100 (0.20) + 200 (0.15) + 280 (0.12)
The table shows the price rate for a product,
buys 580 units, payment = ??? = 83.60
[ [ PMR MATHEMATICS FORMULAE ]
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Example 4 :
1
The diagram shows the basic fare of a taxi. 6 km = 12 ( 2 km)
RM 1.70 payment
1 = basic + km
For every subsequent 2 km, the taxi fare
= 1.70 + 12 (0.20)
increased by 20 sen. The total taxi fare for
a journey of 6 km is
= 4.10
Example 1 : Example 2 :
The distance between Kota Kinabalu and Ranau Ali drives at an average speed of 105 km/h
is 280 km. A bus started its journey from Kota from twon M to town N. The journey takes 3
Kinabalu to Ranau at 10.45 a.m. and reached hours. Ali takes 30 minutes longer for his return
Ranau at 2.15 p.m. on the same day. Calculate journey from N to M. Calculate the average
the average speed, in km/h, of the whole speed, in km/h, for the return journey.
journey.
distance MN = 105 (3) = 315 km
distance = 280 km
time NM = 3 0 + 0 30 = 3 30
time = 14 15 10 45 = 3 30
280 315
aver. speed = = 80 km/h aver. speed NM = = 90 km/h
3' 30' 3' 30'
Example 3 : Example 4 :
The distance from Bangi to Melaka is 140 km.
A bus leaves Bangi at 0830 hour. Its average
speed is 80 kmh1. At what time, in the 24-
hour system, does bus arrive in Melaka ?
A taxi travelled from town P to town Q at an
140 average speed of 80km/h and from town Q to
time = = 1.75 hours town R at an average speed of 100km/h. The
80
average speed, in km/h, for the whole journey is
arrival = 8 30 + 1.75 hours 40
time PQ = = 0.5 hours
= 10.25 a.m. 80
= 10 15 = 1015 150
time QR = = 1.5 hours
100
40 150
aver. speed = = 95 km/h
0.5 1.5
[ [ PMR MATHEMATICS FORMULAE ]
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Example 5 : Example 6 :
Sundati drives at a uniform speed at 60 kmh 1. Yong is driving at a speed of 100 km/h. He
After 40 minutes, he drive at a speed of 110 reduces the speed to 80 km/h in 30 minutes.
kmh1. Calculate the acceleration of her car, in Find the retardation of his car, in km/h2.
kmh2. 80 100
acceleration =
110 60 0' 30'.
acceleration =
0' 40'. = 40 km/h2
= 75 km/h2 retardation = 40 km/h2
c= a2 b2 c2 = a2 + b2
b= c2 a2 b2 = c2 a2
a= c2 b2 a2 = c2 b2
Example 1 :
2h = 39 15
2h = 24
h = 12
Example 2 :
PX = 15 8
PX = 7
PX = ???
Example 3 :
PQ = 28 + 7
PQ = 35
PQ = ???
[ [ PMR MATHEMATICS FORMULAE ]
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(18) GEOMETRICAL CONSTRUCTIONS
Distance = ( x 2 x1 ) 2 ( y 2 y1 ) 2
x1 x 2 y1 y 2
Midpoint, (x, y) = ,
2 2
Example 1 :
PQ parallel to x-axis, its y-coordinate similar.
Distance PQ = 2 (6) = 8
6 2
Midpoint of PQ = , 3 = (2, 3)
2
Example 2 :
PQ parallel to y-axis, its x-coordinate similar.
Distance PQ = 5 1 = 4
1 5
Midpoint of PQ = 3, = (3, 3)
2
Example 3 :
Distance PQ = (9 1) 2 [ 4 ( 2) ]2
= 100
= 10
9 1 4 ( 2)
Midpoint of PQ = ,
2 2
= (5, 1)
Example 4 :
k (2) = 6 2 k = 6
The distance between P (5, k) and Q
k+2=6 k = 8
(5, 2) is 6 units. Find the possible
values of k.
k =4 k = 8
Example 5 :
2 y
1 9 = 8
= x 2
2
2 + y = 16
5 = x
y = 14
x = ???, y = ???
