'

Properties of
Pure Substances

9.1 Completed table of properties is given below. Detailed calculations are

given later.
p t L x Superheat h s
3
(bar) (C) (m /kg) (%) (C) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kgK)
(a) 0.05628 35 25.22 100 0 2565.4 8.3547
(b) 1.01325 100 0.001044 0 419.4 1.3069
(c) 20 212.42 0.0899 90 2610.42 5.9516
(d) 1 99.63 1.3431 0.7927 2207.44 6.104
(e) 10 320 0.2677 140.16 3093.8 7.1942
(f) 5 250 0.4646 98.2 2960.7 7.2709
(g) 4 143.6 0.4400 0.951 2633.98 6.645
(h) 40 500 0.0864 249.69 3445.3 7.0901
(i) 20 262.42 0.1149 50 2932.75 6.6006
(j) 15 400 0.204 201.68 3256.6 7.2690
Calculations
(c) 20 bar, 90% quality psat at 212.42C = 20 bar
L = Lf + xLfg = 0.001177 + 0.9 0.9863 = 0.0899 m3/kg
h = hf + xhfg = 908.79 + 0.9 1890.7 = 2610.42 kJ/kg
s = sf + xsfg = 2.4474 + 0.9 3.8935 = 5.9516 kJ/kgK
(d) s = 6.104 = sf + xsfg = 1.3026 + x 6.0568
tsat at 1 bar = 99.63C \ x = 0.7927
h = 417.46 + 0.7927 2258 = 2207.44 kJ/kg
L = 0.001046 + 0.7927 1.693 = 1.3431 m3/kg
112 Solution Manual for Engineering Thermodynamics

(e) 10 bar, 320C

At 300C, L = 0.2579, h = 3051.2 and s = 7.1229
At 350C, L = 0.2825, h = 3157.7 and s = 7.3011
0.0246
\ L = 0.2579 + 20 = 0.2677 m3/kg
50
106.5
h = 3051.2 + 20 = 3093.8 kJ/kg
50
20
s = 0.1782 + 7.1229 = 7.1942 kJ/kgK
50
tsat = 179.84C \ Superheat = 320 179.84 = 140.16C
(f) 5 bar, tsat = 151.8C, L = 0.4646 m3/kg
t @ 250C \ Superheat = 250 151.8 = 98.2C
h @ 2960.7 kJ/kg, s @ 7.2709 kJ/kgK
(g) 4 bar, tsat = 143.6C, L = 0.4400 m3/kg
0.44 = Lf + xLfg = 0.001084 + x 0.4625
\ x = 0.951
h = 604.74 + 0.951 2133.8 = 2633.98 kJ/K
s = 1.7766 + 0.951 5.1193 = 6.645 kJ/kgK
(h) t = 500C, L = 0.08643 m3/kg
\ p = 40 bar, tsat = 250.31C, Superheat = 249.69C
h = 3445.3 kJ/kg, s = 7.0901 kJ/kgK
(i) 20 bar, 50C superheat
tsat = 212.42C, \ t = 212.42 + 50 = 262.42C
L h s
20 bar, 250C 0.11144 2902.5 6.5453
20 bar, 300C 0.12547 3023.5 6.7664
\ At 20 bar, 262.5C,
0.01403
L = 0.11144 + 12.5 = 0.1149 m3/kg
50
121.0
h = 2902.5 + 12.5 = 2932.75 kJ/kg
50
0.2211
s = 6.5453 + 12.5 = 6.6006 kJ/kgK
50
(j) p = 15 bar, tsat = 198.32C, t = 400C
\ Superheat = 201.68C
L = 0.204 m3/kg, h = 3256.6 kJ/kg, s = 7.2725
@ 7.266 kJ/kgK
 Properties of Pure Substances 113

9.2 At 2 bar, Lf = 0.001061 and Lg = 0.8857 m3/kg

tsat = 120.23C, hf = 504.7 and hfg = 2201.9 kJ/kg
sf = 1.5307 and sg = 7.1271 kJ/kgK
L = 0.86 m3/kg = Lf + xLfg = 0.001061 + x (0.884639)
\ x = 0.971 Ans.
h = 504.7 + 0.971 2201.9 = 2642.7 kJ/kg Ans.
u = h pL = 2642.7 200 0.86 = 2470.7 kJ/kg Ans.
s = 1.5307 + 0.971 5.5964 = 6.9648 kJ/kgK Ans.
As shown in Fig. 9.2,
L1 = L3 = L2 = 0.86 m3/kg

