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ANGELES, Marison C.
ME-2
ME137L/ A3 GRADE
2015100221
Group 04
MATERIALS:
PROCEDURES
1. Prepare all the tools and materials that will be used in this shop exercise.
2. Then set the desired pressure for the oxygen and acetylene.
3. First open the knob of the acetylene make sure that knob is on its maximum so that there will be
no ashes produced.
4. Then open the knob for the oxygen.
5. Then set the torch on the desired flame.
6. For 3-5 seconds, heat the first hairpin by using the oxy-acetylene welder.
7. Then dip the hair-pin in the water instantly for hardening.
8. The metal pin will be hard but brittle when you bend it.
9. For the second hairpin, heat the pin by using a oxy-acetylene until the color will be orange.
10. Place the hairpin on the table and let it cool the hairpin by using the room temperature.
11. This hairpin will be stronger, but still elastic. It is now called Annealing.
12. Then for the third hair pin, repeat step 9.
13. Then let it cool in the air.
14. Submerge the hair pin in the water slowly.
15. The hair pin will be normalize. Normalize, it is when the metal becomes flexible and it is not
hardened.
16. Heat the fourth hair pin until it become orange in color.
17. Wait for the hairpin to cool by the room temperature.
18. Then dip the hairpin into the glass of water.
19. This will undo the hardening process, and produce a ductile hairpin like in the original form. It is
also known as tempering.
QUESTIONS:
1. What is quenching?
- Quenching is the process for making material harder. This method has been known
for hundreds of years but was only perfected in the last century. The metal is heated
to a specific temperature and rapidly cooled (quenched) in a bath of water, brine, oil,
or air to increase its hardness.
DISCUSSION
Quenching is the soaking of a metal at a high temperature, above the recrystallization
phase, followed by a rapid cooling process to obtain certain desirable material properties.
Depending on the circumstances in which metals are being used, they are usually quenched at the
time of processing, and polymers may also be quenched. The quenching of steel creates martensite.
It is usually undertaken to maintain mechanical properties associated with a crystalline structure
or phase distribution that would be lost upon slow cooling. This method is commonly applied to
steel objects, to which it imparts hardness. On the other hand, copper objects that have become
hardened by hammering or other deformation at ordinary temperatures can be restored to a
malleable state by heating and quenching. It also increases toughness of both alloys and plastics.
Tempering is a process of heat treating, which is used to increase the toughness of iron-
based alloys. Tempering is usually performed after hardening, to reduce some of the excess
hardness, and is done by heating the metal to some temperature below the critical point for a certain
period of time, then allowing it to cool in still air. The exact temperature determines the amount
of hardness removed, and depends on both the specific composition of the alloy and on the desired
properties in the finished product. For instance, very hard tools are often tempered at low
temperatures, while springs are tempered to much higher temperatures.
CONCLUSION
Quenching can lead to warping/cracking and other issues with the material, even when it
is done properly. Using water as a quench media, for instance, can cause the material to warp as it
cools. It is crucial to control the environment in which the quenching is done to minimize the risk
of damage to the material. When done properly, the material is harder and more durable, making
it suitable for a wide range of uses. Extremely rapid cooling can prevent the formation of a crystal
structure, resulting in amorphous metal or "metallic glass."
In this experiment, students were able to apply the process of quenching metal. Also,
students in this activity, students were able to apply tempering process for metals. And last but not
the least, students were able to apply knowledge learned in Engineering Materials.
RECOMMENDATION
In quenching big metals, I recommend to wear a face shield, safety glasses, gloves and
heat-resistant protective clothing when working with hot metal. Because quenching oils may be
very hot (above 100C) and oil temperature increases during quenching. Splashes or skin contact
cause burns. Avoid skin contact with oils by using gloves and protective clothing. Also, clean up
oil spills and leaks immediately using a nonflammable absorbant. And report to your supervisor
and obtain medical attention when suffering from, or suspecting, skin trouble.
REFERENCES
http://www.engineershandbook.com/MfgMethods/quenching.htm
http://www.metlabheattreat.com/metal-hardening-metal-quenching-metal-tempering.html
https://www.aatprod.com/hrf_faq/what-is-the-difference-between-austenitic-ferritic-and-
martensic-stainless/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempering_(metallurgy)
https://www.corrosionpedia.com/definition/953/quenching
https://www.britannica.com/technology/quenching-materials-processing
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempering_(metallurgy)
https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/safety_haz/metalworking/heat_treating.html