[ [ PMR MATHEMATICS FORMULAE ]
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(20) LOCI IN TWO DIMENSIONS
Type 2 ~ from two fixed points A perpendicular bisector of a line segment locus
Example :
Locus of Y, given that YJ = YK The perpendicular bisector of the line JK
Locus of Q such AQ = BQ The perpendicular bisector of the line AB
Locus of P such that it is equidistant from point Q and T The perpendicular bisector of the line QT
Locus of Z such that its distance from point E and H is the same The perpendicular bisector of the line EH
Type 3 ~ from a straight line Two straight lines that are parallel to a line segment locus
Example :
Locus of P such that it is 2 units from MK d
Two straight lines that are parallel to MK with perpendicular distance, 2 units
d
Locus of Y such that Y is always 3 units from MN
Two straight lines that are parallel to MN with perpendicular distance, 2 cm
Locus of P such that its perpendicular distance EG is always 1.5 cm locus
Two straight lines that are parallel to EG with perpendicular distance, 1.5 cm
(21) CIRCLES I, II
(a) Part of a Circle
[ [ PMR MATHEMATICS FORMULAE ]
28
(b) the length of arc AB = 2r (b) the area of sector AOB = r2
360 360
22
2( 7 ) (r) = 44
PQ = QR, area of the shaded 22
region = ??? r = 44 2 7
area of the shaded region
area of circle = 1540 cm2, x = ??? r = 7
22 2
= 7 (7) = 154 x 22
360 ( 7 )(35)2 = 1540 area
area of triangle PQR
1 22 22
= 1
(14)(7) = 49 x = 1540 = ( 7 )(7)2 = 154
2 360 7
180 96
OQR = 2 = 42
x + 80 = 120
PQR = 90
JKL = 60 x = 120 80 3x = 90 42
JKO = 60 15 = 45 3x = 48
x = 40
= KJO x = 16
x = 60 + 45 = 105
Example 7 : Example 8 :
x = 70
QPS = 70
y = SPQ = 100
QOS = 220
x + y
= 70 + 100 x = 360 70 30 220
= 170 = 40
x + y = ??? x = ???
[ [ PMR MATHEMATICS FORMULAE ]
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(22) TRANSFORMATION I, II
x
(a) Translation
y
Example :
x
Image = object + trans.
y
Object = image + trans.
x
y
(b) Reflection
Example 1 : Example 2 :
P
N
P
(c) Rotation
(d) Enlargement
length of image
scale factor, k = area of image = k2 area of object
length of obejct
Example :
QR = 1 cm, QR = 3 cm and the area of PQR = 5 cm2,
area of PQR = ???
3
k = area of PQR = 32 5
1
= 3 = 45
Example 1 : Example 2 :
An enlargement at centre C with a scale factor of 2 An enlargement at centre C with a scale factor of
1
3
1 1 1
+ = , v = ???
v u f
1 1 1
=
5h 20 = 7g v f u 5m p 3m = 21
1 u f
5h = 7g + 20 = 5m 3m = 21 + p
v fu
2m = 21 + p
7 g 20 fu
h v =
u f 21 p
5 m=
2
2 g m = 5 3n2, n = ???
3, g = ???
h
3n2 = 5 m
LT 3L = T LT 2 g
= 32
h 5m
LT + LT T = 3L n2 =
3
2LT T = 3L
T (2LT 1) = 3L 5m
2 + g = 9h n
3
3L
T = g = 9h 2
2L 1
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(24) STATISTICS I, II
(a) Solving problems involving frequency table, pictograph, line graph, bar chart, pie chart
Example 1 : Example 2 :
The table shows the scores obtained by a group The table diagram is a pictograph showing the
of students in a game. number of cakes sold in three months.
Score 3 4 5 6 January
Frequency 92 28 m 34 February
March
A prize will be given to the student who obtained April
score more than 4. Given that the number of represents 10 cakes
students who did not receive any price is twice
the number of students who received prizes. The price of one cake is RM18. The total sale
Find the value of m. from those four month is RM2250. Calculate
the number of cakes sold in April.
92 + 28 = 2 (m + 34)
120 = 2 (m + 34) number of cakes sold = 2250 18 = 125
60 = m + 34 number of cakes in April = 125 9 (10)
26 = m = 35
Example 3 : Example 4 :
Example 5 : Example 6 :
(b) Mode
Example 1 : Example 2 :
6, 7, 7, 11, 5, 6, 11, 13, 14, 11, 8 Score 2 4 6 8 10
5, 6, 6, 7, 7, 8, 11, 11, 11, 13, 14 Frequency 3 15 7 12 9
mode = 11 mode = 4
Example 3 : Example 4 :
Score 0 1 2 3 4 Score 0 1 2 3 4
Frequency 1 3 7 x 5 Frequency 1 7 0 x 2
mode = 2, the maximum value of x = ??? mode = 3, the minimum value of x = ???
x<7 x =6 x>7 x =8
(c) Median
Median = the middle value when a set of data is arranged in ascending order
Example 1 : Example 2 :
5, 3, 3, 5, 7, 7, 1 24, 23, 12, 19, 16, 17
median = 5 17 19
median = = 18
2
Example 3 :
Number of books 1 2 3 4 5
Number of pupils 3 0 1 5 6
median = 4
Example 4 : 8 14 1 11 x 3
8 14 11 1 x 3
.
Saiz of shoes 1 2 3 4 5
8 + 14 = 11 + x + 3 8 + 14 + 11 = x + 3
Number of students 8 14 12 x 3
22 = x + 14 33 = x + 3
8=x 30 = x
median = 3, range of x = ???