Fig. 9.2

psat at 3 = 2.077 bar Ans.

psat at 2 = 2.3 bar Ans.
h2 = 2766.5 kJ/kg
s2 = 7.21 kJ/kgK
Increase in enthalpy = h2 h1 = 2766.5 2742.7
= 123.8 kJ/kg Ans.
Increase in internal energy = u2 u1 = h2 h1 (p2 L2 p1 L1)
= 123.8 0.86 30
= 98 kJ/kg Ans.
Increase in entropy = s2 s1 = 7.21 6.9648 = 0.2452 kJ/kgK Ans.
114 Solution Manual for Engineering Thermodynamics

Heat transfer, Q (at constant volume)

= D u = 98 kJ/kg Ans.
9.3 At 45C, h1 = 188.45 kJ/kg = hf
L1 = Lf = 0.00101 m3/kg
s1 = sf = 0.6387 kJ/kgK
At 10 bar, 300C, L2 = 0.2579 m3/kg, h2 = 3051.2 kJ/kg
s2 = 7.1229 kJ/kgK
\ DV = m (L2 L1) = 10 (0.2579 0.00101) = 2.5689 m3
D H = m (h2 h1) = 10 (3051.2 188.45) = 28627.5 kJ
D S = m (s2 s1) = 10 (7.1229 0.6387) = 64.842 kJ/K
DU = m [h2 h1 p(L2 L1)] = 10 [2862.75 100 0.25689]
= 28370.61 kJ Ans.
9.4

Fig. 9.4

w1 = 5t/h, w3 = w1 + w2
h1 at 5 bar, 300C = 3064.2 kJ/kg
h3 at 3 bar, 0.95 dry = 561.47 + 0.95 2163.8
= 2617.08 kJ/kg
h2 = hf at 40C = 167.57 kJ/kg
By energy balance (Fig. 9.4),
w1h1 + w2h2 = (w1 + w2) h3
w1(h1 h3) = w2(h3 h2)
5000 (3064.2 2617.88) = w2 (2617.08 167.57)
447.12 5000
\ w2 = = 912.67 kg/h Ans.
2449.51
 Properties of Pure Substances 115

9.5

Fig. 9.5

With reference to Fig. 9.5, L2 = Lc = 0.00317 m3/kg

= L1 = L3
\ Volume of the vessel
= 1 kg 0.00317 m3/kg
= 0.00317 m3 Ans. (a)
L1 = 0.00317 = Lf + x1Lfg (at 0.15 MPa)
= 0.001053 + x1(1.1593 0.001053)
\ x1 = 0.001828
Mass of vapour = mx1 = 0.001828 kg
Mass of liquid = m (1 x1) = 0.998172 kg Ans. (b)
Temperature of the mixture at 3 MPa = 233.9C Ans. (c)
h1 = 467.11 + 0.001828 2226.5 = 471.18 kJ/kg
L3 = 0.00317 = 0.001217 + x3 (0.06668 0.001217)
x3 = 0.02983
h3 = 1008.42 + 0.02983 1795.7 = 1061.99 kJ/kg
Q = u3 u1 = (h3 h1) L1 ( p3 p1)
= (1061.99 471.18) 0.00317 (3 0.15) 103
= 581.78 kJ/kg Ans.
116 Solution Manual for Engineering Thermodynamics

9.6

Fig. 9.6

In Fig. 9.6,
3
L1 = L2 = = 0.6 m3/kg
5
L2 = 0.6 = Lg at p2
The pressure at which Lg = 0.6 m3/kg is found from steam table to be
equal to 0.3 MPa, where hg = 2163.8 kJ/kg.
At 0.2 MPa, L1 = 0.6 m3/kg = Lf + x1 Lfg
= 0.001061 + x1 0.8847
\ x1 = 0.677
h1 = 504.7 + 0.677 2201.9 = 1995.39 kJ/kg
Heat transfer, Q = m (u2 u1) = m [(h2 h1) L1 ( p2 p1)]
= 5[(2163.8 1995.39) 0.6 100]
= 542.05 kJ Ans.
5000
9.7 ws = = 1.389 kg/s
3600
3040.0 + 3034.8
h1 = = 3037.4 kJ/kg
2
0.18228 + 0.15862
L1 = = 0.17045 m3/kg
2
 Properties of Pure Substances 117

