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Mapa University

Muralla St. Intramuros, Manila


Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering

SHOP PRACTICE NO. 9


Quenching and Tempering

ANGELES, Marison C.

ME-2

ME137L/ A3 GRADE

2015100221

Group 04

Engr. Jose V. Hernandez


Instructor
OBJECTIVES:
1. To be able to apply the process of quenching metal.
2. To be able to apply tempering process for metals.
3. To be able to apply knowledge learned in Engineering Materials.

METHODS and ANALYSIS:


Quenching is the process that greatly affects the stress and strain setup in the metal. The
metal is heated and then immersed in a solution. After immersion, a part of work is to move it in
a form of figure 8 motion; this keeps the temperature uniform in order to attain uniform
hardness.
Tempering is another quenching method but the treating is done below critical
temperature. It is cooled by means of quenching oil or by air. This improves the toughness but
reduces the hardness and tensile strength.

MATERIALS:

Metal hair pin

TOOLS AND EQUIPMENTS TO BE USED:


- Acetylene set
- Mini-mite furnace
- Oxy-acetylene torch
- Quenching bath
- Quenching solution

PROCEDURES
1. Prepare all the tools and materials that will be used in this shop exercise.
2. Then set the desired pressure for the oxygen and acetylene.
3. First open the knob of the acetylene make sure that knob is on its maximum so that there will be
no ashes produced.
4. Then open the knob for the oxygen.
5. Then set the torch on the desired flame.
6. For 3-5 seconds, heat the first hairpin by using the oxy-acetylene welder.
7. Then dip the hair-pin in the water instantly for hardening.
8. The metal pin will be hard but brittle when you bend it.
9. For the second hairpin, heat the pin by using a oxy-acetylene until the color will be orange.
10. Place the hairpin on the table and let it cool the hairpin by using the room temperature.
11. This hairpin will be stronger, but still elastic. It is now called Annealing.
12. Then for the third hair pin, repeat step 9.
13. Then let it cool in the air.
14. Submerge the hair pin in the water slowly.
15. The hair pin will be normalize. Normalize, it is when the metal becomes flexible and it is not
hardened.
16. Heat the fourth hair pin until it become orange in color.
17. Wait for the hairpin to cool by the room temperature.
18. Then dip the hairpin into the glass of water.
19. This will undo the hardening process, and produce a ductile hairpin like in the original form. It is
also known as tempering.

QUESTIONS:

1. What is quenching?
- Quenching is the process for making material harder. This method has been known
for hundreds of years but was only perfected in the last century. The metal is heated
to a specific temperature and rapidly cooled (quenched) in a bath of water, brine, oil,
or air to increase its hardness.

2. Is there a need to quench the material? Why?


- Yes, because through quenching the material will be heated up to the suitable
temperature and then quenched in water or oil to harden to full hardness according to
the kind of steels.

3. What is tempering? What is its significance?


- Tempering is done to develop the required combination of hardness, strength and
toughness or to relieve the brittleness of fully hardened steels. Steels are never used in
the as quenched condition. The combination of quenching and tempering is important
to make tough parts.

4. What characteristics of the material are affected by quenching?


- It can reduce crystallinity and thereby increase toughness of alloys and plastics.

5. What is the effect of rapid cooling?


- Rapid cooling hardens the material.

6. Is the drawing temperature are the same in all steel?


- It is not the same, since different kinds of steels have different percentage of
components.

7. Can you cut a steel metal by means of hack saw?


- You can cut a steel metal by hack saw since this would not affect the hardness of the
steel, yet will take a lot of time.
8. What is the difference between austenite and martensite?
- Austenite is a high-temperature phase of plain steel, which recrystallizes into
ferrite/pearlite around 1425F (depending on chemistry), below which ferrite becomes
the more stable phase.
- Martensite is a meta-stable phase that is formed when high-temperature austenite is
quickly quenched below a critical temperature (that changes depending on chemistry).

DISCUSSION
Quenching is the soaking of a metal at a high temperature, above the recrystallization
phase, followed by a rapid cooling process to obtain certain desirable material properties.
Depending on the circumstances in which metals are being used, they are usually quenched at the
time of processing, and polymers may also be quenched. The quenching of steel creates martensite.
It is usually undertaken to maintain mechanical properties associated with a crystalline structure
or phase distribution that would be lost upon slow cooling. This method is commonly applied to
steel objects, to which it imparts hardness. On the other hand, copper objects that have become
hardened by hammering or other deformation at ordinary temperatures can be restored to a
malleable state by heating and quenching. It also increases toughness of both alloys and plastics.

Tempering is a process of heat treating, which is used to increase the toughness of iron-
based alloys. Tempering is usually performed after hardening, to reduce some of the excess
hardness, and is done by heating the metal to some temperature below the critical point for a certain
period of time, then allowing it to cool in still air. The exact temperature determines the amount
of hardness removed, and depends on both the specific composition of the alloy and on the desired
properties in the finished product. For instance, very hard tools are often tempered at low
temperatures, while springs are tempered to much higher temperatures.

CONCLUSION
Quenching can lead to warping/cracking and other issues with the material, even when it
is done properly. Using water as a quench media, for instance, can cause the material to warp as it
cools. It is crucial to control the environment in which the quenching is done to minimize the risk
of damage to the material. When done properly, the material is harder and more durable, making
it suitable for a wide range of uses. Extremely rapid cooling can prevent the formation of a crystal
structure, resulting in amorphous metal or "metallic glass."

In this experiment, students were able to apply the process of quenching metal. Also,
students in this activity, students were able to apply tempering process for metals. And last but not
the least, students were able to apply knowledge learned in Engineering Materials.
RECOMMENDATION
In quenching big metals, I recommend to wear a face shield, safety glasses, gloves and
heat-resistant protective clothing when working with hot metal. Because quenching oils may be
very hot (above 100C) and oil temperature increases during quenching. Splashes or skin contact
cause burns. Avoid skin contact with oils by using gloves and protective clothing. Also, clean up
oil spills and leaks immediately using a nonflammable absorbant. And report to your supervisor
and obtain medical attention when suffering from, or suspecting, skin trouble.

REFERENCES
http://www.engineershandbook.com/MfgMethods/quenching.htm
http://www.metlabheattreat.com/metal-hardening-metal-quenching-metal-tempering.html

https://www.aatprod.com/hrf_faq/what-is-the-difference-between-austenitic-ferritic-and-
martensic-stainless/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempering_(metallurgy)

https://www.corrosionpedia.com/definition/953/quenching

https://www.britannica.com/technology/quenching-materials-processing

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempering_(metallurgy)

https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/safety_haz/metalworking/heat_treating.html

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