8 x 30
(d) Mean
Example 1 : Example 2 :
68, 62, 84, 75, 78, 89 Mark 74 78 82 86
Frequency 5 10 2 3
68 62 84 75 78 79
mean =
6 74 (5) 78 (10) 82 ( 2) 86 (3)
mean =
= 76 5 10 2 3
= 78.6
[ [ PMR MATHEMATICS FORMULAE ]
34
(25) INDICES
(a) Table for numbers power of n
n 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 1
2= 5=
1 1 1 42 25 2
2 8 4 2 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128
1 1
3= 6=
3
1 1 1
1 3 9 27 81 243 729
92 36 2
27 9 3
1 1
1 1 1 4= 7=
5 125 25 5 1 5 25 125 625 3125 16 2 49 2
1 1 1 1
6 216 36 6 1 6 36 216 1296 ** = a
a 2
an
0
= a a a ( n times of a )
a
m
n = n a m
= n
am
a = 1
1 1 am an = am + n
a n = , a n = ,
an an am
am an = = am n
n n an
a
=
b
b a (am)n = (an)m = amn
n
1 an a
n = n
a an bn = (ab)n,
a b n b
1
= k 4 + 1 (2)
36 2
= 2
) = k 4+1 +2
= 3 2
2 1
2 3 2 1 3
2
23 ( 3
6 = k7
= 3 2+1
2
1 + 3 = 2
2 2 2
= 33 22 6
=
= 27 4 4
= 108 3
=
2
= 9 f 10g2 f 12 f 2 g7 3x 1 = 34 2 4 (n 1) = 2n ( 23(
2 )
3 )
Example 1 :
1600 600 1000
= 8, = 3, =5
200 200 200
Example 2 : Example 3 :
Example 4 : Example 5 :
A plan is drawn according to a scale of By using the scale of 1 : 50000, Adrian draws a
1 : 200. If the length of a hall is 20 cm, the highway on a map. If the actual length of the
actual length of the hall in m, is highway is 16 km, find the length of the highway
on the map.
Example 6 :
6 cm 10 cm (D) 12 m 20 m (A)
??? 6 m 8 m ??
The dimension of the house is 12 m by 20 m.
Which of the following rooms labelled A, B, 6 8
drawing = ( 12 6) cm ( 20 10) cm
C and D, has a dimension of 6 m by 8 m ?
= 3 cm 4 cm (A)
[ [ PMR MATHEMATICS FORMULAE ]
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(27) LINEAR INEQUALITIES
(a) Linear inequalities in one variable
x < 3 x = , 6, 5, 4 x 3 x = , 5, 4, 3.
x > 2 x = 3, 4, 5, x 2 x = 2, 3, 4, .
3 x < 2 x = 3, 2, 1, 0, 1 3 x 2 x = 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2
Example 12 : Example 13 :
3x 3 5 x < 4, x = ???
2x + 1 19 and 9, x = ???
4
2x + 1 19 3x
<9 3 5 x 5x<4
4
2x + 18 x5+3 x < 1
3x < 36
x 9 x8 x > 1
x < 12
x = 9, 10, 11 x = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
[ [ PMR MATHEMATICS FORMULAE ]
37
max .
[max.] = max. + max. [max.] = max. min. [max.] = (max.) (max.) [max.] = min .
Example 1 : Example 2 :
Given that 5 x < 8 and 9 < y 13. If x and Given that 2 < x < 5 and 3 < y < 10. If x and
y are integers, find the minimum value of y x. y are integers, find the maximum value of xy.
x = 5, 6, 7 x = 3, 4
y = 10, 11, 12, 13 y = 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
minimum value of y x maximum value of xy
= 10 7 = 3 = (4)(9) = 36
(28) TRIGONOMETRY
(a) Trigonometrical ratios
O O
sin = sin =
H H
A A
cos = cos =
H H
O O
tan = tan =
A A
Example 4 : Example 5 :
3 5 3
HG = 10 cm tan EFG = 4 sin x = 13 cos y = 5
EG 3 5 5
10
= = PQ
= 3
sin = 26
24 4 PS 13
15 5
EG = 18 PS = 13
= 5 PQ = 9
13 QR = 12
EH = 18 10 = 8 PQR = 9 + 12 = 21
5
tan x = 12
[ [ PMR MATHEMATICS FORMULAE ]
38
1
30 1 2
3
3
2
1 1 1
45
2 2
3 1
60 2
3
2
Example 1 : Example 2 :
25.8 = 25 + 0.8 18
74 18 = 74 60
= 25 + (0.8 60)
= 25 48 = 74.3
Linear Functions
Example 1 : Example 2 :
6 2
m= = 2, c=6 m= = 1, c = 2
3 2
y = 2x + 6 y = x 2
y = x2 y = x3 + 2 y = x3
y = x2 + 3
(b) Functions
Example 1 : Example 2 :
x 2 1 2
The point (3, 11) satisfies the function y 5 1 3
A. y = x2 + 5 x = 3, y = (3)2 + 5 = 14 The function is
B. y = x + 2 x = 3, y = (3) + 2 = 11
2 2 A. y = 4x + 1 x = 2, y = 7
B. y = 3x + 1 x = 2, y = 5; x = 1, y = 4
C. y=x+8 x = 3, y = 3 + 8 = 5
C. y = 2x 1 x= 2, y= 5; x= 1, y= 1; x= 2, y=
D. y = 4 x x = 3, y = 4 (3) = 7 3
D. y = x 1 x = 2, y = 3