h2 = 191.83 + 0.96 2392.8 = 2488.92 kJ/kg

L2 = 0.001010 + 0.96 14.67 = 14.085 m3/kg
By SFEE,

V12 d-Q V2 d-Wx

h1 + + gz1 + = h2 + 2 + gz2 +
2 dm 2 dm

d-Wx V 2 - V22
\ = h1 h2 + 1 + g (z1 z2)
dm 2

80 2 - 40 2
= 3037.4 2488.92 + 103 + 9.81 2 103
2
= 548.48 + 2.4 0.0196 = 550.8996 kJ/kg
Shaft power = 1.389 550.8996
= 765.2 kW Ans.
Without considering KE and PE changes,
Shaft power = 761.84 kW
765.2 - 761.84
% error = 100 = 0.439% Ans.
765.2

A1V1 AV
w = 1.389 kg/s = = 2 2
L1 L2

1.389 0.17045 p
A1 = = 2.9594 103 m2 = d 12
80 4
1.389 14.085 p
A2 = = 0.4891 m2 = d22
40 4
\ d1 = 0.0614 m = 6.14 cm
d2 = 0.789 m = 78.9 cm Ans.
100.2
9.8 h2 at 0.1 MPa, 120C = 2676.2 + 20 = 2716.28 kJ/kg
50
From Fig. 9.8,
h 1 = h2
1008.42 + x1 1795.7 = 2716.28
\ x1 = 0.951 Ans.
118 Solution Manual for Engineering Thermodynamics

Fig. 9.8

9.9

Fig. 9.9

Assuming the quality of wet steam as 0.9 and atmospheric pressure as

1 bar or 0.1 MPa (Fig. 9.9),
h1 = hf + x1 hfg (at 0.5 MPa)
= 640.23 + 0.9 2108.5
= 2537.88 kJ/kg
= h2
hg at 0.1 MPa = 2675.5 kJ/kg
Since h2 < hg, the quality cannot be measured by throttling to atmo-
spheric pressure, i.e., 0.1 MPa. Ans. (a)
At 1 bar, 105C, with 5C superheat after throttling
h2 = 2686 kJ/kg
h2 = h1 = 2686 = hf + x1 hfg
p1 p
1

= 640.23 + x1 2108.5
\ x1 = 0.97
 Properties of Pure Substances 119

The use of a separating calorimeter ahead of the throttling calorimeter

will serve the purpose.
The minimum quality of steam at the exit of separating calorimeter is
0.97.
Ans. (b)
9.10

Fig. 9.10(b)

At 1 bar, 120C (Fig. 9.10),

h2 = 2706.2 kJ/kg = h1 = hf + x1hfg
= 844.89 + x1 1947.3
\ x1 = 0.955
m2 x1 4.2 0.955
x0 = = = 0.844
m1 + m2 0.55 + 4.2
Quality of steam in the main = 0.844 Ans.
hg at 1 bar = 2675.5 kJ/kg
At 1 bar, 105C (with minimum 5C superheat)
h = 2686 kJ/kg
120 Solution Manual for Engineering Thermodynamics

Fig. 9.10(b)

h0 = 844.89 + 0.844 1947.3 = 2488.41 kJ/kg

If steam is simply throttled to 2, since h0 = 2488.41 kJ/kg is less than the
minimum enthalpy of 2686 kJ/kg for 5C superheat at exit, a separator is
required prior to throttling. Therefore, the throttling calorimeter alone
cannot measure the quality of the given steam.

9.11

Fig. 9.11
 Properties of Pure Substances 121

3.4
w= = 0.011333 kg/s
5 60

100.2
h2 at 1 bar, 130C = 2676.2 + 30
50
= 2736.2 kJ/kg
By energy balance,
wh1 + Q = wh2
Q 2
h 1 = h2 = 2736.2
w 0.011333
= 2559.724 kJ/kg
h1 = hf1 + x1 hfg1 = 2559.724
442.285 + x1 2242.25 = 2559.724
\ x1 = 0.9443 = Quality of steam at engine exhaust. Ans.
100.2
h2 at 1 bar, 105C = 2676.2 + 5 = 2686.22 kJ/kg
50
0.011333 (2686.22 h1) = 2
\ h1 = 2509.744 kJ/kg
h1 = hf1 + x1 hfg1
2509.74 = 442.285 + x1 2242.25
\ x 1 = 0.922
1 x1 = 0.078
Maximum moisture content that can be determined
= 7.8%
9.12

Fig. 9.12(a)
122 Solution Manual for Engineering Thermodynamics

h1 = 2942.6 kJ/kg
s1 = 6.6247 kJ/kgK
s1 = s2 = 6.6247
= sfp + x2 sfgp
2 2

= 0.6493 + x2 7.5010
\ x 2 = 0.7966
h2 = 191.81 + 0.7966 2392.8
= 2097.95 kJ/kg
h1 h2 = 2942.6 2097.95
= 844.65 kJ/kg
By SFEE., Fig. 9.12(b)

V12 V2
h1 + = h2 + 2
2 2
Since V 12 /2 is small,

V2 = 2 ( h1 - h2 ) 10 3 = 44.72 h1 - h2

= 44.72 844.65 = 1300 m/s Ans.

L2 = Lf + x2 Lfg = 0.001010 + 0.7966 14.693
= 11.705 m3/kg
A2 V2
w= = 1 kg/s
L2

11.705
\ A2 = 104 = 90 cm2 Ans.
1300
h3 = hfp = 191.81 kJ/kg
2

By energy balance of the condenser,

w (h2 h3) = wc cp (tc2 tc1)
1 (2097.95 191.81) = wc 4.187 (35 25)
\ wc = 45.525 kg/s Ans.
9.14 w = w1 + w2 = 3 + 2 = 5 kg/min
w1h1 + w2 h2 = wh3
h1 = 3034.8 kJ/kg, s1 = 6.8844 kJ/kgK
h2 = 3254.2 kJ/kg, s2 = 7.2374 kJ/kgK
\ 3 3034.8 + 2 3254.2 = 5h3
 Properties of Pure Substances 123

Fig. 9.14

\ h3 = 3122.56 kJ/kg
At 2 MPa, h = 3122.56 kJ/kg from superheated steam table, temperature
= 340C
Rate of increase of entropy of the universe

S
gen = w s3 (w1 s1 + w 2 s2)

At 2 MPa, 340C,
7.0694 - 6.8844
s3 = 6.8844 + 40
50
= 7.0324 kJ/kgK

\ S
gen = 5 7.0324 (3 6.8844 + 2 7.2374)

= 0.034 kJ/K-min Ans.
s3 = s4
7.0324 = 0.1059 + x4 (8.9756 0.1059)
x 4 = 0.781
h4 = 29.3 + 0.781 2484.9 = 1970 kJ/kg
V4 = 44.72 h3 - h4 = 44.72 3122.56 - 1970
= 1518.22 m/s Ans.
L4 = 0.001 + 0.781 129.21 = 100.914 m /kg 3

5 A V A 1518.22
w= = 4 4 = 4
60 L4 100.914
A4 = 0.005539 m2 = 55.39 cm2 Ans.
9.15 Given: p1 = 8 bar, t1 = 250C
p2 = 7 bar, t2 = 200C
p3 = 5 bar, p4 = 0.1 bar, x4 = 0.9
2850.1 + 2839.3
h1 = 2950 kJ/kg; h2 = = 2844.7 kJ/kg
2
124 Solution Manual for Engineering Thermodynamics

Fig. 9.15

Heat loss in the pipeline = h1 h2 = 2950 2844.7

= 105.3 kJ/kg Ans. (a)
h2 = h3 = 2844.7 kJ/kg
From steam table, t3 = 195C
\ Temperature drop in throttling
= 200 195 = 5C Ans. (b)
h4 = 191.45 + 0.9 2939.29
= 2345.41 kJ/kg
\ Engine output = h3 h4 = 2844.7 2345.4
= 499.3 kJ/kg Ans. (c)
s2 = 6.8871 kJ/kgK
s3 = 7.030 kJ/kgK
\ Entropy change due to throttling
= s3 s2 = 7.030 6.8871 = 0.143 kJ/kgK Ans. (d)
s4 = 0.6479 + 0.9 7.5055 = 7.4029 kJ/kgK
Entropy change in engine expansion
= s4 s3 = 7.4029 7.030 = 0.3729 kJ/kgK Ans. (e)
 Properties of Pure Substances 125

9.16 Volume of tank A = 0.1 m3

10% of vol. is liquid and 90%
is vapour.
Vf = 0.01 m3 and Vg = 0.09 m3
Fig. 9.16
At 200C, Lf = 0.001157 m3/kg
and Lg = 0.12736 m3/kg
psat = 1.5538 MPa = 15.538 bar
0.01
In tank A, mf = = 8.643 kg
0.001157
0.09
and mg = = 0.7066 kg
0.12736
Total mass, m = mf + mg = 9.3496 kg
Final volume, V = VA + VB
Final state of steam is 0.4 MPa, 200C
and L = 0.5343 m3/kg
Total mass remains as 9.3496 kg
\ V = 9.3496 0.5343 = 4.995 m3 = 0.1 + VB
\ VB = 4.895 m3 Ans.
9.17

Fig. 9.17(a), (b)

At 0.5 MPa, 250C At 1 MPa, 300C

h1 = 2960.7 kJ/kg
L1 = 0.4744 m /kg3
\ u1 = h1 p1L1
= 2960.7 500 0.4744
= 2722.8 kJ/kg
h2 = 3051.2 kJ/kg
L2 = 0.2579 m3/kg
u2 = h2 p2L2
= 3051.2 1000 0.2579
= 2793.3 kJ/kg
126 Solution Manual for Engineering Thermodynamics

By first law,
Q = u2 u1 + W
= 2793.3 2722.8 200 = 129.5 kJ Ans. (a)
(b) By SFEE,
h1 + Q = h2 + W
Q = W + h2 h1
= 200 + 3051.2 2960.7 = 109.5 kJ Ans. (b)
(c) h2 = 3051.2 kJ/kg
u1 = 2722.8 kJ/kg
m1 = 0
dUCV
= m
i hi + QCV WCV
dt Fig. 9.17(c)
m2 u2 m1L1 = 0 = QCV + h1m2 WCV
QCV = (u2 h1) m2 + WCV
= (2793.3 2960.7)1 200
= 167.4 200 = 367.4 kJ Ans. (c)
9.18

Fig. 9.18

p1 = 4 bar
p2 = 2 bar, t2 = 160C
w = 0.008 kg/s
W
= 3.91 230 = 899.3 W
101.7
h2 = 2768.8 + 10
50
= 2789.14 kJ/kg
 Properties of Pure Substances 127

By energy balance,
w h1 + W
= w h2

W
899.3
h 1 = h2 = 2789.14
w 0.008 1000
= 2676.73 kJ/kg
= hf + x1 hfg = 604.74 + x1 2133.8
\ x 1 = 0.97 Ans.
hg at 4 bar = 2737.72 kJ/kg
h1 = h2 = 2676.73 kJ/kg (for throttling of steam)
Since h2 < hg, simple throttling cannot be used to determine the quality of
steam.
9.19

V1 = 0.7 m3 V2 = 0.35 m3
p1 = 1.5 bar p2 = 6 bar
t1 = 200C x2 = 0.9

Fig. 9.19

h1 = 2872.9 kJ/kg h2 = 670.56 + 0.9 2086.3

L1 = 1.6262 m /kg
3
= 2548.23 kJ/kg
V1 0.7
m1 = = = 0.43 kg L2 = 0.0011 + 0.9 0.3147
L1 1.6262
= 0.28433 m3/kg
0.35
m2 = = 1.231 kg
0.28433
m1h1 + m2h2 = (m1 + m2) hm
0.43 2872.9 + 1.231 2548.23
\ hm =
0.43 + 1.231
= 2632.28 kJ/kg
u1 = h1 p1L1 = 2872.9 150 1.6262 = 2628.97 kJ/kg
u2 = h2 p2L2 = 2548.23 600 0.28433 = 2377.63 kJ/kg
m1u1 + m2 u2 2628.97 0.43 + 2377.63 1.231
um = =
m1 + m2 1.661
128 Solution Manual for Engineering Thermodynamics

= 2442.7 kJ/kg
m1L1 + m2 L2 0.43 1.6262 + 1.231 0.2843
Lm = =
m1 + m2 1.661
= 0.6317 m3/kg
Now, hm = um + pf Lm
hm - u m 2632.28 - 2442.7
\ pf = =
Lm 0.6317
= 300.11 kPa @ 3 bar Ans.
At 3 bar,
h = 2632.28 = hf + xhfg
= 561.34 + x 2163.37
\ x = 0.957 = Quality of mixture
\ s3 = 1.6714 + 0.957 5.3198 = 6.7639 kJ/kgK
s1 = 7.671 and s2 = 6.2814 kJ/kgK
\ D S = m3 s3 (m1s1 + m2 s2)
= 1.661 6.7639 (0.43 7.671 + 1.231 6.2814)
= 11.235 11.031 = 0.204 kJ/K Ans.
9.21

w1 = 3 kg/min p4 = 5 bar
w2 = 5 kg/min p5 = 2 bar

Fig. 9.21

h1 = 2942.6 kJ/kg,
h2 = 762.2 + 0.75 2013.86
= 2273.67 kJ/kg
w1h1 + w2h2 = w3h3
3 2942.6 + 5 2273.67 = (3 + 5) h3
h3 = 2524.53 kJ/kg = hf + x3hfg
= 762.28 + x3 2013.86
\ x3 = 0.875
 Properties of Pure Substances 129

(a) State after mixing 10 bar, 0.875 dry Ans.

h 3 = h4
\ 2524.53 = 639.9 + x4 2107.58
\ x 4 = 0.894
(b) State of steam after throttling: 5 bar, 0.894 dry Ans.
s3 = sf + x3 sfg
= 2.1381 + 0.875 4.4447 = 6.0272 kJ/kgK
s4 = 1.8602 + 0.894 4.9496 = 6.2941 kJ/kgK
\ s4 s3 = 0.2669 kJ/kgK Ans. (c)

V52
h 4 = h5 +
2
s4 = s5 = 6.2941 = 1.5295 + x5 5.5984
x 5 = 0.851
h5 = 504.52 + 0.851 2201.8
= 2378.25 kJ/kg
\ V5 = 2000 (2524.53 - 2378.25)
= 540.89 m/s Ans. (d)
L5 = 0.001 + 0.851 0.887 = 0.7558 m /kg 3

8 A 540.89
w= = 5
60 0.7558
\ A5 = 0.0001863 m2 = 1.863 cm2 Ans. (e)
9.22 T0 = ambient temperature = 300 K (assumed)
3079.9 + 3161.1
h1 =
2
= 3120.5 kJ/kg
6.5473 + 6.4542
s1 =
2
= 6.5007 kJ/kgK
h 1 = h2 Fig. 9.22
For h2 = 3120.5 kJ/kg and p2 = 59 bar,
from Mollier chart, s2 = 6.57 kJ/kgK
y1 = h1 T0 s1
130 Solution Manual for Engineering Thermodynamics

= 3120.5 300 6.50

= 1170.5 kJ/kg
y2 = h2 T0 s2
= 3120.5 300 6.57 = 1149.5 kJ/kg
\ Irreversibility, I = y1 y2 = T0 (s2 s1) = 300 0.07
= 21 kJ/kg Ans.
9.23

Fig. 9.23

At 165C,
h1 = 697.38 + 0.8 2066.1 = 2350.26 kJ/kg
s1 = 1.9963 + 0.8 4.7087 = 5.7633 kJ/kgK
At 3 bar, tsat = 133.5C
Superheat, D t = 66.5C
\ Steam temperature, t = 133.5 + 66.5 = 200C
h2 = 561.47 + 0.8 2163.8 = 2292.51 kJ/kg
s2 = 1.6714 + 0.8 5.32 = 5.9274 kJ/kgK
At 3 bar, 200C,
h3 = 2865.7 kJ/kg, s3 = 7.3166 kJ/kgK
h2 h1 = 2292.51 2350.26 = 57.75 kJ/kg
s2 s1 = 5.9274 5.7633 = 0.1641 kJ/kgK
h3 h2 = 2865.7 2292.51 = 573.19 kJ/kg
s3 s2 = 7.3166 5.9274 = 1.3892 kJ/kgK Ans.